Chapter III: ABERRANT. Antennæ clavate; front very

hairy; tails none. RIPHEUS.

Antennæ clavate; wings hyaline; tails very long. LEPTOCIRCUS.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green:
posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each
other; tails nearly white._

Papilio Leilus. _Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian.
Surin. pl. 29._

Urania Leilus. _Fab. Syst. Gloss._

----

The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. The present species appears confined to Surinam.

Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and construction of this group; while the name of _Urania_, bestowed upon it by Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnæus, more correctly, placed it with the genuine _Papiliones_; a station which is confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those of _Leptocircus_, figured at pl. 106, being provided with that short spiney process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies which result from this location of _Leilus_ are beautiful, and almost interminable. It is the representation of the _Noctuidæ_ and of the _Hesperidæ_ in its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all these being modifications of the natatorial type of the VERTEBRATA.

* * * * * *

LEILUS Braziliensis.

_Brazilian Emerald Butterfly._

----

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Wings_ when at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished
with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked,
projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint. _Tibiæ_ of
the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small. _Antennæ_
filiform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not
uncinate. _Sw._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings black, varied with lines and bands of golden green: posterior
wings tailed, the green spots round the margin divided and insulated; the
tails black, with a narrow white edge._

In Mus. Britt. Nost.

----

This species, hitherto confounded with that peculiar to Surinam, is found only in Brazil; but its precise geographic range, in that vast empire, has not been correctly ascertained. We had the pleasure of capturing several specimens in Lat. 8, 24, S. in the vicinity of Pernambuco, where great numbers appear during the early weeks of May, and again in June.

On refering to our journals, we find the following note. "_Papilio Leilus._--Great numbers of this insect were flying during the whole of the morning, past _Aqua Fria_ (Pernambuco), in a direction from north to south: not one deviated from this course, notwithstanding the flowers which were growing around: they flew against the wind, which blew rather strong, and near the ground, but mounted over every tree or other high object which lay in their course; yet their flight was so rapid, that I could not capture a single specimen. They went singly, and near fifty or sixty must have passed the spot opposite the window, before mid-day: they continued to pass for three or four days in this manner. 12th June, 1817." Now it is clear that these insects could not have come from so far north as Surinam, where only the other species is found; and they certainly do not migrate to the more southern latitude of Rio de Janeiro. As we have never seen this species in the London Cabinets, we have deposited a specimen in the British Museum, that our entomologists may become acquainted with the structure of the feet.

* * * * * *

_Striped Babbler._]

MALACOCIRCUS striatus.

_Striated Babbler._

----

Family Merulidæ. Sub-fam. Crateropodinæ. Sw. _North. Zool. 2, p 156._ Genus Malacocircus.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill rasorial, i. e. short, high at the base, conspicuously arched from
the front, where the feathers are divided; tip obsoletely notched. Tarsi
thick, moderate; the scales entire. Wings and tail rounded.

SUB-GENERA. Megalurus. Pomatorhinus. _Horsf._ Malacocircus. Leptonyx. _Sw._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Entirely light brown: wings and tail darker, the quills marked by
transverse dark lines: bill and feet yellow: margin of the quills
changeable greyish white._

Gracula striata. _Mus. Paris._

----

The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-family _Crateropodinæ_, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of water. Their voice, like that of _Donacobius_, Sw. is particularly discordant, and many of them appear to be gregarious. The present species we received from Ceylon, but without any notice of its habits: another specimen is in the Paris Museum, under the manuscript name of _Gracula striata_, from the circumstance of the scapular quills, and also the tail feathers, being marked with transverse lines of a darker brown, varying in intensity according to the rays of light.

We have not yet sufficiently worked out this intricate and little known group: the very existence of which was first announced in North. Zool. 2, p. 156. According to our present views, the genera yet characterized appear to be _Crateropus_, _Malacocircus_, _Pellornium_, and _Timalia_. To _Crateropus_, we at present refer the sub-genera _Grallina_, Vieil, _Cinclosoma_, H. & V. and _Aipunemia_, Sw.; while those of _Malacocircus_ are probably _Megalurus_, H. _Pomatorhinus_, H. and _Leptonyx_, Sw. Under the genus _Timalia_, we place _Psophodes_ and _Dasyornis_, H. & V.

* * * * * *

_1. monodonta. 2. terebellum. 3. Mitra acuminata._]

MITREOLA monodonta,

_The Volute Mitres._

----

Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Mitranæ. Genus Mitreola. _Sw._

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell fusiform, smooth; the middle plaits of the pillar largest apex of the spire generally papillary.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ovate, acute, smooth; spire slightly striated, the tip papillary;
outer lip within, gibbous._

Mitra monodonta. _Lam. Syst. 7, p. 324._

----

We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen a specimen. We view it as supplying that link of connection between the _Volutinæ_ and the _Mitranæ_, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we had long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of two species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural size. We have also added a figure of our _Mitra acuminata_, to shew how beautifully _Mitreola_ is represented by the fourth type of the genus _Mitra_, as now restricted, to which type (represented by _M. Zebra_), _acuminata_ also belongs: both, as prototypes of the _Strombidæ_, have the outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary. _M. monodonta_ is a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that the colours may be traced in the appearance of zebra-like stripes: thus strongly corroborating our views on its true analogies.

----

MITRA terebellum.

_Shell fusiform, turrited, smooth, base striated; channel sub-entire._
Mitra terebellum. _Lam. Sys. 7, 325. Ency. Meth. pl. 392, a, b, c, d?_

----

Of this Grignon fossil, we have but one specimen: it agrees with Lamarck's description, but not with the figure he quotes; and it may possibly be a distinct species between his _M. plicatella_ and _terebellum_. The plaits are like those of _M. monodonta_; but the tip of the spire is acute, and slightly plaited.

* * * * * *

LEILUS Occidentalis,

_West India Emerald-Butterfly._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal
band; tails black, with emerald green spots._

Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer. _pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134._

Papilio Leilus. var. _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22._

----

Specimens of this rare and splendid species, sent to our museum from the island of Jamaica, enable us to complete the illustration of the only three American species of this type hitherto discovered. It is in all probability the same as that figured by Cramer; particularly as his specimens came from the same locality. Even a superficial comparison of this figure with those on our two last plates, will shew the error of Fabricius and others, in classing them all under the same name. We have represented the species in that attitude which is assumed by _L. Braziliensis_, when at rest; the wings of which species are sometimes _less_ but never _more_ expanded: the fruit, upon which the insect is reposing, is the common West India _Banana_, shewing its natural size.

In drawing the attention of Entomologists to the anatomical details of this typical example of the genus _Leilus_, it will be readily perceived that the obscurity which has involved its natural affinities, has entirely arisen from ignorance of its structure. At a time when minute and obscure Coleoptera are submitted to the most delicate dissection, under powerful magnifiers, the LEPIDOPTERA, not only the most striking and splendid of all insects, _but the pre-eminent type of the_ ANNULOSA, have been comparatively neglected. We cannot otherwise account for this, but by remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-family _Papilionæ_, represents the sub-family _Harpalinæ_, (Harpalidæ, _Auct._) And that this analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of their _tibiæ_, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of the COLEOPTERA and the LEPIDOPTERA.

* * * * * *

LEILUS Orientalis.

_Oriental Emerald Butterfly._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Posterior wings six tailed; anal angle with a large flame-coloured
space, varied with black spots; tails unequal, whiteish._

Papilio Rhipheus. _Cramer, Vol. 2, page 193, pl. 385, fig. A. B._

----

That the natural affinities of this superb and highly interesting group of insects should be no longer a matter of doubt, we are induced to deviate, for the first time, from our usual practice. On this and the next plate we have copied two figures of insects which we have never seen, for the purpose of bringing them immediately before the eye of the entomologist, and of clearing up some remarkable facts concerning them.

The first of these is taken from Cramer, who calls it _Pap. Rhipheus_, from an unaccountable idea that it was the same species as one figured by Drury, under that name. He imagines that this latter figure was made from a mutilated specimen, in which the tails had been broken off, and that _his_, consequently, represented the insect in its perfect state. Every succeeding writer, so far as we can discover, has taken up this idea, without the precaution of investigating its correctness. Now it follows that if the two species were the same, the posterior wings of _Cramer's_, would be spotted like those of _Drury's_, yet they are essentially different: a piece of paper, put over to hide the tails in our present figure, which may then be compared with the next, will at once explain our meaning: but setting this aside, Cramer expressly asserts that his insect has the Antennæ "_sans boutons_", and "_comme filiformes_", and very justly compares it with our _Leilus Surinamensis_, "_mas plus encore_," with _Pap. Orontes_, L. (_Orontes Noctuïdes_, Sw.) the immediate type to which it leads.

How totally inapplicable this account is to Drury's insect, will be presently shewn. Cramer has most correctly given the immediate affinities of this insect. We have no space to state our reasons for considering it, at present, as a true _Leilus_; although with six tails, instead of _two_. It may _possibly_, however, be the fifth, or natatorial type, which in our synopsis of the genus at Pl. 125, we have not ventured to indicate. We have never seen, or even heard of a specimen in modern cabinets; that figured by Cramer, was found at Chandernagor, in Bengal, and was in the rich collection of M. Gigot d'Orcy.

* * * * * *

RHIPHEUS dasycephalus.

_Round-winged Emerald Butterfly_

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings black, varied with numerous irregular lines of emerald green;
posterior with the internal and anal angle, deep blood-red, shining with
gold and spotted with black.

Papilio Rhipheus. Drury. Ins. 2, p. 40, pl. 23, 1. 2.

----

If the imagination was taxed to invent, or to concentrate into one figure all that was splendid, lovely, or rare in the insect world, Nature would far exceed the poor invention of man by the production of this incomparably splendid creature; its rarity also is so great, that but one specimen has ever been seen: this was brought from China, and in 1773, belonged to a Captain May, of Hammersmith: with whom it was seen by Drury, and drawn by Harris. It is not however, on this account only that we have been induced to copy this figure, but because its illustration will clear up one of the most intricate and perplexing questions, that has hitherto impeded the natural arrangement of the Linnæn _Papiliones_, and even of the whole order of Lepidoptera.

The error of Cramer, regarding _Rhipheus_ has already been rectified. It will now be demonstrated that not only are the two insects distinct as _species_, but that they actually belong to different _genera_. Cramer's being a _Urania_ of Fabricius and Latrielle, while Drury's is a _Papilio_ of the same authors. This is proved by the figures; and confirmed by the following words of Drury, "_The antennæ are black, and knobbed at their extremities_," in other words, clavate; while the palpi, as expressed in the figure, are so small as not to project beyond the head, where they lie hid in the frontal hairs: this also being a typical distinction of the Latrellian _Papiliones_. The figures in Drury's work were all drawn and engraved by Moses Harris, well known as one of the most accurate artists that ever lived: as a remarkable proof of this, we find that he has not failed to delineate that peculiar nuration of the anterior wings, which belongs only to the types of _Leilus_. A closer affinity therefore between _Papilio_ and _Leilus_ cannot possibly be imagined: while its remarkably hairy front, points out its analogy, as an aberrant type in its own genus, to _Chlorisses_, among insects, and _Dasycephala_ among birds. So true it is that the natural system "illuminates with a flood of light" every supposed anomaly, and reconciles facts apparently the most inexplicable.

* * * * * *

LYCÆNA dispar.

_The Large British Copper._

----

Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Sw. Genus Polyommatus.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings (typically) obtuse, rounded; anterior having the external margin
shorter than the posterior: posterior wings entire or nearly so:
destitute both of filiform caudal appendages, and of metallic anal spots.
_Nob._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Posterior wings obsoletely dentated, particularly at the anal angle:
club of the antennæ short, spatulate; palpi hairy, the last joint
lengthened, acute, naked, obliquely vertical._ _Type._ L. Phlæas.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings coppery: the male with two discoid black dots on the anterior, and
one on the posterior wings: club of the antennæ elongated and fusiform._
(_Aberrant._)

Papilio Hippothoë. Lewen's Pap. pl. 40.

Pap. dispar. Haworth. Lep. Brit. p. 40. Stevens. Brit. Ent. 1. p. 82. Pl.
3

----

As considerable misconception appears to exist regarding the type of the tenuirostral or vermiform family of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, we shall endeavour to illustrate this subject. Our concluding number is accordingly devoted to the genus _Polyommatus_ of Latrielle, and its subordinate types or sub-genera. These compose, what we have elsewhere defined, a natural and perfect group; (_North. Zool. 2, 288_) inasmuch as it has been tested by the analogies, and conformed by the representations, which it bears to innumerable others, both in the Annulose and vertebrated circles. According to this analysis, both _Lycæna_ and _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, instead of being types either of families or sub-families, are of one and the same genus: which genus, moreover, is but the portion of the aberrant group of the _Theclinæ_. The typical forms of the genus _Erycina_, exclusively confined to Tropical America, constitute, in fact, the pre-eminent perfection of the family in question.

As _Lycæna_ represents the _Nymphalidæ_, or sub-typical family of the Diurnal Butterflys, so is it the sub-typical form of the genus _Polyommatus_. Its geographic range is wide, being extended to the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres. The largest British species is that now figured, from the identical specimens mentioned by Lewin.

* * * * * *

POLYOMMATUS Cassius.

_Brazilian Blue._

----

Family Erycinidæ. Sub-family Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus (The typical sub-genus.)

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings entire, obtuse; the posterior rounded, particularly at the anal
angle. Palpi covered and fringed with long hair; the last joint distinct
and nearly naked. Antennæ with a lengthened, fusiform, spatulate club.
Colour blue, beneath ocellated.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Male: wings sub-diaphanous, blue, immaculate; whitish near the anal
angle. Female: the disk of all white, with black spots and borders. In
both sexes, beneath white, with blackish dots: those on the anterior
wings transverse and confluent._

Pap. Cassius. (the female) _Cramer, pl. 23, fig. C. D._

----

We have elsewhere pointed out, as one of the peculiar distinctions of forms and groups pre-eminently typical, that their geographic distribution is invariably wide, and generally universal; and that this is one of the reasons why certain forms are found both in Europe, America, India, and Australia. This was said of Birds, and the remark is even more applicable when we look to insects. We accordingly find, that the typical species of the genus now under consideration, not only spread themselves over all Europe and Africa, but extend to the Indian islands on one side, and over the whole of America on the other, without offering more than a sectional variation of character. It is uncertain, however, whether any species occur in Australia; for the European type seems to be represented there by the sub-genus _Erina_. The genus, _collectively_, is a rasorial type, representing the family _Satyridæ_ among the _Papiliones_,--_Parnassius_ among the _Papilionidæ_,--and the _Paconidæ_ among Birds.

Pol. Cassius is one of the most common species of Brazil, where we found it frequenting similar situations, and possessing the same habits, as the ordinary Blues of England. The analysis bestowed upon this group, convinces us that _Pithecops, H._ is but a section of this sub-genus. The upper figure represents the male, the lower the female: both are enlarged. The connecting species between _Polyommatus_ and _Lycæna_ are _Helle_, Hub. _Lametia_, and _Boeticus_.

* * * * * *

ERINA pulchella.

_Buff-spotted Blue._

----

Family, Ericinidæ. Sub-fam., Theclinæ. _Sw._ Genus, Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus, Erina. _Sw._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings obtuse, very entire: palpi covered only with compact scales, the
last joint lengthened, slender, and very naked. Club of the antennæ
short, broad, and spatulate. Colour, dark blue, spotted beneath.

_Typical._ Hesp. Erinus. _Fab._ _Aberrant._ Lycæna ignita. _Leach._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings above brown, glossed with blue; anterior with a discoid fulvous
spot; beneath white: posterior pair with three black dots in the middle._

Mus. Brit. Nost.

----

The passage from _Polyommatus_ to the type now before us, is distinctly marked by the section (for under that rank we may still retain it), named _Pithecops_; the palpi of these latter being both hairy, like the typical _Polyommatus_, and squamose, as in _Erina_: the posterior wings of both are also much of the same shape. By these blended characters Nature gently glides into the form now under consideration, which is the satyrian or _rasorial_ type of the genus; representing the _Satyridæ_, the _Hipparchianæ_, &c. and which supplies the place of _Polyommatus_, strictly so termed, on the Australian continent. We have already before us six species from that country; five of which are typical, but the sixth, the _L. ignita_ of our friend Dr. Leach (_Zool. Miss. I. pl. 60_), demands particular attention. We have elsewhere shewn that all aberrant forms unite into a circle of their own. Now as _Erina_, _Lucia_, and _Naïs_, are the aberrant forms of the genus _Polyommatus_, so there should be species either in the first or the last,--that is, in _Erina_ or _Naïs_, which would exemplify this theory in the present instance. We accordingly find it demonstrated by _Erina ignita_; for that insect, although essentially belonging to this type, in the characters of the _palpi_ and _antennæ_, nevertheless assumes one of the great distinctions of _Naïs_.---_The wings of the two sexes being different_: the posterior pair in the female are dentated, while those of the male are completely entire; so that the first might pass for a _Naïs_, and the second for an _Erina_; both sexes further shew the union of these two types, by having the under surface of their wings ornamented, as in _Naïs_, with silvery spots. Our figures, by the scale, are somewhat enlarged. We have sent a specimen of _E. pulchella_ to the British Museum for general reference.

* * * * * *

LUCIA limbaria.

_Brown-winged Blue._

----

Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. _Lat._ Sub-genus Lucia. _Sw._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings horizontally lengthened, entire: palpi very slender, ciliate with
long hairs, the last joint very minute, scarcely distinguishable. Antennæ
with a lengthened club, either cylindrical or compressed. Colours
obscure, moth-like.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings above brown, disk of the anterior fulvous, with two brown spots
above, and three beneath, encircled with white: posterior beneath varied
with grey and white, with a central band of square brown spots._

Hesp. Lucanus? _Fab. Ent. Syst. 3, 1, p. 322. Donovan's Ind. Ins. pl. 43,
f. 4?_

Mus. Nost.

----

This, which appears the most aberrant type of the genus, immediately reminds the student of a dark coloured _Erycina_ or a _Phalæna_, both of which families, as being the Heliconian or Erycinian type of _Polyommatus_, it truly represents. It is at once known from _Erina_, by its very peculiar palpi, and by its more lengthened wings. The antennæ of three species now before us, present a remarkable difference. In two of these, the club is compressed and spatulate, like that of _Erina_; but in the third, here figured, it has the cylindrical form belonging to _Naïs_. Which of these forms is typical, must at present, be undecided; but there cannot be a stranger link of connection between _Lucia_ and _Naïs_, than the fact of this species borrowing, as it were, the cylindrical club of the latter. Without such a link, in short, the series would be imperfect.

As we cannot satisfactorily determine whether the types here figured of _Lucia_ and _Erina_ are described in books, we have been compelled to regard them as unnamed. This, and the two other species we possess, are all from Australia. On bringing the genus _Polyommatus_ to analogical tests, the only demonstration of a natural group, we find the sub-genera representing the families of the Diurnal Lepidoptera, in the following manner:--1. TYPICAL, Polyommatus, _Papilionidæ_.--2. SUB-TYPICAL, Lycæna, _Nymphalidæ_.--3. ABERRANT, Naïs-_Hesperidæ_, Lucia-_Erycidinæ_, and Erina-_Satyridæ_.

* * * * * *

NAÏS splendens.

_Blue-shouldered Copper_.

----

Sub-fam. Theclinæ. Genus Polyommatus. Sub-genus Naïs. _Sw._

SUB-GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings sub-angulated; posterior dentated, particularly at the anal angle.
Copper coloured above, with silvery spots beneath. Antennæ cylindrical,
thickening from the base: the tip truncate.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings above coppery, with black dots, their basal half-shining blue;
beneath fulvous; the posterior varied with ferruginous, and marked by
silvery spots._

Pap. Naïs. _Cramer, pl. 57, fig. D. E._

----

In every natural group of the diurnal Lepidoptera which we have analysed, (and the number is somewhat considerable,) there is always one in which the posterior wings are more than usually tailed; and this seems to be such a prevalent form throughout the Vertebrata and the Annulosa, that we believe it is universal: in other words, that it is one of the PRIMARY TYPES of Nature. We have consequently termed it the _natatorial_, since it represents that order of birds, as the Swallow-tailed _Papiliones_ typify the Swallows. That we should find this form in a group where the chief character is the roundness and the integrity of the wings, is certainly astonishing; but it shews that the laws of Nature are as simple, as they are universal. The absolute union of this sub-genus with _Lycæna_, with which we commenced the circle, is palpable to the meanest capacity. All the species we possess, are from Africa and India. As they represent the _Argynninæ_, we accordingly find them ornamented with silver spots. The species now figured, are probably male and female, and were received from Africa.

We have now given the natural types of an Entomological genus; the only one that has been attempted, since the demonstration of _Phanæus_ and _Scarabæus_. These are but three genera, out of many thousands, which at present have any other foundation, strictly speaking, than mere opinion. But the great principles of variation are now discovered, and we must hope that those naturalists of a higher order, who join acknowledged talent to matured experience, will follow up the subject.

* * * * * *

GENERAL INDEX _OF THE PLATES TO_ VOL. III. IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.

----

No. 21. pl.
Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92
Protesilaus Leilus 93
Cressida Heliconides 94
Papilio Memnon 95
Caracolla acutissima 96
No. 22.
Prinia familiaris 97
Amphrisius Nymphalides 98
Achatinella pica 99
---- perversa 99
---- acuta 99
Murex eurystomus 100
Polydorus Thoas 101

No. 23.
Ptiliogonys cinereus 102
Plecocheilus undulatus 103
Protesilaus Swainsonius 104
Podalirius Pompilius 105
Leptocircus Curius 106

No. 24.
Trogon Mexicanus 107
Achatinella bulimoides 108
---- livida 108
Phyllonotus Imperialis. var. 109
Petreus Thetys 110
Zeonia Heliconides 111

No. 25.
Leptolophus auricomis 112
Centronotus radix 113
Jasia Australis 114
Teracolus subfasciatus 115
Heleona fenestrata 116

No. 26.
Leptonyx macropus 117
Byssoarca Zebra 118
Apalis thoracica 119
Clytia dissimilis 120
Thoas Lysithous 121

No. 27.
Pteronotus pinnatus 122
Achatinella rosea 123
---- pulcherrima 123
Anthomyza Teresia 124
---- Heliconides 124
Leilus Surinamensis 125
---- Braziliensis 126

No. 28.
Malacocircus striatus 127
Mitreola monodonta 128
---- terebellum 128
Mitra acuminata 128
Leilus Occidentalis 129
---- Orientalis 130
Rhipheus dasycephalus 131

No. 29.
Lycæna dispar 132
Polyommatus Cassius 133
Erina pulchella 134
Lucia limbaria 135
Naïs splendens 136

* * * * * *

GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX TO VOL. III.

----

Achatinella, Generic character 99
---- acuta 99
---- bulimoides 108
---- livida 108
---- perversa 98
---- pulcherrima 123
---- pica 99
---- _Plates of_ 99, 108, 123
Amphrisius, Nymphalides 98
Anthomyza Tiresia 124
---- heliconides 124
Apalis thoracica 119
Apaloderma, _sub-generic character_ 107
_Ark-shell, Zebra_ 118
Arca, _The sub-genera of_ 118
_Babbler, Great-footed_ 117
---- _Striated_ 127
_Blues, The small_ 132 to 136
_Burnet, Australian_ 116
---- _Three-banded_ 124
---- _Heliconian_ 124
Calurus, _sub-generic character_ 107
Caracolla acutissima 96
Centronotus radix, (_Murex_) 113
Clytia dissimilis 120
Cressida heliconides 94
Crateropodinæ, _The genera of_ 127
_Copper, Large British_ 132
---- _blue shouldered_ 136
_Emerald Butterfly, Brazilian_ 126
---- _Surinam_ 125
---- _West Indian_ 129
---- _Oriental_ 130
---- _Round-winged_ 131
Erina pulchella 134
Hapactes, _sub-generic character_ 107
Heleona fenestrata 110
Jasia australis 114
Leptolophus auricomis 112
Leptonyx macropus 117
Leptocircus curius 106
Leilus, The sub-genera of 125
---- Braziliensis 126
---- Occidentalis 129
---- Orientalis 132
_Lory-parrakeet, Blue bellied_ 92
---- _Swainsonian_ 92
Lucia limbaria 135
Marius (Petreus) Thetys 110
Malacocircus striatus 127
Mitra acuminata 128
Mitreola _generic character_ 128
---- monodonta 128
---- terebellum 128
Murex, Analogies of the sub-genera 109
---- (Centronotus) Radix 113
---- (Pteronotus) pinnatus 112
---- (Phyllonotus) eurystomus 100
---- imperialis 109
Nais splendens 126
Orontes, _sub-generic character_ 125
Papilio Memnon 95
Patersonia glauca 116
_Parrakeet, blue bellied_ 92
---- _golden eared_ 112
Phyllonotus imperialis 109
Pteronotus pinnatus 112
Ptiliogonys cinereus 102
Plecocheilus undulatus 103
Podalirius Pompilius 105
Polyommatus, _The sub-genera of_ 132-136
---- Cassius 133
Polydorus Thoas 101
Prinia familiaris 97
Protesilaus Swainsonius 104
---- Leilus 93
Rhipheus dasycephalus 131
_Short foot, Yellow vented_ 102
_Snail, Waved Pupa_ 103
---- _Caracolla_ 96
_Swallow-tail, Brazilian_ 93
---- _Swainsonian_ 104
---- _Javanese_ 107
Trogon, _The sub-genera of_ 107
---- Mexicanus, female 107
Teracolus sub-fasciatus 115
Thoas Lysithous 121
---- _The Sectional Types_ 121
Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92
_Volute mitres, The_ 128
_Warbler, Gorget_ 119
Zeonia heliconides 111

* * * * * *

INDEX

TO THE INSECTS.

(SECOND SERIES.)

----

_In the order of Publication._

pl.
Protesilaus Niamus 32
Rhetus Crameri 33
Marius Cinna 45
Eudamus Agesilaus 48
---- Doryssus 48
Petreus Thetys 59
Eurymus Philodice 60
Amynthia Swainsonia 63
Pieris Nigrina 69
Eurymus Europome 70
Euterpe Teria 74
Peleus Æacus 75
---- Gentius 75
Melete Limnobia 79
Endymion Regalis 85
Arcas Imperialis 88
Chlorisses Sarpedon 89
Jasia Athama 90
Protesilaus Leilus 93
Cressida heliconides 94
Papilio Mémnon 95
Amphrisius Nymphalides 98
Polydorus Thoas 101
Protesilaus Swainsonius 104
Podalirius Pompilius 105
Leptocircus Curius 106
Petreus Thetys (larva) 110
Zeonia heliconides 111
Jasia Australis 114
Teracolus subfasciatus 115
Heleona fenestrata 116
Clytia dissimilis 120
Thoas Lysithous 121
Anthomyza Teresia 124
---- heliconides 124
Leilus Surinamensis 125
---- Braziliensis 126
---- Occidentalis 129
---- Orientalis 130
Rhipheus dasycephalus 131
Lycæna dispar 132
Polyommatus Casseus 133
Erina pulchella 134
Lucia limbaria 135
Naïs splendens 136

* * * * * *

_Systematic Arrangement._

PAPILIONIDÆ. _Sw._
pl.
Pieris Nigrina 69
Euterpe Teria 74
Melete Limnobia 79
Clytia dissimilis 120
Amphrisius Nymphalides 98
Polydorus Thoas 101
Protesilaus Leilus 93
---- Swainsonius 104
---- Niamus 32
Podalirius Pompilius 105
Cressida heliconides 94
Thoas Lysithous 121
Papilio Memnon 95
Chlorisses Sarpedon 89
Rhipheus dasycephalus 131
Leilus Surinamensis 125
---- Braziliensis 126
---- Occidentalis 129
---- Orientalis 130
Leptocircus Curius 106
Eurymus Philodice 60
---- Europome 70
Amynthia Swainsonia 63
Teracolus subfasciatus 115

Fam. NYMPHALIDÆ. _Sw._
Marius Cinna 45
Petrius Thetys 59
---- larva and pupa 110
Jasia Athama 90
---- Australis 114

Fam. ERYCINIDÆ. _Sw._
Rhetus Crameri 33
Zeonia heliconides 111
Endymion regalis 85
Arcas Imperialis 88
Lycæna dispar 132
Polyommatus Cassius 133
Erina pulchella 134
Lucia limbaria 135
Naïs splendens 135

Fam. HESPERIDÆ. _Sw._
Eudamus Agesilaus 48
---- Doryssus 48
Peleus Æacus 75
---- Gentius 75

Tribe. SPHINGIDES. _Sw._
Heleona fenestrata 116
Anthomyza Teresia 124
---- heliconides 124

* * * * * *

INDEX

TO THE SHELLS.

(SECOND SERIES.)

----

_In the order of Publication._

pl.
Ancilliaria rubiginosa 4
Mitra melaniana 5
---- tessellata 5
Ampullaria carinata 9
Unio truncatus 10
Marmarostoma undulata 14
Voluta bullata 15
Anodon areolatus 18
Mitra bicolor 19
---- carinata 19
---- strigata 19
Tellina latirostra 20
Lingula anatina 24
---- hians 25
Melania amarula 29
---- setosa 29
Mitra fulva 30
---- ambigua 30
---- punctata 30
Rostellaria curvirostris 34
Ampullaria Nilotica 38
---- subcarinata 38
Strombus Peruvianus 39
Oliva volutella 40
---- striata 40
Marginella oblonga 44
---- guttata 44
Mitra episcopalis 49
Tiara Isabella 50
---- sulcata 50
Volutilithes muricata 53
---- pertusa 53
Mitrella fusca, occellata 54
---- olivæformis 54
Margarita crocata 55
Olivella purpurata 58
---- eburnea 58
Ampullaria fasciata 64
Conus lithoglyphus 65
Murex imperialis 67
Conus fumigatus 68
---- franciscanus 68
Murex erythrostomus 73
Harpula vexillum 77
Hiatula Lamarcii 78
---- pallida 78
---- maculosa 78
Cymbiola vespertilio 83
Voluta cymbium 84
Scapbella maculata 87
Geotrochus pileus 91
Caracolla acutissima 96
Achatinella pica, perversa 99
---- acuta 99
---- bulimoides 108
---- livida 108
---- rosea 123
---- pulcherrima 123
Murex eurystomus 100
Plecocheilus undulatus 103
Phyllonotus Imperialis 109
Centronotus radix 113
Byssoarca Zebra 118
Pteronotus pinnatus 122
Mitreola monodonta 128
---- terebellum 128
Mitra acuminata 128

* * * * * *

_In Systematic Order._

VOLUTIDÆ.
pl.
Voluta cymbium 84
---- bullata 15
Cymbiola vespertilio 83
Harpula vexillum 77
Volutilithes muricata 53
---- pertusa 53
Schaphella maculata 87
Mitra episcopalis 49
---- melaniana 5
---- tessellata 5
---- bicolor 19
---- carinata 19
---- strigata 19
---- fulva 30
---- ambigua 30
---- punctata 30
---- acuminata 128
Tiara Isabella 50
---- sulcata 50
Mitrella fusca. ocellata 54
---- olivæformis 54
Mitreola monodonta 128
---- terebellum 128
Oliva volutella 40
---- striata 40
Olivella purpurata 58
---- eburnea 58
Hiatula Lamarcii 78
---- pallida 78
---- maculosa 78
Ancillaria rubiginosa 4
Marginella oblonga 44
---- guttata 44

MURICIDÆ.
Murex (Phyllonotus) Imperialis 67, 109
---- eurystomus 100
---- erythrostomus 73
Centronotus radix 113
Pteronotus pinnatus 122

STROMBIDÆ.
Strombus Peruvianus 39
Rostellaria curvirostris 34
Conus lithoglyphus 65
---- fumigatus 68
---- franciscanus 68

HELICIDÆ.
Ampullaria carinata 9
---- Nilotica 38
---- subcarinata 38
---- fasciata 64
Melania amarula and setosa 29
Achatinella, six species, 99, 108, 123
Geotrochus pileus 91
Caracolla acutissima 96
Plecocheilus undulatus 103

TURBIDÆ.
Marmarostoma undulata 14

BIVALVES.
Unio truncatus 10
Anodon areolatus 18
Tellina latirostra 20
Margarita crocata 55
Lingula aratina 24
---- hians 25
Byssoarca zebra 113

* * * * * *

INDEX

TO THE BIRDS.

(SECOND SERIES.)

----

_In the order of Publication._

Psittacus vernalis 1
Polyborus Braziliensis 2
Setophaga picta 3
Parra Africana 6
Cuculus nigricans 7
Lorius Isidorii 8
Thriothorus Mexicanus 11
Lorius Garrulus 12
Coccyzus Levaillantii 13
Paleornis Pondicerianus 16
Hirundo fasciata 17
Nanodes venustus 21
Icterus Cayanensis 22
Drymophyla longipes 23
Platycercus scapularis 26
Drymophila fasciata 27
Aglaïa gyrola 28
---- flava 31
Psaris Jardinii 35
Petroïca multicolor 36
Ploceus Textor 37
Psaris cristatus 41
Chætura macroptera 42
Petroïca bicolor 43
Fluvicola cursoria 46
Macropteryx longipennis 47
Sylvia Regulus 51
Phoenicornis flammeus 52
Nyctiornis amictus 56
Culicivora atricapilla 57
Gryllivora Saularis 61
Ptiliogonys cinereus 62
Todus viridis 66
Malaconotus Barbarus 71
Donacobius vociferans 72
Malaconotus atro-coccineus 76
Crateropus Reinwardii 80
Prionites Mexicanus 81
Trogon Mexicanus 82
Garrulus sordidus 86
Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92
Prinia familiaris 97
Ptiliogonys cinereus 102
Trogon Mexicanus. mas 107
Leptolophus auricomis 112
Leptonyx macropus 117
Apalis thoracica 119
Malacocircus striatus 127

* * * * * *

_In Systematic Order._

FALCONIDÆ.
Polyborus Braziliensis 1

LANIADÆ.
Malaconotus Barbarus 71
---- atro-coccineus 76
Phænicornis flammeus 52
Ptiliogonys cinereus male, 62. female, 120

MERULIDÆ.
Drymophila longipes 23
---- fasciata 27
Donacobius vociferans 72
Crateropus Reinwardii 80
Leptonyx macropus 117
Malacocircus striatus 127

SYLVIADÆ.
Sylvia Regulus 51
Petroica multicolor 36
---- bicolor 43
Setophaga picta 3
Culicivora atricapilla 57
Apalis thoracica 119
Prinia familiaris 97
Gryllivora saularis 61

MUSCICAPIDÆ.
Psaris Jardinii 35
---- cristatus 41
Fluvicola cursoria 46
Todus viridis 66

FRINGILLIDÆ.
Aglaia gyrola 28
---- flava 31
Ploceus textor 37

STURNIDÆ, CORVIDÆ.
Icterus Cayanensis 22
Garrulus sordidus 86

PSITTACIDÆ.
Psittacus vernalis 1
Lorius Isidorii 8
---- Garrulus 12
Trichoglossus Swainsoni 92
Paleornis Pondicerianus 16
Nanodes venustus 21
Platycircus scapularis 26
Leptolophus auricomis 112

CUCULIDÆ, CERTHIADÆ.
Cuculus nigricans 7
Coccyzus Levaillantii 13
Thryothorus Mexicanus 11

FISSIROSTRES.
Hirundo fasciata 17
Chætura macroptera 42
Macropteryx longipennis 47
Nyctiornis amictus 56
Prionites Mexicanus 81
Trogon Mexicanus female, 82. male, 107
----
Parra Africana 6

* * * * * *

LIST OF ORIGINAL SUBSCRIBERS,

WHO HAVE SENT THEIR NAMES.

----

AUDUBON, J. J. Esq., America
BAYFIELD, Mr. G., Walworth
BONAPARTE, CHARLES LUCIAN, PRINCE of Musignano, Rome
BOLTON, Mrs. Liverpool
BOX----Esq., Night Rider Street
BREE, The Rev. W. T. Allesley, Rectory, Warwickshire
CAMBRIDGE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
CASE, Mrs. J. DEAN, Liverpool
CORRIE, Mrs. Woodville, Birmin.
DOBSON, BENJAMIN, Esq., Bolton
CHILDREN, J. GEO. Esq., British Museum
GOODALL, The Very Rev. Dr. _Provost of Eton_
GRAY, J. E. Esq. British Museum
GRAY, JOHN, Esq. Whitefield House, near Bolton
GALTON, Miss, Birmingham
GRIFFITHS, E. Esq. Gray's Inn
HOOKER, Professor, Glasgow
HARDWICKE, GENERAL, Lambeth
HORSFIELD, Dr, East India House
HICK, B. Esq. Bolton
HILL, LADY, Hawkestone Citadel
JARDINE, SIR WM. BART., Jardine Hall, Dumfrieshire
KENNEDY, Mrs. Manchester
LESSON, M. J. P., Paris
LEDSAM, JOHN, Esq. Birmingham
LITTLEDALE, Mrs. GEO., Liverpool
LINCOLN, AB. Esq. Highbury Place
LYNES, Mrs. Stourbridge
MAUD, THE REV. P. BATH
MAUD, CHARLES, Esq. Bath
MILLS, Mrs. Warwickshire
MOILLIET, J. L. Esq. Birmingham
MOSELEY, Mrs. Leaton Hall, Stourbridge
NEWCOME, The Rev. T. Shenley
NORTHUMBERLAND, HER GRACE THE DUTCHESS OF
PERCY, The HON. Mrs. C. Bertie Guy's Cliff, Warwick
PHILLIPS, Mrs. Stirchley Rectory
PHIPSON, WM. Esq. Birmingham
RAFFLES, The Rev. Dr. Liverpool
RUSSELL, WM. Esq. Birmingham
ROGET, Dr. London
SELBY, P. JOHN, Twizel House
SCORESBY, The Rev. H., Leeds
SHERBOURNE., ROBT. Esq. Liverpool
STOREY, J. SAMUEL, Esq. St. Albans
SMITH, Mrs. NEWMAN, Croydon
THOYTS, Mrs. Oakfield, Reading
TIMPERON, Mrs. New Barnes, near St. Albans
WEBSTER, MISS, Birmingham
WILLIAMS, Professor. For the Radcliffe Library
WILSON, JAMES, Esq. Edinburgh
WOOD, CHARLES, Esq. Secretary of the Treasury
WOOD, J. S. Esq. Glasgow

SECEDERS.

BOSTOCK, Dr. London
MARTINEAUX, Mrs. Norwich
YATES, The Rev. J. London
---- MISS E. Liverpool

----

*** _As the short notice given to the public has prevented many from sending their names, the possession of this list, will serve to distinguish such copies of the work, the plates of which, have passed the inspection of the author._

* * * * * *

Notes.

[1] 9, Trafalgar Street, Walworth.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed text

Plate 92: 'elsewhere' corrected from 'elsewere'

Plate 94: 'transverse' (spots) corrected from 'transvere'

Plate 97, plate caption and Genus: 'PRINIA' corrected from 'PRINEA'

Plate 100, plate caption: 'eurystomus' corrected from 'euristomus'

Plate 102, headings: 'PTILIOGONYS' corrected from 'PLILIOGONYS' (twice)

Plate 103: 'hermaphrodite' corrected from 'hermaphrotide'

Plate 109: 'Mollusca' corrected from 'Mollusa'

Ib., in table: 'Amphibia' corrected from 'Amphibea'

Plate 111: (Leptocircus) 'Curius' corrected from 'heliconides'. Cf. plate 106 and all the indexes

Plate 113: 'transversely' corrected from 'trasversely'

Plate 116: 'Lepidopterous' corrected from 'Lepedopterous'

Plate 118, in headings: 'Arca' corrected from 'Area'

Plate 119: (in heading and again under Specific Character) 'thoracica' corrected from 'thoracia'

Ib.: 'structure' corrected from 'structue'

Plate 120, main title: 'dissimilis' corrected from 'dissimiles'; again under 'Types'

Plate 122: 'aberrant' corrected from 'abberant'

Plate 133, heading: 'POLYOMMATUS' corrected from 'PLOYOMMATUS'

Plate 133: (The upper figure represents the) 'male' corrected from 'female'

Alphabetic index: (Heleona) 'fenestrata' corrected from 'fenetrata'

Alphabetic index to the Insects: Heleona fenestrata '116' corrected from '110' and re-ordered

Systematic index to the Insects: (Cressida) 'heliconides' corrected from 'helinonides'

Alphabetic index to the Shells: (Marmarostoma) 'undulata' corrected from 'uudulata'

Systematic index to the Shells: (Ampullaria) 'subcarinata' corrected from 'snbcarinata'

Indexes to the Birds (both): Trogon Mexicanus, '82' corrected from '81'

Systematic index to the Birds: 'Trogon' corrected from 'Togon'