Chapter XXIV: Appendix: B

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE DATA

To obtain facts regarding school attendance in the West Side district studied, a special tabulation for four public schools was made in the Bureau of Social Research from schedules obtained for the Committee on School Inquiry of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of New York City. Public Schools Nos. 17, 32, 51, and 127 were the schools included in the study. The records covered a period of five months, from February 1, 1911, to June 30, 1911, or practically 100 school days. In the following table is shown the relation between the absences of boys and the absences of girls in the four schools mentioned, and the relation between absences in these schools and absences in the entire city.

It will be noted that attendance is poorer for the girls than for the boys. The difference in the average number of days of absence is about 2.6 days, or approximately 2.6 per cent of the term in question.

Attendance is better in the city as a whole than in the four schools in the district. But 63.5 per cent of the children in the schools in the district were absent less than eleven days, as compared with 67.3 per cent of those in the city as a whole. The proportion of children in each of the successive groups representing longer periods of absence is smaller for the city as a whole than for the four schools. A comparison of the

ABSENCES OF PUPILS IN REGULAR CLASSES, IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS NOS. 17, 32, 51 AND 127, AND IN ALL PUBLIC SCHOOLS. NEW YORK CITY, FEBRUARY 1, 1911, TO JUNE 30, 1911

=======================+===========================================================+====================
| PUPILS IN SCHOOLS NOS. 17, 32, 51 | PUPILS IN ALL
| AND 127[a] | PUBLIC SCHOOLS[b]
+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+----------
Days of absence | Boys | Girls | Total | |
+--------+----------+--------+----------+--------+----------+ Number | Per cent
| Number | Per cent | Number | Per cent | Number | Per cent | |
-----------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------+--------+----------+---------+----------
| | | | | | | |
Less than 11 | 1,829 | 67.4 | 1,173 | 58.3 | 3,002 | 63.5 | 382,406 | 67.3
11 and less than 21 | 447 | 16.4 | 408 | 20.3 | 855 | 18.1 | 97,512 | 17.1
21 and less than 31 | 182 | 6.7 | 182 | 9.0 | 364 | 7.7 | 39,391 | 6.9
31 and less than 41 | 92 | 3.4 | 99 | 4.9 | 191 | 4.0 | 19,297 | 3.4
41 and over | 166 | 6.1 | 151 | 7.5 | 317 | 6.7 | 30,006 | 5.3
-----------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------+--------+----------+---------+----------
Total | 2,716 | 100.0 | 2,013 | 100.0 | 4,729 | 100.0 | 568,612 | 100.0
=======================+========+==========+========+==========+========+==========+=========+==========
Average number of days | | | | |
absence | 11.4 | 14.0 | 12.5 | |
-----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+----------

[a] Tabulated from schedules obtained for the Committee on School
Inquiry of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of New York City.

[b] From a report to the Committee on School Inquiry of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of New York City, on Promotions and Non-promotions, and Part Time, by Frank P. Bachman, Ph.D., p. 64.

column for boys with that for girls shows that the low attendance in the schools studied is due to the relatively low attendance among the girls. While the percentages relating to the boys correspond almost exactly to those relating to all the children of the city, the percentages for the girls indicate a materially lower proportion of attendance.

INDEX

INDEX

ABBOTT, EDITH: The Delinquent Child and the Home, cited, 130

ADENOIDS: found on examination of girls, 83

ADOLESCENCE: and poverty, 32;
and self-assertion, 48

AGNES: the friend of Annie Brink, 31

ALCOHOLISM: in families of girls, 129. See also _Drinking_

AMELIA: the case of, 52

AMERICAN FEMALE GUARDIAN SOCIETY SCHOOL ON WEST SIDE, 33

AMERICANIZATION AMONG ITALIANS: signs of, 110, 117

ANGELINA AND NICK, 96, 97, 113-115

ANTHONY, KATHARINE: Mothers Who Must Earn, cited, 23

ASSOCIATION FOR IMPROVING THE CONDITION OF THE POOR: families of
girls having records with, 121

ATTINGER, MRS.: on her Lizzie’s marriage, 73, 74

AYRES, LEONARD P.: Laggards in Our Schools, cited, 37

“BABY’S” HOUSEKEEPING, 35, 36

BACHMAN, FRANK P.: Report on Promotions and Non-Promotions, etc., cited, 133

BASKET-WEAVING: as a club occupation, 4

BEDFORD REFORMATORY: superintendent of, quoted, 15;
treatment of girls at, 18

BELSITO, ADELINA: and her absence from school, 102, 103

BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE OF WEST SIDE, 23

BLONDI, ZAPPIRA: and her mother, 105, 106

BOYS: and the girls’ club, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9;
idleness among, more common than among girls, 51;
school attendance of, compared with that of girls, 132-134

BRASS WORK: as a club occupation, 4

BRECKINRIDGE, S. P.: The Delinquent Child and the Home, cited, 130

BRINK, ANNIE: story of, 30, 31

BUREAU OF SOCIAL RESEARCH: study of school attendance by, 132

BURIAL EXPENSES, 23, 129

BUSINESS ENTERPRISES: conducted by Italian families, 106, 107

CARNEY, MAY: case of, 85, 86, 87

CARNEY, MRS.: on May’s marriage, 86

CARTWRIGHT, O. G.: Historical Survey of the West Side, cited, 76

CHARITABLE AID: received by families of girls, 122, 123, 124. See
also _Relief Records_

CHARITABLE SOCIETIES: Italians and the, 108

CHARITY AMONG ITALIANS, 107, 108

CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY: families of girls having records with, 121

CHILDHOOD: influence of tenement life on, 81, 82

CHILDREN: school attendance of, 132-134

CHILDREN’S AID SOCIETY SCHOOL on West Side, 33

CHRIST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH: supervisor from, in charge of playground
at club, 3

CHURCH: aid to family given by, 121

CLEARY AND MAGGIE: affair between, 79, 80

CLEAVER AND DORAN, 9, 10

CLINIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL: examination of girls in a, 85

CLINIC, WEEKLY: at club, 84

CLIQUES AMONG GIRLS, 60, 61

CLOTHES, PRETTY: the girls’ longing for, 59, 60

CLOTHING, PROTECTIVE: the girls’ lack of, 60

CLUB HOUSE AT 471 TENTH AVENUE: aim and origin of, 1, 2;
equipment and activities of, 3, 4;
only outbreak against a leader at, 10, 11;
razed to give place to a factory, 14;
relations with fellow tenants at, 5, 6;
relations with neighborhood boys at, 6, 7, 8, 9;
total number of girls studied at, 14;
West Side girls, how far represented at, 15, 16

CLUBS AND SETTLEMENTS: use of, by West Side girls, 67

COLLETTI FAMILY: and their home, 98

COLLETTI, LUCY: references to, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 109, 111, 114

COLLETTI, MARY: references to, 95, 96, 98, 99

CONJUNCTIVITIS: case of, discovered in physical examination of girls, 83

COOKING: as a club occupation, 4

COOK STOVE: essential to equipment of girls’ club, 4

COSTA, ANGELINA: and her interpretation of Lincoln’s birthday, 112

CRAVEN, MAMIE: case of, 60

CULL, CHRISTINA: truancy of, 38, 39, 40

DALEY’S MARRIAGE TO MAY CARNEY, 86, 87

DANCE HALLS: and the occasional ball, 69;
campaign for control of, 16, 17;
etiquette of, 69, 70;
grades of, 70

DANCES, PUBLIC: conduct of, 71

DANCING: enthusiasm of girls for, 4, 67

DARK ROOMS IN HOMES OF GIRLS, 24, 127

DAVIS, DR. KATHERINE B.: quoted, 15

DEATH RATES. See _Mortality_

DEFECTS, PHYSICAL: found in club girls, 83

DENLEY, CLARA: and her faction, 12

DEPARTMENT STORES: preference of some girls for, 43. See also _Stores_

DERKS, EMMA: and her raffle, 32

DEVINE, EDWARD T.: Misery and Its Causes, cited, 124

DISTEL, MR.: as a neighbor, 6

DONOVAN, SISSY: first job of, 41, 42

DORAN’S TALE OF A GANG, 9

DRAKE, CARRIE: case of, 88-90

DRINK: girl does not take to, 32;
mothers who take to, 27, 29

DRINKING: excessive, on the part of parents of girls, 29, 129, 130

DRUNKENNESS: habitual, distinguished from “excessive drinking,” 129

EARNINGS OF GIRLS, 47

EAST SIDE: West Side compared with, as to stability of population, 75

ECONOMIC CONDITION: of the families of girls, 121-131

EDUCATION, COMPULSORY: period of, 33

EGAN, BARBARA, AND LOUISA STORM: quarrel between, 12

EIGHTH AVENUE: as a promenade, 66

ELEVENTH AVENUE: case of one family on, 24-26

EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATE. See _Working Papers_

ESTIMATE AND APPORTIONMENT BOARD’S Committee of School Inquiry, 132, 133

EXAMINATION, PHYSICAL: of club girls, 82, 83, 84

EYES OF GIRLS: not cared for, 83

FACTORIES: and the West Side girl, 43, 44;
wages of the girl in, 47;
work of Italian girls in, 110, 111

FAMILIES: large, on West Side, 22

FAMILIES OF GIRLS: classified on basis of prosperity or poverty, 130, 131;
economic conditions of, 121-131;
housing of, 126, 127, 128;
how constituted, 125;
which received charitable aid, study of, 122, 123, 124

FAMILY, LIMITATION OF SIZE OF: almost unknown on West Side, 23

FAMILY PROTECTION: general breakdown of, on West Side, 75-94;
maintained in the case of the Italian girl, 108, 111, 112

FATHERS: occupations of, 126

FESTIVALS, ITALIAN, 112

FLEMING, SADIE, AND MAGGIE TRACY, 12, 13

FULLER, CARRIE: case of, 84, 85

FUNERAL EXPENSES: in families of girls, 129

GALAXY MOVING PICTURE SHOW, 67

GANG SPIRIT OF TENTH AVENUE, 13

GANGS. See _Boys_; _Gopher Gang_; _“Hell’s Kitchen” Gang_

GAS PLANTS: odors of, on West Side, 75

GATE: as a bone of contention, 3, 4

“GENTLEMAN FRIENDS” AND “LADY FRIENDS,” 61

GIBSON, ANNIE: truancy of, 37, 38

GIRLS, WEST SIDE: aim and methods of study, 1;
attitude of, toward assumption of family burdens, 49, 50, 51;
demand for “good times” by, 51;
difficulty of knowing, in their own homes, 2;
education, in neighborhood immorality, 75-81, 87-93;
familiarity with poverty and its effect, 21, 29, 32;
fondness for dancing and music, 4, 67, 68, 69;
homes and street corners as places of meeting with boy friends, 61-63;
how far represented in clubs, 15, 16;
idealism of, 68;
immoderate pace of living among, 83;
marriage, how regarded by, 73, 74;
occupations of, 43, 44, 45, 46;
physical inheritance and health of, 82, 83, 84, 85;
relations with their families compared with those of boys, 19;
relations with their mothers often strained, 53, 54, 55;
school attendance of, compared with that of boys, 132-134;
schooling of, 33-42;
social relations among, contrasted with those among boys, 60, 61;
surest way to help, 94;
wages earned by, amount and disposition of, 47, 48. See also _Italian Girl_

GOPHER GANG: gossip about, 6, 9, 10, 13, 76

“GOPHERETTES”: proposed as name of club, 10

HANNICK AND MAGGIE, 62

HEALTH, BOARD OF: family under care of, 121

HEALTH OF CLUB GIRLS, 82, 83, 84, 85

“HELL’S KITCHEN” GANG: and its influence, 76

HICKMAN’S MOVING PICTURE SHOW, 67

HOLIDAYS, AMERICAN: among the Italians, 112

HOME: men friends of girls not welcomed in the, 61, 62;
need of strengthening of best elements in the, 94;
wage-earning and new relations at, 43-56

HOME WORK: Italian girls not engaged in, 110

HOME-WORK INVESTIGATOR: quoted, on Italian girls, 111

HOUSING OF FAMILIES OF GIRLS, 24, 126, 127, 128

HYLAND, WINNIE, AND CARRIE DRAKE, 88

IDEALISM AMONG GIRLS, 67

ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS: common on West Side, 79

IMMORALITY AMONG GIRLS, 79, 80, 85-93

INDUSTRIAL HISTORIES OF GIRLS, 45, 46, 47

INSURANCE, LIFE: in families of girls, 23, 128, 129

ITALIAN GIRL: claims of school upon, 102, 103;
eagerness of, to go to work, 109;
family’s protection of, 108;
kinds of work done by, 110, 111;
pleasures prohibited and permitted to, 111, 112;
semi-Americanization of, 116, 117;
separate study made of, 1, 95

ITALIANS OF WEST SIDE: Americanization of names among, 110;
characteristics of family life among, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112;
eagerness of parents for arrival of fourteenth birthday of daughter, 109;
festivals among, 112;
length of residence in United States, 109;
mutual helpfulness and charity among, 107, 108;
occupations of, 106, 107, 110;
sympathy the keynote of the community, 101;
wedding parties among, 113-116

JENNIE. See _Polini, Jennie_

JOSIE: and the dance halls, 72

KERSEY, MRS., AND “BABY,” 35

KNEELAND, GEORGE J.: Commercialized Prostitution in New York City,
quoted, 71

KOHLBERGER’S CANDY FACTORY, 95

“LADY FRIEND”: significance of title, 61

“LAGGARDS” AMONG GIRLS, 37

LANGAN, FATHER: aid of, enlisted by Mrs. Mullarkey, 91;
and the “Gophers,” 12, 13

LARKEY, EMMA: schooling of, 36

LAWLESSNESS OF WEST SIDE, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 75, 76

LINCOLN’S BIRTHDAY: as interpreted by Angelina Costa, 112

LONDON SLUMS: compared with Middle West Side District, 82

LOUISA: the case of, 54, 55

MCCLUSKY FAMILY: as co-tenants of the club, 4, 5, 6

MCKEEVERS: Thanksgiving party at home of, 64-66

MAGGIE: the case of, 62

MARTHA AND SARAH: trachoma cases, 83, 84

MATTIE AND CLEARY: affair between, 79, 80

MARRIAGE: as an adventure, 73;
following irregular relationship, how regarded, 79;
found to be a sobering event, 74;
of May Carney, 85-87. See also _Weddings_

MARRO, ANGELINA: her wedding party, 113-116. See also _Angelina and Nick_

MAYHEW, FANNY: and the “Gopherettes,” 10

MEEHAN, JENNIE: marriage of, 80

MEEHAN, MRS.: on the size of her family, 22

MENTAL ABILITY: of girls tested in a psychological clinic, 85

MERCER, ADDIE: and her father, 80, 81

MIDDLE WEST SIDE. See _West Side_

MISERY AND ITS CAUSES: in families of girls, 124

MONEY: importance of control of, to working girls, 59

MORAL CONDITIONS ON MIDDLE WEST SIDE, 77-81

MORESCO, FILAMINA: an Italian rebel, 112

MORELLI, ROSE: and her family, 99, 100, 101, 111

MORTALITY AMONG CHILDREN ON MIDDLE WEST SIDE, 23

MOTHER: and daughter, strained relations between, 53;
as the mainstay of the family, 26

MOTHERS OF GIRLS: wage-earning, 125;
who take to drink, 27, 29

MOVING PICTURE SHOWS, 66, 67

MULLARKEY, MRS.: and her search for Fannie, 90-92

MULLENS, FANNY: and her reason for leaving the Excelsior Laundry, 46

MURPHY, MRS.: and her daughter Katie, 2

MUSIC: appeal of, to girl, 67. See also _Songs, Popular_

NAMES: changes in, among Italians of West Side, 110

NEW MACHIAVELLI, THE: quotation from, 66

NICK AND ANGELINA, 96, 97, 114

“NICKEL DUMP,” 72. See also _Moving Picture Shows_

O’BRIEN, JULIA: and the young woman from the ranks, 11

O’BRIEN, “TOOTSIE”: and her first job, 44

O’CALLAHAN, MRS.: her tale of the Gophers, 13

OCCUPATIONS: of girls studied, 44, 45;
of fathers of girls, 126;
of mothers of girls, 125;
Of West Side Italians, 106, 107, 110

PARENTAL SURVEILLANCE OVER ITALIAN GIRLS, 111. See also _Italian Girl_

PARENTS: hostility of, toward men friends of girls, 62;
excessive drinking on the part of, 29, 129, 130

PATSY: the case of, 92

PAY ENVELOPE: family customs regarding, 47, 48, 49

PETIE’S MOTHER DISPOSSESSED, 27, 28

PHILANTHROPIC AGENCY: families of girls having records with some, 121.
See also _Relief Records; Charitable Aid_

PHYSICAL INHERITANCE: and condition of girls, 82, 83, 84, 85

PIANO: essential to equipment of girls’ club, 4

PLAY: the will to, 57-74

PLAYGROUND IN BACK YARD OF CLUB HOUSE, 3

POLINI, JENNIE: and her choice of a fellow, 96, 97, 99, 112

POPULATION OF MIDDLE WEST SIDE: more stable than that of East Side, 75

POTTER’S FIELD: burial in, how regarded, 129

POVERTY: in families of girls, 20-32, 130, 131

PRECOCIOUS DEVELOPMENT OF GIRLS, 93

PROSPERITY: families of girls classified by degree of, 130, 131

PROSTITUTION: case of, among girls known at club, 88

PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC: examination of girls in, 85

PUPILS. See _Children_

QUARRELS BETWEEN CLUB MEMBERS, 12

REFORMATORY: as a cure for truancy, 38, 39

REILLY, MAMIE: and her responsibilities, 50, 51

REILLY, MRS.: on births and deaths, 23

RELIEF RECORDS: of families of girls, 20, 121, 122, 123, 124

RENTALS PAID BY FAMILIES OF GIRLS, 24, 128

RETARDATION AMONG GIRLS STUDIED, 36, 37

REYNOLDS, STEPHEN: quoted, 15

ROCHE, JOSEPHINE: author of chapter on the Italian girl, 95

RULETTI, MRS.: and her foster-child, 103, 104

RYAN, MRS.: quoted, 77

SABBIO, MRS.: and the family saloon, 106

SADIE AND PETIE’S MOTHER DISPOSSESSED, 27, 28

ST. VINCENT DE PAUL SOCIETY: families of girls having records with, 121

SALOON, CORNER: and its influence, 81, 82

SARAH AND MAGGIE: trachoma cases, 83, 84

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE ON THE MIDDLE WEST SIDE, 132-134

SCHOOL ENQUIRY, COMMITTEE ON: of Board of Estimate and Apportionment,
132, 133

SCHOOLING, COMPULSORY: period of, 33

SCHOOLS: absence from, among Italians, 102, 103;
choice of, open to West Side girl, 33;
evasions of law by early leaving of, 40, 41, 42;
retardation of girls in, 36, 37;
truancy of girls in, 38, 39, 40;
use of transfers in the, 34, 35, 36

SETTLEMENTS AND CLUBS: use of, by girls, 67

SEWING: as a club occupation, 4

SEXUAL ABUSE: among girls, 84, 85

SHERIDAN, MARTIE: and her machine, 45

SHERIN, NELLIE: and her work, 46

SIPP, MAY: desire for home visit expressed by, 3

SLAUGHTER PENS: odors from, on West Side, 75

SOCIAL RELATIONS: among girls contrasted with those among boys, 60, 61

SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO CHILDREN: families of girls
having records with, 121;
interference of, where mother drinks, 130

SONGS, POPULAR: fondness of girls for, 4. See also _Music_

SPINAL CURVATURE: cases of, discovered on examination of girls, 83

STARK, PAULINE: a “rover,” 45

STERTLE, MAMIE: on going home at night, 77

STEVENS, KITTY: on Jennie Meehan’s marriage, 80

STORES: wages of girls starting in, 47. See also _Department Stores_

STORM, LOUISA, AND BARBARA EGAN: quarrel between, 12

STREET CORNERS: as places of rendezvous, 62, 63

STRUMPF, ANNA, AND MAMIE TAGGART: quarrel between, 12

TAGGART, MAMIE, AND ANNA STRUMPF: quarrel between, 12

TEETH OF GIRLS: neglect of, 83

TENTH AVENUE: gang spirit of, 13

THANKSGIVING PARTY AT THE MCKEEVERS’, 64-66

THROATS OF GIRLS: not cared for, 83

TOILET, OPEN: dangers of, 81

TONSILS, ENLARGED: found on examination of girls, 83

TOOHEY, SADIE: on the restaurant keeper’s past, 78

TRACHOMA: cases of, among the girls, 83, 84

TRACY, MAGGIE: faction headed by, called “tough,” 12, 13

TRADE-UNION ORGANIZER: quoted, on Italian girls, 111

TRANSFER PRIVILEGES IN THE SCHOOLS: use of, 34

TRUANCY AMONG GIRLS, 37, 38, 39

TRUANT OFFICER: and the transfer privilege, 35

TRUANT SCHOOL NEEDED FOR GIRLS, 40

TUBERCULOSIS: cases of, among girls, 84

TUZOLLI, LAURA: as a mother’s helper, 104, 105

UNDERTAKERS’ BILLS, 129

UNITED STATES: length of residence of Italian families in, 109

VAUDEVILLE: popularity of, 67

VENEREAL DISEASE: cases of, among girls, 84;
in Europe, 82

VIOLENCE: tales of, 76. See also _Lawlessness_

VISION, DEFECTIVE: cases of, found on examination of girls, 83

WADE, LIZZIE: on factory work, 43

WAGE-EARNING AND NEW RELATIONS AT HOME, 43-56

WAGES: small on Middle West Side, 22

WAGES OF GIRLS: in Italian families, customs regarding, 109;
who attended club, 47.
See also _Pay Envelopes_

WAYWARDNESS: among West Side girls, problem of, 17. See also _Immorality_

WEDDINGS: among Italians, 113-116

WELLS, H. G.: The New Machiavelli, quoted, 66, 67

WEST SIDE, MIDDLE: compared with East Side as to stability of population, 75;
influences upon the girl, 16, 17, 75, 77;
population compared with that of London slums, 82

WORK: girls’ ways of finding, 43;
lack of, as a cause of dependence in families of girls, 124.
See also _Occupations_

WORKING PAPERS: requirements for, 40, 41

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Mention should also be made of other fellows of the Bureau whose work in connection with the West Side Survey is not included in these publications. They were Elizabeth B. Butler, senior fellow; Lawrence K. Frank, Robert C. Sanger, Garret P. Wyckoff, Howard Nudd, Marie S. Orenstein, and Frances Perkins, all junior fellows. The last three published the results of their investigations in magazine articles.

[2] The names of the 294 boys studied were obtained from the following sources: 1909 court list, 202; Big Brother Movement, 43; special club studied, 10; Charity Organization Society, 8; additional children in families studied, 20; known through investigators on other topics, 6; known through other children, 2; through church, school, settlement, 1 each.

[3] See Chapter VI, The Boy and the Court, pp. 79 ff.

[4] Thirteen families had lived in the district less than five years, and the length of residence of 58 families was not ascertained. See Appendix, Table 3, p. 168.

[5] Pushcart vendors gather here and line the sidewalks, and the neighborhood shops and markets display their wares on outdoor stands to attract the Saturday night trade.

[6] See Cartwright, O. G.: The Middle West Side: A Historical Sketch. (West Side Studies.) Russell Sage Foundation Publication. In Press.

[7] The People’s Institute has undertaken, January, 1914, a neighborhood work, which will correlate and broaden the various recreation activities now going on in the Middle West Side. A social center has been opened in Public School 17, on West Forty-seventh Street, on the initiative of the local school board. The People’s Institute has taken executive charge of the work. About this center there will be focused a neighborhood movement, which will work in De Witt Clinton playground, on West Fiftieth Street pier, in the public libraries, and on the streets.

[8] See Cartwright, op. cit. In Press.

[9] See Anthony, Katharine: Mothers Who Must Earn, p. 7. (West Side Studies.) Russell Sage Foundation Publication. New York, Survey Associates, 1914.

[10] Of 222 fathers whose country of birth was known, 81 were born in the United States, 64 in Ireland, 27 in Germany, and 17 in Italy. Other countries were represented by numbers ranging from seven to one. Among 227 mothers, the United States was given as the place of birth of 92; Ireland, of 72; Germany, of 18; Italy, of 15. The numbers from other countries ranged from eight to one. The country of birth of 19 fathers and of 14 mothers in the 241 families could not be ascertained.

[11] See Appendix, Tables 4 and 5, pp. 168 and 169.

[12] See Chapter VI, pp. 95 ff.

[13] For account of one of these raids see Chapter IV, pp. 48-49.

[14] This term is commonly applied to all the thugs and loafers of the Middle West Side.

[15] New York _Tribune_, December 18, 1911.

[16] New York _Times_, June 26, 1911.

[17] New York _World_, February 24, 1910.

[18] See Appendix, Table 6, p. 169.

[19] For further data regarding size of families, see Appendix, Table 7, p. 170.

[20] For economic status of the mothers in 222 of the 241 families of delinquent boys, see Appendix, Table 8, p. 170. See also Anthony, op. cit., p. 59.

[21] The conjugal condition of the parents in 233 families is shown in the Appendix, Table 9, p. 171. For eight of the group of 241 families this information was not available.

[22] The relief records of 86 families who were known to have received aid, and the duration of the relief records in 73 of these cases, are given in the Appendix, Tables 10 and 11, pp. 171 and 172.

[23] For the full text of the law referred to, see Consolidated Laws of New York; the Penal Law; Laws of 1909, section 2186, chapter 88.

[24] Compare with classification of arrests according to analysis of offenses made in the Bureau of Social Research, as given in Chapter II, pp. 16-17.

[25] There were two cases in which an arrest was made on more than one charge.

[26] Separate courts were established in Brooklyn in September, 1903; in the boroughs of Queens and Richmond in September, 1910; and in the county of the Bronx in January, 1914.

[27] Until recently the judges of Special Sessions sat in rotation in the children’s court. The disadvantages of this system, under which it was seldom possible for the judge who had first passed upon a case to follow it to its conclusion, led in 1912 to some modifications in the direction of more permanent assignments of children’s court judges. Further improvements were made in 1913. Four judges of the Court of Special Sessions were designated as children’s court judges, and they constitute a committee on children’s courts. For the greater part of the year one judge sits in the children’s court in Manhattan, another in the court of Brooklyn, and since January, 1914, a third sits on different days of the week in the courts in Queens, Richmond, and the Bronx. The fourth is chairman of the committee and sits about three months in the year in each court. This new arrangement minimizes rotation in office and permits specialization.

[28] This has been completely changed since a special judge was assigned to the court. When he is sitting, frequently one and a half hours will be given to one case alone and there is rarely a day when there are not two sessions, morning and afternoon. Sometimes the Manhattan court does not adjourn until 7 p. m.

[29] A modern court building is now in process of erection in East Twenty-second Street, between Lexington and Third Avenues.

[30] The New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (Incorporated). Thirty-fifth Annual Report, Dec. 31, 1909, p. 17.

[31] “As prepared by the New York Prison Association, the bill was applicable to both children and adults, but owing to the active opposition of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, it was amended in the legislature so as to apply only to persons over sixteen years of age. It was claimed by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children that existing laws made adequate provision for the treatment of delinquent children.” Report of the Probation Commission of the State of New York, 1906, pp. 8 and 9.

[32] Commission to Inquire into the Courts of Inferior Criminal Jurisdiction in Cities of the First Class. Final Reports. New York Assembly Documents, 133rd Session, 1910, Vol. 26, No. 54.

[33] Changes made in 1913 have been discussed on p. 87.

[34] Folks, Homer: Juvenile Probation in New York. _The Survey_, xxiii: pp. 671-672. (Feb. 5, 1910).

[35] The public is indebted to these volunteers for providing some probationary care for charges of the court before official probation was established. As soon as this was done, they were relieved of the undue pressure under which they had worked without proper equipment and aid. With the direction and supervision of the trained official representatives of the court, volunteer co-operation may now be developed and made highly useful.

[36] In March, 1912, as the result of an active campaign, 12 probation officers who had passed the civil service examination were assigned to the Manhattan children’s court and made officers of the court, drawing their salary from the city. In 1913, the number of probation officers was raised to 20. The effectiveness with which the new probation work operates is, of course, a subject on which we have no data. The court still faces the difficulty of having too small a staff for the number of cases. The Manhattan court has over 10,000 cases under treatment in the course of a year. In Chicago, the average number of cases is only about 5,000 and there are 30 regular probation officers and 30 police probation officers, making a total of 60 persons to handle this smaller number of cases.

[37] Jack Spinner’s mother was required to secure $1,000 bail--and fortunately she was able to secure it from the members of her church--for a “$500 burglary,” the articles in question being two small bundles of kindling wood which, as it was afterward proved, the boy had not taken.

[38] “Everybody in the district knows him. Everybody knows where to find him, and nearly everybody goes to him for assistance of one sort or another, especially the poor of the tenements. He is always obliging. He will go to the police courts to put in a good word for the ‘drunks and disorderlies,’ or pay their fines if a good word is not effective. He will attend christenings, weddings, and funerals. He will feed the hungry and help bury the dead.

“A philanthropist? Not at all. He is playing politics all the time. Brought up in Tammany Hall, he has learned how to read the hearts of the great mass of voters. He does not bother about reaching their heads. It is his belief that arguments and campaign literature have never gained votes. He seeks direct contact with the people, does them good turns when he can, and relies on their not forgetting him on election day.” Riordan, W. L.: Plunkett of Tammany Hall. A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics, pp. 168-169. New York, McClure, 1905.

[39] The installation of official probation officers and the adoption of the new system of records have removed this obstacle to the judge’s obtaining a comprehensive view of cases and reaching wise decisions. At the present time a careful preliminary investigation is made by the probation officer and presented in written form to the judge, prior to disposition of the case.

[40] For statistical data see Appendix, Table 12, p. 172.

[41] Two-thirds of all the cases handled in 1909 involved minor or trivial offenses, according to the Handbook of the New York Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911. Section on Laws and Administration, p. 162.

[42] As already indicated official probation has taken the place of the “parole” system since this chapter was written.

[43] This use of the term “parole” is not strictly correct. “Parole” more properly applies to the supervision of delinquents after release from institutions.

[44] Since the above was written, a new system of records recommended by the state probation commission has been adopted by the court for the use of probation officers. They cover all cases investigated or on probation since March, 1912.

[45] For three of the 95 paroled cases this information was not available. Data concerning the remaining 92 cases and the 1,492 paroled cases disposed of by the Manhattan court in 1909 may be found in the Appendix, Table 13, p. 173.

[46] This condition was changed with the installation of the official probation staff in March, 1912.

[47] In 1913 a law was enacted for the appointment of three physicians to examine children for mental defectiveness. As the Civil Service Commission refused to declare the positions exempt, however, no appointments were made; but an examination will undoubtedly be held to make up a list of physicians from which these offices may be filled. In the meantime the children’s court judge sends many children to the clinic conducted by Dr. Max Schlapp in connection with the Post-Graduate Hospital.

[48] See also Anthony, Katharine: Mothers Who Must Earn, p. 9.

[49] New York _Evening Mail_, April 28, 1911.

[50] For truancy records see Appendix, Table 14, p. 173. In classifying the boys studied according to the extent of their truancy, a distinction was made between those who were, according to our standards, really delinquent, and those who were included in the inquiry for some other reason. Data are available for 215 of the 294 boys included in our study.

[51] For occupations and wages of the boys who were at work see Appendix, Table 15, p. 174.

[52] Counted by children.

[53] Counted by cases, and classified by terms in popular use, because statutory classifications which are clear to the lawyer are likely to confuse the layman.

[54] Counted by cases.

[55] Counted by cases.

[56] Counted by cases.

[57] Counted by cases.

[58] Counted by children.

[59] Counted by cases.

[60] Counted by children.

[61] Counted by cases.

[62] Counted by cases.

[63] The names of girls given in this book are fictitious.

[64] This name is commonly applied to all the loafers and thugs from Thirtieth to Sixtieth Street.

[65] See Chapter II, p. 19, and Appendix A, p. 121.

[66] Reynolds, Stephen, and Wooley, Bob and Tom: Seems So, A Workingman’s View of Politics, p. xv. London, Macmillan, 1912.

[67] Now commissioner of corrections, New York City.

[68] Annual Report of the New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford, 1907, p. 25.

[69] For more detailed data with regard to conditions in the 55 families to which the 65 girls dealt with in this study belonged, see Appendix A, Economic Condition of the Families, p. 121.

[70] See Appendix A, p. 121.

[71] Ibid., p. 121.

[72] For the relation which the number of children had to applications for relief among these families, see Appendix A, p. 123.

[73] For further data concerning the broken families in the group, and the extent of wage-earning among the mothers, see Appendix A, p. 124 ff.

[74] See Anthony, Katharine: Mothers Who Must Earn, p. 166 ff. (West Side Studies.) Russell Sage Foundation Publication. New York, Survey Associates, 1914.

[75] See Appendix A, pp. 128-129.

[76] For discussion of housing and rent in the 55 families, see Appendix A, pp. 126-128.

[77] Of the 55 families, 25 were affected by excessive drinking on the part of one or both parents. Twelve of the mothers were known to drink to excess. For further discussion, see Appendix A, p. 129.

[78] For data concerning attendance in four schools in the West Side district, and a comparison with attendance in all the public schools, see Appendix B, p. 132.

[79] Ayres, Leonard P.: Laggards in Our Schools, p. 38. Russell Sage Foundation Publication. New York, Charities Publication Committee, 1909.

[80] In 1913 the requirements were raised so that a child under sixteen must reach a 7A grade before she can take the school examinations. The board of health requirements also have been strengthened.

[81] Wells, Herbert G.: The New Machiavelli. New York, Duffield, 1910.

[82] These statements of the girls are corroborated by the following paragraphs from a recent study:

“During the past few years aggressive measures have been taken by different reform organizations aiming to bring about a more wholesome atmosphere in connection with public dances, especially those attended by the poorer boys and girls. Proprietors have been induced to employ special officers to attend the dances and keep order, prevent ‘tough’ and ‘half-time’ dancing, and protect innocent girls from the advances of undesirable persons. The duties of the special officer are difficult to perform. If he interferes too much, the dancers go to some other place where they enjoy more freedom. As a result, the honest proprietor who endeavors to conduct a respectable hall loses patronage, while the disreputable owner makes all the profit. Again, the young people who attend these balls know immediately when a person different from themselves appears in the hall. At once the dance becomes modest and sedate, and the visitor goes away to report that ‘while conditions are not what they should be, yet on the whole there is great improvement.’

“A social club gave a ball on the evening of March 23, 1912, at a hall in East 2nd Street. The dancing was very suggestive. The special officer was entertaining a police sergeant, but neither made any effort to regulate the actions of the dancers. The next afternoon another club occupied the hall at the same address, with the same special officer in attendance. Suddenly, when the dancing was in full swing, the officer hurriedly rushed among the dancers and told them to ‘cut it out’ as three detectives had just come in and he did not want to see the place closed up. A girl, apparently thirteen years of age, was dancing at the time and the officer put her off the floor, loudly declaring that the proprietor did not allow young girls to dance in the hall. Things resumed their former aspect, however, as soon as the detectives retired.”--Kneeland, George J.: Commercialized Prostitution in New York City, pp. 68-70. Bureau of Social Hygiene. New York, Century Co., 1913.

[83] See Cartwright, O. G.: The Middle West Side: Historical Notes. (West Side Studies.) Russell Sage Foundation Publication. In preparation.

[84] The solidarity of this colony of Italians is not necessarily typical of other colonies in the city, some of which are known to be well represented in the charity organization records of their district. One charitable agency reports, for instance, that in a certain upper East Side district, nearly 90 per cent of the families applying for relief in 1912-13 were Italian; but Italians undoubtedly formed a large percentage of the population.

[85] Among a group of 86 families visited, the length of residence in the district was obtained for 79. Of these, 51 families had lived in the district more than ten years. Eighteen of the 51 had come direct from Italy and 33 had moved here from other parts of the city.

[86] While the men in the group visited were found to be engaged in an unusual variety of occupations--laborer, barber, waiter, and 40 others were recorded during a general investigation among Italians in the district--most noticeable was the group of well represented occupations in which the whole family can share.

[87] A law prohibiting employment of women in factories after 10 p. m. became effective July 1, 1913.

[88] When a family is found to be no longer in need of relief, the case is technically referred to in the offices of the relief society as “closed.” If further relief is needed at a later date, it is “re-opened.”

[89] See Chapter II, In the Grip of Poverty, p. 19.

[90] For statement regarding births and deaths of children in 31 families, not all of whom had relief records, see Chapter II, p. 23.

[91] See Devine, Edward T.: Misery and Its Causes. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1909.

[92] See Chapter II, p. 22.

[93] Breckinridge, Sophonisba P., and Abbott, Edith: The Delinquent Child and the Home. Russell Sage Foundation Publication. New York, Charities Publication Committee, 1912.

[Transcriber’s Note:

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]