Chapter V: Part 5

LOUISIANA WATER-THRUSH

_Seiurus motacilla. Case 5, Fig. 5_

Line over eye and underparts white, the latter
tinted with _buff_ (not with yellow, as in the
preceding species); the throat white _unmarked_;
no white in wings or tail. L. 6-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Georgia and Texas to southern
New England and southeastern Minnesota; winters in
the tropics.

Washington, rare S.R., Apl. 2-Sept. 14. Ossining,
common S.R., Apl. 9-Aug. 24. N. Ohio, tolerably
common S.R., Mch. 28-Sept. 15. SE. Minn., uncommon
S.R., Apl. 17-Aug. 26.

A shy spirit of woodland brooks, the Louisiana Water-Thrush resembles the Northern Water-Thrush in habits but is more difficult to see; its call-note is louder, its song, wilder, more ringing. Like the Oven-bird it also has a flight, or 'ecstasy'-song. It nests in a bank or among the roots of a fallen tree, laying 4-6 eggs, white with numerous brown markings, in late April or early May.

KENTUCKY WARBLER

_Oporornis formosus. Case 8, Fig. 52_

A yellow line from the bill around the eye; crown
blackish; no white on wings or tail. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Georgia and Texas to southern
Wisconsin and the lower Hudson Valley; winters in
the tropics.

Washington, not very uncommon S.R., Apl. 29-Sept.
2. Ossining, common S.R., May 2-Aug. 27. N. Ohio,
rare, Apl. 27 and May 12.

Wet woodland with luxuriant undergrowth of bushes, ferns and skunk cabbage are the favorite haunts of this sweet-voiced Warbler, and its nest is usually built among vegetation of this character. Its freely uttered song is a loud, clear two-syllabled whistle, in tone like the voice of the Carolina Wren or Cardinal. Its 4-5 eggs, laid in late May or early June, are white, speckled chiefly about the larger end with shades of brown.

CONNECTICUT WARBLER

_Oporornis agilis. Case 8, Figs. 77, 78_

A complete white eye-ring; male without black on
the gray breast. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests in the interior from north Michigan
to Manitoba; winters in the tropics.

Washington, T.V., very rare in spring, May 24-30;
common from Aug. 28-Oct. 24. Ossining, rare T.V.,
Aug. 26-Oct. 9. Cambridge, fall T.V., sometimes
locally abundant, Sept. 10-30. N. Ohio, tolerably
common T.V., May 7-24. Glen Ellyn, fairly common
T.V., May 12-June 28; Aug. 14-Sept. 22. SE. Minn.,
uncommon T.V., June 1.

In the Atlantic Coast States this Warbler is found only as a fall migrant, at times in considerable numbers. It lives on the ground in or at the border of woods usually where there is dense undergrowth, and would easily escape observation were it not for its sharp call-note, _peek_, by which it may be identified. Its song, heard only on its migrations up the Mississippi Valley and on its nesting ground, has been described as resembling that of both the Oven-bird and Maryland Yellow-throat. The only nest recorded was found by Ernest Seton near Carberry, Manitoba, June 21, 1883. It was on the ground and contained 4 eggs, white with a few spots about the larger end.

MOURNING WARBLER

_Oporornis philadelphia. Case 8, Figs. 75, 76_

Male without white eye-ring; and with a black
breast veiled with gray. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from northern New York and Michigan
to Canada, south in the mountains to West
Virginia; winters in the tropics.

Washington, very rare T.V., May 6-30; Aug. 17-Oct.
1. Ossining, rare T.V., May 28-29; Aug. 18-Oct. 1.
Cambridge, rare T.V., May 22-June 5; Sept. 12-25.
N. Ohio, tolerably common T.V., May 5-28. Glen
Ellyn, rather rare T.V., May 18-June 8; Aug. 17-.
SE. Minn., uncommon T.V., May 13-; Aug. 1-Sept.
10.

The Mourning Warbler is one of the rarer Warblers which, by good fortune, we may occasionally see toward the end of the spring migration. It is usually found in the lower growth, being a brush and tangle haunter of woods and clearings. Its song, which is described as clear and ringing, is uttered frequently, often from a dead limb. The nest is built in briars or bushes within a foot or two of the ground. The eggs, laid in the first half of June, are white with a few brownish spots at the larger end.

MARYLAND YELLOW-THROAT

_Geothlypis trichas trichas. Case 8, Figs. 50, 51_

The gray-bordered, black mask of the male makes
him unmistakable. The female is without
distinctive markings, but may easily be identified
by her notes and actions. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Virginia and the lower
Mississippi Valley northward; winters from North
Carolina to Florida.

Washington, abundant S.R., Apl. 13-Oct. 21.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 28-Oct. 23. Cambridge,
abundant S.R., May 5-Oct. 20; occasional in
winter. N. Ohio, abundant S.R., Apl. 25-Sept. 25.
Glen Ellyn, common S.R., May 2-Oct. 2. SE. Minn.,
common S.R.

A fidgety, inquisitive inhabitant of bushy undergrowth along roadsides and wood borders, whose impatient off-repeated call-note, _chack, chack_, and energetic song of _wichity, wichity, wichity_, soon become familiar to the bird-student. It nests on or near the ground and the white, lightly spotted eggs are laid in the latter half of May.

The Florida Yellow-throat (_G. t. ignota_), a more deeply colored race, is found from North Carolina to southern Florida. In the last-named State it usually inhabits scrub palmetto growths.

YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT

_Icteria virens virens. Case 8, Fig. 49_

A large bird, superficially, quite unlike the true
Warblers but nevertheless agreeing with them in
essential structure. L. 7-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Texas and northern Florida to
southern Minnesota and (locally) Massachusetts;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., Apl. 16-Sept. 28.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 28-Aug. 29. Cambridge,
rather rare and irregular S.R., May 15-Sept. N.
Ohio, common S.R., May 1-Sept. 15. Glen Ellyn,
local, not common. May 10-Aug. 16. SE. Minn., rare
S.R. (?).

If the Chat lived in England what a wealth of lore, legend, and literature would owe its origin to his strange ways and stranger notes! Here he is known to few but the initiated, who find an endless interest in his odd song-medley and peculiar antics. Go yourself to the brush-grown, thickety wood borders and clearings he loves and let him be his own interpreter. You may even find his nest low down in some crotch with its white, evenly speckled eggs, and hear his angry _ch[)u]t_ as he resents your presence.

HOODED WARBLER

_Wilsonia citrina. Case 8, Figs. 54, 55_

The yellow face and black 'hood' distinguishes the
male, but both sexes may be known by the large
amount of white in the outer tail-feathers. L.
5-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from Georgia and Louisiana north to
Michigan and Connecticut; winters in the tropics.

Washington, locally common, S.R., Apl. 19-Oct. 1.
Ossining, rare S.R., to Sept. 1. N. Ohio, rare.
May 8, 9, 12 and 22.

Color, song, habit and temperament combine to make the Hooded Warbler one of the most attractive members of its family. As one sees it flitting from bush to bush in woodland undergrowth, displaying its white outer tail-feathers as it flies, pausing now and again to utter its simple, sweet whistled song, one is impressed not only by its beauty but by its gentleness. It nests in a bush within a foot or two of the ground, laying 3-5 white eggs, wreathed with shades of brown spots, early in May, in the South, in June, in the North.

WILSON'S WARBLER

_Wilsonia pusilla pusilla. Case 8, Figs. 73, 74_

The female usually lacks the black cap, when she
resembles the female Hooded, but is smaller and
has no white in the tail. L. 5.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and
northern Minnesota northward; winters in the
tropics.

Washington, rather common T.V., May 1-26; Aug.
27-Oct. 6. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., May
9-30; Aug. 10-Sept. 9. Cambridge, common T.V., May
12-25; uncommon, Sept. 5-20. N. Ohio, tolerably
common T.V., May 5-June 2; Sept. 5-15. Glen Ellyn,
not common T.V., May 7-June 26; Aug. 16-Sept. 21.
SE. Minn., common T.V., May 2-; Aug. 23-Sept. 27.

Wilson's Warbler, a flycatching Warbler of the lower growth, favors bushes near water, but is also found in dryer places. Thayer in "Warblers of North America" says that its "song has much of the ringing clarity of the Canada's and Hooded's songs." It nests on the ground, laying 4 eggs, usually with a wreath of spots at the larger end, early in June.

CANADIAN WARBLER

_Wilsonia canadensis. Case 8, Fig. 53_

Above gray, no white in wings or tail; breast with
a necklace of black spots, paler and less numerous
in the female. L. 5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Massachusetts and central
Minnesota northward, south in the mountains to
Tennessee; winters in the tropics.

Washington, very common T.V., May 5-June 2; July
31-Sept. 25. Ossining, common T.V., May 6-June 2;
Aug. 10-Oct. 11. Cambridge, common, May 12-30,
rare, Sept. 1-15; rare S.R. N. Ohio, common T.V.,
Apl. 28-May 27; Sept. 1-18. Glen Ellyn, common
T.V., May 5-June 6; Aug. 15-Sept. 22. SE. Minn.,
common T.V., May 8-; Aug. 18-Sept. 5.

The Canadian Warbler haunts the lower growth of deciduous forests. It is "a sprightly, wide-awake, fly-snapping Warbler, vivid in movement and in song" (Thayer). "The song is liquid, uncertain, varied, bright and sweet" (Farwell). It nests on the ground early in June, laying 4-5 eggs much like those of Wilson's Warbler.

REDSTART

_Setophaga ruticilla. Case 8, Figs. 57, 58_

The female is yellow where the male is
flame-color; young males resemble the female, but
usually have more or less black on the breast. L.
5-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Arkansas and North Carolina to
Canada; winters in the tropics.

Washington, very abundant T.V., Apl, 15-May; Aug.
19-Sept. 30; a few breed. Ossining, common S.R.,
May 1-Oct. 3. Cambridge, abundant S.R., May
5-Sept. 20. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 27-Sept.
20. Glen Ellyn. not common S.R., common T.V., May
3-Oct. 5. SE. Minn., common S.R., May 2-Sept. 22.

His bright colors, graceful, aerial pirouetting, abundance, and frequently uttered song make the Redstart the most conspicuous as well as one of the most attractive of our woodland Warblers. So exquisite a creature should be as widely known as are violets or daisies. The Redstart builds its well-made nest in a crotch, usually about fifteen feet above the ground. The 4-5 grayish white eggs, spotted and blotched chiefly at the larger end, are laid in mid-May.

WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. FAMILY MOTACILLIDÆ

AMERICAN PIPIT

_Anthus rubescens. Case 4, Fig. 62; Case 5, Fig. 17_

Outer tail-feathers white, bill slender, back
grayish. L. 6-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Newfoundland to Greenland;
winters from Maryland to Florida and Mexico.

Washington, W.V., sometimes abundant, Oct. 2-May
12. Ossining, common T.V., Mch. 26-(?); Sept.
24-Nov. 16. Cambridge, T.V., abundant Sept.
20-Nov. 10; rare Apl. 10-May 20. N. Ohio, common
T.V., Apl. 6-May 20; Oct. 19. Glen Ellyn, not
common T.V., Apl. 15-; Sept. 30-Oct. 18. SE.
Minn., common T.V., May 4-; Oct.

At first glance a Pipit might be mistaken for a Sparrow--let us say, a Vesper Sparrow; but note that it walks, instead of hops, that it constantly wags or 'tips' its tail, that it has a slender, not stout bill. Meadows, pastures, plowed fields, golf-courses, are frequented by Pipits, usually in flocks of a dozen or more. When flushed, with a faint _dee-dee_, they bound lightly into the air but usually soon return to earth.

Sprague's Pipit (_Anthus spraguei_), a slightly smaller species, nests in Montana, Dakota, and northward, and is sometimes found in small numbers on the coast of South Carolina and Georgia in winter.

THRASHERS, MOCKINGBIRDS, ETC. FAMILY MIMIDÆ

MOCKINGBIRD

_Mimus polyglottos polyglottos. Case 4; Fig. 76_

To be confused in color only with the Loggerhead
Shrike, but larger, with a longer tail, no black
on the face and totally different habits. L.
10-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf to Iowa and Maryland;
rarely to Massachusetts; winters from Maryland
southward.

Washington, uncommon P.R., less numerous in
winter. Cambridge, rare S.R., Mch. to Nov.

No southern garden is complete without a Mockingbird to guard its treasures with his harsh alarm-note and extol its beauties in his brilliant, varied song. He is to the South what the Robin is to the North--and more, for he is present throughout the year while the Robin is with us only during the nesting season.

The Mocker builds in bushes, orange-trees or other dense vegetation, from late March, in southern Florida, to early May in Virginia. The 4-6 eggs are blue heavily marked with brown.

CATBIRD

_Dumatella carolinensis. Case 4, Fig. 81; Case 6, Fig. 71_

Both sexes of the Catbird wear the same costume at
all seasons and all ages. L. 9.

_Range._ Nests from Florida and Texas to Canada
winters from South Carolina to the tropics.

Washington, abundant S.R., Apl. 34-Oct. 11;
occasionally winters. Ossining, common S.R. Apl.
28-Oct. 25. Cambridge, abundant S.R., May 6-Oct.
1; occasional in winter. N. Ohio, common S.R.,
Apl. 21-Oct. 5. Glen Ellyn, common S.R., Apl.
29-Oct. 6. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 30-Oct. 6.

If the Catbird's name were based on his song instead of on his call-note, he might have won the popularity he deserves, but which seems forever denied him. Taking kindly to civilization he makes his home near ours, asking only the shelter of our shrubbery and a share of our small fruits in return for three months of music such as but few birds can produce.

The Catbird nests in bushes and thickets laying 3-5 greenish blue eggs in May.

BROWN THRASHER

_Toxostoma rufum. Case 4, Fig. 82; Case 6, Fig. 72_

Tail and bill much longer than in the Thrushes;
white wing-bars; eye pale yellow. L. 11-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Florida and Louisiana to
Canada; winters from North Carolina and SE.
Missouri to Florida and Texas.

Washington, very common S.R., Apl. 8-Oct.;
occasionally winters. Ossining, common S.R., Apl.
22-Oct. 28. Cambridge common S.R., Apl. 36-Oct.
20. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 6-Oct. 15. Glen
Ellyn, common S.R., Apl. 9-Oct. 11. SE. Minn.,
common S.R., Apl. 15-Oct. 7.

In the wealth of new experiences and awakened associations which crowd the bird-lover's days in April and May, none stands out more clearly in my memory than the first Thrasher's song.

The rich, distinctly enunciated notes ring loud and clear above all other songs as the bird from some tree-top gives his musical message to the world. The performance concluded he returns to the undergrowth whence one may hear his explosive, whistled _wheèu_ or sharp kissing note. The nest is built in bushy growths or on the ground in May. The 3-6 eggs are grayish white finely speckled with reddish brown.

WRENS. FAMILY TROGLODYTIDÆ

CAROLINA WREN

_Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus. Case 4. Fig. 64_

Largest and most brightly colored of our Wrens.
Note the buff or whitish line over the eye. L.
5-1/2.

_Range._ Gulf States north to Connecticut and
Iowa; non-migratory. The Florida Wren (_T. l.
miamensis_) a slightly larger, more richly colored
form, inhabits Florida from Palatka southward.

Washington, common P.R. Cambridge, rare or casual.
N. Ohio, tolerably common P.R.

The Carolina Wren is a bird of the woods, whose loud, musical whistles are among the most conspicuous of southern bird notes. They suggest those of both the Cardinal and Tufted Titmouse, but are more varied in character. A common scolding call is recognizably wren-like, while another suggests a tree-toad's _krrring_. The nest is built in holes, in April. The 4-6 eggs are white with numerous reddish brown and lavender markings.

BEWICK'S WREN

_Thryomanes bewicki bewicki_

Size of the House Wren, but with the tail nearly
half an inch longer; its outer feathers tipped
with gray.

_Range._ Mississippi Valley from the Gulf States
to southern Michigan; rare east of the
Alleghanies.

Washington, rare and local T.V., Mch. 26-July-;
may winter, Nov. 24-Dec. 22.

A house Wren of the States west of the Alleghanies with a tail that seems to be at the mercy of passing breezes, and a song resembling the Song Sparrow's, but louder. Its nesting habits resemble those of the House Wren. The 4-6 eggs, laid in April, are white speckled with reddish brown and lavender.

HOUSE WREN

_Troglodytes aëdon aëdon. Case 4, Fig. 63; Case 6, Fig. 70_

No introduction is needed to this feathered tenant
of many bird-lovers. L. 5.

_Range._ Nests from Virginia and Kentucky to
Canada; winters from South Carolina and lower
Mississippi Valley to Mexico.

Washington, common S.R., Apl. 13-Oct. 11.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 23-Oct. 14. Cambridge,
formerly abundant S.R., Apl. 28-Sept. 25; now rare
and local. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 17-Oct. 5.
Glen Ellyn, S.R. in isolated pairs; Apl. 26-Oct.
13. SE. Minn., common S.R., Apl. 27-Sept. 18.

The familiar inhabitant of our bird-houses whose numbers seem limited only by the nesting-sites we offer him. His little fountain of melody bubbles forth irrepressibly to cheer his mate or challenge a rival. With the exhaustless energy of their kind they fill their nest-box with twigs, grasses and feathers, wherein are laid 6-8 minutely and evenly speckled pinkish eggs.

WINTER WREN

_Nannus hiemalis hiemalis. Case 2, Fig. 58_

Smaller than the House Wren; underparts brownish,
flanks and belly finely barred. L. 4.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and
Central Michigan north to Canada and, in the
Alleghanies, south to North Carolina; winters from
the Northern States to the Gulf.

Washington, rather common W.V., Aug. 10-May 1.
Ossining, tolerably common W.V., Sept. 18-Apl. 27.
Cambridge, T.V. uncommon, Sept. 20-Nov. 25; rare,
Apl. 10-25; a very few winter. N. Ohio, tolerably
common. W.V., Sept. 14-May 17. Glen Ellyn, fairly
common T.V., Apl. 1-May 10; Sept. 9-Nov. 7. SE.
Minn., common T.V., rare W.V., Sept. 22-Apl. 3.

The Winter Wren comes to us from the North when the House Wren leaves for the South and remains with us until the House Wren returns in the spring. But one by no means takes the place of the other. The Winter Wren is a wood Wren that lives in fallen tree-tops, old brush-piles or similar retreats, and his nervous _chimp, chimp_, as with cocked-up tail he hops into view for a second, is like the call of the Song Sparrow rather than the scolding note of most Wrens; nor does his rippling, trickling song resemble the House Wren's sudden outburst.

The nest is built in the roots of a tree or similar location. The 5-7 eggs, laid in early June, are white, finely, but rather sparingly speckled with brownish.

SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN

_Cistothorus stellaris. Case 8, Fig. 80_

Smallest of our Wrens; the head and back streaked
with white. L. 4.

_Range._ Nests from central Missouri and northern
Delaware to Saskatchewan and southern Maine;
winters from southern Illinois and southern New
Jersey to the Gulf.

Washington, very rare T.V., two instances, May.
Ossining, rare S.R., to Oct. 16. Cambridge,
formerly locally common S.R., May 12-Sept. 25; now
chiefly T.V. N. Ohio, rare, May 12, 14, 16 and 19.
Glen Ellyn, fairly common S.R., May 8-Oct. 17. SE.
Minn., common S.R., May 13-Sept. 19.

Although we have only six species of Wrens in the eastern United States, they are so unlike in their choice of haunts that few localities which will afford them the hiding places they all love are without one or more of them. The House and Bewick's Wrens make their homes near ours; the Carolina and Winter Wrens prefer the woods; the Long-billed Marsh Wren's haunts have given him his name, and if we should call the present species Meadow Wren, its home would be similarly indicated, for it lives in wet, grassy places rather than among the cat-tails.

Ernest Seton describes its note as resembling the sound produced by striking two pebbles together, while its song is a series of _chaps_, running into _chap-r-r-rrr_. The globular nest is built on the ground, and the 6-8 eggs, laid in May, are usually pure white.

LONG-BILLED MARSH WREN

_Telmatodytes palustris palustris. Case 8, Fig. 79_

Darker and larger than the Short-billed Marsh
Wren, with a blackish brown crown and white stripe
over the eye. L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Virginia to Canada; winters
from southern New Jersey to South Carolina.
Worthington's Marsh Wren (_T. p. griseus_) is the
form of the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to
Florida. Marian's Marsh Wren (_T. p. marianæ_) is
found on the more southern Atlantic coast and on
the Gulf coast of Florida; while the Prairie Marsh
Wren (_T. p. iliacus_) nests in the Mississippi
Valley east to Indiana north to Canada, and
winters along the Gulf coast. Where two races may
be expected to occur together (for example, in the
South, during the winter) field identification of
the various races may be left to experts and the
average observer must be content with plain "Marsh
Wren."

Washington, very numerous S.R., Apl. 15-Nov. 1.
Ossining, common S.R., May 10-Oct. 28. Cambridge,
locally abundant S.R., May 15-Oct. 1; sometimes a
few winter. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 21-Sept.
20. Glen Ellyn, fairly common S.R., May 16-Oct.
10. SE. Minn., common S.R., May 5-Sept. 9.

As well look for pond lilies on a rocky hillside as a Marsh Wren outside a marsh. Give him cat-tails for cover and to support his bulky nest and he is at home. His scolding notes betray his ancestry and his reeling, rippling song, delivered both from a perch and on fluttering wings above the reeds, suggests in form, at least, that of the House Wren. The 5-9 eggs, laid in early June are uniform chocolate or thickly marked with brown.

CREEPERS. FAMILY CERTHIIDÆ

BROWN CREEPER

_Certhia familiaris americana. Case 2, Fig. 59_

Tail-feathers with stiffened points, bill slender
and slightly carved. L. 5-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and south
along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters
south to Florida.

Washington, common W.V., Sept. 22-May 1. Ossining,
tolerably common W.V., Sept. 20-May 7. Cambridge,
common T.V., rather common W.V.. Sept. 25-May 1;
one summer record N. Ohio, common W.V., Oct. 1-May
9. Glen Ellyn, tolerably common W.V., Sept. 15-May
19. SE. Minn., common T.V., uncommon W.V., Sept.
25-Mch. 30.

To see the Brown Creeper is to knew him but so inconspicuous is he that unless you chance to observe him drop from one to tree near the foot of another, you may overlook the little figure creeping spirally upward. Nor are his thin, weak, squeaky call-notes more likely to attract attention than he is himself. A true bird of the bark, he not only hunts upon it but builds his nest behind it, laying 5-8 white, brown-spotted eggs in May.

NUTHATCHES. FAMILY SITTIDÆ

WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH

_Sitta carolinensis carolinensis. Case 2, Figs. 38, 39; Case 4, Fig. 65_

Crown black, cheeks white; breast white; the
female with a gray crown. L. 6.

_Range._ Nests from Gulf States to Canada; a
Permanent Resident. The Florida White-breasted
Nuthatch (_S. c. atkinsi_) a slightly smaller form
in which the female as well as the male has the
crown black, is the race inhabiting Florida, the
Atlantic coast to South Carolina and the Gulf
coast to Mississippi.

Washington, common T.V. and W.V., less common S.R.
Ossining, common P.R. Cambridge, P.R., rare in
summer, uncommon in winter, common in migrations;
most numerous in Oct. and Nov. N. Ohio, common
P.R. Glen Ellyn, fairly common P.R. SE. Minn.,
common P.R.

During the summer we will see comparatively little of this bird who, with equal ease, climbs either down or up a tree trunk, but in the winter he will be a constant patron of the nuts and suet on our lunch counters. Habit, markings, his unmistakable _yank-yank_, all distinguish him from our other birds, except his Canadian cousin to which, after all, he bears only a family resemblance.

In April, 5-7 white, brown speckled eggs are laid in a hole in a tree, lined with feathers, etc.

RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH

_Sitta canadensis. Case 2, Figs. 60, 61_

Underparts brownish, a line through the eye, black
in the male, slate in the female. Smaller than the
White-breasted Nuthatch. L. 4-3/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England and
northern Minnesota into Canada; south along the
Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from
southern Canada to the Gulf States.

Washington, irregularly abundant W.V., sometimes
rare, Sept. 15-May 10. Ossining, irregular W.V.,
Aug. 8-May 8. Cambridge, irregular T.V., and W.V.,
Aug. 15-Nov. 25; Nov. 25-Apl. 15. N. Ohio,
tolerably common W.V., Sept. 4-May 22. Glen Ellyn,
irregular T.V., Apl. 24-May 21; Aug. 19-Dec. 12.
SE. Minn., common T.V., uncommon W.V., Sept.
24-Apl. 21.

Late in August when I hear a note such as one might imagine a baby Nuthatch would utter, I know that the Red-breasted Nuthatch has arrived from the north perhaps to spend the winter, or, may be, to go farther south. He never seems quite as familiar as his larger, louder-voiced, white-breasted cousin, and if one wants to make his acquaintance it is well to follow the sound of his penny-trumpet-like notes until their author is discovered.

BROWN-HEADED NUTHATCH

_Sitta pusilla. Case 4, Fig. 66_

The head is browner than in the figure; the nape
has a downy white patch. Smallest of our
Nuthatches. L. 4-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from Florida to southern Delaware
and southern Missouri; a Permanent Resident.

The Brown-headed Nuthatch is a bird of southern pine forests; one may travel for miles without seeing a single individual and then discover a company of a score or more. They pass most of their time among the upper branches uttering a _pit-pit_ as they hunt for food, or all suddenly joining in a metallic _tnee-tnee-tnee_, when they are apt to take flight to the adjoining trees. The nest is in a hole in a tree or stump, generally near the ground; 5-6 white, heavily marked eggs being laid in March.

TITMICE. FAMILY PARIDÆ

TUFTED TITMOUSE

_Bæolophus bicolor. Case 4, Fig. 67_

A large, gray Titmouse, with a conspicuous crest,
black forehead, and reddish brown flanks. L. 6.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf States north to New
Jersey and Nebraska. Resident, except at the
northern limit of its range.

Washington, very common P.R., more so in winter.
N. Ohio, common P.R. Glen Ellyn, only two records,
Apl. 4 and Nov. 19.

The loud _peto, peto, peto_ of the Tufted Tit can be confused only with certain notes of the Carolina Wren, but while skilfull stalking is required to see the Wren, one may walk up and inspect the Tit with little or no caution. When he sees us he may change his call to a hoarse _dee-dee-dee_ which at once betrays his relationship to the Chickadee. The nest is made in a hole, and the 5-8 white, brown-marked eggs are laid in April.

BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE

_Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus. Case 2, Fig. 37_

Crown black, wing-coverts margined with whitish.
L. 5-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from central Missouri and northern
New Jersey north into Canada, south, along the
Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters south to
Maryland.

Washington, rare and irregular W.V., Oct. 19-Apl.
19. Ossining, tolerably common P.R. Cambridge,
common P.R., more numerous in fall and winter. N.
Ohio, common P.R. Glen Ellyn, fairly common P.R.
SE. Minn., common P.R.

While the Chickadee is with us throughout the year, it is during the winter that he takes first place in our affections. Active, cheerful, friendly, he is an ever welcome visitor to our lunch-counters, and often shows complete and winning confidence in us by perching on our hands. His clearly enunciated _chick-a-dee_, with its variations, we accept as his characteristic language, but the sentiment expressed in his two- or three-noted whistle seems to belong to the Pewee rather than the sprightly Black-cap. It is, in fact, often falsely attributed to that bird, even when our books tell us that the Pewee is wintering in the tropics!

The Chickadee nests in holes, usually within ten feet of the ground, laying 5-9 white, brown-speckled eggs in the first half of May.

CAROLINA CHICKADEE

_Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis. Case 4, Fig. 68_

Smaller than the Black-cap; without white margins
on the wing-coverts. L. 4-1/2.

_Range._ Southeastern United States, north to
northern New Jersey and central Missouri. The
south Florida form (_P. c. impiger_) is slightly
smaller and darker.

Washington, very common P.R., particularly in
winter.

Whether because of a different temperament or because milder winters make him less dependent on man's bounty, the Carolina Chickadee does not show that unquestioning confidence in our good faith which makes the Black-cap so dear to us.

The _chick-a-dee_ note is less clearly and more hurriedly given by the Carolina, and the _pe-wee_ whistle is not so loud and usually consists of four notes instead of two. The nesting habits and eggs of the two species are alike, but the southern bird begins to lay in March.

BROWN-CAPPED CHICKADEE

_Penthestes hudsonicus_

Similar to the Black-cap but crown dark brown;
back brownish ashy.

_Range._ Northern New England and Canada; rarely
further south in winter. Represented by three
races: the Acadian Brown-capped Chickadee (_P. h.
littoralis_) of northern New England, New
Brunswick. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland; the
Labrador Brown-capped Chickadee (_P. h.
nigricans_) of Labrador, and the Hudsonian
Brown-capped Chickadee (_P. h. hudsonicus_) of the
region west of Hudson Bay.

Until recent years the Brown-capped Chickadee was rarely seen far south of its breeding range, but during several winters it has invaded New England in considerable numbers and has been found in the lower Hudson Valley, Long Island, Staten Island and northern New Jersey. At close range an experienced observer may know it by its dark brown head, while Brewster states that its "nasal, drawling, _tchick, chee-day-day_" at once distinguishes it from the Black-cap. All three races have been reported in these winter migrations and only expert examination of specimens can determine whether the little wanderer is from Labrador, New Brunswick, or the country west of Hudson Bay.

OLD-WORLD WARBLERS, KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS. FAMILY SYLVIIDÆ

GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET

_Regulus satrapa satrapa. Case 2, Figs. 62, 63; Case 4, Figs. 72, 73_

Very small, olive-green birds with a flame and
yellow crown-patch in the male and a yellow
crown-patch in the female. L. 4.

_Range._ Nests from northern New England northward
and, in the Alleghanies, south to North Carolina.

Washington, abundant W.V., Sept. 30-Apl. 27.
Ossining, common W.V., Sept. 20-Apl. 28.
Cambridge, very common T.V., not uncommon W.V.,
Sept. 25-Apl. 20. N. Ohio, common W.V., Sept.
26-May 4. Glen Ellyn, common T.V., irregular W.V.,
Sept. 19-May 8. SE. Minn., common T.V., Mch. 30-;
Sept. 21-Dec. 1.

It is surprising, in the depth of winter, when in great coat and muffler we keep warm only by vigorous exercise, to see these dainty, feathered mites, unconcerned by the temperature, flitting here and there in their search for insects' eggs and larvæ. They have small fear of man and we may readily approach near enough to hear their thin _ti-ti_ or see their golden-crown. In proportion to its size, this diminutive species lays a larger number of eggs than any other of our birds, as many as 9 or 10 white, brown-marked eggs being laid in their pensile, mossy nest in the latter part of May.

RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET

_Regulus calendula calendula. Case 4. Figs. 70, 71; Case 5. Figs. 36, 37_

A white eye-ring; two whitish wing-bars, no white
in the tail; adult male with a ruby crown-patch;
absent in females and young. L. 4-1/2.

_Range._ Nests chiefly north of the United States;
winters from Virginia and Iowa southward.

Washington, abundant T.V., Apl. 12-May 15; Sept.
25-Nov. 1; occasionally winters. Ossining, common
T.V., Apl. 8-May 13; Sept. 16-Nov. 3. Cambridge,
rather common T.V., Apl. 12-May 5; Oct. 10-30. N.
Ohio, common T.V., Apl, 1-May 23; Sept. 9-Nov. 3.
Glen Ellyn, fairly common T.V., Mch. 22-May 19;
Sept. 9-Oct. 27. SE. Minn., Mch. 12-; Sept.
18-Oct. 24.

A tiny, olive-green bird, with a large white eye-ring, fluttering actively among the yellowing leaves, uttering from time to time a wren-like _cack_ as he twitches his wings and showing little or no fear of man can be only the Ruby-crown, southward bound. He returns before the trees are clad, as the author of a song as marvelous in volume as it is musical in tone; a whistled song of rare sweetness.

BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER

_Polioptila cærulea cærulea. Case 4. Fig. 69_

A slender, gray mite with a comparatively long
tail of which the central feathers are black, the
outer ones white. L. 4-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf States to southern
Wisconsin and southern New Jersey; winters from
the Gulf States southward.

Washington, rather common S.R., Mch. 30-Nov. 23.
N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 20-Sept. 15. Glen
Ellyn, not common S.R., Apl. 22-Aug. 20; possibly
later. SE. Minn., rare S.R.

In color, form, proportions and voice, the Gnatcatcher may properly be called 'dainty.' His slightly explosive call-note _tin-ng_, is louder than his exquisitely finished, varied, miniature song. The nest is almost as fine in workmanship as a Hummer's. The 4-5 white, thickly speckled eggs, are laid in April and early May.

THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. FAMILY TURDIDÆ

WOOD THRUSH

_Hylocichla mustelina. Case 6, Fig. 74_

Head brighter than tail; underparts _white_,
heavily spotted with large, round black dots.
Largest of our Thrushes. L. 8-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Florida and Texas north to
central Minnesota and southern New Hampshire;
winters in the tropics.

Washington, common S.R., Apl. 10-Oct. 10.
Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 30-Oct. 2. Cambridge,
locally common S.R., May 10-Sept. 15. N. Ohio,
common S.R., Apl. 20-Oct. 1. Glen Ellyn, fairly
common S.R., Apl. 30-Sept. 29 SE. Minn., common
S.R., May 1-Sept. 19.

Most familiar of our Thrushes. From late April to early August his bell-like notes are heard, not only in the forest, but in wood-bordered village streets and from the shade trees of our lawns. His sharp, pebbly, _pit-pit_, is prominent in the chorus of protesting notes which greet the Screech Owl should he leave his retreat before diurnal birds have gone to bed.

The nest is usually built in small trees about 8 feet from the ground. The 3-5 greenish blue eggs are laid in May. There is a second brood in June.

VEERY

_Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens. Case 6, Fig. 73_

Upperparts, including tail, uniform
cinnamon-brown, breast buff with indistinct
brownish spots; sides white. L. 7-1/2.

_Range._ Nests from northern New Jersey and
northern Illinois into Canada and south in the
Alleghanies to Georgia; winters in the tropics. A
closely related western form, the Willow Thrush
(_H. f. salicicola_) nests in Minnesota and
westward, and migrates through the Mississippi
Valley. To the field naturalist it is essentially
the Veery.

Washington, common T.V., Apl. 26-June 2. Aug.
18-Sept. 25. Ossining, common S.R., Apl. 29-Sept.
5. Cambridge, locally abundant S.R., May 8-Sept.
5. N. Ohio, common S.R., Apl. 20-Oct. 1. Glen
Ellyn, tolerably common T.V., Apl. 24-May 29; Aug.
26-Sept. 3; SE. Minn., common S.R. May 5.

Low, wet woods with considerable undergrowth, where skunk cabbage and hellebore flourish are the home of the Veery. Here he winds his mysterious double-toned spiral song, and here, on the ground, hidden beneath the rank vegetation, he builds his nest. The eggs, laid late in May, resemble those of the Wood Thrush. The Veery's common call is a clearly whistled _wheé-you_, quite unlike the _quirt_ or _pit-pit_ of the Wood Thrush. Except in mountainous regions and some local 'stations,' the Wood Thrush and Veery are the only Thrushes which nest in the eastern United States south of Massachusetts.

GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH

_Hylocichla aliciæ aliciæ. Case 8, Fig. 82_

Upperparts uniform olive; eye-ring whitish, not
buffy as in the Olive-backed Thrush (Case 8, Fig.
81); sides of throat and breast less buffy than in
the Olive-back. L. 7-1/2.

_Range._ Nests north of the United States.
Bicknell's Thrush (_H. a. bicknelli_) a slightly
smaller, southern form, nests in the higher parts
of the Catskills, the mountains of northern New
York and northern New England, and northward and
eastward into Canada; both visit us in migration
and both winter in the tropics.

Washington, rather common T.V., May 8-31; Sept.
15-Oct. 20. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., May
15-June 1; Sept. 20-Oct. 17. Cambridge, uncommon
T.V., May 18-28; Sept. 15-Oct. 9. N. Ohio, not
common T.V., Apl. 29-May 23. Glen Ellyn, common
T.V., May 7-June 4; Aug. 26-Oct. 9. SE. Minn.,
common T.V., May 7-; Sept. 8.

The Gray-cheeked and Bicknell's Thrushes are merely the larger northern and smaller southern forms, respectively, of the same species. They are known in the United States chiefly as migrants and can be distinguished with certainty in life only by an expert under favorable conditions. The larger form is the commoner. The species may be known from the Veery and Wood Thrush by its olive, instead of cinnamon-brown back, and from the Olive-backed Thrush by its whitish eye-ring and paler breast.

Brewster describes the song of the southern form (Bicknell's Thrush) as exceedingly like that of the Veery but more interrupted, while the ordinary call-note is practically identical with the _pheu_ of the Veery. The nest is placed in low trees or bushes. The eggs are greenish blue spotted with brown.

OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH

_Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Case 8, Fig. 81_

Upperparts uniform olive; eye-ring buff; breast
and sides of the throat deeper than in the
Gray-cheeked Thrush. L. 7-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from northern Michigan and northern
New England northward into Canada and southward in
the mountains to West Virginia; winters in the
tropics.

Washington, common T.V., Apl. 19-June 2; Sept.
2-Nov. 1. Ossining, tolerably common T.V., May
2-30; Sept. 19-Oct. 22. Cambridge, common T.V.,
May 13-28; Sept. 15-Oct. 5. N. Ohio, common T.V.,
Apl. 22-June 13; Sept. 2-Oct. 24. Glen Ellyn,
common T.V., Apl. 23-June 6; Aug. 16-Oct. 24. SE.
Minn., common T.V., May 1-; Sept. 25-.

We know this Thrush chiefly as a migrant when, in the latter part of May, and again in September and October, it passes us _en route_ to and from its northern home. At these seasons we may even hear its whistled _puit_ from the sky as it journeys through the night. "Its song," Dwight says, "lacks the leisurely sweetness of the Hermit Thrush's outpourings, nor is there pause, but in lower key and with greater energy it bubbles on rapidly to a close rather than fading out with the soft melody of its renowned rival."

The Olive-back nests in bushes or low trees, and lays 3-4 greenish blue brown-spotted eggs in June.

HERMIT THRUSH

_Hylocichla guttata pallasi. Case 4, Fig. 77; Case 5, Fig. 26_

Back midway in color between Figs. 77 and 26; the
tail noticeably brighter, more rusty. L. 7-1/4.

_Range._ Nests from Long Island (locally), the
higher parts of Connecticut, and central Minnesota
northward to Canada, and southward in the
mountains to Maryland; winters from New Jersey and
Ohio Valley to the Gulf States and Cuba.

Washington, very common T.V., sometimes not
uncommon W.V., Apl. 6-May 17; Sept. 18-Nov. 12.
Ossining, common T.V.. Apl. 5-May 9; Oct. 18-Nov.
26. Cambridge, very common T.V., Apl. 15-May 5;
Oct. 5-Nov. 15; occasionally one or two may
winter; one summer record. N. Ohio, common T.V.,
Mch. 21-May 10; Oct. 2-28. Glen Ellyn, common
T.V., Mch. 18-May 11; Sept. 14-Nov. 1. SE. Minn.,
common T.V. Apl. 1-; Sept. 13-Oct. 26.

The Hermit is the only one of the Thrushes to winter in the eastern United States and it is, therefore, the first one to reach us in the spring. It comes early in April and takes about a month to complete its migration. It rarely sings at this season and then only an echo of the heavenly music which has won for it first place among American songsters.

We may know the Hermit Thrush by the season in which he visits us, by his reddish brown tail, which he slowly raises and lowers after alighting, and by the low _chuck_ note with which he usually accomplishes this movement.

The Hermit nests on the ground, laying, in the latter part of May, 3-4 greenish-blue eggs, slightly lighter in tint than those of the Wood Thrush.

ROBIN

_Planesticus migratorius migratorius. Case 4, Fig. 80; Case 5, Fig. 12_

In spring and summer the head is blacker, the
breast brighter, the bill more yellow than in fall
and winter. L. 10.

_Range._ Nests from Virginia (in the mountains,
northern Georgia) and northern Mississippi to
Labrador and Alaska; winters from New Jersey and
Ohio Valley to the Gulf. Birds from the lowlands,
from Maryland southward, are somewhat smaller and
paler and are known as the Southern Robin (_P. m.
achrusterus_).

Washington, rather common S.R., abundant T.V.,
from Feb-Apl.; irregularly common W.V. Ossining,
common S.R., Mch. 4-Oct. 30; a few winter.
Cambridge, very abundant S.R., common but
irregular W.V. N. Ohio, abundant S.R., Feb.
26-Nov. 30; a few winter. Glen Ellyn, very common
S.R., rare W.V., Jan. 25-Nov. 19. SE. Minn.,
common S.R., rare W.V., Mch. 8-Nov. 11.

The Robin is the best-known and probably most abundant of our native birds. Civilization agrees with him. Man has destroyed many of his enemies and has provided him with a bountiful supply of fruits and a vast area of lawns where worms are at his mercy. Sociable and trustful he has taken up his abode with us and become as much a part of our outdoor life as the flowers in our gardens and trees in our lawns. His varied calls have an intimate association with the hour and season and spring itself speaks through his cheerful song.

Robins show their confidence in us by building their nests in situations where few birds would venture to rear a family, and from mid-April to July they are occupied with household cares.

BLUEBIRD

_Sialis sialis sialis. Case 4, Fig. 78; Case 5, Fig. 13_

The Bluebird's red, white and blue mark him as a
truly American bird. L. 7.

_Range._ Nests from the Gulf States to Florida;
winters from Connecticut and northern Ohio
southward.

Washington, common S.R., and W.V. Ossining, common
P.R. Cambridge, common S.R., Mch. 6-Nov. 1; more
numerous during migrations, in Mch. and Nov. N.
Ohio, common S.R., Feb. 17-Nov. 18; a few winter.
Glen Ellyn, fairly common S.R., Feb. 19-Nov. 18.
SE. Minn., common S.R., Mch. 16-Oct. 31.

Not many years ago the Bluebird was as familiar as he was welcome about our homes; but too gentle to battle effectively with English Sparrows and Starlings for the possession of bird houses, he has sought such nesting sites in the orchard as the 'tree surgeons' have left. If we would not lose this bird, "beloved of children, bards and spring," who wears our national colors so modestly, we must supply him with a home in which he may rear his family in peace. It may be placed not only in our garden, but also in the orchard where it is less likely to be occupied by Sparrows or Starlings. It should be erected not later than March 15, for the Bluebird's bluish white eggs are laid in the first half of April.

INDEX

Blackbird, Bahama Red-wing, 50
Cow. _See_ Cowbird
Crow. _See_ Grackles, Purple and Bronzed
Florida Red-wing, 50; Case 4, Figs. 28, 29
Red-winged, 49, Case 5, Figs. 5, 6
Rusty, 52; Case 5, Figs. 3, 4
Yellow-headed, 49; Case 6, Fig. 45

Black-cap, Wilson's. _See_ Warbler, Wilson's

Bluebird, 134; Case 4, Fig. 78; Case 5, Fig. 13

Bobolink, 48;
Case 7, Figs. 13, 14

Bob-white, 1; Case 1, Figs. 1, 2
Florida, 2; Case 3, Figs. 1, 2

Bull-bat. _See_ Nighthawk

Bunting, Bay-winged. _See_ Sparrow, Vesper
Black-throated. _See_ Dickcissel
Indigo, 79; Case 7, Figs. 23, 24
Painted, 79; Case 6, Figs. 49, 50
Snow, 61; Case 2, Fig. 57

Butcher-bird. _See_ Shrike, Northern

Buzzard, Turkey, 6; Case 3. Fig. 9

Canary, Wild. _See_ Goldfinch

Caracara, Audubon's, 18

Cardinal, 77; Case 4, Figs. 34, 35
Florida, 78
Kentucky. _See_ Cardinal

Catbird, 117; Case 4, Fig. 81; Case 6, Fig. 71

Cedar-bird. _See_ Waxwing, Cedar

Chat, Yellow-breasted, 113; Case 8, Fig. 49

Chebec. _See_ Flycatcher, Least

Cherry-bird. _See_ Waxwing, Cedar

Chewink. _See_ Towhee

Chickadee, Acadian, 127
Black-capped, 125; Case 2, Fig. 37
Brown-capped, 127
Carolina, 126; Case 4, Fig. 68
Florida, 126
Hudsonian, 127
Labrador, 127

Chicken, Prairie, 3

Chippy. _See_ Sparrow, Chipping
Winter. _See_ Sparrow, Tree

Chuck-will's-widow, 33; Case 6, Fig. 40

Clape. _See_ Flicker

Cowbird, 48; Case 5, Figs. 8, 9

Creeper, Black and White. _See_ Warbler, Black and White
Brown, 122; Case 2, Fig. 59

Crossbill, American, 58; Case 2, Figs. 49, 50
White-winged, 58; Case 2, Figs. 51, 52

Crow, 46; Case 1, Fig. 19; Case 3, Fig. 27
Carrion. _See_ Vulture, Black
Fish, 46
Florida, 46

Cuckoo, Black-billed, 25; Case 7, Fig. 2
Yellow-billed, 25; Case 7, Fig. 1

Darter, Little Blue. _See_ Hawk, Sharp-Shinned
Big Blue. _See_ Hawk, Cooper's

Dickcissel, 80; Case 7, Fig. 20

Dove, Carolina. _See_ Dove, Mourning
Ground, 5; Case 3, Fig. 4
Mourning, 5; Case 3, Fig. 3; Case 5, Fig. 11
Turtle. _See_ Dove, Mourning

Eagle, Bald, 14; Case 3, Fig. 11
Golden, 14

Falcon, Peregrine, 16

Finch, Grass. _See_ Sparrow, Vesper
Lark. _See_ Sparrow, Lark
Pine. _See_ Siskin, Pine
Purple, 57; Case 2, Figs 32, 33; Case 4, Figs. 48, 49

Firebird. _See_ Oriole, Baltimore

Flicker, Northern, 32; Case 2, Figs. 21, 22; Case 3, Fig. 20
Southern, 32

Flycatcher, Acadian, 41; Case 8, Fig. 60
Alder, 41; Case 8, Fig. 62
Crested, 38; Case 7, Fig. 5
Least, 42; Case 6, Fig. 44
Olive-sided, 39; Case 8, Fig. 59
Traill's, 42
Yellow-bellied, 40; Case 8, Fig. 61

Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 129; Case 4, Fig. 69

Goldfinch, 60; Case 2, Figs. 35, 36; Case 4. Figs. 50, 51

Goshawk, 11

Grackle, Boat-tailed, 54
Bronzed, 53; Case 5, Fig. 2
Florida, 53; Case 4, Fig. 74
Purple, 53; Case 5, Fig. 1

Grosbeak, Blue, 78; Case 6, Figs. 52, 53
Cardinal. _See_ Cardinal Evening, 55
Pine, 56; Case 2, Figs. 53, 54
Rose-breasted, 78; Case 7, Figs. 25, 26

Grouse, Canada. _See_ Partridge, Spruce
Canada, Ruffed, 3
Pinnated. _See_ Chicken, Prairie
Ruffed, 2; Case 1, Fig. 3
Spruce. _See_ Partridge, Canada Spruce

Gyrfalcon, 15
Black, 15
Gray, 15
White, 15

Hair-bird. _See_ Sparrow, Chipping

Hang-nest. _See_ Oriole, Baltimore

Harrier. _See_ Hawk, Marsh

Hawk, Broad-winged, 13
Chicken. _See_ Hawks, Red-shouldered and Red-tailed
Cooper's, 10; Case 1, Figs. 9, 10
Duck, 16
Fish, 18; Case 3, Fig. 14
Florida Red-shouldered, 13
Florida Sparrow, 17
Harlan's, 11
Hen. _See_ Hawks, Red-shouldered and Red-tailed
Killy. _See_ Hawk, Sparrow
Krider's, 11
Marsh, 9; Case 3, Fig. 15
Pigeon, 16
Red-shouldered, 12; Case 1, Fig. 4; Case 3, Fig. 12
Red-tailed, 11; Case 1, Figs. 5, 6; Case 3, Fig. 13
Rough-legged, 14
Sharp-shinned, 9; Case 1, Figs. 11, 12; Case 3, Figs. 7, 8
Sparrow, 17; Case 1, Figs. 7, 8; Case 3, Figs. 5, 6

Hen, Heath, 4
Mud. _See_ Rail, Clapper and Coot, American
Prairie. _See_ Chicken, Prairie

High-hole. _See_ Flicker

Hummingbird, Ruby-throated, 36; Case 7, Figs. 3, 4

Indigo-bird. _See_ Bunting, Indigo

Jackdaw. _See_ Grackle, Boat-tailed

Jay, Blue, 44; Case 2, Fig. 20
Canada, 45
Florida, 44
Florida Blue, 44; Case 4, Fig. 75
Scrub, 44

Joree. _See_ Towhee

Junco, Carolina, 73
Slate-colored, 73; Case 2, Fig. 43; Case 4, Fig. 41

Kingbird, 37; Case 7, Fig. 6 Gray, 37; Case 7, Fig. 7

Kingfisher, Belted, 26; Case 3, Fig. 18; Case 5, Fig. 10

Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 127; Case 2, Figs. 62, 63; Case 4, Figs. 72, 73
Ruby-crowned, 128; Case 4, Figs. 70, 71; Case 5, Figs. 36, 37

Kite, Everglade, 8
Mississippi, 8
Swallow-tailed, 7
White-tailed, 8

Lark, Field. _See_ Meadowlark Horned, 43
Prairie. _See_ Meadowlark
Prairie Horned, 43; Case 2, Fig. 42
Shore. _See_ Lark, Horned

Longspur, Lapland, 62

Martin, Bee. _See_ Kingbird
Purple, 82; Case 5, Fig. 25

Meadowlark, 50; Case 2, Fig. 50
Southern, 50; Case 4, Fig. 79
Western, 51

Merlin,

Mockingbird, 117; Case 4, Fig. 76

Moose-bird. _See_ Jay, Canada

Nighthawk, 34; Case 6, Fig. 39
Florida, 34

Nonpareil, _See_ Bunting, Painted

Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 124; Case 4, Fig. 66
Florida White-breasted, 123
Red-breasted, 124; Case 2, Figs. 60, 61
White-breasted, 123; Case 2, Figs. 38, 39; Case 4, Fig. 65

Oriole, Baltimore, 52; Case 7, Figs. 8, 9
Orchard, 51; Case 7, Figs. 10-12

Osprey, 18; Case 3, Fig. 14

Oven-bird, 109; Case 6, Fig. 64

Owl, Acadian. _See_ Owl, Saw-whet
Barn, 19; Case 3, Fig. 17
Barred, 20; Case 1, Fig. 15
Cat. _See_ Owl, Screech
Florida Barred, 20; Case 3, Fig. 16
Florida Burrowing, 24
Florida Screech, 22; Case 3, Fig. 19
Great Gray, 21
Great Horned, 22; Case 1, Fig. 16
Hawk, 23
Hoot. _See_ Owl, Barred
Long-eared, 19; Case 1, Fig. 17
Marsh, 20
Monkey-faced. _See_ Owl, Barn
Mottled. _See_ Owl, Screech
Richardson's, 21
Saw-whet, 21; Case 2, Fig. 41
Screech, 22; Case 1, Figs. 13, 14
Short-eared, 20; Case 1, Fig. 18
Snowy, 23

Paroquet, Carolina, 24

Partridge. _See_ Grouse, Ruffed, and Bob-white
Canada Spruce, 2

Peregrine. _See_ Hawk, Duck

Peewee, Wood, 40; Case 8, Fig. 63

Pheasant. _See_ Grouse, Ruffed

Phoebe, 38; Case 4, Fig. 52; Case 5, Fig. 15

Pigeon, Passenger, 5 Wild, 5

Pipit, American, 116; Case 4, Fig. 62; Case 5, Fig. 17
Sprague's, 117

Quail. _See_ Bob-white

Raven, 45

Red-bird. _See_ Cardinal

Redpoll, 59; Case 2, Figs. 47, 48
Greater, 59
Hoary, 59
Holboell's, 59
Mealy. _See_ Redpoll, Hoary

Redstart, 115; Case 8, Figs. 57, 58

Reedbird. _See_ Bobolink

Ricebird. _See_ Bobolink

Robin, 133; Case 4, Fig. 80; Case 5, Fig. 12
Southern, 133

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 30; Case 3, Fig. 26; Case 5, Fig. 30

Shrike, Loggerhead, 87; Case 4, Fig. 55
Migrant, 87
Northern, 86; Case 2, Fig. 56

Siskin, Pine, 60; Case 2, Fig. 55

Snail-hawk. _See_ Kite, Everglade

Snowbird. _See_ Junco, Slate-colored

Snow Bunting, 61; Case 2, Fig. 57

Snowflake. _See_ Snow Bunting

Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed, 67
Alabama Seaside, 68
Bachman's, 73
Bush. _See_ Sparrow, Field
Cape Sable, 68
Chipping, 71; Case 4, Fig. 45; Case 5. Fig. 31
Clay-colored, 72; Case 6, Fig. 48
Dusky Seaside, 68
English, 57; Case 2, Figs. 30, 31; Case 4, Figs. 38, 39
Field, 72; Case 4, Fig. 43; Case 5, Fig. 14
Florida Grasshopper, 64
Fox, 76; Case 4, Fig. 37; Case 5, Fig. 7
Grasshopper, 64; Case 7, Fig. 16
Harris's, 69; Case 7, Fig. 21
Henslow's, 65; Case 7, Fig. 17
House, 57; Case 2, Figs. 30, 31; Case 4, Figs. 38, 39
Ipswich, 63
Lark, 68; Case 7, Fig. 19
Leconte's, 65; Case 7, Fig. 18
Lincoln's, 75; Case 7, Fig. 15
Louisiana Seaside, 68
Macgillivray's Seaside, 68
Nelson's, 66
Northwest Florida, 68
Pine-woods, 74
Savannah, 64; Case 4, Fig. 47; Case 5, Fig. 23
Scott's Seaside, 68
Seaside, 67; Case 6, Fig. 46
Sharp-tailed, 66; Case 6, Fig. 47
Song, 74; Case 2, Fig. 34, Case 4, Fig. 42
Swamp, 75; Case 4, Fig. 44; Case 5, Fig. 22
Tree, 71; Case 2, Fig. 44; Case 4, Fig. 46
Vesper, 63; Case 4, Fig. 36; Case 5, Fig. 16
White-crowned, 69; Case 7, Fig. 22
White-throated, 70; Case 2, Figs. 45, 46; Case 4, Fig. 40
Yellow-winged. _See_ Sparrow, Grasshopper

Starling, 47; Case 2, Figs. 24, 25

Swallow, Bahama Bank, 84; Case 6, Fig. 54
Barn, 83; Case 5, Fig. 32
Chimney. _See_ Swift, Chimney
Cliff, 82; Case 6, Fig. 55
Eaves. _See_ Swallow, Cliff
Rough-winged, 84; Case 6, Fig. 56
Tree, 83; Case 5, Fig. 24
White-bellied. _See_ Swallow, Tree

Swift, Chimney, 35; Case 6, Fig. 42

Tanager, Scarlet, 80; Case 7, Figs. 27, 28
Summer, 81; Case 5, Figs. 33, 34

Thistle-bird. _See_ Goldfinch

Thrasher, Brown, 118; Case 4, Fig. 82; Case 6, Fig. 72

Thrush, Alice's. _See_ Thrush, Gray-cheeked
Bicknell's, 131
Brown. _See_ Thrasher, Brown
Golden-crowned. _See_ Oven-bird
Gray-cheeked, 130; Case 8, Fig. 82
Hermit, 132; Case 4, Fig. 77; Case 5, Fig. 26
Olive-backed, 131; Case 8, Fig. 81
Swainson's. _See_ Thrush, Olive-backed
Tawny. _See_ Veery
Willow, 130
Wood, 129; Case 6, Fig. 74

Titlark. _See_ Pipit, American

Titmouse, Tufted, 125; Case 4, Fig. 67

Towhee, 76; Case 4, Figs. 32, 33; Case 5, Fig. 51
White-eyed, 77

Turkey, Florida, 4
Wild, 4

Veery, 130; Case 6, Fig. 73

Vireo, Bell's, 92; Case 6; Fig. 65
Black-whiskered, 88
Blue-headed, 90; Case 6, Fig. 68
Key West, 91
Mountain Solitary, 91
Philadelphia, 89; Case 7, Fig. 30
Red-eyed, 88; Case 6, Fig. 66
Solitary. _See_ Vireo, Blue-headed
Warbling, 89; Case 7, Fig. 29
White-eyed, 91; Case 6, Fig. 67
Yellow-throated, 90; Case 6, Fig. 69

Vulture, Black, 7; Case 3, Fig. 10
Turkey, 6; Case 3, Fig. 9

Warbler, Bachman's, 94; Case 5, Figs. 20, 21
Bay-breasted, 103; Case 8, Figs. 69, 70
Black and White, 92; Case 6, Fig. 57
Black and Yellow. _See_ Warbler, Magnolia
Blackburnian, 104; Case 8, Figs. 67, 68
Black-throated Blue, 99; Case 6, Figs. 58, 59
Black-throated Green, 106; Case 6, Fig. 62
Blackpoll, 103; Case 8, Figs. 71, 72
Blue-winged, 94; Case 7, Fig. 35
Brewster's, 95; Case 7, Fig. 38
Cairns's, 100
Canadian, 115; Case 8, Fig. 53
Cape May, 98; Case 8, Figs. 65, 66
Cerulean, 102; Case 8, Figs. 46, 47
Chestnut-sided, 102; Case 8, Figs. 43, 44
Connecticut, 111; Case 8, Figs. 77, 78
Golden-winged, 95; Case 7, Figs. 34, 36
Hooded, 114; Case 8, Figs. 54, 55
Kentucky, 111; Case 8, Fig. 52
Kirtland's, 106; Case 8, Fig. 45
Lawrence's, 95; Case 7, Fig. 37
Magnolia, 101; Case 8, Fig. 42
Mourning, 112; Case 8, Figs. 75, 76
Myrtle, 100; Case 5, Fig. 27
Nashville, 96; Case 7, Fig. 33
Northern Parula, 97; Case 7, Fig. 39
Orange-crowned, 96; Case 7, Fig. 32
Palm, 108; Case 6, Fig. 61
Parula, 97, 98
Pine, 107; Case 4; Fig. 57; Case 6, Fig. 60
Prairie, 108; Case 8, Fig. 48
Prothonotary, 93; Case 5, Fig. 29
Redpoll. _See_ Warblers, Palm and Yellow Palm
Summer. _See_ Warbler, Yellow
Swainson's, 93; Case 5, Fig. 28
Sycamore, 105; Case 5, Fig. 19
Tennessee, 97; Case 8, Fig. 64
Wilson's, 114; Case 8, Figs. 73, 74
Worm-eating, 93; Case 7, Fig. 31
Yellow, 99; Case 8, Figs. 40, 41
Yellow Palm, 108; Case 6, Fig. 61
Yellow-rumped. _See_ Warbler, Myrtle
Yellow-throated, 105; Case 5, Fig. 18

Water-Thrush, Grinnell's, 110
Louisiana, 110; Case 5, Fig. 5
Northern, 110; Case 8, Fig. 56