Chapter M: M. Latrielle and Godart, are evidently mistaken regarding the insect

figured by Clerk, which they consider to be the female of _Polydorus_; this error we have ascertained from fine specimens of both sexes, sent from Java and now in our possession. We have figured the male, and Dr. Horsfield has enabled us to add the Caterpillar and Chrysalis.

* * * * * *

_Male_.]

PTILIOGONYS cinereus,_ male_.

_Yellow-vented Short-foot_.

----

Family Laniadæ. Sub-fam. Tyranninæ. Genus Ptiliogonys. _Nob._

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Zool. Journ. no. 10. p. 164.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Light cinereous; flanks olive; under tail covers bright yellow; quills
and tail glossy blue-black, the latter ornamented with a central snowy
band; chin and vent white._

For Synonyms--see pl. 62.

----

On the sixty-second plate of these Illustrations, we figured the female of this elegant and highly interesting bird, from a specimen sent to us from Mexico, by the late Mr. W. Bullock. We are now enabled to add the male from a fine example, obligingly presented to us by John Taylor Esq. F. R. S. It was killed near Real del Monte; and these, we believe, are at present the only specimens that have reached England.

By viewing this as the type of the Scansorial group of the Tyrant-flycatchers, (_Tyranninæ_) every circumstance, even the most minute, regarding its structure and its colours will be explained. As representing _Brachypus_, (North. Zool. 2. 485.) and its analogies, it has the under tail covers richly coloured. As representing _Leiothryx_ (Il. 490.) it has the same coloured cinereous and silky plumage: as a scansorial type, it has a conspicuous although an _incumbent_ crest, and a long ornamented tail. It is a Titmouse among the Tyrants, and is nearly as much of a _Ceblepyris_ as of a _Tyrannus_. Indeed, when we described the female, we thought it actually entered the circle of the former, but the laws of representation has set us right on this point. _Phoenicornis_ is the first of the _Ceblepyrinæ_, as _Philiogonys_ is the last of the _Tyranninæ_. The _females_ of _Phoenicornis_ are clothed in the same slate coloured plumage, but, as being of a _fissirostral_ type, their mouths are conspicuously bristled, while those of _Ptiliogonys_ are quite smooth. Finally, the wings are those of a _Ceblepyris_, but the tail that of a _Tyrannula!_

* * * * * *

PLECOCHEILUS undulatus.

_Waved Pupa-snail._

----

Family Pupadæ. _Guilding._ Genus Carychium. _Muller._

Sub-Gen. Plecocheilus. _Guild._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Animal_ hermaphrodite, snail-like; the head bilobed, and bearing four
tentaculæ, two of which are long and terminated by the eyes; mandibles
greatly lunated, with a small transverse mouth and a triangular cutaneous
plate; mantle perforated. _Eggs_ large, externally calcarious. _Shell_
oval, ventricose, the two last spiral whorls very short, but elevated;
aperture entire, elongated; outer lip thickened and reflected; inner lip
thin, nearly obsolete; pillar with a strong compressed inflexed plate.
_Guilding._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell irregularly and minutely corrugated, and longitudinally striated;
marked beneath the olive epidermis with oblique, undulated, dark
stripes._

Carychium undulatum (1814). _Leach. Zool. Mis. 1. pl. 35._

Auricula caprella (1822). _Lam. Sys. 6. 2. p. 140. Chemnitz pl. 176, f.
1701.-2._

Plecocheilus undulatus. _Guilding in Zool. Journ. 3. p. 532._

----

The pleasure which our scientific brethren will receive from possessing this copy of Mr. Guilding's beautiful drawing, will be changed into regret on knowing that the gifted hand which originally traced it is now cold. A liver complaint, doubtless brought on by too much exposure to a tropical sun, terminated the mortal career, a few months ago, of this accomplished Zoologist and excellent man. The name of Guilding now belongs to posterity. His loss, and that too in the prime of life, leaves a blank in the ranks of science, which there is no one so qualified to fill; where can we look for profound and indefatigable research, matured knowledge, a ready pen and an exquisite pencil, all employed unceasingly to illustrate _from life_ the animals of tropical regions. The search, unfortunately, will be fruitless. May his spirit now be with that God whose minister he was, and whose works upon earth it was his purest delight to study.

This noble species was discovered by Mr. Guilding, in great numbers, upon the trunks and branches of trees in the forests of St Vincent: its eggs are hard like those of a bird, and the young shell resembles that of a _Succinea_. In _Carychium_ the eyes are at the _base_, but here they are at the _tips_ of the tentaculæ.

* * * * * *

PROTESILAUS Swainsonius,

_Swainsonian Swallow-tail._

----

Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Amphrisius. Sub-genus Protesilaus. _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS.

See pl. 93.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings pale straw-colour; anterior with a forked band near the black
exterior margin, and another much shorter towards the middle, both
black._

Papilio Swainsonius. _Langsdorff_, MS.S.

Mus. Nost.

----

We have searched in vain for some account of this very distinct and handsome species, collected by our venerable and enthusiastic friend Dr Langsdorff, in the interior of Brazil; and transmitted to us some years ago, in remembrance of the many happy days we passed together in the enchanting scenery of that delightful region. We have not seen the species in any of the London collections, and we believe it altogether undescribed.

The Larva and pupa are of course unknown to us, but the whole structure of the perfect insect agrees so truly with that of _Protesilaus Lelius_, that we have no doubt whatever of its belonging to the same sub-genus, and thus becoming an interesting addition to a group, capable of the most complete and diversified demonstration.

* * * * * *

PODALIRIUS Pompilius,

_Pompilius, or Javanese Swallow-tail._

----

Sub-family Papilionæ. Genus Papilio. Sub-genus Podalirius. _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Wings_ trigonal, acute, yellow, with black transverse bands, the
inferior with two long narrow acute tails; _Antennæ_ short, the club
thick and solid at the base, but greatly compressed at the tip, where it
is concave beneath; _head_ small, front hairy; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_
braced in an erect position.

_Type_ Podalirius Europæus. _Nobis._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings above pale yellow, the anterior with five short, black, stripes
across the areola; and two others, much longer and broader, close to the
exterior margin: posterior wings without lunulate spots._

Papilio Pompilius. _Fab. Mantissa 2. p. 8. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 25. Ency.
Meth. 1. p. 49. Horsf. Cat. pl. 3. fig. 5. 5. a._ (_larva and pupa._)

----

We may term this the Javanese Swallow-tail, for in that and the other Indian islands it appears to be not uncommon. We are indebted to the elegant _Catalogue_ above quoted, for our figures of the _larva_ and _pupa_; and to the rich collection of Mrs. Children for the examination of the perfect insect.

Entomologists will doubtless feel surprize that this and the _Protesilaus_ on our last plate, should be placed as distinct types in two different genera. We have not done this without long deliberation; but we cannot, in a work of this nature, enter into those details which would demonstrate these divisions to be truly natural, in the most rigid acceptation of the word. We desire not, however, that Entomologists should adapt our views,--at least for the present. We hope, indeed, that they will not, because experience has shewn, that until a theory has been fully explained, more injury than good results to science, from injudiciously adopting, and hastily applying, a system not understood. We only desire, in short, to record our views, that they may be comprehended hereafter. We consider this as the Thrysanuriform type of the sub-genus, and our English _Papilio Machaon_ of authors, as the Heliconian.--_Tempus ducamus._

* * * * * *

LEPTOCIRCUS Curius,

_Clear-winged Butterfly._

----

Sub. Family Papilionæ. Genus Urania. Sub-genus Leptocircus, _Nob._ (_Erycinian type_).

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS.

_Size and aspect of an_ Erycina; _Anterior wings_ sub-hyaline;
_posterior_ greatly lengthened, and terminating in two long tails;
_Head_, _thorax_, and _body_ very thick; _Anterior feet_, _palpi_, and
_Antennæ_ papilioniform.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Black; the exterior half of the superior wings hyaline, bordered with
black, inner half with a green band, continued on the inferior wings,
which are plicated, and edged externally with white._

Papilio Curius _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 28. Don. Ind. Ins. pl. 47. f. 1.
bad._

----

There are only two collections we believe in this country, which possess this rare and extraordinary butterfly, and it may be even doubted whether these specimens do not belong to distinct species. One is in the Banksian cabinet, now possessed by the Linnæan Society, the other in that of the lady of our friend J. G. Children Esq. Zoologist to the British Museum. We are told the species has been "made into a genus" by some continental methodist, but who, according to the disreputable and slovenly mode fast creeping _among us_, gives no definition. We have elsewhere expressed our reasons for rejecting all such names (_North. Zool. 2. pref. lx._), and we are thus pledged to do so upon every occasion.

Nature has so admirably disguised this insect in the external form of that tribe of butterflys which she intends it to represent, that it was only upon looking to its anatomical construction, that we discovered it was a type of the true _Papilionæ_, and not of the _Erycinæ_. The construction of the anterior feet, of the head and palpi, and of the antennæ, all which are here represented, magnified, places this fact beyond doubt, and leaves us nothing to desire but a knowledge of its caterpillar and chrysalis, and of the direction of the wings when the species is at rest. We suspect that like those of _Urania_, they are then _deflexed_.

* * * * * *

_Mexican Trogon. fem._]

TROGON Mexicanus,

_Mexican Trogon. female._

----

Tribe Fissirostris. Family Trogonidæ. _See North Zool. 2, p. 326._

GENERIC CHARACTERS.

_Body_ thick. _Bill_ very short, strong, thick, nearly triangular, but the sides compressed, surrounded by long, stiff, bristly feathers, the culmen arched from the base. _Wings_ very convex, the quills graduated; tail very broad, feet short, weak, gressorial.

SUB-GENERA.

1. Bill with several unequal serratures on the
margin of the upper mandible: head not
crested, tail even, tarsi feathered to the
base of the toes; anterior toes united to
half their length. America. TROGON. _Auct._

2. Bill serrated; head with an erect compressed
crest; tail very long, cuneated. America. CALURUS. _Sw._

3. Bill entire. Inhabits tropical Asia. HARPACTES. _Sw._

4. Bill with obscure serratures: tarsi naked,
covered with scales; the two anterior toes
divided nearly to their base. (_Type_,
Trogon Narina). Africa. APALODERMA. _Sw._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Female. Breast and upper plumage olive brown; body and under tail covers
crimson; front, chin, and ears grey; wing covers lineated with undulate
dusky lines; two middle tail feathers ferruginous brown, with black
tips._

----

We have already given the general reader some account of the manners of these very singular birds, and we have said more upon them in _North. Zool. Vol. 2_. Having figured the male on our 82nd plate, we now exhibit, in the female, that remarkable difference between the sexes, which pervades all the species. Our figure and specific character renders a detailed description of the plumage unnecessary; it should be observed, however, that the lateral tail feathers, in the female, are without those two black transverse bands on the inner web, towards the tip, which are so conspicuous in the male. There is another species from Mexico, which country seems to be the most northern range of these birds. We feel gratified at being able to characterize four typical forms of the genus; all of which, at the same time, are marked by geographic peculiarities.

* * * * * *

_1, bulimoïdes._ _2, livida._]

ACHATINELLA bulimoïdes,

_Thick-spired Achatinella--middle figures_.

----

GENERIC CHARACTER.

See pl. 99.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ovate-oblong, subventricose, whiteish, with chesnut bands; spire
thickened, the tip pale brown._

Achatinella bulimoïdes. _Sw. in Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._

----

We continue our Illustrations of these pretty little land-shells, of which all the species, as we before remarked, are natives of the South Sea Islands, and very little known to collectors. The present is distinguished by the thickness of its spire, the apex being more suddenly pointed. We have represented two varieties in point of colour, but in both the suture is scarcely, if at all, margined by an indented grove.

----

ACHATINELLA livida,

_Livid Achatinella_.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell reversed, ovate, obtuse, livid brown or greyish; spire thickened;
suture with a deep fulvous line._

Achatinella livida. _Brands Journ. Ap. 1828. p. 85._

----

A small reversed species, unbanded, and scarcely exceeding half an inch in length. In form it perfectly resembles the green variety of _Bulimus citrinus_. The three specimens in our museum vary in colour from a light olive brown, to a livid purple which lies in longitudinal shades, and gradually changes, on the spiral whorls, to white; suture marked by a line of deep orange brown; aperture white, tinged with purple.

* * * * * *

MUREX (PHYLLONOTUS) _Imperialis._ _var. a._]

MUREX (_Phyllonotus_) Imperialis,

_Imperial Murex. var. a._

----

Genus Murex. Sub-genus Phyllonotus. _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS.

See pl. 100.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

See pl. 67.

----

In a popular work like this, we wish to consult the taste of the amateur, no less than of the philosophic naturalist; and with this object we have delineated a beautiful variety, having the aperture rose colour, of the _Murex imperialis_ already figured at pl. 67 of our second volume. It was then in the possession of Messrs. Stuchbury, and was nearly the only one, among very many of the usual orange-mouthed specimens, which came to their hands.

We have already intimated that the series of types in this genus, (see pl. 100) besides possessing innumerable analogies in the class _Mollusca_, exhibits a most singular one with the series of vertebrated animals; four of which can be traced by comparing them with four of the classes of the vertebrated circle. Commencing with _Phyllonotus_, we may call them, from the hideous and repulsive aspect of many of the species, the _Reptile_ type, as the name given to one (_Murex scorpio_), sufficiently intimates. In the tooth-like spines of _Murex tenuispinosus_ we see some resemblance to the teeth of quadrupeds: the _Murex haustellum_ has been well compared to the head of a snipe, while in the fin shaped varices of _Murex pinnatus_, we have a representation of the _fish_. If the analogy between _Centronotus_ and the _Amphibia_ cannot be traced, it is because the latter has so few forms; but the Hedgehogs, which represent the _Amphibia_ in the circle of Quadrupeds, are again represented under the form of a shell, in the sub-genus _Centronotus_. These analogies, however remote are unquestionably natural, _because they follow each other in a uniform series_.

Thus, Murex represents Mammalia.
Haustellaria Aves.
Pterynotus Pisces.
Centronotus Amphibia--Hystrix.
Phyllonotus Reptilia.

* * * * * *

_Larva & Pupa_.]

MARIUS (_Petreus_) Thetys,

_Thetys Butterfly_.

----

Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus Marius. Sub-genus Petreus. (Heliconian Type.)

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Superior wings long, horizontally lengthened; Larva naked, with 3, 4
fleshy filaments on the body.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

See pl. 59.

----

The perfect insect, or butterfly, of this elegant species we have already figured at pl. 59 of our second volume: and that our illustration of a form so interesting may be complete, we have now delineated the caterpillar and the chrysalis, as given by Stoll; together with a sprig of the _Cashew_ tree upon which it feeds. Every entomologist, upon looking to the perfect insect, will immediately be struck with its resemblance to the long-winged Heliconian Butterflys, and to the genus _Euploea_, which is the Erycinian type of that family. Now this resemblance, which hardly requires pointing out, is a perfectly natural analogy; and is confirmed in the most remarkable manner by the caterpillar, which puts on that peculiar form which distinguishes _Euploea_. The species in short, in every stage, exemplifies the truth of that fundamental law of nature which we have elsewhere so fully illustrated, viz. "that every _natural_ group, contains representations of ALL others in the same class," following each other precisely in the same series: thus establishing a truth which has long been suspected, but not before demonstrated, that the laws of variation are precisely the same in every group throughout the animal kingdom. The genus itself represents the Swallow-tailed types already figured (_Podalirius_, _Protesilaus_, and _Leptocircus_), but of the three remaining sub-genera of _Marius_, we are as yet ignorant. It is, however, by this genus that the two sub-families of _Paphianæ_ and _Heliconinæ_ are united; as it blends into the latter by means of the genus _Fabius_, which we shall shortly illustrate.

* * * * * *

ZEONIA Heliconides,

_Zeonia Butterfly_.

----

Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Erycinæ. Genus ----; Sub-genus Zeonia. _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings trigonal, hyaline, the posterior ending in long tails; Palpi very
short, not projecting beyond the head; Antennæ hairy, with the club very
small, but gradually thickening from the base.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings hyaline; the margins, and a common central band black and opaque;
inferior wings two-tailed, with a red stripe at the anal angle._

----

No method is more calculated to demonstrate the existence of that symbolical representation which reigns throughout nature, than that of bringing before the eye of the student a series of forms belonging to different families, but which are _disguised_, under an outward appearance of general similitude; How few, even among professed entomologists, would suspect that the present butterfly, and _Leptocircus Curius_, pl. 106, were of totally different families: looking to their general aspect, as size, form, and colour, we should even be tempted to place them in the same genus; On closer examination, however, we find that one is a genuine _Papilio_, and the other an _Erycina_; That this fact may be placed beyond all doubt, we have given magnified details of both insects, which, from their great rarity, will be highly acceptable to the Entomologist.

The specimen here figured is the only one we met with in Brazil, nor have we seen the species in any other collection; Excepting the black bands and the crimson spots, all the wings are transparent; the under surface being similar to the upper. We possess the mutilated remains of a second species; but we know not to what natural genus they belong.

Fig. 1. _Zeonia_, wing. 2. _Leptocircus_, wing. 3. _Zeonia_; anterior foot, with the claw more enlarged; 4. head and palpi in profile; 5. Antennæ.

* * * * * *

_Golden-eared Parrakeet._]

LEPTOLOPHUS auricomis,

_Golden-eared Parrakeet._

----

Sub-family Psittacinæ. Genus Platycercus. Sub-genus Leptolophus. (The Rasorial type.)

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill distinctly toothed, culmen slightly carinated; nostrils thick,
tumid, naked; head crested; wings very long, outer web of the quills not
sinuated; tail very broad, cuneated, the two middle tail feathers
conspicuously longest and pointed.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Cinereous, wings with a longitudinal white stripe; ears orange; lateral
tail feathers banded with yellow and black._

Palæornis Novæ-Hollandiæ. New Holland Parrakeet. _Lears Parrots, No 8._

----

The discovery of this remarkable and highly interesting Australian species is due to Allen Cunningham, Esq. who, on an inland expedition ordered by our government, in 1827, discovered it in small flocks on the arid sandy plains between Lat. 29 and 28, 50. Long. 150¾ E. We must again express our public thanks to this intelligent and liberal naturalist for the ornithological specimens then collected. Among these were two skins of the bird in question; but as the mere addition of a new species to our already overwhelming list would be of little importance to the philosophy of the science, we have hitherto refrained from publishing it. In truth, the natural affinities of this extraordinary Cockatoo-Parrakeet called for a much deeper investigation of the whole family than it had yet received, nor are we ashamed to confess that nearly five years elapsed before we could partially accomplish this, with any thing like satisfactory results. But we regret not the delay, since it is obvious that the illustration of such an apparently anomalous form as this, is infinitely more useful to science than the specification, _in a few lines_, of a hundred new species, or even of as many new genera, unaccompanied by analytical or comparative results. The time, in fact, is now gone by, when such crude additions to ornithological nomenclature, possess any claim to permanent interest, or carry with them any authority: they encumber rather than advance science, by keeping up the already overwhelming stock of undigested materials. Mr. Lear has recently given beautiful figures of this species, but under the peculiarly inappropriate name of _Palæornis Novæ-hollandiæ_. The genus is _Platycercus_, _all_ the species of which are from New Holland, excepting those of the Fissirostral type. The exactness of our figure renders a detailed account of its plumage unessential.

* * * * * *

MUREX (_Centronotus_) radix,

_Porcupine Murex._

----

Genus Murex. Sub-genus Centronotus. _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

See pl. 100.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ovate globuse, transversely grooved; with numerous varices, armed
with compressed, spine-like foliations: colour white; the spines, base,
and inner lip black._

Murex radix. _Gm. 3527. Lam. Syst. 7. 168._

----

Centronotus _radix_ was formerly a shell of excessive rarity, but many specimens have latterly been brought from Panama; one of these, obligingly lent to us by Mr. Cummin, we have here figured of the natural size.

We cannot too often place before the student those objects in nature which seem more especially to illustrate that wonderful system on which the whole has been created. In the infinite diversity which pervades the works of "Him who made us," two things have obviously been intended: one, the manifestation of His power in the creation of the individual: the other, an illustration of some important truth connected with the spiritual welfare of mankind. The first is manifest, and speaks to our senses: the second is emblematical, and calls for an exertion of those reasoning faculties with which the Creator, for such purposes, aided by those helps he has promised, has given to us. In accordance with this latter assumption, both divines and Naturalists concur in considering Nature as a book of Emblems, "where one thing represents another." That this theory, resting heretofore on general belief, is capable of mathematic definition, we have elsewhere largely demonstrated, (North. Zool.). And if, as regards one division of animated nature the theory is correct, it follows that it will be equally manifested in _all_ other portions of the animal world, when they are sufficiently investigated. Hence it is that remote resemblances between objects, widely different in themselves, can be explained: hence the analogy which the _Glires_ bears to the Hedgehogs, and to the _Ceblepyrinæ_; and hence the resemblance between this shell and the Porcupines; an analogy the more singular, as it extends even to the black and white colour of the spines.

* * * * * *

JASIA Australis,

_Australian Jasia-Butterfly._

----

Family Nymphalidæ. Sub-family Paphianæ. Genus, ----

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

See pl. 90.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings above yellowish white, the outer half of the anterior black with a
series of spots disposed in the shape of the letter Y; inferior wings
with a black border, margined by cinereous, and an orange spot at the
anal angle._

----

We believe the specimen from which our figures of this new and strikingly distinct butterfly were taken, is the only one which has yet been sent to Europe. It was captured by Mr. Cunningham, who accompanied Captain King, in his voyage to the North West coast of Australia, on the skirts of Careening Bay, Port Nelson, where the Ship Mermaid was hove down; and the officers had more leasure to attend to zoological pursuits. Mr. Cunningham remarked that it flew with great swiftness, in which respect it perfectly resembles the rest of the genus _Jasia_, of which it is a typical example. The geographic range of this group is thus proved to extend from the South of Europe to Australia, but it is entirely unknown in the new world.

The family of _Nymphalidæ_ is the sub-typical group of the diurnal Lepidoptera, forming our tribe _Papiliones_. In its own circle it therefore represents the _Feræ_ among quadrupeds, the _Raptores_ among birds, the _Aptera_ among annulose animals, and the _Scolopendridæ_ in the order _Myriapoda_. The analogical representations resulting from this view of the subject are innumerable.

* * * * * *

TERACOLUS sub-fasciatus,

_Burchells Yellow._

----

Family Papilionidæ. Sub-family Colianæ. Genus (?). Teracolus _Nob._

GENERIC CHARACTERS.

Antennæ with the club abrupt, and more or less compressed anterior wings
trigonal, posterior rounded; Palpi as in _Colias_, but the scales
intermixed with hairs.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Anterior wings pale yellow, with a terminal orange spot, margined
externally with brown, and internally by a short black bar; areola with a
black dot; posterior wings yellowish white, both beneath immaculate._

----

Mr. Burchell was the first who discovered this unpublished species in the interior of Southern Africa, and by his kindness we are enabled to illustrate it. His specimens, unfortunately, are not in the best condition, for he was obliged to preserve many of his insects in books; and these, having been among the number, may probably have had the antennæ more compressed than they were in nature. The form of this butterfly, nevertheless, is perfectly distinct from _Colias_, as may be seen by comparing the nerves of the anterior wings, here given in outline.

Not having completed our analysis of the _Colianæ_, we cannot speak with any confidence on the rank or the station of this type; we are inclined to believe it is a _genus_ between those of Colias and Terias, connecting this sub-family with the _Licininæ_. It may, however, be one of the sub-genera of _Colias_, in which case the genus, which it would then represent, is unknown. Fig. 1. represents the anterior wing of _Teracolus_, 2, of _Terias_, and 3, of _Colias_.

* * * * * *

HELEONA fenestrata,

_Australian Burnet_.

----

Tribe Sphingides. Family Anthoceridæ. Sw. (Zyganidæ Auct.) Genus ----?

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTERS.

Anterior Wings papilioniform, i. e. the exterior margin as long, or
longer, than that of the posterior; inferior wings lengthened
perpendicularly, but short and rounded; Antennæ pectinate in both sexes.

Type _Phalæna militaris_. Lin. Don. _Ins. of China_. pl. 43.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings hyaline, clouded with irregular waved bars of blue; body, thorax,
and macular band round the margin of the inferior wings, orange._

----

The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and remarkable groups among Lepidopterous insects. They fly during the heat of the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe of _Phalænides_) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and both find their prototypes in the lovely family of _Erycinidæ_. It is really surprizing that searchers after the _natural_ system, should have overlooked such a group.

Among the comparatively few genera of this division, found in India and the adjacent islands, is that now first defined: and we illustrate it by a new and very rare species, even in its own country. It was twice seen by Mr. Cunningham, on the North West Coast of Australia; once in shady woods descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods adjoining Brunswick Bay.

The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-family _Papilionæ_ will immediately distinguish this from all the American genera. The plant, _Pattersonia glauca_, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to New Holland.

* * * * * *

_Great footed Babbler._]

LEPTONYX macropus

_Great-footed Babbler._

----

Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Crateropodinæ. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. Sub-genus Leptonix. (_The Rasorial type._) _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Feet of extraordinary size and thickness, all the anterior toes of nearly
equal length; the claws long, slender, and but slightly curved. Tail
slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Wings very short.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Above brown beneath whiteish, with transverse undulated lines; breast
and rump, rufous brown; chin, stripe above and beneath the eye,
whiteish._

----

For the use of this new and singularly formed bird, we are indebted to Professor Hooker, who, with his usual liberality, has recently sent for our inspection, a valuable box of Chilian birds, most of which are undescribed. They form the foundation of his son's, Mr William Hooker's collection, who has already commenced with much zeal the study of this interesting science.

All the rasorial characters are strikingly displayed in this extraordinary type; which exhibits the greatest developement of the foot of any insessorial bird yet discovered. It no doubt lives entirely upon the ground; for the feet are formed precisely on the same model as those of _Menura_ and _Orthonyx_, both of which are the rasorial types of their respective circles, and are consequently representatives of _Leptonyx_: the same analogy explains its resemblance to a partridge, and more distantly to the sub-genus _Erythaca_ Sw. by its rufous breast.

The Indian bird erroneously called _Pitta thoracica_ by M. Temminck, follows this in close affinity, and is either the Grallatorial type, or the immediate point of connection between _Malacocircus_ Sw. and _Timalia_ Horsf.

Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 1-1/10; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus 1¾; hind toe and claw 1½.

* * * * * *

BYSSOARCA Zebra.

_Zebra Ark-shell._

----

Genus. Arca. _Lin. Lam._ Sub-genus. Byssoarca. _Nob._

----

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Animal_ fixed by byssiform filaments to other bodies. _Shell_
transverse; umbones remote; valves gaping in the middle of the ventral
margin.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Margins angulated; valves marked with simple uniform and regular
grooves, radiating from the umbones: shell transversely and obliquely
striped with brown._

----

It is somewhat surprising that the sedentary type of the genus _Arca_ should have been so long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; seeing that the other four types, viz. _Arca_, _Pectunculus_, _Cuculloea_, and _Nucula_, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same time have selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with the _B. Noæ_; from which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less remote from each other.

The Animals of these shells affix themselves to other bodies by a particular muscle, which is protruded through the gaping part of the valves; they also adhere, when young, by the byssiform epidermes which covers the exterior: a specimen now before us, which we procured in the Bay of Naples, perfectly exemplifies this singular property. The present species is not uncommon in the West Indies, and has been sent to us from Jamaica. Like all others of this particular type it is almost constantly covered by coralline substances.

* * * * * *

_Gorget Warbler._]

APALIS thoracica,

_Gorget Warbler_.

----

Family Sylviadæ. Sub-fam: Sylvianæ. Genus (?) Apalis.

GENERIC (?) CHARACTER.

General structure of _Prinea_, but the bill shorter, the plumage more
compact, and the outer toe not connected to the middle as far as the
first joint.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Olive green, beneath yellowish white; breast with a black collar; three
lateral tail-feathers partly white: front black._

Le Plastron Noir. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. 3 pl. 123. f. 1. male. 2. fem._
Motacilla thoracica. _Nat. Miss. 22. pl. 969._

----

This is one of the pretty warblers of Southern Africa, discovered by Le Vaillant: it is very common and widely distributed in the interior, but rare near the Cape. Le Vaillant mentions having found a young bird of the Criard Cuckoo, in the pigmy nest of this little species, which had already grown to the size of a thrush: it not only filled the nest, but actually enlarged and destroyed its original shape. Yet still did the foster parents, by a most extraordinary instinct, go on feeding this overgrown parasite, although it was even then more than double the size of themselves. Our figure is of the natural size of the male; the female is without the black collar. Specimens are in Mr. Burchell's Museum and in our own.

That this bird is of a tenuirostral type, is almost certain; seeing that it is an obvious representation of _Motacilla_, _Pachycephala_, _Tamatia_, _Trichas_, _Charadrius_, and many other collared groups: but whether it forms part of the genus _Prinea_, or represents the tenuirostral genus between that and _Culicivora_, is very uncertain. We suspect that this latter station is filled by the Taylor-Warblers of India, not one of which is to be found in our public Museums.

* * * * * *

CLYTIA dissimilis,

_Idea-likeness Butterfly._

----

Family Papilionidæ. Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus Clytia.

----

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings rounded, spotted. Anterior broad, ample, the posterior and the
external margins of equal length: posterior slightly undulated at the
margin, but destitute of tails. Pupa braced, with the head upwards.

TYPES. Pap. Clytia, dissimilis. _L._ Pap. Macarius. _Godart._ P. Panope _Cr._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings black, the interstices of the nerves pale fulvous white, broken
into numerous stripes and spots, inferior wings with a marginal row of
orange spots, surmounted by pale lunules, on a black border._

Papilio dissimilis Linn. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 38. Ency. Meth. 1. p.
76. Cramer. Pl. 82. C. D. Roemer. Gen. Ins. pl. 18. f. 6._

----

We have never seen specimens of this Butterfly from any other country than China, although it appears that General Hardwicke has met with it in British India, and has communicated a valuable drawing of the larva and pupa to Dr. Horsfield, in whose interesting work it is engraved. To that plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genus _Idea_ F, and consequently points it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of the _Papilionæ_. According to these views, _Clytia_ is united to _Amphrysius_, by the sub-genus _Epius_; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the generic passage to the _Pieridæ_, Sw. For want of a better term, we must call this the _Rasorial_ type, as it corresponds to that Ornithological group.

The aberrant group of the Sub-family _Papilionæ_ appear to be the genera _Leilus_, Sw. (_Uranea_ Lat.) _Antimachus_, Sw. and _Clytia_ Sw. the two typical genera being _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_, Sw.

* * * * * *

THOAS Lysithous,

_Lysithous Butterfly._

----

Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus, Papilio. _Sw._ Sub-genus Thoas. _Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Posterior wings terminating in spatulate or obtuse tails; the margins
deeply scoloped; _Larva_ smooth; _Pupa_ braced, with the head directed
_upwards_.

TYPICAL SECTIONS.

1. Wings with macular yellow bands. PAP. THOAS. _Auct._

2. Wings with entire white bands, the posterior
spotted with crimson. AGAVIUS.

3. Wings black, varied with emerald green
bands or dots; tails short, obtuse. PARIS.

4. Tails obsolete. EVANDER.

5. Tails short, acute. ANDROGEUS.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings uniform black; anterior with a white band; posterior dentated and
tailed, margined by red lunules; the disk white, bordered behind by 4-5
red spots._

Papilio Lisithous. _Ency. Meth. 1. p. 73, no. 136._

----

We discovered this imposing species in the interior of Brazil, in 1814, long before it was made known in France by the specific name we have adopted. It is confined to the southern provinces; for we never met with it north of the Rio St. Francesco. Although greatly resembling _Thoas Agavus_ and _Harrisianus_, (Z. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 109) it is at once distinguished by the longer and more acute dentations of the inferior wings. The under side shews no material difference from the upper. To the second type of this subgenus belongs also _Ascarius_ L. _Polybius_ Sw. (Z. I. 1 Series, pl. 137), and _Tros._ Fab. while _Dardanus_ F. probably connects this American group with the third or _Paris_ type, whose geographic range is confined to Asia.

In the fourth form (_Evander_), representing the Heliconian type, the tails are obsolete, but they begin to appear again in the fifth, and thus complete the circle of the sub-genus _Thoas_. By studying this natural series, the Entomologist will discover a most beautiful set of analogies between the genera _Papilio_ and _Amphrisius_.

* * * * * *

MUREX (_Pteronotus_) pinnatus.

_Finned Murex._

----

Family Buccinidæ. Sub-fam. Muricinæ. _Sw._ Genus Murex. _Lam._ Sub-genus Pteronotus. Sw.

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

See Pl. 100.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell snowy white, with three twisted varices, which are surmounted by a
thin, dilated fringe, having the margins undulated; channel curved; outer
lip crenate._

Murex pinnatus. _Swains. Bligh. Cat. App. p. 17._

_Martini. Conch. 3 pl. III. fig. 1036-1037._ (_bad._)

----

This highly elegant and delicate species was first described by us in the _Catalogue of the Bligh Collection_, at the sale of which a specimen produced five pounds. Latterly, however, the species has become more frequent: the figures are taken from a fine individual in our Museum, procured from China. The pure white of the surface is relieved by a slight iredescent or pearly gloss, similar to that on the scales of many fish: but which is probably concealed, in a state of nature, by a thick and soft epidermis, similar to that of _Triton corrugatum_, Lam.

The structure of this sub-genus is further remarkable for the prolongation of the basal end of the principal varex on the body whorl, which, in nearly all the species, is so prominent, as to give the shell an appearance of having two channels. It is remarkable that this horn-like process occurs in that part of the shell which is immediately above the head of the animal: so that even in this genus of Mollusca we see a manifestation of that principle of the natural system, by which one of the aberrant types of nearly all animals have crests, horns, or similar protuberances on or near the head.

* * * * * *

_1. rosea. 2. pulcherrima._]

ACHATINELLA rosea,

_Rosey, reversed Achatinella_.

----

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

See pl. 99 and 108.

----

SPECIFIC (?) CHARACTER.

_Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with
obsolete white bands._

Ach. bulimoïdes (var. rosea) _Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p.
85._

----

The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided whether this is a species, or a variety of _A. bulimoïdes_, from which it differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands.

----

ACHATINELLA pulcherrima.

_Fig. 2._

_Shell ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical, white or yellow, with broad bands
of chesnut; margin of the lip, brown._

Ach. pulcherrima. _Sw. ut. sup. p. 86._

----

This species is the most lengthened in form, and the most beautiful in colour of all those we have yet seen: some individuals, however, are more ventricose than others and the colours are no less variable. The ground colour is usually of a rich and deep chesnut, with from one to three bands of orange yellow, fulvous, or white; we have figured a further variety of a rich golden yellow with a chesnut line only at its suture: but in all these the marginal groove is very close and distinct.

* * * * * *

_Tiresina_. 2 _heliconides_.]

ANTHOMYZA Tiresia.

_Three banded Burnet._

----

Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridæ. _Sw._ Genus ----? Sub-genus.

----

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the
posterior; inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded.
Antennæ slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically.
Inhabits Tropical America only. _Nob._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Large: anterior wings black, with one basal, and two transverse, opaque,
deep yellow bands; posterior yellow, with a broad black border; margins
of both wings dotted with white._

P. Tiresia. _Cramer. Pl. 85. f. B._

----

We now, for the first time, detach from the moth-like, or diurnal Sphinxes, all those large and imposing species which are found in Tropical America; and by comparing their characters with those of the Oriental group _Helonia_, it will be seen how strikingly they differ. During our researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge from their body a brown liquor, like their prototypes the _Heliconidæ_.

----

ANTHOMYZA heliconides,

_Heliconian Burnet_.

----

_Anterior wings black, with one basal and two transverse hyaline
yellowish white bands: posterior yellowish white, with a broad black
border, margins of both wings dotted with white._

----

If we were not in possession of both sexes of the foregoing species, we should have suspected that _this_ was a mere sexual difference; but the spots are transparent. The remarkable resemblance between this and some of the Heliconian butterflies, particularly _Linus_ and _Psidii_, (Cr. pl. 257.) is truly astonishing. Nature could not have stamped their analogy stronger.

* * * * * *

LEILUS Surinamensis.

_Surinam Emerald Butterfly._

----

Family, Papilionidæ. Sub-fam Papilionæ. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (_Fissirostral or Hesperian type_) Sub-genus. Leilus _proper_. Sw.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUB-GENERA.