Chapter IV: Part 4

"Painted" Bunting he is called, but the brilliancy and luster of his plumage were not painted by human hands. 'Nonpareil' he has also been named, and, in the eastern United States, at least, he is without equal in the brightness of his colors. The bird's haunts are not unlike those of the Indigo Bunting, and its song is said to resemble the Indigo's but to be more feeble. It builds in bushes and low trees, laying 3-4 bluish white, brown-spotted eggs in May.

DICKCISSEL

_Spiza americana. Case 7, Fig. 20_

The yellow on the breast and, in the male, black
crescent will distinguish this species from all
its Sparrow kin. L. 6.

_Range._ Chiefly prairies of the Mississippi
Valley, from Texas and Mississippi north to
Minnesota and southern Ontario; now rare east of
the Alleghanies.

Washington, formerly "very abundant," now seen
only occasionally, May-Aug. Cambridge, casual,
found nesting at Medford, June 9. 1877, where
several birds were observed; not uncommon in
1833-34 (see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, 1878, 45.
190). N. Ohio, rare S.R., May 1. Glen Ellyn,
rather rare and local S.R., formerly common. May
3-Sept. 5. SE. Minn., common S.R., May 11-Aug. 20.

The Dickcissel is a bird of the fields who, from a weed-stalk or fence by the wayside, sings his unmusical _dick-dick cissel, cissel, cissel_. The nest is built on the ground or in a bush and the 4-5 pale blue eggs are laid the latter half of May.

TANAGERS. FAMILY TANGARIDÆ

SCARLET TANAGER

_Piranga erythromelas. Case 7, Figs. 27, 28_

The black wings and tail of the male will
distinguish him from our other two red birds--the
Cardinal and Summer Tanager. The olive-green
female may be known from all our other olive-green
birds by her larger size. L. 7-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern Georgia and southern
Kansas to Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, common T.V., less common S.R., Apl.
17-Oct. 15. Ossining, common S.R., May 4-Oct. 9.
Cambridge, rather common S.R., May 12-Oct. 1. N.
Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 28-Oct. 2. Glen Ellyn, not
common S.R., Apl. 30-Sept. 29. SE. Minn., common
S.R., Apl. 29-Sept. 11.

As a family Tanagers are the most strikingly colored of American birds, but among the nearly 400 species none appears more brilliant in life than the male Scarlet Tanager. The leaf-colored female is as difficult to see as the male is conspicuous. Both have the same characteristic call--_chip-chúrr, chip-chúrr_. The song suggests a Robin's but is more forced and has a hoarse undertone. They live and nest in the woods, building on a horizontal limb 10-20 feet up. The 3-4 greenish blue, brown-marked eggs are laid late in May.

SUMMER TANAGER

_Piranga rubra rubra. Case 5, Figs. 33, 34_

The male is usually red like the Cardinal, but
lacks the Cardinal's crest; the female is more
yellow than the female of the Scarlet Tanager.

_Range._ Southern States; nesting north to
Maryland and Illinois; winters in the tropics.

Washington, uncommon S.R., Apl. 18-Sept. 19.
Cambridge, one record.

The "Summer Redbird's" _chicky-tucky-tuck_, is as clearly pronounced and unmistakable as the Scarlet Tanager's _chip-chúrr_. Its song is somewhat sweeter than that of its scarlet cousin, but bears a general resemblance to it. Both pine and deciduous woods are inhabited by this bird. Its nesting habits resemble those of the Scarlet Tanager.

SWALLOWS. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDÆ

PURPLE MARTIN

_Progne subis subis. Case 5, Fig. 25_

Largest of our Swallows. The female is duller
above than the male, and below is brownish gray.
L. 8.

_Range._ Nests locally from the Gulf to Canada;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, rather common S.R., Apl. 1-Sept. 14.
Ossining, tolerably common S.R., Apl. 27-Sept. 11.
Cambridge, formerly locally common S.R., Apl.
20-Aug. 25. N. Ohio, common S.R. Apl. 1-Sept. 5.
Glen Ellyn, local S.R., Mch. 23-Sept. 10. SE.
Minn., common S.R., Apl. 1-Sept. 9.

Fortunate is the man whose hospitality the Martins accept. Their cheery notes and sociability make them the best kind of guests. The Audubon Society will send one plans for a Martin house, and tell one where to place it. Martins nest in May and lay white eggs.

CLIFF SWALLOW

_Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons. Case 6, Fig. 55_

The rusty rump is distinctive. L. 6.

_Range._ Nests locally from Georgia to Canada;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, rare S.R., Apl. 10-Sept.--? Ossining,
common S.R., May 1-Sept. 12. Cambridge, S.R., much
less than formerly. Apl. 28-Aug. 25. N. Ohio,
tolerably common S.R., Apl. 6-Sept. 25. Glen
Ellyn, not common, local S.R., Apl. 25-Sept. 16.
SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 13-Sept. 12.

Cliff Swallow it is in the West, but "Eave" Swallow it should be in the East where the rows of flask-shaped mud nests cluster thick beneath projecting roofs. They prefer unpainted buildings and the modern barn rarely knows them. The white, brown-spotted eggs are laid in the latter half of May.

BARN SWALLOW

_Hirundo erythrogaster. Case 5, Fig. 32_

Chestnut underparts and a forked tail are the
chief characters of this beautiful Swallow. L. 7.

_Range._ Nests from North Carolina and Arkansas to
Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., more abundant T.V., Mch.
30-Sept. 17. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 15-Sept.
22. Cambridge, common S.R., but fast decreasing,
Apl. 20-Sept. 10. N. Ohio, abundant S.R., Mch.
30-Sept. 22. Glen Ellyn, S.R., fairly common and
increasing. Apl. 7-Sept. 1. SE. Minn., common
S.R., Apl. 28-Aug. 31.

Barn Swallows are far more beautiful, more graceful and more companionable than Purple Martins. But while we are erecting special dwellings for the Martins we are making our barns Swallow-proof. A pair of Barn Swallows are not only cheerful neighbors but good investments. Let us make it possible for them to enter the hay-mow. We may even supply shelves as foundations for their open mud nests. The white, spotted eggs are laid in the latter half of May.

TREE SWALLOW

_Iridoprocne bicolor. Case 5, Fig. 24_

Silky white below and shining bluish green above;
young birds are mouse-colored above but below are
snowy white, unmarked, as in the adult. L. 6.

_Range._ Nests chiefly from southern New England
northward and winters from South Carolina to
Central America.

Washington, common T.V., Mch. 26-May 26; July
8-Oct. 14. Ossining, common T.V., Apl. 4-May 26;
Aug. 4-Oct. 16. Cambridge, S.R., formerly common,
now common only as a migrant, Apl. 5-Oct. 8. N.
Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 10-Sept. 20. Glen Ellyn,
not common T.V., rare S.R., Apl. 21-Sept. 8. SE.
Minn., common S.R., Mch. 30-Aug. 31.

We see comparatively few Tree Swallows during the spring, but from July to October, as they journey slowly southward, they are the most abundant members of their family. In countless thousands long ropes of Swallows crowd the wayside wires from pole to pole. At night, with others of their tribe, they roost in the marshes.

Tree Swallows they are called because they nest in hollow trees and, like some other hole-nesting birds, they may be induced to occupy nesting-boxes, making a welcome addition to our list of bird tenants. The 4-7 white eggs are laid in May.

BANK SWALLOW

_Riparia riparia. Case 6. Fig. 54_

Note the small size, dull plumage, and
breast-band. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ A native of the Old World as well as of
the New. In North America nesting from Louisiana
and Virginia nearly to the Arctic Circle; winters
in the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., more common T.V., Apl.
13-Sept. 19. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 18-Oct.
1. Cambridge, formerly common S.R., Apl. 28-Sept.
1; common T.V. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 6-Sept.
20. Glen Ellyn, fairly common T.V.; a few S.R.,
Apl. 22-Sept. 3. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl.
10-Sept. 25.

The Bank Swallow is a bird of the air who tunnels the earth for a nesting-place. Where river or road has left a bank, its face may be dotted with the entrances to the Bank Swallow's dwellings. At the end of two or three feet the nest of grass and feathers is placed, fit receptacle for the pearl-white eggs, which are usually laid the latter half of May.

During the migrations the Bank Swallow travels with other members of its family, sharing their roost in the marshes by night and their wayside perch by day.

ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW

_Stelgidopteryx serripennis. Case 6, Fig. 56_

With the general appearance of the Bank Swallow,
but slightly larger, grayer below, and with no
breast-band. L. 5-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf States north to
Massachusetts and Minnesota: winters in the
tropics.

Washington, common S.R., Apl. 2-Sept. 3. Ossining,
common S.R., Apl. 17-Aug. 12. N. Ohio, common
S.R., Apl. 15-Sept. 20. SE. Minn., common S.R.,
Apl. 14-Aug. 26.

Least common of our Swallows. It nests in small colonies of about half a dozen pairs, sometimes in holes, at others under bridges, crevices in cliffs and similar situations. In the fall, it flocks with other species of its family. Its 4-8 white eggs are laid the latter half of May.

WAXWINGS. FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDÆ

BOHEMIAN WAXWING

_Bombycilla garrula_

Similar to the Cedar Waxwing, but larger, the
primary coverts and secondaries tipped with white,
the primaries tipped with white or yellow, the
under tail-coverts chestnut. L. 8.

_Range._ Western Canada; in winter east to
Minnesota and rarely as far as Connecticut.

Glen Ellyn, one record, Jan. 22, 1908. SE. Minn.,
irregular W.V., until Apl. 1.

There are comparatively few authentic records of this beautiful bird east of the Alleghanies. Enthusiastic bird-students are, I fear, apt to give Waxwings, seen in winter, the benefit of the doubt and call them 'Bohemians.' Look especially for the white marks on the Bohemian's wings. Its large size might not be apparent unless the two species were seen together.

CEDAR WAXWING

_Bombycilla cedrorum. Case 2, Fig. 40; Case 4, Fig. 54_

Crest usually conspicuous; tail tipped with
yellow; a black 'bridle.'

_Range._ Nests from North Carolina and Kansas to
Canada; winters irregularly throughout the United
States.

Washington, very common P.R., less so in winter.
Ossining, common P.R. Cambridge, not common P.R.,
common S.R., abundant T.V. in spring, Feb. 1-Apl.
25. N. Ohio, irregularly common in summer. Glen
Ellyn. S.R., Jan. 21-Sept. 24; occasional W.V. SE.
Minn., common S.R., Feb. 25-Sept. 28.

A Waxwing's crest is as expressive as a horse's ears. One moment it points skyward the next it flattens and disappears. They are as sociable as "Love Birds," traveling in small flocks which, like one bird, dive into a tree and perch so close together that often several will be almost touching, and with common accord they take wing. They feed mainly on small fruit both wild and cultivated but are also expert flycatchers. They nest in June, usually in shade or fruit trees, building a well-made nest for the beautiful, clay-colored, black-spotted eggs.

SHRIKES. FAMILY LANIIDÆ

NORTHERN SHRIKE

_Lanius borealis. Case 2, Fig. 56_

Larger than the Migrant and Loggerhead Shrikes
with a grayish, not black, forehead and a lightly
barred, not plain white breast. L. 10-1/4.

_Range._ Nests in Canada, winters south to Texas
and Virginia.

Washington, rare and irregular W.V., Oct.-Feb.
Ossining, tolerably common W.V., Oct. 26-Apl. 17.
Cambridge, common W.V., Nov. 1-Apl. 1. N. Ohio,
not common W.V., Nov. 6-Apl. 3. Glen Ellyn, not
common W.V., Oct. 24-June 5. SE. Minn., common
W.V., Oct. 17-Mch. 28.

A grim, gray bird that comes out of the far North in the fall. His mission is death to birds and mice and he makes no attempt to disguise it but boldly advertises his presence by perching where he may be seen as well as see. Mice he can plunge on, but Sparrows, Siskins or Redpolls he may have to pursue on the wing, following every twist and turn until he reaches striking distance. Slowly he bears his victim, in his feet, to some tree there to hang it on thorn or in crotch from which it may be devoured at leisure. An executioner by birth, the Shrike or "Butcher Bird" evidently pursues his calling with no regrets and when spring time approaches adds his voice to the chorus of bird song.

LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE

_Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus. Case 4, Fig. 55_

A gray bird with black wings and tail marked with
white which shows in flight; smaller than the
Northern Shrike with a black forehead and unmarked
breast. L. 9.

_Range._ Florida north to North Carolina, west to
Louisiana.

The Loggerhead has the general habits of his larger northern cousin the "Butcher-bird," but he feeds, as a rule, on smaller game. Grasshoppers and lizards form the larger part of his fare and the barbed wire fences not infrequently are his shambles. A flight is ended by an upward swing to the chosen perch which may be a tree-top, a telegraph wire, or lightning-rod tip. From such a lookout he keeps a sharp watch for his prey, which he detects at surprisingly long distances; meanwhile uttering the gurgles, squeaks and pipes which constitute his song. The nest is built in hedges or low trees in early March. The 3-5 eggs are dull white thickly marked with brown and lavender.

The Migrant Shrike (_Lanius ludovicianus migrans_) is a northern race of the Loggerhead from which it differs only in being somewhat paler above and grayer below. It is a Summer Resident from Kansas and western North Carolina to Minnesota and Maine and winters from the Middle States southward.

Generally speaking, it may be said that any Shrike found north of Maryland in the winter is a Northern Shrike; that any Shrike found north of Virginia in the summer is a Migrant Shrike, and that any Shrike found south of that state in the summer is a Loggerhead.

VIREOS. FAMILY VIREONIDÆ

BLACK-WHISKERED VIREO

_Vireosylva calidris barbatula_

Resembles the Red-eyed Vireo but has a dusky
streak on each side of the throat.

_Range._ Cuba and Bahamas, north in spring to
southern Florida.

This is a tropical species which reaches southern Florida early in May and returns to its winter home after nesting. In general habits and notes it resembles the Red-eye.

RED-EYED VIREO

_Vireosylva olivasceus. Case 6, Fig. 66_

An olive-green bird, silky white below, a white
line, bordered by black over the red eye, a
grayish cap and no white band on the wings. L.
6-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf to Canada; winters in
the tropics.

Washington, very common S.R., Apl. 21-Oct. 17.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 29-Oct. 19. Cambridge,
abundant S.R., May 10-Sept. 10. N. Ohio, abundant
S.R., Apl. 27-Oct. 1. Glen Ellyn, common S.R., May
5-Oct. 5. SE. Minn., common S.R., May 5-Sept. 15.

A tireless soliloquist, the Red-eyed Vireo repeats from our shade and fruit trees in endless succession the broken phrases of his monotonous, rambling recitation. He sings all day and he sings throughout the summer, pausing only to sleep or to swallow the caterpillar he hunts while singing. Patient, persistent mediocrity is expressed by the Red-eye's song, and only his nasal, petulant call-note, _whang_, suggests that he is not altogether satisfied with life as he finds it.

The nest, like that of our other Vireos, is a deep cup hung from between a crotch from 5 to about 40 feet above the ground. The 3-4 eggs, which are laid in late May, are white spotted with reddish brown.

WARBLING VIREO

_Vireosylva gilva gilva. Case 7, Fig. 29_

Smaller than the Red-eye, without black and white
lines over the brown eye, the underparts faintly
tinged with yellowish. L. 5-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from Louisiana and North Carolina
to Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, rather common S.R., Apl. 21-Sept. 12.
Ossining, tolerably common S.R., May 3-Sept. 18.
Cambridge, locally common S.R., May 5-Sept. 15. N.
Ohio, abundant S.R., Apl. 17-Oct. 10. Glen Ellyn,
not common S.R., May 1-Sept. 15. SE. Minn., common
S.R., May 3-Sept. 15.

While the Red-eye's song lasts the greater part of the day, the Warbling Vireo's continues for only about four seconds, then, after an interval, it is repeated. It is an unbroken strain running up and down the middle of the scale and has it in a reminder of the Purple Finch's lay. This species is less generally distributed than the Red-eye. It may be common in one locality and absent from another. Its nesting habits and eggs are much like those of the Red-eye, but the male has the singular custom of singing while it sits upon the nest.

PHILADELPHIA VIREO

_Vireosylva philadelphicus. Case 7, Fig. 30_

A small, olive-green Vireo, with pale yellow
underparts and a whitish line over the eye. L.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and
northern Michigan into Canada; winters in the
tropics.

Washington, very rare T.V., May; Sept. Ossining,
rare T.V., Sept. 20-Oct. 20. Cambridge, rare T.V.
Glen Ellyn, rather rare T.V., May 14, 15; Aug.
21-Sept. 30. SE. Minn., uncommon T.V., May 9.

Rarest of our Vireos; but few students know it as a migrant and fewer still as a nesting bird. Its song and nesting habits resemble those of the Red-eye.

YELLOW-THROATED VIREO

_Lanivireo flavifrons. Case 6, Fig. 69_

Breast bright yellow; a yellow ring around the
eye, two white wing-bands, bill rather stout. L.
6.

_Range._ Nests from Florida and Texas to Canada;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., Apl. 19-Sept. 29.
Ossining, tolerably common S.R., Apl. 30-Sept. 7.
Cambridge, commons S.R., May 6-Sept. 10. N. Ohio,
common S.R., Apl. 25-Sept. 25. Glen Ellyn, not
common S.R., May 2-Sept. 26. SE Minn., common
S.R., Apl. 27-Sept. 15.

A less common bird than the Red-eye, but like it generally distributed through woodland, garden and orchard. It's song resembles the Red-eye's in form but is richer in tone, more deliberately uttered, and not continuous. "See me--I'm here--where are you?" he seems to say, and after a pause repeats the query.

The nest has the deep cup-shape of our other Vireo's but is externally covered with lichens. The eggs, laid the latter part of May, are white with a few specks of black or brown.

BLUE-HEADED VIREO

_Lanivireo solitarius solitarius. Case 6, Fig. 68_

Eye-ring and lores white, head grayish blue,
underparts white, the sides yellowish; two
wing-bars. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from the mountains of northern New
Jersey and of Pennsylvania to Canada; winters from
the Gulf States southward.

Washington, common T.V., Apl. 6-May 18; Sept.
6-Nov. 3. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., Apl.
23-May 14; Sept. 8-Oct. 20. Cambridge, common
T.V., rare S.R., Apl. 20-May 8; Sept. 15-Oct. 5.
N. Ohio, common T.V., Apl. 17-May 20; Sept. 1-30.
Glen Ellyn, not common T.V., May 9-19; Aug.
11-Oct. 9. SE. Minn., common T.V., May 3-Sept. 28.

We know this Vireo chiefly as a migrant, one of the earliest of the group of small arboreal wood-haunting birds (Vireos and Warblers) to reach us in the spring. Its song, as well as its movements, are deliberate. Vireo-like it peers beneath the leaves or inspects the blossoms, removing a caterpillar here or an insect's egg there, the while singing leisurely a rich-toned rendering of the Red-eye's theme.

It nests late in May, hanging its cup-shaped basket to a crotch usually five to ten feet above the ground. The eggs are white with a few black or brown spots.

The Mountain Solitary Vireo (_L. s. alticola_) has a slightly larger bill and bluer back. It nests in the mountains from Maryland to Georgia and winters southward to Florida.

WHITE-EYED VIREO

_Vireo griseus griseus. Case 6, Fig. 67_

White or yellowish white eyes; whitish underparts,
washed with yellow on the sides. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Florida and Texas to Wisconsin
and Massachusetts; winters from South Carolina to
the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., Apl. 18-Oct. 19.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 29-Oct. 3. Cambridge,
rare S.R., May 8-Sept. 20; formerly common. Glen
Ellyn, rare, spring only, May 24-June 5.

An inhabitant of bushy undergrowths whose snappy calls possess almost the character of human speech, so clearly and emphatically are the syllables enunciated. One's presence seems to excite both his curiosity and his disapproval, for he looks one over from this side and that all the while giving expression to remarks which sound far from complimentary. The nest is hung from a crotch, rarely more than 6 feet from the ground. The eggs laid in April, in the South, in May in the North, are white with a few blackish spots.

The Key West Vireo (_V. g. maynardi_) has a longer bill and is somewhat paler below than the White-eye. It is resident in southern Florida and the Keys.

BELL'S VIREO

_Vireo belli belli. Case 6, Fig. 65_

Smallest of our Vireos; crown ashy, lores and
eye-ring whitish. L. 4-3/4.

_Range._ Mississippi Valley; nests from Texas to
northwestern Indiana and South Dakota; winters in
the tropics.

Resembles the White-eye in habits, notes, and choice of haunts, but, according to Goss, its notes are not so harsh and emphatic.

WOOD WARBLERS. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDÆ

BLACK AND WHITE WARBLER

_Mniotilta varia. Case 6, Fig. 57_

The female is less conspicuously striped than the
male, but both are quite unlike any of our other
birds. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Georgia and Louisiana to
Canada; winters from Florida southward.

Washington, abundant T.V., less common S.R., Apl.
8-Oct. 18. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 18-Oct. 1.
Cambridge, very common S.R., Apl. 25-Sept. 5. N.
Ohio, common T.V., a few S.R., Apl. 22-Sept. 26.
Glen Ellyn, common T.V., Apl. 28-May 28; Aug.
11-Sept. 27. SE. Minn., common T.V., uncommon
S.R., Apl. 23-Oct. 12.

This species and the three Nuthatches are our only birds that creep down as well as up; but the Nuthatches wear no body stripes and are otherwise too unlike the Creeper to be confused with him. The Downy Woodpecker 'hitches' himself upward advancing by jerks; the Brown Creeper, true to its name, _creeps_. The nest is built on the ground and the white, brown-marked eggs are laid in April in the South, in May in the North.

PROTHONOTARY WARBLER

_Protonotaria citrea. Case 5, Fig. 29_

The female is duller than the male, but is too
like him to be mistaken for the mate of any other
Warbler, while he is in a class by himself. L.
5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Florida to Delaware and
southeastern Minnesota; winters in the tropics.

Washington, of irregular occurrence in May. N.
Ohio, one record, May 9. Glen Ellyn, rare, spring
only, May 13-15. SE. Minn., common S.R., of
Mississippi bottoms, May 7-Aug. 16.

No description or illustration prepares one for the gleaming beauty of the Golden Swamp Warbler. Cypress swamps or willow-bordered sloughs, where it may nest in the opening in old stubs, are its chosen haunts, and in such places it is sometimes found in numbers. The white eggs, thickly marked with brown, are laid in May.

SWAINSON'S WARBLER

_Helinaia swainsoni. Case 5, Fig. 28_

No wing-bars, plain brown above, white below. L.
5.

_Range._ In summer from Florida and Louisiana
north to southern Illinois and southeastern
Virginia; winters in the tropics.

Comparatively few bird students have seen this retiring Warbler in its haunts. "Water, tangled thickets, patches of cane, and a rank growth of semi-aquatic plants," Brewster states, seem indispensable to its existence. Its song in general effect, the same writer says, recalls that of the Northern Water-Thrush. The nest is built in bushes, canes, etc., and the white eggs are laid in May.

WORM-EATING WARBLER

_Helmitheros vermivorus. Case 7, Fig. 31_

Head striped with black and buff; body unstreaked,
no wing-bars. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from South Carolina and Missouri to
Connecticut and Iowa; winters in the tropics.

Washington, quite common S.R., Apl. 28-Sept. 15.
Ossining, common S.R., May 7-Aug. 23. Cambridge,
A.V., one instance, Sept.

Comparatively few bird students can claim close acquaintance with this slow-moving, dull-colored bird who lives on or near the ground, usually in dry woodlands. Its song, resembling that of the Chipping Sparrow, will attract only an attentive ear, while its local distribution further prevents it from being more commonly known. It nests on the ground, the white, brown-marked eggs being laid in May.

BACHMAN'S WARBLER

_Vermivora bachmani. Case 5, Figs. 20, 21_

All but the central pair of feathers with white
spots near the end; no wing-bars; size small, the
bill sharply pointed and slightly decurved. L.
4-1/2.

_Range._ In summer known from Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Arkansas and
Missouri; in winter recorded only from Cuba.

When migrating, this little-known species associates with other bird travelers and may be found high or low. When nesting, it frequents swampy woods and, although it usually sings from the tree-tops, it builds in bushes within a few feet of the ground, laying 3-4 white eggs in the latter half of April or in May. Its song has been compared to that of both the Parula Warbler and the Chipping Sparrow.

BLUE-WINGED WARBLER

_Vermivora pinus. Case 7, Fig. 35_

Outer tail-feathers white near the end; two white
wing-bars; female duller than the male.

_Range._ Nests from Missouri and Virginia north to
Minnesota and Connecticut; winters in the tropics.

Washington, rather uncommon T.V., Apl. 26-May 22;
Aug. 13-Sept. 2; a few breed. Ossining, common
S.R., May 4-Sept. 7. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl.
27-Sept. 15. Glen Ellyn, irregular, possibly
S.R., May 1-Sept. 15. SE. Minn., uncommon S.R.,
Apl. 30-Sept. 1.

In second growths, among birches, and at the border of the woods one may hear the wheezy, lazy, _swee-chee_ of the Blue-wing. I make it a rule to see the singer always with the hope that he may prove to be the rare Brewster's Warbler, which usually sings like the Blue-wing, but in color is nearer the Golden-wing, being, in fact, like the Golden-wing but with the underparts and cheeks white unmarked with black. It appears to be a hybrid between the Blue-wing and Golden-wing. (Case 7, Fig. 38.)

A much rarer supposed hybrid between these two Warblers is known as Lawrence's Warbler. It is yellow below, like the Blue-wing, but has the black throat and cheeks of the Golden-wing. Some individuals sing like the Blue-wing, others like the Golden-wing, and this is true also of Brewster's Warbler. (Case 7, Fig. 37.)

The Blue-wing nests on the ground, laying 4-5 white delicately speckled eggs the latter part of May.

GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER

_Vermivora chrysoptera. Case 7, Figs. 34, 36_

A gray bird with a yellow patch on the wings and a
black or blackish breast.

_Range._ Nests from northern New Jersey and
southern Iowa north to Massachusetts and central
Minnesota and south in the mountains to northern
Georgia; winters in the tropics.

Washington, uncommon, T.V., May 1-30; Aug. 8-21.
Ossining, rare S.R., May 8-Aug. 25. Cambridge,
rather common S.R., May 12-Aug. 25. N. Ohio, rare
T.V., Glen Ellyn, irregular, not common T.V., May
4-18; Aug. 16-Sept. 24. SE. Minn., common S.R.,
May 5-Sept. 9.

The Golden-wing's _zee-zee-zee-zee_ resembles the Blue-wing's song in tone but the syllables are all on one note. When nesting, the Golden-wing prefers second growths, and birches, but when migrating it may be found in the woods with others of its family. The nest is made on the ground, and the eggs, which resemble those of the Blue-wing, but are more heavily marked, are laid in May or early June.

NASHVILLE WARBLER

_Vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla. Case 7, Fig. 33_

No wing-bars or white in the tail; adult with a
partly concealed chestnut patch in the gray crown;
eye-ring white. L. 4-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern Pennsylvania and
Nebraska to Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, uncommon T.V., Apl. 28-May 19; Sept.
5-Oct. 2. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., May
7-27; Aug. 11-Oct. 4; may breed. Cambridge, rather
common S.R., May 5-Sept. 15; abundant T.V. N.
Ohio, common T.V., Apl. 28-May 27; Sept. 1-Oct.
16. Glen Ellyn, regular T.V., Apl. 27-May 25; Aug.
20-Oct. 19. SE. Minn., common S.R., May 1-Sept.
29.

Thayer in "Warblers of North America" says that the Nashville is one of the most agile and restless of the gleaning Warblers. It prefers birches, but is found in rather open growths of other trees. Its commoner song consists of a string of six or eight or more lively rapid notes, running into a rolling twitter. It has also a flight-song.

The nest is placed on the ground; the eggs, which are laid in May or early June, are white, spotted with reddish brown.

ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER

_Vermivora celata celata. Case 7, Fig. 32_

A dusky, olive-green bird, obscurely streaked
below; without wing-bars or white patches in tail.
L. 5.

_Range._ Chiefly the interior, nests from Manitoba
northward; winters in Florida and the Gulf States.

Washington, casual T.V., two records, Oct.
Ossining, A.V. Cambridge, rare T.V., in fall. Oct.
5-Nov. 15. N. Ohio, rare T.V., Apl. 27-May 21.
Glen Ellyn, not common T.V., May 1-21; July
28-Oct. 7. SE. Minn., common T.V., Apl. 25-; Aug.
18-Oct. 16.

The Orange-crown is a rare fall migrant in the North Atlantic States, but common in Florida and southern Georgia in the winter. It frequents the upper branches of trees though, as with most members of its genus, it nests on the ground. Its call-note is a sharp, characteristic _chip_; its song is said to resemble that of the Chipping Sparrow.

TENNESSEE WARBLER

_Vermivora peregrina. Case 8, Fig. 64_

Adult male in spring with a grayish blue crown and
white underparts; female and young bright
olive-green above, yellowish below; no wing-bars.
L. 5.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England
northward; winters in the tropics.

Washington, T.V., rare in May; occasionally
common, Aug. 31-Nov. 30. Ossining, rare T.V., May
22-27; Aug. 22-Oct. 2. Cambridge, rare T.V., May
15-25; Sept. N. Ohio, common T.V., May 4-25; Sept.
10-Oct. 10. Glen Ellyn, common T.V., Apl. 30-June
6; July 29-Oct. 9. SE. Minn., common T.V., Apl.
30-; Sept. 30-.

A dull-colored little Warbler which we know as a rather rare migrant, associated with the traveling companies of its family on their northward and southward journeys. The song is described by Mrs. Farwell as noticeable but not musical and resembling that of the Chipping Sparrow.

NORTHERN PARULA WARBLER

_Compsothlypis americana usneæ. Case 7, Fig. 39_

A small, bluish Warbler with a yellow patch on the
back, a dark band on the breast, and white
wing-bars. L. 4-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from Virginia and Louisiana to
Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, T.V., but dates not distinguishable
from those of _americana_. Ossining, common T.V.,
May 2-28; Sept. 21-Oct. 7. Cambridge, common T.V.,
May 1-28; Sept. 10-30. N. Ohio, not common T.V.,
May 1-18. Glen Ellyn, not common T.V., May 3-28;
Aug. 25-Oct. 1. SE. Minn., common T. V., May
5-Sept. 9.

A common migrant, traveling with other Wood Warblers, but in summer usually restricted to swampy localities where usnea moss flourishes. Of, or rather _in_ this, it makes its nest, laying 4-5 white, brown-marked eggs the latter half of May. To describe its song as several wheezy notes running into a little trill, conveys no idea of pleasing character. It is easily recognized and, in time, acquires associations with what, to bird-lovers, is the most delightful season of the year.

The Southern Parula Warbler (_C. a. americana_) is a slightly smaller race with less black about the lores and on the breast in the male. It summers in the Southeastern States north to Virginia, and winters in the tropics. Its habits resemble those of the northern race, but it nests in the hanging, gray tillandsia or Spanish 'moss' instead of in usnea.

CAPE MAY WARBLER

_Dendroica tigrina. Case 8, Figs. 65, 66_

Male with chestnut cheek-patches and a white patch
on the wing; female and young streaked below, the
rump more yellow than the back; tail-feathers with
terminal spots. L. 5.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England
northward; winters in the tropics.

Washington, sometimes very common, usually
uncommon T.V., May 1-20; Aug. 4-Oct. 17. Ossining,
tolerably common T.V., Aug. 20-Oct. 1. Cambridge,
rare T.V., May 15-25; Aug. 25. N. Ohio, not common
T.V., May 4-18. Glen Ellyn, irregular T.V., Apl.
30-May 21; Sept. 8-15. SE. Minn., common T.V., May
8.

This beautiful Warbler was formerly considered one of our rarer migrants, but of recent years it appears to be increasing in numbers. On its nesting ground the bird is said to frequent the upper branches of tall evergreens (though one of the few nests which has been found was within three feet of the ground), but when migrating it may be found in the trees of lawns, orchards, and woodland and I have seen it among poke-berries. The Cape May's song is a thin squeak which is compared to the songs of the Black and White and also Blackpoll Warblers.

YELLOW WARBLER

_Dendroica æstiva æstiva. Case 8, Figs. 40, 41_

A small yellow bird streaked below with brownish;
inner webs of tail-feathers yellow. L. 5.

_Range._ Nests from Missouri and South Carolina to
Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., abundant T.V., Apl.
4-Sept. 28. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 30-Sept.
27. Cambridge, abundant S.R., May 1-Sept. 15. N.
Ohio, abundant S.R., Apl. 14-Sept. 10. Glen Ellyn,
not very common S.R., Apl. 30-Sept. 6. SE. Minn.,
common S.R., Apl. 28-Sept. 10.

Show me willows over water and any day in May or June I'll show you a Yellow Warbler. Shade and fruit trees also attract him and he may build his cotton-padded nest in their branches or in the shrubbery below. The song is a simple _we-chee, chee, chee, chee, cher-wee_, resembling that of the Chestnut-side, but has its own distinctive tone which permits of ready identification, once it has been learned. The bluish white eggs, thickly marked with shades of brown, are laid the latter half of May.

BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER

_Dendroica cærulescens cærulescens. Case 6, Figs. 58, 59_

The male is unmistakable; the female may be known
by the white spot at the base of the outer
wing-feathers. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern Connecticut, the
mountains of Pennsylvania, and southern Michigan
north to Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, very common T.V., Apl. 19-May 30; Aug.
4-Oct. 9. Ossining, common T.V., Apl. 25-May 28;
Aug. 26-Oct. 10. Cambridge, rather common. T.V.,
May 10-25; Sept. 20-Oct. 10. N. Ohio, common.
T.V., Apl. 27-May 29; Sept. 5-Oct. 16. Glen
Ellyn, common T.V., Apl. 29-May 29; Aug. 25-Oct.
10. SE. Minn., uncommon T.V., May 11.

A true Wood Warbler, traveling through the trees with the scattered bands of other members of his family as he journeys to and from his summer home. This, in the northern part of his nesting range, is in coniferous forests, in the southern part, deciduous forests. In both, however, the birds require heavy undergrowth in which their bark-covered nest is built within a foot or two of the ground. The grayish white, brown-marked eggs are laid in late May or early June. Miss Paddock in "Warblers of North America" describes the Black-throated Blue's song as "an insect-like buzzing note repeated three or four times with a rising inflection."

Cairn's Warbler (_D. c. cairnsi_) is a nearly related race having, in the male, black centers to the feathers of the back. It nests in the upper parts of the Alleghanies, from Maryland to Georgia, and winters in the West Indies.

MYRTLE WARBLER

_Dendroica coronata. Case 5, Fig. 27_

The yellow rump is always evident, but in fall and
winter the whole plumage is duller, more brownish
and the yellow patches at the sides of the breast
and in the crown are less conspicuous. A rather
large Warbler. L. 5-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and
northern Minnesota to Canada; winters from Kansas
and southern New England to the tropics.

Washington, abundant W.V., Aug. 7-May 23.
Ossining, common T.V., Apl. 13-May 28; Aug.
16-Nov. 11; a few winter. Cambridge, abundant
T.V., Apl. 12-May 20; Sept. 1-Nov. 1; a few
winter. N. Ohio, common T.V., Apl. 12-May 20;
Sept. 15-Nov. 3. Glen Ellyn, common T.V., Apl.
8-May 28; Sept. 25-Dec. 29. SE. Minn., common
T.V., Apl. 6-; Sept. 9-Oct. 28.

A hardy Warbler which, like the Tree Swallow, can substitute bayberries for insects. When the former are available some individuals remain in the North, enduring our winters without apparent discomfort. Its call-note, _tchep_, is as distinctive as its markings, and this fact connected with its general distribution and abundance, makes it one of the best known members of this little-known family.

Thayer in "Warblers of North America" describes its common song as "a loud silvery 'sleigh-bell' trill, a vivid, sprightly utterance."

It nests in coniferous forests, building from four to twenty feet from the ground and laying 3-5 white eggs marked with shades of brown, in late May or early June.

MAGNOLIA WARBLER

_Dendroica magnolia. Case 8, Fig. 42_

The female is duller than the male, but both have
the crown gray, a white stripe behind the eye, a
yellow rump and the white tail-patches near the
middle of the tail, making the tail, when seen
from below, appear white, broadly banded with
black. L. 5

_Range'_ Nests from northern Massachusetts and
northern Michigan, and in the Alleghanies, from
West Virginia to Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, common T.V., Apl. 22-May 30; Aug.
15-Oct. 6. Ossining, common T.V., May 9-28; Aug.
13-Oct. 11. Cambridge, T.V., rather common, May
12-25; not uncommon, Sept. 10-25. N. Ohio, common
T.V., Apl. 28-May 27; Sept. 1-Oct. 10. Glen Ellyn,
common T.V., May 3-June 5; Aug. 12-Oct. 9. SE.
Minn., common T.V., May 6-; Aug. 12-Sept. 9.

A common migrant distinguished by the beauty of his costume even in this family of gayly clad birds. When traveling, the Magnolia may be found in woods and woody growth of varied character, but when nesting, it shows a fondness for spruce forests, building in small spruces usually within six feet of the ground.

The Magnolia's song resembles the Yellow Warbler's in tone. Thayer in "Warblers of North America" describes it as "peculiar and easily remembered; _weeto: weeto-weeeéte-eet_, or _witchi, witchi, witchi tit_, the first four notes deliberate and even and comparatively low in tone, the last three hurried and higher pitched, with decided emphasis on the antepenult _weet_ or _witch_."

The eggs, laid in the first half of June, are white marked with brown.

CERULEAN WARBLER

_Dendroica rara. Case 8, Figs. 46, 47_

The adult male will be recognized at sight, but
the female and young must be looked at sharply.
The whitish or yellowish line over the eye, in
connection with the white wing-bars make a fair
field-mark. L. 4-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Texas and Alabama to Minnesota
and western New York; locally from North Carolina
to Delaware.

Washington, several records in May, one in fall.
N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 29-Sept. 20. Glen
Ellyn, not common, local S.R., May 8-Aug. 19. SE.
Minn., rare S.R.

A tree-top Warbler of deciduous forests, nesting from 25 to 60 feet above the ground. Its song bears a marked resemblance to that of the Parula and its call-note is said to be like the _tchep_ of the Myrtle Warbler. The white eggs, heavily blotched with brown, are laid in May.

CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER

_Dendroica pensylvanica. Case 8, Figs. 43, 44_

Adults are distinguished by their chestnut sides,
yellow crown and wing-bars, but the young are
wholly different, silky white below, yellowish
green above. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from northern New Jersey and, in
the Alleghanies, South Carolina, north to Canada;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, abundant T.V., Apl. 19-May 30; Aug.
10-Oct. 14. Ossining, tolerably common S.R., May
2-Sept. 24. Cambridge, abundant S.R., May 5-Sept.
10. N. Ohio, T.V., May 2-25. Glen Ellyn, rare
S.R., common T.V., May 1-Sept. 26. SE. Minn.,
common S.R., May 3-Sept. 15.

Scrubby second growths undergrown with bushes, roadside borders of trees and bushes, and the brushy margins of woods are all resorts of the Chestnut-side. Here he attracts our attention by his rather loud, frequently uttered song, which strongly suggests that of the Yellow Warbler. The nest is built within a few feet of the ground and the white, brown-marked eggs are laid the latter part of May.

BAY-BREASTED WARBLER

_Dendroica castanea. Case 8, Figs. 69, 70_

The adult male is unmistakable; the female has
chestnut on sides and crown, a grayish streaked
back and white wing-bars; the young bird in the
fall cannot, in the field, be certainly
distinguished from the young Blackpoll, but has
the underparts tinted with buff instead of with
yellow. L. 5-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England into
Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, sometimes abundant, usually uncommon
T.V., May 2-27; Aug. 29-Nov. Ossining, tolerably
common T.V., May 14-28; Aug. 5-Sept. 26.
Cambridge, rather rare T.V., May 15-25; Sept.
12-28. N. Ohio, common T.V., May 4-23; Sept.
7-Oct. 10. Glen Ellyn, tolerably common; T.V., May
8-June 5; Aug. 13-Oct. 4. SE. Minn., uncommon
T.V., May 13-; Aug. 18-Sept. 15.

The Bay-breast is one of the rarer members of its family. Most of us know it only as a migrant passing northward in May and southward in September, when it may be found in woodlands associated with other migrating Warblers. Its song resembles that of the Black and White Warbler. Mrs. Farwell describes it as "a poor, weak, monotonous saw-filing note." The nest has been found in hemlocks 15-20 feet from the ground. The white eggs, finely marked with shades of brown, are laid in June.

BLACK-POLL WARBLER

_Dendroica striata. Case 8, Figs. 71, 72_

In the spring, a black cap, white cheeks and a
gray, black streaked back distinguish the male; a
gray, black-streaked back, the female. In the
fall, young and old are olive-green, streaked with
black above; yellowish white below, and thus
closely resembles the young Bay-breast. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and
northern Michigan into Canada; winters in the
tropics.

Washington, abundant T.V., Apl. 28-June 16; Aug.
31-Oct. 20. Ossining, common T.V., May 7-June 6;
Aug. 30-Oct. 16. Cambridge, abundant T.V., May
12-June 5; Sept. 8-Oct. 20. N. Ohio, common T.V.,
May 6-June 2; Sept. 1-Oct. 16. Glen Ellyn, common
T.V., May 2-June 8; Aug. 23-Sept. 27. SE. Minn.,
common T.V., May 8-; Aug. 27-.

Toward the end of the May Warbler 'waves' the Blackpolls come in force. They are excessively fat and, perhaps for this reason, move rather slowly for a Warbler. They are Wood Warblers, but at this season may overflow into the trees of our lawns and orchards. Mrs. Farwell describes the Blackpoll's song as "a succession of hesitating, staccato, unmusical notes varying greatly in volume. The notes separated, not combined in twos, as in the Black and White Warbler's song." When nesting this Warbler frequents stunted spruce forests, placing its nest in these trees a few feet above the ground, and laying 4-5 white, brown-marked eggs the latter part of June.

BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER

_Dendroica fusca. Case 8, Figs. 67, 68_

The orange breast, fiery in the spring male,
duller in the female and fall males, is
distinctive. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Massachusetts (locally) and
central Minnesota north to Canada and southward in
the Alleghanies to Georgia; winters in the
tropics.

Washington, common T.V., Apl. 30-June 3; Aug.
14-Oct. 7. Ossining, common T.V., May 10-29; Aug.
15-Oct. 15. Cambridge, T.V., uncommon, May 12-22;
rare, Sept. 15-30. N. Ohio, common T.V., May
4-June 8; Aug. 12-Sept. 22. SE. Minn., common
T.V., May 3-; Sept. 4.

The remoteness of their homes prevents us from making the acquaintance of the brilliantly plumaged birds of the tropics, but among them all we will find none more beautiful than this flame-breasted Warbler, which each spring comes from his tropical winter home almost to our doors. In the summer he seeks the seclusion of coniferous forests and the higher branches of spruce or hemlock. There his nest is made sometimes 80 or more feet above the ground, and in late May or early June the white eggs, spotted, speckled and blotched with brown, are laid. The Blackburnian's song is described by Miss Paddock in "Warblers of North America" as "very shrill and fine, growing even more shrill and wiry as it rises toward the end."

YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER

_Dendroica dominica dominica. Case 5, Fig. 18_

A gray Warbler with a yellow throat. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Southeastern States, nesting north to
Maryland; wintering from central Florida
southward.

Washington, rare S.R., rather common late in July
and Aug.; Apl. 19-Sept. 4.

The loud, ringing _ching-ching-ching, chicker, cherwee_ of the Yellow-throated Warbler is one of the characteristic bird songs of spring in southern woods. The bird usually sings from the upper branches of tall trees, often cypresses, in Florida, but further north, from pines, where he can be far more easily heard than seen. The nest is placed 30-40 feet from the ground and the white eggs, thickly marked with shades of brown, are laid in April.

The Sycamore Warbler (_D. d. albilora, Case 5, Fig. 19_) is a nearly related race of the Yellow-throat which inhabits the Mississippi Valley nesting as far north as southern Michigan and wintering in the tropics. It differs from the Atlantic coast form in having a smaller bill and no yellow in front of the eye. As its name implies, it favors sycamore trees.

BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER

_Dendroica virens virens. Case 6, Fig. 62_

The female has a yellow throat and a band of black
spots on the breast, but both sexes may be known
by the yellow cheeks and the large amount of white
in the tail. L. 5.

_Range._ Nests from Long Island and northern Ohio
north to Canada and south in the Alleghanies to
Georgia.

Washington, very common T.V., Apl. 22-May 30; Aug.
26-Oct. 21. Ossining, common T.V., Apl. 30-June 3;
Sept. 1-Oct. 26; a few breed. Cambridge, abundant
S.R., May 1-Oct. 15. N. Ohio, common T.V., Apl.
25-May 24; Sept. 1-Oct. 16; a few breed. Glen
Ellyn, common T.V., Apl. 29-June 6; Aug. 22-Oct.
12. SE. Minn., common T.V., uncommon S.R., Apl.
29-Sept. 22.

The quiet little _zee-zee, zee-ee-zee_ of the Black-throated Green announces the arrival of the vanguard of true Wood Warblers, which for the succeeding two weeks will pass in countless numbers through our woodlands, still almost leafless. At this time we may find him wherever trees grow, but his real summer home is coniferous forests, especially of hemlocks, in which he often builds his nests 15-20 feet above the ground. The eggs, laid in late May or early June, are white spotted and speckled with brown.

A southern form of this Warbler (_D. v. waynei_) has been described from the vicinity of Charleston, S.C.

KIRTLAND'S WARBLER

_Dendroica kirtlandi. Case 8, Fig. 45_

A large Warbler, pale yellow below; crown slaty;
back brownish streaked with black.

_Range._ Nests in Oscoda, Crawford and Roscommon
Counties, Michigan, winters in the Bahamas; in
migration has been found within the area from
Minneapolis, Minn., to Toronto, Ont., south to St.
Louis, Mo., and Fort Myer, Va., and
south-eastward.

Washington, one record, Sept. 25, 1887. N. Ohio,
rare T.V., May 9 and 11. Glen Ellyn, one record,
May 7, 1894. SE. Minn., one record, Minneapolis,
May 13.

Kirtland's Warbler has one of the smallest nesting areas of any North American bird and consequently is one of our rarest species. In the summer it lives among the jack-pines of north central Michigan, nesting on the ground beneath them. When migrating, it may be found usually near the ground, where it may be identified by its habit of tail-wagging. Its song is described by Wood in "Warblers of North America" as belonging to the whistling type with the clear, ringing quality of the Oriole's. The 3-5 eggs, laid early in June, are white speckled with brown in a wreath at the larger end.

PINE WARBLER

_Dendroica vigorsi vigorsi. Case 4, Fig. 57; Case 6, Fig. 60_

The male is bright greenish yellow below,
sometimes duskily streaked; the female is tinged
with brown above, below is soiled whitish, tinged
with yellow. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf States to Canada;
winters from southern Illinois and Virginia
southward.

Washington, quite uncommon S.R., Mch. 20-Oct. 29,
abundant in fall. Ossining, casual. Cambridge,
locally common S.R., Apl. 10-Oct. 20; occasional
W.V. N. Ohio, rare T.V., Apl. 29-May 15. Glen
Ellyn, not common T.V., spring records only, Apl.
17-May 24. SE. Minn., common T.V., Apl. 26-.

Pine Warblers seem almost as much a part of pine woods as the trees themselves. They feed on the ground below the pines, they glean from the bark of the trunk, or from the clusters of 'needles' on the topmost boughs, the very peace of the pines is expressed in their calm, even, musical trill; and where there are no pines there are no Pine Warblers. During the migration, it is true, they may be found elsewhere, but at that season they are travelers, and travelers cannot always be responsible for their surroundings. Their nest, of course, is always built in pines, usually from 30-50 feet above the ground. The eggs laid in March in the South, and early June in the North, are white wreathed with brown at the larger end.

YELLOW PALM WARBLER

_Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea. Case 6, Fig. 61_

Underparts bright yellow streaked with reddish
brown; cap reddish brown; line over the eye
yellow. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Maine northward; winters from
North Carolina to the Florida Keys; west to
Louisiana.

Washington, T.V., common. Mch. 31-Apl. 29; Sept.
4-Oct. 28. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., Apl.
11-May 5; Sept. 20-Nov. 8. Cambridge, usually
common, sometimes abundant, T.V., Apl. 15-May 5;
Oct. 1-15.

A tail-wagging Warbler that frequents bushy places, weedy fields and open pine woods and gardens, living near the ground where it may be easily seen. Its call-note, _chip_, is distinctive and one learns in time to recognize it. Its song is a trill, clear and sweet, but by no means loud.

The Palm Warbler (_D. p. palmarum_) is the Mississippi Valley form of the Atlantic coast race, from which it differs in having the line over the eye white instead of yellow; the yellow of the underparts paler and confined to the throat and breast. It is not infrequent during the fall migration in the North Atlantic States and, in Florida, is far more common than the Yellow Palm.

Washington, rare T.V., Apl. 22-May 18; Sept.
18-Oct. 11. Ossining. T.V., Apl. 29; Sept. 30-Oct.
12. Cambridge, uncommon T.V. in fall, Sept.
15-Oct. 10. N. Ohio, tolerably common T.V., Apl.
24-May 20; Sept. 10-Oct. 16. Glen Ellyn, common
T.V., Apl. 23-May 19; Sept. 4-Oct. 18. SE. Minn.,
common T.V., Apl. 23; Sept. 17-Oct. 3.

Both races nest on the ground.

PRAIRIE WARBLER

_Dendroica discolor. Case 8, Fig. 48_

A small Warbler with a reddish brown patch in the
back, yellowish wing-bars, and much white in the
tail. L. 4-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from Florida and northern
Mississippi to Michigan and New Hampshire.

Washington, very common S.R., Apl. 12-Sept. 20.
Ossining, rare S.R., May 2-Sept. 14. Cambridge,
locally common S.R., May 8-Sept. 15. N. Ohio,
rare, Apl. 29, May 9, and 14.

Scrubby second growths, hillsides with scattered cedars and barberries, and, sometimes, bushy places in the pines are the haunts of the miscalled Prairie Warbler. Common and generally distributed in the South, it is local in the North and not always found in districts which seem to supply all its wants. Its song is composed of six or seven minute _zees_, the next to the last one usually the highest. The nest is generally built within 4 feet of the ground, the eggs, laid in May, are white marked with shades of brown, often wreathed about the larger end.

OVEN-BIRD

_Seiurus aurocapillus. Case 6, Fig. 64_

An olive brownish bird, white streaked with black
below, with an orange, black-bordered crown and no
white on wings or in tail. L. 6-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Georgia and Missouri to
Canada; winters from Florida southward.

Washington, very common S.R., Apl. 10-Oct. 17.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 27-Oct. 10. Cambridge,
very common S.R., May 6-Sept. 15. N. Ohio,
abundant S.R., Apl. 22-Oct. 1. Glen Ellyn, not
common S.R., common T.V., Apl. 28-Sept. 30. SE.
Minn., common S.R., Apl. 27-Sept. 22.

The Oven-bird, and its near relatives the Water-Thrushes, bear so little resemblance in color and habits to the true Wood Warblers, that one might well think they were members of another family. Their plumage lacks the bright colors, white wing-bars and tail-patches possessed by most Warblers, and, instead of hopping and flitting from twig to twig, they spend their time chiefly _walking_ on the ground, where they find their food.

It is not so much its abundance as its song which makes the Oven-bird well known. Years ago Mr. Burroughs wrote it, _teacher, teacher, teacher, teacher, teacher_, and no one has improved on this description. The Oven-bird also sings an ecstatic warbling on the wing; a thrilling performance. The nest is built on the ground and, like a Dutch oven, is roofed over with the entrance at one side. The eggs, laid in May, are white, marked chiefly at the larger end with brown.

NORTHERN WATER-THRUSH

_Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis. Case. 8, Fig. 56_

Underparts white tinged with pale _yellow_,
everywhere--_including throat_--streaked with
black; no white in tail or wings. L. 6.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England to
Canada, south in the mountains, to West Virginia;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, common T.V., Apl. 22-June 2; July
21-Oct. 6. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., May
11-21; July 28-Oct. 3. Cambridge, abundant T.V.,
May 8-June 1; Aug. 10-Oct. 10. N. Ohio, common,
T.V., Apl. 26-May 25; Sept. 1-15.

The two Water-Thrushes and the Oven-bird are _walking_ Warblers, and the Water-Thrushes, furthermore, are _teeterers_, nervously tipping tail and body with apparently exhaustless energy. When migrating, the Northern Water-Thrush often seeks refuge beneath the shrubbery of our lawns, but when nesting it frequents the borders of streams in deep woods, building its home on the ground or in the roots of an upturned tree. Its call-note is a sharp _chink_; its song a hurried rush of loud musical notes, closing abruptly. The 4-5 eggs, laid in the latter half of May or early June, are white with numerous brown markings chiefly about the larger end.

Grinnell's Water-Thrush (_S. n. notabilis_), a slightly larger and darker form, nests in the Northwest and is casually found as a migrant on the Atlantic coast.