Chapter XXXVIII: Appendix (2)

[Footnote 618: See chs. xii. and xxxi.]

[Footnote 619: See ch. xxii.]

[Footnote 620: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 734, 745.]

[Footnote 621: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 372.]

[Footnote 622: Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 12.]

[Footnote 623: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 624: President E. Benjamin Andrews, of Brown University, "Trusts According to Official Investigation," _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, January, 1889, p. 146.]

[Footnote 625: See ch. xiv.]

[Footnote 626: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2623-40.]

[Footnote 627: Same, Report, p. 44.]

[Footnote 628: Testimony, same, pp. 2615, 2696.]

[Footnote 629: George Rice _vs._ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 228.]

[Footnote 630: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 528-29.]

[Footnote 631: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 386, 425.]

[Footnote 632: See pp. 56-57.]

[Footnote 633: Before the Pennsylvania Legislature, Harrisburg, February 19, 1891. Harrisburg _Daily Patriot_, February 25, 1891.]

[Footnote 634: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.]

[Footnote 635: _Scotsman_, October 7, 1892.]

[Footnote 636: _Pall Mall Gazette_, January 27, 1892.]

[Footnote 637: _Standard_, Shoe Lane, January 26, 1892.]

[Footnote 638: See p. 408.]

[Footnote 639: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, 1888, p. 31.]

[Footnote 640: _Die Monopolisirung des Petroleum Handels und der Petroleum Industrie_, by E.F. Scemann. L. Simeon, Berlin.]

[Footnote 641: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 792.]

[Footnote 642: Harrisburg _Patriot_, February 25, 1891.]

[Footnote 643: Translation from the Berlin _Vossische Zeitung_, June 12, 1891. Report of Consul-General Edwards, of Berlin.]

[Footnote 644: See p. 106.]

[Footnote 645: See ch. xii.]

[Footnote 646: See chs. xi. and xxx.]

[Footnote 647: Testimony of J.J. Carter in the case of J.J. Carter _vs._ Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited. Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May Term, 1894.]

[Footnote 648: See pp. 111, 366.]

[Footnote 649: Affidavit of the President of the Standard Oil Company of New York before the Attorney-General, May, 1894.]

[Footnote 650: State of Ohio _ex rel._ David K. Watson, Attorney-General, _vs._ Standard Oil Company of Ohio. 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.]

[Footnote 651: Rice _vs._ Trustees of the Standard Oil Trust. Supreme Court, Special Term, Part I. Andrews, Judge. Reported in the New York _Law Journal_, April 26, 1894.]

[Footnote 652: Testimony, Rice _vs._ Louisville and Nashville Railroad _et al._, before Interstate Commerce Committee, p. 366.]

[Footnote 653: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 577.]

[Footnote 654: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 18, 38, 65, 89, 111.]

[Footnote 655: W.H. Vanderbilt, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 1597, 1669. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 218.]

[Footnote 656: Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 9.]

[Footnote 657: Same, pp. 9, 10.]

[Footnote 658: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 679.]

[Footnote 659: Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 9, 10.]

[Footnote 660: Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. i., p. 722.]

[Footnote 661: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 398, 407, 411, 412, 415, 419-43, 594.]

[Footnote 662: Same, p. 571.]

[Footnote 663: Before the Attorney-General of New York. In the matter of the application of the Central Labor Union and others to the Attorney-General to have him apply to the Supreme Court for leave to begin action against the Standard Oil Company of New York to vacate the charter thereof. Affidavit, president Standard Oil Company, May, 1894.]

[Footnote 664: New York _Mail and Express_, November 12, 1890.]

[Footnote 665: Dr. J.P. Hale, of Charleston, West Virginia, in the volume prepared by Prof. M.L. Maury, and issued by the State Centennial Board, on the resources of the State. Quoted by S.F. Peckham, United States Census, 1885, p. 6.]

[Footnote 666: _Petroleum and Its Products_, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 7.]

[Footnote 667: S. Dana Hayes, quoted in Henry's _Early and Later History of Petroleum_, p. 186.]

[Footnote 668: Testimony, Joshua Merrill, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 570.]

[Footnote 669: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 386, 425.]

[Footnote 670: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 82.]

[Footnote 671: See p. 165.]

[Footnote 672: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 258.]

[Footnote 673: See chs. xi. and xvii.]

[Footnote 674: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44. Testimony, same, pp. 2623, 2645. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 223-26, 542, 543, 548.]

[Footnote 675: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 43. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 213.]

[Footnote 676: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 712. Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 302.]

[Footnote 677: See p. 405.]

[Footnote 678: See pp. 61, 153.]

[Footnote 679: See p. 420.]

[Footnote 680: See pp. 49, 217.]

[Footnote 681: See p. 306.]

[Footnote 682: See p. 108.]

[Footnote 683: See pp. 111, 291, 446.]

[Footnote 684: See p. 291.]

[Footnote 685: See p. 162.]

[Footnote 686: See pp. 118-27.]

[Footnote 687: See pp. 97, 224.]

[Footnote 688: See pp. 106, 164.]

[Footnote 689: See pp. 107, 154.]

[Footnote 690: See pp. 62, 79.]

[Footnote 691: See pp. 42, 72, 188.]

[Footnote 692: See p. 251.]

[Footnote 693: See p. 216.]

[Footnote 694: See pp. 216, 413.]

[Footnote 695: See pp. 189, 228, 437.]

[Footnote 696: See pp. 102, 140.]

[Footnote 697: See pp. 182-98.]

[Footnote 698: See p. 298.]

[Footnote 699: See pp. 149, 447.]

[Footnote 700: _Railways and the Republic_, by J.F. Hudson, p. 77.]

[Footnote 701: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, pp. 637-42.]

[Footnote 702: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 298.]

[Footnote 703: Same, p. 784.]

[Footnote 704: Same, p. 295.]

[Footnote 705: Same, pp. 295, 778-80.]

[Footnote 706: Investigation of Relations of Standard Oil Company to the State, 1883, p. 473.]

[Footnote 707: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2665.]

[Footnote 708: Same, p. 2667.]

[Footnote 709: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 296, 322, 787, 788.]

[Footnote 710: Same, p. 365.]

[Footnote 711: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2603.]

[Footnote 712: Same, pp. 2604-14.]

[Footnote 713: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, pp. 929, 931, 932.]

[Footnote 714: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 417.]

[Footnote 715: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1636.]

[Footnote 716: Testimony, Rice cases, 51-60, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, pp. 366, 368.]

[Footnote 717: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 455, 577.]

[Footnote 718: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 576-89.]

[Footnote 719: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 391, 392.]

[Footnote 720: Same, p. 294.]

[Footnote 721: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.]

[Footnote 722: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 580.]

[Footnote 723: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 266, 287, 314, 365, 387, 395, 526, 537, 565, 627, 768, 790, 799.]

[Footnote 724: House of Representatives, 50th Congress, 2d Session. Report No. 4165, Part II., Appendix C, p. 33.]

[Footnote 725: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 174-210, 801-951.]

[Footnote 726: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 195.]

[Footnote 727: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 206.]

[Footnote 728: Same, p. 208.]

[Footnote 729: Testimony in Buffalo Explosion case, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 894.]

[Footnote 730: Deposition of Albert N. Reynolds, Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company, Limited, vs. Everest & Everest. Supreme Court, New York, Erie County, City of Buffalo, August 29, 1884.]

[Footnote 731: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2668.]

[Footnote 732: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 215, 223, 226.]

[Footnote 733: Interstate Commerce Law, sec. 10.]

[Footnote 734: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-41.]

[Footnote 735: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 736: See p. 202.]

[Footnote 737: Rice _vs._ Louisville and Nashville Railroad _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. i., p. 722. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-84.]

[Footnote 738: Scofield _vs._ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. ii., p. 90.]

[Footnote 739: Rice, Robinson and Witherop _vs._ Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 740: Same.]

[Footnote 741: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 597.]

[Footnote 742: South Improvement Company, p. 45; American Transfer Company, p. 99; Rutter Circular, p. 85; Contract with Pennsylvania Railroad in 1877, p. 89; Contract with New York Central and Lake Shore and Michigan Central Railroads, 1875 and 1876; New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p. 175; Contract with the Erie road, same, p. 573; Contract in the "Agreement for an Adventure" case, p. 62.]

[Footnote 743: See pp. 69, 130, 146, 149, 151, 208, 219, 224, 239.]

[Footnote 744: Wm. C. Bissel _vs._ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company _et al._]

[Footnote 745: Testimony, United States Pacific Railway Commission Report, 1887, p. 3301.]

[Footnote 746: Same, p. 3581.]

[Footnote 747: Same, pp. 1132-33.]

[Footnote 748: Sec pp. 49, 200, 218.]

[Footnote 749: See p. 48.]

[Footnote 750: Titusville _World_, July 12, 1894.]

[Footnote 751: Standard Oil Company _vs._ Southern Pacific Railroad and Whittier, Fuller & Co., 48 _Federal Reporter_, p. 109.]

[Footnote 752: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2753.]

[Footnote 753: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 333, 534.]

[Footnote 754: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2656-57.]

[Footnote 755: See pp. 145, 319, 320.]

[Footnote 756: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 757: Debates, Constitutional Convention to amend the Constitution of Pennsylvania, 1872, vol. viii., pp. 261, 262.]

[Footnote 758: See p. 69.]

[Footnote 759: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 1314-15.]

[Footnote 760: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 529.]

[Footnote 761: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 367-68.]

[Footnote 762: Same, p. 396.]

[Footnote 763: Report of the United States Senate Committee on Meat Products, 51st Congress, 1st Session, 1890, No. 829, p. 18.]

[Footnote 764: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 397, 781, 825, 924, 1383. United States Senate Report on Meat Products, p. 23.]

[Footnote 765: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 808-9.]

[Footnote 766: Same, speech of Simon Sterne, p. 3996.]

[Footnote 767: See pp. 13, 19.]

[Footnote 768: Franklin B. Gowen, before the United States Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, March, 1888.]

[Footnote 769: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 215.]

[Footnote 770: See page 4.]

INDEX

Abusive language, use of, 319, 485.

Acme Oil Company, Samuel Van Syckel _vs._, 187.

Adams, H.C., quoted on municipal monopolies, 322.

Adulteration of liquors, 27.

Advice of counsel, 249.

Alcohol in industry and politics, 20.

Allen, W.V., supplemental report on sugar-trust bribery, 404.

American, early, refiners of petroleum, 39.

American Transfer Company receives from 20 to 35 cents per barrel on all
oil shipped by competitors, 99;
the South Improvement Company reappears in, 100;
false map of, before New York Legislature, 101.

Andrews, E. Benjamin, on prices under monopoly, 428;
on oil-trust prices, 430 _n._

Anonymous circulars, in war against Toledo, 327.

Artificial liquors, 27.

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad _et al._, William C. Bissell
_vs._, 479.

Atlantic and Great Western Railroad and South Improvement Company, 48,
50;
war of 1877, 88.

Attorney-General, of Pennsylvania, management of tax-case against
Standard Oil Company by, 170-81;
of United States, on monopoly, 37;
report for 1893, 3, 6;
cases against the sugar trust, 404.

Austria, refineries of, consolidated, 439.

Bad oil, 405-19.

Baltimore and Ohio, and railroad war of 1877, 88;
closes Baltimore to independent shippers, 102;
withdraws rates, 221;
freight agent escapes from Congress, 222.

Baltimore closed to independent shippers by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,
102;
sale of refineries at, 421.

Bank of England's income compared with an American millionaire's, 459.

Bankers indemnified for withdrawing bids on Toledo bonds, 336.

Bankruptcy of oil refineries in 1873, 60;
1879-92, 455-70.

_Baptist_, the _National_, quoted, 341.

Barrel shipments better for railroads than tanks, 138, 231;
destroyed by railroads, 138.

Barrett, Judge, defines monopoly, 3;
on sugar trust, 3, 4.

Batoum refuses Rothschild permission to lay pipe line, 443.

Baxter, Judge, decision on rebates paid oil combination, 207.

_Bee_, Omaha _Daily_, investigates oil inspection of Nebraska, 414.

Beef, combination of packers of, 33, 36;
price of, under combination, 35.

Belgium, 437.

Bernheimer, Simon, testimony as to abundance of capital for early
refiners, 41.

"Big Four" combination, 35.

Binney, E.W., quoted, 40.

Biscuit Association, 30.

Bissell, William C., _vs._ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad
_et al._, 479.

Black-mail, when competition is, 215.

Blind-billing, 229;
shippers benefited by, deny, 231.

Blount, Representative, on subsidies and bribery, 394.

Bolard & Dale _vs._ National Transit Company, 165.

Bonds not to refine, 79, 80.

Books, natural-gas companies will not show, 363;
oil trust keeps none, 469.

Boston, South Improvement Company rates to, 47;
fire marshal on bad oil, 411;
prices of oil reduced from 20 to 8 by competition, 422.

Boycott, of butchers by packers' combination, 35;
how working-men were punished for, 287.

Boyle, P.C., Ohio _vs._, 324.

Bread Union in London, 30.

Bremen, Congress of Chambers of Commerce, 406.

Bribery of jurors, 286;
of Congress by Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 394.

British government lowers test on oil, 436.

Brooklyn, consolidation of street-railways, 5.

Brundred _et al._ _vs._ Rice, 239.

Buffalo, explosion in Matthews' refinery, 250;
pipe line to, destroyed, 291;
prices reduced by competition, 421.

Buhl, Richardson _vs._, 10.

_Bulletin_, New York _Daily Commercial_, on oil-trust prices, 430 _n._;
on sugar trust, 32, 449.

Burdick bill, Pennsylvania Legislature, 126.

Burial Case, National Association, 37.

Business, politics of, 403;
"this belongs to us," 432;
golden rule of, 495;
runs into monopoly, 512.

Butchers, independent, refused cars by Erie Railroad, 35;
National Protective Association, 34.

Butterworth, Benjamin, represents Ohio before the United States Senate in
the Payne matter, 376.

Buyer, the only, refuses to buy, 106;
only one, in Ohio, 107.

_Call_, San Francisco, on commercial treaty with China, 449.

Campaign contributions from trusts, 403.

Campbell, B.B., averts outbreak at Parker, 106.

Canada oil interests attacked by American combination, 12;
retail coal-dealers' associations, 15;
Grocers' Guild, 30;
Parliamentary debate on American oil prices, 424;
Parliament reduces tariff in 1894, 435;
finance minister favors American oil trust, 435.

Canadian Copper Company, litigation among stockholders, 403.

Canal, independent shippers escape by, 96;
tank-boats for, 96;
railroad war against, 97.

Cancer, hospital for, endowed, 181.

Capital, of combinations, 4;
easy for early refiners to get, 41;
of oil combination, 457.

Carlyle, Thomas, on literary freedom in America, 529.

Cars, refusal of, by railroads to independent shippers, 12, 91, 94, 106.

Carter, J.J., _vs._ Producers' and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited,
164, 446.

Cassatt, A.J., testimony concerning railroad war of 1877, 88;
on lower rates to Standard Oil Company, 94, 472;
on refusal of cars and rates, 94;
on cheapness of oil, 428.

Cattle combination, 5, 33;
traffic, railroad preferences in, 33;
decline in prices of, 34;
shippers discriminated against by the railroads, 36.

Cattle Range Association, International, 34.

Census, United States, on petroleum, 39;
sugar trust refuses to answer questions, 404.

Charity decreases under monopoly, 502.

Cheapness of oil, 420;
under the trusts, 431 _n._;
how produced, 464-65;
analysis of, 500.

Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, charges for oil and cattle
compared, 481.

Chicago, number of dry-goods stores in, in 1894, 488;
Union Stock Yards, secrecy as to ownership of its stock, 487.

China, commercial treaty with, 449.

Church and wealth, 294.

Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific Railway, Ohio _vs._, 220;
"mistakes," 234.

Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway, Ohio _vs._, 220.

Circulars, anonymous, in war against Toledo, 327.

Clamorer for dividends, 101.

Clarion County, Pennsylvania, indictment of members of Standard Oil
Company, 170, 258;
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania interferes, 180.

Clark, Horace F., on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Cleveland, disadvantages of, for the oil business, 53, 464;
starting-point of the founders of the oil combination, 44;
South Improvement Company rates to, 46;
pipe line to, 65;
pioneer refiner, 73;
crude oil carried to, free for oil combination, 85.

Cleveland and Marietta Railroad, Handy _vs._, 206-8.

Cleveland, President, on sugar tariff, 404.

Clinton, De Witt, on petroleum, 38.

Coal, combination, capital of, 4;
in Nova Scotia, 5, 11, 461;
State, national, and judicial investigations, 9;
bituminous lands bought by railroads, 11;
anthracite monopolized by railroads, 11, 14;
freights on, higher in 1893 than in 1879, 13;
independent producers crushed by railroad discriminations, 13;
miners oppressed by coal companies, 16, 17;
price of, advanced by combination, 14, 431 _n._;
extortion of anthracite monopoly, 14;
combination between American and Canadian dealers, 15;
retail associations of dealers, 15;
dealers terrorized, 15;
miners, freedom under competition, 16;
miners' strike in Pennsylvania in 1871, 16;
policemen in Pennsylvania, 18.

Coffin combination, 37.

Coke, Lord, on monopolies, 405.

Collusion between oil trust and railroads, 143, 482-4.

Colorado, oil war in, 427;
prevented by railroads from shipping its oil to Pacific States,
427, 481.

Columbus, Miss., war on merchants of, 300;
Ohio, gas shut off, 365.

Combinations, capital of, 4.

Communipaw, monopoly of terminals at, 142.

Competition, impossible in the meat and cattle business, 36;
oil combination likes, 87;
when it is black-mail, 215;
cuts price, 281, 294;
power for evil, 422.

Congress, investigation of South Improvement Company suppressed, 45;
bribing by Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 394.

Conspiracy, adoption of, 277.

Constitutional amendments concerning trusts, 451;
convention of New York, 1894, 451.

Contract to restrict refining, 62;
to shut down oil flow, 153;
between dealers and the oil combination, 425.

Corners, 4.

Cotton-seed oil, rates on, 232.

Court records gone in Cleveland, 83;
mutilated transcript for Congress, 244, 267;
records mutilated in California, 484.

Coxe Brothers & Company _vs._ the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, 19.

Cracker-bakers' meeting, 30.

Dayton, experience with natural-gas company, 364.

Deaths from bad oil, in Michigan, 416;
in Great Britain from explosiveness of American oil, 410.

Delay, before Interstate Commerce Commission, 147, 149, 150;
in legal procedure in New York, 285;
of Pennsylvania Supreme Court in acting on appeal of independents, 447.

Democratic party and sugar trust, 404.

Detectives and coal-dealers, 15;
railroads as, 48;
in Wall Street, 334.

Detroit _Times_, on reduction of oil test, 416;
_Tribune_, on reduction of oil test, 416.

Dewar, Thomas S., letter of United States Commissioner of Internal
Revenue to, 26.

Discrimination in favor of oil combination, "wanton and oppressive," 207;
of 333 per cent., 217;
called "a vast discrepancy," 219;
Supreme Court of Ohio on, 219;
against Rice, Interstate Commerce Commission on, 227;
charges of, sustained by Interstate Commerce Commission, 235;
by natural-gas company in rates for gas, 365;
no, by German railroads, 438;
inures to the benefit of one powerful combination, 478.
(See Freight Rates, Railroads, Rebates.)

Dismantling of petroleum refineries, 42, 72;
Joshua Merrill's refinery, 188.

Disorder, public, in oil regions, 43, 54;
in Pennsylvania, 1878, 105, 106;
in Pennsylvania and Ohio, 456.

Dividends of oil trust, 246;
of sugar trust, 32, 33, 404.

Dodd, S.C.T., on "parent of trust system," 8;
in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of 1872, 55;
on pipe lines, 117;
on pipe-line rates, 125;
on bonuses to railroad officials, 486.

Drake, E.L., strikes oil, 40;
pensioned, 462.

Dressed-beef men, railroad rates to, 36.

Dynamite, and the whiskey trust, 21;
in the "shut-down" of 1887, 154;
threats of, against Toledo City pipe
line, 357;
oil that is as dangerous as, 416.

Electricity, 9.

Elevators, combination of Northwestern railroads with, 5, 31;
State erection and operation of, recommended by Minnesota
Legislature, 31.

Embargo on sales of oil, 1872, 56.

Emery, Jr., Hon. Lewis, testifies as to "immediate shipment," 104.

Eminent domain, use of, by railroads, 97.

Empire Transportation Company, 87.

Engineers, Society of American Marine, protest against foreign
engineers, 399.

England oil trade meets to protest against poor American oil, 405.

Equality, railroad idea of, 86.

Erie Canal used by independent shippers, 96.

Erie Railroad, refuses cars to independent butchers, 35;
New York Legislature investigates, 43;
and South Improvement Company, 48, 50;
refuses rates to competitor of South Improvement Company, 52;
railroad war of 1877, 88;
its oil-cars owned by oil combination, 92;
payments to American Transfer Company, 99;
contract with Standard Oil Company, 102;
renews broken promises of equal rates, 119;
invites independent refiners to rebuild, 119;
refuses to ship independent oil to seaboard, 140;
sends armed force against independent pipe line, 161;
gives land to oil trust's pipe lines, 162;
destroys line by force, 291.

"Evening" pool of cattle-shippers, 33.

Everest _et al._, People of the State of N.Y. _vs._, 244.

_Examiner_, The, quoted, 341, 345.

Expert testifies about pipe-line pool, 86;
false maps of American Transfer Company, 101.

Explosions, in distillery, 21;
during "shut-down," 154;
in Buffalo refinery,
250;
Louisville, 252;
Rochester, 252.

Explosiveness of petroleum gases, 282;
of American oil compared with Scotch and Russian, 410.

Extradition treaty between Russia and America, 448.

False accounts, 64.

Fellows _et al._ _vs._ Toledo _et al._, 314.

Field code of New York, 285.

Fires from bad oil, in Great Britain, 410;
in Boston, 411;
in Iowa, 413;
in Michigan, 416;
in San Francisco, 416;
at Oil City and Titusville, June 5, 1892, 417;
in Bradford refinery, 447.

Fish, 32.

Flour, dearer, wanted, 30.

Forbes, John M., speech on free ships, 393.

Foster, Charles, as Secretary of the Treasury favors retention of
foreign captains, 398;
issues license to foreign engineers, 399;
his part in the war on Toledo, 400.

Fostoria, Ohio, Sunday raid on the flour-mill, 348.

Foucon, Felix, in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, 39.

France, manufactures coal-oil in 1845, 38;
government of, lowers oil tariff, 440;
oil refiners of, make terms with American oil trust, 441.

Free breakfast-table, 32.

Freight rates on coal, 13;
discriminations investigated by Ohio Legislature, 44;
8 cents a barrel less than nothing on oil, 88;
rates advanced by pipe and rail, 122;
rates increased at instance of oil combination, 132;
rate 88 cents to oil combination, $1.68 to competitors, 210;
increased 333 per cent. to one shipper, 217.
(See Rebates, Discriminations.)

Freight-handlers strike, 296.

Fruit, 32.

Frye, William P., on subsidy to International line, 391, 395.

Furnaces, 9.

Gas, 9;
natural, 9, 305.

Geologist, State, of Ohio, takes sides in Toledo contest, 329.

Germany changes oil tariff, 437;
the German-American Oil Company, 437;
decline in prices, 438;
independents in, 439.

Gladden, Rev. Washington, on oil trust, 344.

Good society, 527.

Gospel Cars, 237.

Government and monopoly, 311.

Governors, steam-boiler, 9.

Gowen, Franklin B., on war against Tidewater, 108, 110;
admits surrender of Tidewater Pipe Line, 112;
severs connection with Tidewater, 114;
speech before Pennsylvania Legislature, 1883, 115;
on Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 181;
on yearly loss of railroad revenue by rebates, 491.

Grand Trunk saves independent oil refiners, 136.

Granger movement, 371.

Great Britain, Railway Commission of 1873, 369;
government lowers test of oil, 408.

Griffin, C.P., representative of Toledo in State Legislature, 333.

Grocers' Guild, Canadian Parliament on, 30.

Haddock, John C., testimony of, 13.

Hadley, A.T., on British railroads, 370.

Hale, J.P., quoted, 462.

Hamilton, Alexander, on power over subsistence, 529.

Hancock, Erie stops independent pipe line, 162.

Handy _vs._ Cleveland and Marietta Railroad, 206.

Harter, the Isaac Harter Company _vs._ the Northwestern Ohio Natural-gas
Company, 349.

Hatch, Edward, quoted, 255, 281.

Haul, long and short, 221, 222, 223.

Heaters, hot-water and steam, 9.

_Herald_, Boston, on relations of oil combination and State
inspectors, 411.

Hermann, Von, on Paris Exhibition of 1839, 39.

Highway, ownership of, is ownership of all, 12.

Hoar, George F., on oil trust in the President's Cabinet, 401.

Holland, 437.

Hopkins, Representative, moves for investigation of railroads by
Congress, 372.

Human nature, 526.

Illinois Central Railroad, "mistakes," 234.

Immediate shipment, 104.

Improvement companies of Pennsylvania, 55.

Income of members of oil trust, 459.

_Independent_, the New York, quoted, 348.

Independents, rates withdrawn from, by Pennsylvania Railroad, 90;
Pennsylvania Railroad refuses cars to, 91;
Pennsylvania Railroad increases rates to, 91;
crushed by oil combination's use of railroad terminals, 102;
promised equal rates again, 119;
invited to rebuild by the railroads, 119;
attacked by Pennsylvania Railroad after being invited to rebuild, 120;
survive attack by railroad and oil-trust pool, 128;
appeal to Interstate Commission, 1888, 128;
discrimination against, 130;
freight rates to, increased at suggestion of oil combination, 132;
forced to close their works, 135;
saved by Grand Trunk Railroad, 136;
lose trade of New England, 1888, 136;
forced to sell oil to combination, 140;
prevented by railroads from using tank-cars, 140;
exactions suffered by, at the seaboard, 141;
appeal to Interstate Commerce Commission against delay, 148;
lose five years' business, 149;
get tank-cars and terminals, 151;
project pipe line to the seaboard in 1887, 152;
in 1892, 160;
pipe line stopped by Erie cannon at Hancock, 162;
survival
of, delays Russian-American division of world's oil market, 445;
delay of Pennsylvania Supreme Court in acting on appeal of, 447;
in Germany, 439.

Indianapolis People's Trust, 320.

Individuality, 527

Industry, new law of, 12.

Inspection, State, used to end competition, 215, 216.

Inspectors, State, also in employ of those they inspect, 216, 411;
of oils in New York represent oil combination in Bremen congress, 406;
in Iowa, charged with allowing sellers to brand oil, 412;
sued in Iowa for damages for passing bad oil, 413;
in Minnesota, investigated by State Senate, 413;
in Illinois, 415;
in Nebraska, 414-16.

International steamship line subsidized, 389-400.

Interstate Commerce Commission, on coal rates, 13;
Pennsylvania independent coal-mine operators appeal to, 19;
decision on coal rates disregarded by the Pennsylvania railroads, 19;
on pool of oil combination with Tidewater Pipe Line, 113;
refuses to require production of secret contract between railroad and
pipe line, 124;
bullied by counsel of Pennsylvania Railroad, 124;
orders reduction of freight rate on barrels in South, 130;
decision misapplied by Pennsylvania Railroad, 131;
interview with Pennsylvania Railroad officials, 132;
correspondence with president of Pennsylvania railroad, 132;
orders discrimination stopped, 139;
on monopoly of terminal facilities, 142;
chairman on collusive relations of oil trust and railroads, 143;
witnesses refuse to appear before, 145;
refrains from decision in case of Pennsylvania Railroad, 146;
decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, 1890, 147;
delays for two years decision against Pennsylvania Railroad, 147;
grants Pennsylvania Railroad rehearings for two years, 148;
railroads disobey orders of, 149;
decision against Pennsylvania Railroad, 1892, 149;
brings independents no help, 149;
proceedings before, by railroads as only preliminary to litigation in
the courts, 150;
cannot decide after three years' hearings, 150;
grants Pennsylvania Railroad further delay, 150;
George Rice lets cases before, go by default, 151;
theatre for litigation and delay, 160;
calls discrimination "a vast discrepancy," 219;
decides refusal to give rates "illegal," 224;
on discriminations against Rice, 227;
on "astonishingly low" rates, 232;
on "mistakes" of railroads, 234;
sustains charges of discrimination, 235;
on control of industry by the oil combination, 433;
on immense power of oil combination, 458;
describes preferences given to the oil combination, 478.

Interstate Commerce law, only conviction under, 19;
disobeyed by railroad managers, 218;
opposed by Senator Payne, 388;
Senator Cullom on railroads' excuses for violating, 498.

Investigation, of South Improvement Company by Congress, in 1872, not
continued, 60;
of railroad discriminations by Congress, suspended, 1876, 71;
testimony stolen, 373.

_Investors' Review_, of London, on English government jobbery, 450.

Iowa, Governor of, refuses to investigate charges of violation of
inspection law, 412.

Iron, railroads buying iron lands, 12;
interests of members of oil combination, 461.

Italy, 440.

Jackson, Judge H.E., sustains Toledo, 315.

Joy, Professor, on explosiveness of naphtha, 253.

Judge, Federal, quashes indictment
against secretary of whiskey trust, 22;
of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, charged with violating the law, 181;
fixes damages in Van Syckel's case at 6 cents, 195;
excludes evidence against oil trust members, 268;
rules out evidence concerning oil trust, 273;
orders acquittal of members of oil trust, 278;
how made, 296;
decides anti-trust law not applicable to sugar trust, 404.

Jurors bribed to petition for mercy, 286.

Justice, delay of, 149.

Kanawha salt-wells, 462.

Karns, General S.D., suggests pipe-lines, 41.

Keystone refinery, 291;
causes Oil City disaster, 418.

King's horses and king's men, 198.

Knight, E.C., _et al._, United States _vs._, 404.

_Laissez-faire_, true, 497.

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad and South Improvement
Company, 48, 50;
contract with the oil combination, 69;
Scofield _et al._ _vs._, 70;
railroad war of 1877, 88;
contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, 89;
gives its oil traffic to competing pipe line, 127.

Lamennais quoted, 507.

Lands, ownership changes, of coal, 11;
of oil, 434.

Laugh, the, 257-71.

Law, Anti-trust, 3, 6, 404;
Pennsylvania Free Pipe-Line, worthless, 57;
delays of, 285;
of oil inspection, how changed in Nebraska, 415.
(See Interstate Commerce).

Lawson, J.D., _Leading Cases Simplified_, 181.

Lawsuits, threats of, 278, 289;
to cripple competition, 290.

Lawyers, officers of the court, 114;
relations of, to law-breakers, 249;
pamphlet against Toledo issued by, 354.

Leases, oil and gas, rights claimed under, 306.

Leather, 5.

Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, Coxe Brothers & Co., _vs._, 19;
railroad war of 1877, 88.

Little, John, represents Ohio before the United States Senate in the
Payne matter, 376.

Locomotives, 9.

Louisville and Nashville Railroad turns another screw, 213;
"mistakes" of, 234.

_Mail_, New York, on income of members of oil trust, 459.

Mails, slower under subsidy, 397.

Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, on trade, 507;
on contract and status, 533.

Marcy, W.L., in Buffalo explosion case, 259.

Marietta, freight rates raised against refiners at, 200.

Market, for oil, becomes erratic, 42;
manipulation by oil trust, 104, 164, 420, 439;
only one buyer, 104.

Matches, 9;
combination, Supreme Court of Michigan on, 10.

Mather, People _vs._, 277.

Matthews, C.B., experiences of, 243-98.

Matthews, Hon. Stanley, 67;
on the rebates of the oil combination, 69.

Maxim gun, English War Office opposition to, silenced, 450.

McClellan, Gen. G.B., on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Meat combination, 5;
at Chicago, 33.

Medicine, adulterated liquors for, 27.

Merrill, Joshua, 39;
testimony before Congress, 188;
appeals to Railroad Commission of Massachusetts, 189;
pioneer in oil, 463.

Michigan State Board of Health on fires and deaths from bad oil, 416.

Mileage paid to preferred shippers, 233.

Millers' national conventions, 30.

Millionaires, abolition of, 312, 524.

Minnesota Legislature recommends State elevators, 31;
Senate investigation of oil inspectors, 413.

"Mistakes," by railroads not corrected, 138;
always in favor of preferred shippers, 223, 234.

Monopoly, defined by Federal courts, 3;
Judge Barrett defines, 3;
difference of definitions, 3, 6;
defined by United States Attorney-General, 37;
of Standard Oil Company, Supreme Court of Ohio on, 70;
ignorance of the public is the real capital of, 117;
must control all, 298;
and government, 311;
Lord Coke on, 405;
E. Benjamin Andrews on price manipulation, 428;
State, advocated by national economists in Germany, 438;
of oil in Germany, 438;
Ohio Supreme Court and New York Supreme Court pronounce Standard Oil
Trust a, 453;
and industry, 518;
and liberty, 519.

Monotony, 527.

Monthly reports required by the oil combination, 62;
from producers in "shut-down," 155;
of competitors' shipments, 212.

Morris, "Billy," inventor of the "slips," 463.

Municipal enterprise better and cheaper than private, 360.

Mutilation of court records, 83, 244, 267, 484.

National Transit Company, 87;
controls pipe-line business, 113, 114;
owned by oil combination, 113;
president of the oil combination denies connection with, 114;
Bolard & Dale _vs._, 165;
secrecy as to ownership of its stock, 487.

Natural-gas company owned by Standard Oil Trust, 337.

Navy, Secretary of, urges subsidy, 389;
and nickel appropriation, 402;
relations to subsidy, 402.

Netherlands, East India colonies, 441.

Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, rules against
retaining foreign captains, 398.

New England, trade in, lost by independent refiners, 136.

Newport News and Mississippi Valley Railroad, "mistakes," 234.

Newspapers controlled by oil combination, 160.
(See Press.)

New York Central Railroad, and South Improvement Company, 48, 49;
refuses rates to competitors of South Improvement Company, 52;
war of 1877, 88;
contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, 89;
oil cars of, owned by oil combination, 92;
payments to American Transfer Company, 99.

New York, People of, _vs._ North River Sugar Refining Company, 3;
refiners do not dare to build large refineries, 107;
People of, _vs._ Everest _et al._, 244;
legal procedure, 285;
Railway Commission of 1857, 370;
in danger from refineries and tanks, 419;
Senate committee on oil trust and prices, 429;
Constitution of 1846 on railroads, 370;
Constitutional Convention of 1894, 451;
"Hepburn" legislative investigation on rebates, 476.

New York and New England Railroad, oil trustee president of, 189.

New Zealand Fire Insurance Company sues for losses by bad oil, 416.

Nickel appropriation, 402.

North River Sugar Refining Company, People of New York _vs._, 3.

Northwestern Natural-gas Company, the Isaac Harter Company _vs._, 349.

Notice, freights raised without, 136, 200.

"Not yet," president of the oil trust, 454.

Nova Scotia coal-mines, consolidation of, by American syndicate,
5, 12, 461.

Ohio, oil-field, oil combination the only buyer of oil in, 107;
Supreme Court of, on discriminations, 219;
State of, _vs._ Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific
Railway, 220;
State of, _vs._ Cincinnati, Washington, and Baltimore Railway, 220;
_vs._ Standard Oil Company, 239, 453;
senatorial election of 1884, 373;
Legislature demands investigation of the election of Senator
Payne, 374;
Legislature defeats free pipe-line bill, 385;
State of, _vs._ City of Toledo, 314;
State of, _vs._ P.C. Boyle, 324;
distress among oil producers in 1892, 456;
Legislative report of 1879 on relations of railroads and oil
combination, 477.

Ohio Oil Company _vs._ Toledo, Findlay and Springfield Railway, 306.

Oil, Canada, 12;
Canada producers attacked by American combination, 12.

Oil City fire, June 5, 1892, 417.

Oil combination, parent of trust system, 8;
founders of, 44;
and South Improvement Company the same, 49;
president of, explains its origin, 53;
contracts with competitors to limit production, 61, 65;
requires monthly reports, 62;
insists on secrecy, 63, 65, 79;
use of spies by, 65, 298, 334;
contract in restraint of trade, 66;
profits of restraint of trade, 66, 67;
restricts its capacity one-half, 68;
rebates from the railroads, 69, 474-87;
scarcity the object of, 72;
control of transportation, 76;
buys out its widow competitor, 78;
puts her under bonds not to refine, 79;
binds competitors not to refine, 79, 80;
secret of success, testimony of president, 80;
value of the "works" of, 82;
issues $90,000,000 of stock on $6,000,000 of works, 82;
buys oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, 88;
owns oil cars of New York Central and Erie railroads, 92;
member of, denies, then admits, rebates, 95;
receipts from American Transfer Company, 100, 101;
owns United Pipe Lines, 101;
owns American Transfer Company, 101;
controls railroads' oil terminal facilities, 102;
uses railroad terminals to crush opposition, 102;
forces producers to sell below the market, 104;
will not pipe or buy oil, 106, 164;
shuts back Ohio oil wells, 107;
restricts production in Ohio, 107;
the only buyer of oil in Ohio oil-fields, 107;
and railroads fight the Tidewater Pipe Line, 108;
cuts prices of pipeage, 109;
speculates on its "advance knowledge" of cut in freight rates, 110;
enters into pool with Tidewater Pipe Line, 112;
owns National Transit Company, 113;
had no pipe line to seaboard, 116;
builds pipe line to seaboard, 116;
builds pipe lines from rebates given it by railroads, 116, 118;
and railroads advance rates, 118;
secret contract of 1885 with Pennsylvania Railroad, 120;
guarantees Pennsylvania Railroad 26 per cent. of the oil traffic, 121;
and Pennsylvania Railroad advance rates, 122;
pool with Pennsylvania Railroad, 123;
advances pipe-line rates, 125, 126;
Interstate Commerce Commission, on discrimination in favor of, 130;
gets New England business of independents, 137;
controls seaboard terminals of railroads, 142;
keeps Oil City and Titusville refineries closed, 143;
prompts railroad litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission, 144;
makes contract with producers to shut down wells, 153;
compels subordinate companies to make monthly reports, 155;
opposes piping of refined oil, 165;
owns $40,000,000 in 1883 in Pennsylvania, 166;
Pennsylvania tax case, 166;
Clarion County indictment, 170;
member of, admits rebates, 188;
president New York and New England Railroad is member of, 189;
prevents trial of Van Syckel's process of refining, 191;
member of, forecloses mortgage on Solar refinery, 193;
"another way of getting rid" of competitors, 200;
makes money by closing its refineries, 201;
how its earnings are pooled, 201;
its freight rates lowered while competitors' rates are raised, 202;
gets rebate of 25 cents out of 35 cents in freight, paid by
competitor, 206;
not popular in the South, 209;
competes with grocers, 214, 300;
relations to State inspectors, 216, 413;
denies receipt of discriminating rates, 219;
Supreme Court of Ohio oil monopoly of, 220;
denies blind-billing, 231;
denies receipt of mileage, 234;
denies discriminations, 235;
pleasant relations with competitors, 243;
dividends of, 246;
political power of, 260, 372-404;
and press, in Pennsylvania, 160;
in Buffalo, 298;
in Toledo, 317, 327;
defeated in suits on patents, 290;
brings suits to embarrass competitors, 290;
buys from the court suits against itself, 293;
refuses to meet competitive prices, 299;
abandons suit against Toledo in United States Supreme Court, 331;
detectives of, in Wall Street, 334;
evangelical and explosive, 358;
natural-gas companies, profits of, at Toledo, 362;
spends money in elections, 386;
members of, interested in subsidy legislation, 390;
acts with both political parties, 403;
defence before Bremen congress, 406;
its success explained by the president, 407;
has State inspectors in its pay, 411;
restricts production, 420;
buys Baltimore refineries, 421;
binds dealers not to buy of its competitors, 425;
oil made scarce by, 68, 420-29;
price of oil under, 67, 420-29, 431 _n._;
drives out schooners, 433;
controls 90 per cent. of industry, 433;
pushing into every part of the world, 434;
owns no oil lands in 1880, 434;
large buyer of oil lands, 434;
favored by Canadian government, 435;
in Germany, 437;
sells refined oil in Europe cheaper than crude, 439;
in France, 440;
denial of negotiations with Russian oil-men, 442;
admits negotiations with Russian oil-men, 442;
reasons for war upon independents, 455;
and Extradition Treaty with Russia, 448;
prosperous during panic, 455;
growth of capitalization of, 457;
produces "infinitesimal amount" of oil, 463;
not an inventor, producer, pioneer, or capitalist, 464;
produces poverty, 464-65;
principals of, not practical oil-men, 466, 467;
members of, deny rebates, 476;
secrecy as to ownership of certain shares, 487.

Oil, regions, early prosperity of, 42, 43;
public disorder in, 43;
producers refuse to sell to members of South Improvement Company, 56;
running on the ground, 91, 105, 106, 164;
European congress on poor quality of American, 406;
test of, lowered in Great Britain, 408;
financial distress in 1879-92, 455-56.

Pacific Mail Steamship Company, report on bribery of Congress by, 394.

Pacific Railway officials admit rebates, 480.

Packers' Combination at Chicago investigated by Congress, 33.

Paint, to conceal numbers of tank-cars, 235.

_Pall Mall Gazette_ on prices of refined and crude oil, 439.

Panics in oil, 43.

Parker district, on verge of civil war, 106.

Pastor, visit from the, 294.

Payne, Henry B., objects to investigation of railroads, 70, 372;
election of, to the Senate of the United States, 374;
candidate for President, 387;
votes against Interstate Commerce Commission bill, 388;
solicits Democratic votes in the Senate for confirmation of
Republican nominee, 400.

Peckham, S.F., United States Census report on petroleum, 39, 41;
on railroads and tank-cars, 228.

Pennsylvania, Constitution of 1873 disobeyed by the railroads, 18;
Legislature nullifies Constitution in interest of railroads, 18;
uprising of 1872, 54;
Constitutional Convention, 1873, 54;
Commonwealth of, _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, 94;
Secretary of Internal Affairs hung in effigy, 105;
Attorney-General brings tax suit against Standard Oil Company, 169;
Legislature investigates Standard Oil Company tax case, 176;
Supreme Court of, delays hearing on appeal of independents, 447;
Constitution on railroads, 451;
Secretary of Internal Affairs on relations of railroads and oil
combination, 477.

Pennsylvania Railroad and South Improvement Company, 48;
and Improvement Company charters, 55;
put under bond not to refine, 79;
keeps faith "some months," 84;
reaches out for control of oil trade, 87;
carries oil at eight cents a barrel less than nothing, 88;
sells its refineries and pipe lines, 88;
contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, 89;
pledges not to compete with oil combination, 89;
withdraws rates from independent refiners, 90;
officials threaten independent pipe lines, 91;
officials recommend "fix-up" with the oil combination to independent
shippers, 90, 91;
increases rates, refuses cars, to independent shippers, 91;
refuses to haul cars owned by independent shippers, 92;
refuses a business of ten thousand barrels of oil a day, 93;
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._, 1879, 94;
pays American Transfer Company three months' back pay, 99;
refuses to furnish cars to oil producers, 106;
officials testify to war on Tidewater Pipe Line, 109;
discriminations against refineries using the Tidewater, 110;
Titusville and Oil City Independent Refiners' Associations
_vs._, 118, 165;
renews broken promises of equal rates, 119;
makes war on refiners it invited to rebuild, 120;
secret contract of 1885, with oil combination, 120;
guaranteed 26 per cent. of seaboard oil traffic by oil
combination, 121;
refuses to produce contract with oil combination, 121;
and oil combination advance rail and pipe rates, 122;
oil rates of, extortionate, 123;
counsel of, bullies Interstate Commerce Commission, 124;
perverts decision of Interstate Commerce Commission, 131;
increases rates to barrel shippers, 131;
ignores directions of Interstate Commerce Commission, 133-34;
refuses to haul tank-cars for independents, 140;
Interstate Commerce Commission delays for two years to enforce
law against, 147;
gets another rehearing from Interstate Commerce Commission, 150;
said to run Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 181;
divides the coal business of Pennsylvania among three dealers, 490.

Perth Amboy, independent shipments from, 135.

Peru, 441.

Petroleum, combination in, 38-493;
De Witt Clinton's suggestion, 38;
early manufacture of, 38, 44;
Reichenbach's prediction, 38;
in exhibitions of 1839 and 1851, 39;
early American refiners, 39;
early American manufacturers ready for new supply of oil, 40;
price of, in 1862, 40.

Petroleum Producers' Union, report of General Council of, on attempts to
lessen production of oil, 153.

Phantom Party, in McKean County, 105.

Philadelphia, Sharpless _vs._, 315.

Phillips, Wendell, on Pennsylvania Railroad, 147.

Piano-makers' combination, 5.

Pilots, Brotherhood of Steamboat, protest against foreign engineers, 399.

Pioneer refiner of Cleveland, 73.

Pipe lines, origin of, 41;
first laid by Van Syckel, 41;
Pennsylvania Free Pipe Line law worthless, 57;
to Cleveland, 65;
number of, in 1874, 84;
Eighty per cent. of, died in 1874-5, 84;
pool of 1874, 86;
frozen out, 87;
bankrupt, bought up by oil trust, 87;
Equitable Pipe Line proposed, 91;
independent, threatened by Pennsylvania Railroad, 91;
United Pipe Lines, owned by the oil combination, 101;
industry closed to the people, 1877, 104;
refuse to carry oil unless sold to oil combination, 104;
of oil combination refuse to pipe, 106;
Tidewater, first to seaboard, 107;
rates cut by oil combination in war with Tidewater, 109;
to seaboard not built first by the oil combination, 116;
competitors of the railway, 116;
New York _Sun_ on, 117;
pool with railroads, 121;
cost of service, 122;
rates of, advanced by oil combination, 125, 126;
profits of, 126;
rates higher under the oil combination, 125, 126;
independent, to seaboard projected in 1887, 152;
in 1892, 160;
oil combination lays, upon railroad right of way, 162;
refuse to take oil, 1893, 164;
independent, transport refined oil, 165;
built by George Rice, 208;
independent, destroyed by Erie Railroad by force, 291;
Toledo builds better than private company, 360;
bill for free, defeated by the Ohio Legislature, 385;
independent, and Russian-American monopoly, 445;
independent, consolidate in 1894, 446;
independent, cut, 447.
(See Tidewater Pipe Line).

Policemen, coal and iron, 18.

Politics of business, 403.

Pool, steamship, 395;
for sale of oil, 420.

Poor's _Railroad Manual_, railroad interests of members of oil
combination, 460.

Pork, combination of packers of, 36.

Postal subsidy law, passed, 389-400;
payment under, 396;
Postmaster-General makes subsidy contracts, 390;
his relations to those who receive postal subsidies, 403.

Poverty, abolition of, 526.

Premium on oil advanced, 144.

President of the oil combination denies contracts with railroads, 51;
on "ways of making money you know nothing of," 52;
the "only party that would buy," 52;
offers 50 cents on the dollar, 52;
explains its origin, 53;
testifies about Southern Improvement Company, 59;
member of South Improvement Company, 60;
denies contracts to restrict competition, 61;
testifies to "very small profit," 67;
argues for restriction of production, 68;
denies that it gets cheaper freights, 70;
testifies as to secret of success, 80;
testifies that it likes competition, 87;
knew about freight rates, 96;
cannot recall discriminating freight rates, 96;
frequents office of Erie Railroad, 102;
denies pool with the Tidewater Pipe Line, 113;
sole attorney of the trust, 114;
denies any connection with National Transit Company, 114;
denies the "shut-down" of 1887, 158;
described by Van Syckel, 184;
interview about rebates on Rice's business, 207;
on pleasant relations with competitors, 243;
testifies the oil trust is not a manufacturing company, 272;
testifies to reports by subordinate companies, 274;
does not know about monthly reports by subordinate companies, 274;
explains its success, 407;
on its cheapness, 420;
in the commission business, 432;
on its ownership of oil lands, 434;
its properties "not yet" sufficiently numerous, 454;
testifies to shares in the trust owned by trustees individually, 458;
"does not know," 467-68;
made attorney of the trust, 470.

President of the Standard Oil Company denies ownership of company by
Standard Oil Trust, 458.

Press, and oil combination, 160, 298, 317, 327;
use of, to make subsidy popular, 392;
Philadelphia, on Russian Extradition Treaty, 448.

Price of oil advances under restraint of trade, 66, 67;
under oil combination, 67, 420, 431 _n._;
manipulated by oil combination, 104;
in Ohio, 107;
in New York and Europe, 164;
higher for crude than for refined oil, 164;
manipulation of, 210;
lowered by competition, 281, 294;
advances after Baltimore consolidation, 421;
regulated by committee, 421;
in New York, fixed by oil combination, 423;
in Texas, independent of competition, 423;
evidence gathered by Congress, 423-24;
put higher after "wars" than before, 424;
fixation of, 425;
E. Benjamin Andrews on, 430 _n._;
New York _Daily Commercial Bulletin_ on, 430 _n._;
under trusts, 431 _n._;
decline in Germany, 438;
refined oil lower than crude, 439;
under monopoly, 502.

Private enterprise and public, 311.

Producers of oil, and South Improvement Company, 54;
organization in Pennsylvania, 56;
embargo broken, 57;
Union, report, 1872, 60;
forced to sell oil to trust, 104;
forced to sell below market price, 105;
lose their land, 434.

Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited, Carter _vs._, 164, 446.

Production restricted, 72;
in Ohio, 107;
at Oil City and Titusville, 143;
by shut-down of 1887, 153, 157;
cheapness of, 217, 429, 445.

Profits of natural-gas company, at Toledo, 362.

Property, "is monopoly," 37;
of the combinations, 513.

Prosperity, early, in oil regions, 42, 43.

Public powers and property, private use of, 523.

Publication of railroad tariff, how evaded, 230.

Punishment nominal, 292.

Quality, deterioration of, under monopoly, 405-19;
of oil in Germany, 438.

Quinby, District Attorney, 247-98.

Railroads, northwestern, combination with elevators, 5;
buying bituminous coal lands, 11;
buying iron and timber lands, 12;
refuse cars to independent coal shippers, 12;
crushing independent coal producers, 13;
monopolize anthracite coal, 11, 14;
raise freights to prevent settlement of coal strike, 1871, 16;
forbidden in Pennsylvania to own or operate coal-mines, 18;
disregard Interstate Commerce Commission's decision on coal rates, 19;
and elevators combined in Minnesota, 31;
northwestern, coerce grain buyers, 31;
northwestern, fix the price of wheat, 31;
give discriminating rates to dressed-beef men, 36;
contract with South Improvement Company, 45;
contract to overcome competition for preferred shippers, 48;
as detectives, 48;
advance freight rates on oil 100 per cent., 50;
grant special privileges to railroad directors, 54;
lobbying at Harrisburg, 55;
rebates to oil combination, 69;
facilities controlled by oil combination, 76;
carry crude oil to Cleveland for preferred shippers without charge, 85;
force Cleveland refiners into unnatural equality, 85;
how they equalize persons and places, 86;
make war on Pennsylvania Railroad for oil combination, 87;
of New York received $40,000,000 of public cash, 97;
tribute paid by, to American Transfer Company, 99;
pay American Transfer Company on oil not handled by it, 100;
officials members of American Transfer Company, 100;
oil terminal facilities transferred to oil combination, 101;
fight Tidewater Pipe Line for the oil combination, 108;
lose $10,000,000 in war against Tidewater Pipe Line, 109;
will not tell how low rates were made against Tidewater Pipe Line, 109;
give use of their lands to pipe lines of oil combination, 116;
give oil combination money to build pipe lines, 116, 118;
pool with pipe lines of the oil trust, 118;
officials drive business from railroads to competing pipe
line, 119, 134;
broken pledges of, to independent refiners, 119;
pool with pipe lines, 121;
make war on barrel-shippers, 129, 132;
carry tank-cars free, 131;
increase freight rate on barrels, 131, 132;
increase freight rates at instance of the oil combination, 132;
raise freights without legal notice, 136, 218;
vary rates according to destination beyond their lines, 137;
mistakes not corrected, 138;
destroy barrel shipments, 138;
promises of reparation unfulfilled, 139;
make rates that prohibit traffic, 139;
surrender terminals to oil combination, 140, 142;
relations with oil trust collusive, 143;
litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission prompted by
oil combination, 144;
disobey Interstate Commerce Commission's decision, 149, 218;
oppose new independent pipe line to seaboard, 160;
give use of lands to pipe lines of the oil trust, 162;
officials wasting stockholders' money in hopeless litigation, 163;
force Joshua Merrill out of business, 189;
consult with oil combination about raising rates against
independents, 200;
make rates that prohibit traffic at Marietta, 201, 203;
refuse rates to Marietta refiners, 202;
officials refuse to testify in Ohio in 1879, 202;
increase rates 333 per cent. to one shipper, 217;
deny discrimination, 218;
make their favorites "sole people," 219;
consult with preferred shippers as to freight rates to
competitors, 219;
refuse to answer letters of shippers, 220, 227;
charge more for the shorter hauls, 221, 222, 223;
"mistakes" for favored shippers, 223, 234;
officials refuse to testify before Congress, 224;
"illegal" refusal to give rates, 224, 227;
refuse to answer questions about tank-car rates, 228;
make charges regardless of quantity for preferred shippers, 229;
haul tank-cars free for preferred shippers, 229;
evasions of the law regarding publication of tariffs, 230;
misstate tank-car rates to shippers, 230;
make rates to preferred shippers "astonishingly low," 232;
refuse to give rates, 233;
pay preferred shippers mileage, 233;
conceal mileage from independent shippers, 233;
give Standard Oil Company 25 cents out of 35 cents freight paid
by George Rice, 206;
allegiance to the company, 203;
construction aided by Toledo, 313;
Commission of 1873, in Great Britain, 369;
regulation, Duke of Wellington on, 369;
and Constitution of New York of 1846, 370;
British, A.T. Hadley on, 370;
New York Commission of 1857, 370;
procure abolition of New York Railway Commission of 1857, 371;
State commissions to regulate, 371;
officials refuse to answer questions of Congress, 373;
prevent shipment of Colorado oil to Pacific states, 427;
no discrimination on German, 438;
Pennsylvania Constitution on, 451;
lose the oil business worth $30,000,000 a year, 456;
ownership of members of oil trust in, 460, 461;
rates to oil combination secret, 474;
preferences to oil combination described by the Interstate Commerce
Commission, 478;
officials admit rebates, 480;
shut off shipments of Colorado and Wyoming oil, 481;
collusive litigation between Southern Pacific Railroad and oil
combination, 483;
officials charged with receiving a bonus for giving rebates, 486;
officials owners of stock in Chicago Union Stockyards, 487;
tax the poor for the rich, 489;
give $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 rebates out of $800,000,000 freights
yearly, 491;
excuses for violating Interstate Commerce law, 498;
accidents to employés, 499;
rights of employés, 506.

Ramsdell, Homer, on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Reading Railroad and railroad war of 1877, 88.

Rebates, to South Improvement Company, 46;
equal to 21 per cent. a year on capital, 69;
Ohio Supreme Court decision on, 69;
to the oil combination, 69, 474-87;
denied by president of the oil combination, 96;
to Standard Oil Company, 96, 206;
to American Transfer Company, 100;
from railroads build pipe lines for oil combination, 116, 118;
to oil combination admitted, 188;
unknown to outside shippers, 475;
giving or receiving, a penitentiary offence, 475;
denied by members of the oil trust, 476;
to oil combination, summary of evidence of, 479;
admitted by officials of the Pacific railways, 480;
to A.T. Stewart & Co., 489;
given by Pennsylvania Railroad to three coal-dealers, 490;
refusal of givers and takers to testify in Chicago, 490;
$50,000,000 to $100,000,000 a year, 491.

Refineries, petroleum, dismantling of, 42;
oil, put under contract to limit production, 61, 65;
shut down and pulled down, 71.

Refiners, compelled to sell to South Improvement Company, 51;
put under bonds not to refine, 79;
New York, do not dare to build large refineries, 107.

Refuse oil delivered to competitors, 291.

Reichenbach on petroleum, 38.

Reports by subordinate companies of oil trust, 274.

Republican party and sugar trust, 404.

Restriction, of competing refineries by oil combination, 61;
of its capacity to one-half by the oil combination, 68;
of production, by oil combination, 421;
in Scotland, 435.

Rice, George, 199-242;
lets Interstate Commerce Commission cases go by default, 151;
_vs._ Brundred _et al._, 239;
cases before Interstate Commerce Commission, 239 _n._;
_vs._ Standard Oil Trust, 241;
_vs._ trustees of Standard Oil Trust, 453.

Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, 1890, before Interstate Commerce
Commission, 147.

Richardson _vs._ Buhl _et al._, 10.

River, interference with shipments by, 224;
shipments stopped by oil combination, 433;
trade in Germany appropriated by oil trust, 437.

Rochester, explosion in Vacuum refinery, 250, 252.

Rosebery, Lord, comments of _Investors' Review_, 450.

Rothschilds, position in Russian oil industry, 443.

Ruffner Brothers, 462.

Russia, American oil combination in, 442;
every producer allowed to enter international trust, 444;
Minister of Finance organizes combination with American oil trust, 444;
why government of, favored American oil combination, 448;
treaty with, 448.

Rutter circular, 85.

Salt, 32.

Sanford case, Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 54.

Scandinavia, 437.

Scarcity, the object of oil combination, 72;
Oil City and Titusville refineries kept closed, 142.

_Schenck, U.P._, libel against the, 225.