Chapter XV: Part 15

=304. England Conquered Many Times.= England had been conquered by the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons, and the Danes. Now she was conquered for the last time. The people who defeated her were the Normans of France. We have seen them come into France when the Normans scattered from their native lands in the north of Europe.

After Alfred died several kings ruled in England. When Harold was chosen king, the Duke of Normandy claimed the throne of England. He made this claim on the ground that the former English king had promised it to him. The Duke of Normandy has always been called William the Conqueror. He was a stern man who knew how to rule and fight. To establish his claim to the English throne he gathered together an army, crossed the Channel, and landed at Senlac, near Hastings.

=305. The Battle of Hastings (1066).= Harold had gathered his soldiers to resist the Normans. They fought bravely, as any good soldiers do when defending their native land. "All day long they stood stubbornly together on a hilltop and beat back every attack with their swords and axes." When Harold was wounded, his men still fought on. William of Normandy now thought of a trick. He ordered his soldiers to pretend to be beaten and to retreat. This they did. The English soldiers now rushed forward to follow on their heels and cut down as many as they could. What was their dismay to see the Normans turning around and cutting down the English! When night came the English army was no more.

[Sidenote: =Character of the Normans=]

England had staked all and had lost. Most of the country gave up. William was crowned king. He divided the land among his nobles, and England, which was democratic under the Anglo-Saxon became aristocratic under the rule of William. The Normans built the huge castles and cathedrals that dot the face of England. From their castles they lorded it over the Anglo-Saxon. But slowly this condition changed. After many years Normans and Anglo-Saxons commenced to grow friendly and their sons and daughters began to marry one another. The fusion of these two classes made the English people a more hardy and daring race than before.

[Sidenote: =How the Anglo-Saxons conquered the Normans=]

The local institutions which had grown up under the Anglo-Saxons now began to appear again. And in time the Normans may be said to have been conquered by the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon way of doing things belonged to the shire, the county, and the township. The people were called together in the different districts and practiced self-government.

THE STRUGGLE FOR THE GREAT CHARTER

[Sidenote: =Lawlessness of the nobles=]

=306. Henry II a Great Ruler.= Nearly a hundred years had gone by since William the Conqueror ruled England. There was great confusion in England. The Norman nobles were doing about as they pleased. They rode forth from their castles with their little armies and attacked each other, or attacked the citizens of a town, sometimes murdering them.

Then Henry II, the grandson of William the Conqueror, came to the throne. He was like his ancestor in many ways. He could brook no opposition. He was short and powerfully built. "He had red hair, a bull neck, and bow legs." He was careless about his dress, but was a hard worker. He saw that England needed order first. He therefore first of all compelled the nobles to behave by destroying some of their castles and driving the soldiers, which they had hired, back to France.

[Sidenote: =Trial by jury=]

He changed the way of finding out whether or not a man was guilty. Instead of employing the "ordeal by fire," by water, or by battle, he sent judges around to different places. These judges called together sixteen good men who told them about those who they thought had broken the law. These men made up the Grand Jury.

Twelve other men were selected to examine into all the facts of a given case before the man was condemned or set free. This way of "trying men by jury" was a great improvement over the old way. In these ways Henry II brought the evildoers in England, whether high or low, to obey the law or be severely punished. England was now once more an orderly country.

[Sidenote: =John a worthless king=]

=307. King John and the Pope.= The son of Henry II, John, was about the worst king that England ever had. John was bad; he would not keep a promise, was a great liar, was cruel, was cowardly, was a traitor and a tyrant.

[Sidenote: =All the churches closed=]

Ever since the days of William the Conqueror the kings of England had been the dukes of Normandy. In a war with the French king, John lost all of Normandy. The Pope named as Archbishop of Canterbury a man whom John opposed. The Pope and John quarreled. "The Pope closed every church in England. No bells rang to call the people to prayer or to service on the Sabbath. No priest could preach. The dead could not be buried; the living might not marry. Every church stood silent and grass grew about the doors."

The Pope called on the king of France to take John's place, for in the eyes of the Pope John was no longer king of England. John turned about and begged for the Pope's mercy. He promised to submit to his will and to pay him a large amount of money each year.

[Sidenote: =The barons revolt=]

=308. John Compelled to Grant Magna Charta.= John was so cruel to his own people that the barons rose in revolt. Their forefathers had been free, and "why not we?" they asked. John only "laughed in his sleeve." But the barons meant business. They met in a meadow, called Runnymede, and summoned the king to face them. He came.

[Sidenote: =The meeting at Runnymede=]

It was a great scene. There stood the barons with their soldiers not far away. Their faces showed their anger and their decision to have their rights. The head of every house had his great banner which he had carried to victory on many a field of battle. But worse than all, there John saw the very Archbishop of Canterbury whom he had refused to permit to enter England. John was furious, but he could not help himself, for he heard the clanking of cold steel all around him.

[Sidenote: =What the Great Charter meant=]

The barons told him plainly that he must give all England a pledge to do right according to England's law. They told him that this promise must be signed by his own hand and on the signed paper he must place the royal seal. This great paper is called the Great Charter--"Magna Charta" (1215). Englishmen love it and have often shed their blood in defense of it.

[Sidenote: =The Petition of Right=]

For more than four hundred years this charter was the foundation of the rights of Englishmen. But they found in the charter only the old laws which had come down from good Edward the Confessor (1042-1066). In 1628 another English king, Charles I, was compelled by Parliament to sign another charter, called the "Petition of Right." In this new pledge to the English people they found nothing very new but mostly the old laws or principles contained in Magna Charta.

[Sidenote: =The Bill of Rights=]

When James II was driven from the throne by the English people they drew another charter, which King William signed (1689). This was called the "Bill of Rights." In this there were not many new things, but it contained mostly the principles of Magna Charta and the Petition of Right. Besides, this last charter contained several rules which made Parliament superior to the king.

When the American people after their Revolution came to make a Constitution, they put in it many principles found in the English Bill of Rights. We ought to admire and love our Constitution because it contains ideas that have been tried out for more than ten centuries.

SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL

=The Leading Facts.= _1._ England almost ruined by the Danes. _2._
Alfred's youth. _3._ Alfred as king. _4._ What he did for his
people. _5._ The Norman conquest. _6._ Battle of Hastings. _7._
Norman nobles built castles and brought confusion to England after
William's time. _8._ The Normans and Anglo-Saxons mix. _9._ Henry
II a great king. _10._ Nobles forced to behave. _11._ Established
the Grand Jury and the jury to try cases. _12._ King John lost
Normandy and quarreled with the Pope. _13._ John submits to the
Pope. _14._ Barons at Runnymede force John to sign Magna Charta.
_15._ The Petition of Right, the Bill of Rights, and the American
Constitution.

=Study Questions.= _1._ Why did the Danes go to England? _2._ Tell
all the anecdotes about Alfred the Great. _3._ Prove that he was a
good man. _4._ Why did the Normans invade England? _5._ Tell the
story of Hastings. _6._ Explain the mixture of races in England.
_7._ How did the Anglo-Saxons conquer the Normans? _8._ Who was
Henry II, and what did he do? _9._ How did he prepare the way for
Magna Charta? _10._ Prove that John was a bad king. _11._ Tell
the story of Runnymede. _12._ Give the date of Magna Charta, the
Petition of Right, and the Bill of Rights. _13._ What do Americans
owe these charters?

=Suggested Readings.= Mowry, _First Steps in History of England_,
38-97; Tappan, _England's Story_, 24-93; Blaisdell, _Stories from
English History_, 27-77; Dickens, _A Child's History of England_,
18-24, 50-63, 89-110, 122-168; Guerber, _Story of the English_,
42-53, 73-84, 117-128; Yonge, _Young Folks' History of England_;
Mace-Tanner, _Old Europe and Young America_, 162-183.

A PRONOUNCING INDEX

Webster's New International Dictionary, the Century Cyclopedia of Names, and the Encyclopedia Americana have been used as authorities for spelling and pronunciation.

_Adirondack_ (ăd´ĭ-=rŏn´=dăk)
_Achilles_ (ă-=kĭl´=ēz)
_Aisne_ (ân)
_Alamo_ (=ä´=lä-mō)
_Alcuin_ (=ăl´=kwĭn)
_Algonquin_ (ăl-=gŏŋ´=kĭn)
_Allegheny_ (=ăl´=ē̍-gā´nĭ)
_Altamaha_ (ôl´t_ȧ_-m_ȧ_-=hô´=)
_Andes_ (=ăn´=dēz)
_Angles_ (=ăŋ´=g'lz)
_Annapolis_ (_ă_-=năp´=ō̍-lĭs)
_Antietam_ (ăn-=tē´=t_ă_m)
_Appalachian_ (ăp´_ȧ_-=lăch´=ĭ-_ă_n)
_Appomattox_ (ăp´ō̍-=măt´=_ŭ_ks)
_Argonne_ (är´=gō̍n´=)
_Aristotle_ (=ăr´=ĭs-tot'´l)
_Arizona_ (ăr´ĭ-=zō´=n_ȧ_)
_Arkansas_ (=är´=k_ă_n-sô´)
_Armenia_ (är-=mē´=ni-_ȧ_)
_Attila_ (ăt´ĭ-l_ȧ_)

_Babylon_ (băb´ ĭ-lŏn)
_Bahama_ (b_ȧ_-=hā´=m_ȧ_)
_Barcelona_ (bär´sē̍-=lō´=n_ȧ_ _or_ bär´thā̍-=lō´=nä)
_Bede_ (bēd)
_Birmingham_ (=bûr´=mĭng-_ă_m)
_Bon Homme Richard_ (bō̍´ =nō̍m´= rē´=shär´=)
_Boone_ (boo͞n)
_Boulton_ (=bōl´=t_ŭ_n)
_Breckinridge_ (=brĕk´=ĭn-rĭj)
_Bristol_ (=brĭs´=t_ŏ_l)
_Buchanan_ (b_ŭ_-=kăn´=_ă_n _or_ bū̍-=kăn´=_ă_n)
_Buena Vista_ (=bwā´=nä =vẽs´=tä)
_Burgoyne_ (bûr-=goin´=)

_Cabot, Sebastian_ (sē̍-=băs´=ch_ă_n =kăb´=_ŭ_t)
_Cadiz_ (=kā´=dĭz _or_ =kä´=thēth)
_Caesar_ (=sē´=z_ȧ_r)
_Cahokia_ (k_ȧ_-=hō´=kĭ-_ȧ_)
_Cairo_ (=kā´=rō)
_Calhoun_ (kăl-=hoo͞n´=)
_Canandaigua_ (kăn´_ă_n-=dā´=gw_ȧ_)
_Canaries_ (k_ȧ_-=nā´=rĭz)
_Cañon_ (=kăn´=y_ŭ_n)
_Cape Breton_ (=brĕt´=_ŭ_n)
_Carthage_ (=kär´=thā̍j)
_Cartier, Jacques_ (zhäk kär´=tyā´=)
_Catawba_ (k_ȧ_-=tô´=b_ȧ_)
_Cavite_ (kä-=vē´=tā)
_Cervera_ (thĕr-=vā´=rä)
_Chalons_ (shä´lôN)
_Champlain_ (shăm-=plān´=)
_Charlemagne_ (=shär´=lē̍-mān)
_Charles Martel_ (shȧrl or chärlz mär´=tel´=)
_Château-Thierry_ (shä-=tō´=tyĕ´=rē´=)
_Chattanooga_ (chăt´_ȧ_-=noo͞´=g_ȧ_)
_Cherokee_ (chĕr´ō-=kē´=)
_Chesapeake_ (=chĕs´=_ȧ_-pēk)
_Chickahominy_ (chĭk´_ȧ_-=hŏm´=ĭ-nĭ)
_Chickamauga_ (chĭk´_ȧ_-=mô´=g_ȧ_)
_Cicero_ (=sĭs´=ẽr-ō)
_Cimon_ (=sī´=mŏn)
_Cincinnati_ (sĭn´sĭ-=nȧt´=ĭ)
_Colorado_ (kŏl´ō̍-=rä´=dō)
_Concord_ (=kŏŋ´=kẽrd)
_Connecticut_ (k_ŏ_-=nĕt´=ĭ-k_ŭ_t)
_Constantinople_ (kŏn-stăn´tĭ-=nō´=p'l)
_Cornwallis_ (kôrn-=wŏl´=ĭs)
_Coronado_ (kō´rō̍-=nä´=thō)
_Cortés_ (kō̍r-=tās´=)
_Crèvecœur_ (krĕv´=kûr´=)

_Danelagh_ (=dān´=lâ)
_Darius_ (d_ȧ_-=rī´=_ŭ_s)
_Dewey_ (=dū´=ĭ)
_Diego_ (dē̍-=ā´=gō)
_Dinwiddie_ (dĭn-=wĭd´=ĭ _or_ =dĭn´=wĭd-ĭ)
_Duluth_ (doo͝-=loo͞th´=)
_Duquesne_ (doo͝-=kān´=)
_Duryea_ (=dṳr´=yȧ)

_Edison_ (=ĕd´=ĭ-s_ŭ_n)
_El Caney_ (ĕl =kä´=nā)
_Ericson_ (=ĕr´=ĭk-sȯn)
_Ethelred_ (=eth´=ĕl-rĕd)
_Eutaw Springs_ (=ū´=tô-)

_Faneuil_ (=fŭn´='l)
_Fannin_ (=făn´=ĭn)
_Farragut_ (=făr´=_ȧ_-gŭt)
_Foch_ (fōsh)
_Frontenac_ (=frŏn´=tē̍-năk _or_ frôN´tẽ-=nȧk´=)

_Gadsden_ (=gădz´=d_ĕ_n)
_Gama, da_ (dä =gä´=mä)
_Gaul_ (gôl)
_Geneva_ (jē̍-=nē´=v_ȧ_)
_Genoa_ (=jĕn´=ō̍-_ȧ_)
_Genoese_ (jĕn´ō̍-=ēz´= _or_-=ēs´=)
_Gettysburg_ (=gĕt´=ĭz-bûrg)
_Ghent_ (gĕnt)
_Gibault_ (zhē̍´=bō´=)
_Goethals_ (=gû´=tălz´)
_Goliad_ (gō´lĭ-=ăd´=)
_Gooch_ (goo͞ch)
_Gracchi_ (=grăk´=ī)
_Guam_ (gwäm)
_Guilford_ (=gĭl´=fẽrd)

_Haiti_ (=hā´=tĭ)
_Hannibal_ (hăn´ĭ-b_ă_l)
_Hawaiian Islands_ (hä-=wī´=y_ă_n)
_Hennepin_ (=hĕn´=ē̍-pĭn)
_Hercules_ (=hër´=kū-lēz)
_Herkimer_ (=hûr´=kĭ-mẽr)
_Hong-kong_ (=hŏng´=-=kŏng´=)
_Horatius_ (hō-=rā´=shĭ-ŭs)
_Houston_ (=hūs´=t_ŭ_n)
_Huguenot_ (=hū´=gẽ-nŏt)

_Iceland_ (=īs´=l_ă_nd)
_Indianapolis_ (ĭn´dĭ-_ă_n-=ăp´=ō̍-lĭs)
_Iroquois_ (ĭr´ō̍-=kwoi´=)
_Isthmus_ (=ĭs´=m_ŭ_s)

_Jamaica_ (j_ȧ_-=mā´=k_ȧ_)
_Joliet_ (zhō̍´=lyā´= _or_ =jō´=lĭ-ĕt)
_Jutes_ (joo͞tz)

_Kanawha_ (k_ȧ_-=nô´=w_ȧ_)
_Kaskaskia_ (kăs-=kăs´=kĭ-_ȧ_)
_Kieft_ (kēft)

_Labrador_ (lăb´r_ȧ_-=dôr´=)
_Lachine_ (l_ȧ_-=shēn´=)
_Lafayette, de_ (dẽ lä´fā̍-=yĕt´=)
_La Salle, de_ (dẽ lȧ =sȧl´=)
_Leiden_ (=lī´=d_ĕ_n)
_Leif Ericson_ (līf =ĕr´=ĭk-sȯn)
_Leonidas_ (lē̍-=ŏn´=ī-d_ȧ_s)
_Lisbon_ (=lĭz´=b_ŭ_n)
_Los Angeles_ (lōs =ăŋ´=gĕl-ĕs)
_Louisburg_ (=loo͞´=ĭs-bûrg)
_Luzerne_ (lū̍-=zûrn´=)

_McClellan_ (m_ȧ_-=klĕl´=_ă_n)
_McCrea_ (m_ȧ_-=krā´=)
_Macdonough_ (m_ȧ_k-=dŏn´=ō)
_Macedonia_ (măs´ē̍-=dō´=nĭ-_ȧ_)
_McGregor_ (m_ă_k-=grĕg´=ẽr)
_Mackinac_ (=măk´=ĭ-nô)
_McKinley_ (m_ȧ_-=kĭn´=lĭ)
_Magellan_ (m_ȧ_-=jĕl´=_ă_n)
_Magna Charta_ (=măg´=nă =kär´=tă)
_Manila_ (m_ȧ_-=nĭl´=_ȧ_)
_Manitou_ (=măn´=ĭ-too͞)
_Marathon_ (=măr´=_ȧ_-thŏn)
_Marianas_ (_Ladrones_) (mä´rē̍-=ä´=näs, l_ȧ_-=drōnz´=)
_Marne_ (märn)
_Marquette_ (=mär´==kĕt´=)
_Massachusetts_ (măs´_ȧ_-=choo͞´=sĕts)
_Massasoit_ (=măs´=_ȧ_-soit´)
_Matagorda_ (măt´_ȧ_-=gôr´=d_ȧ_)
_Maumee_ (mô-=mē´=)
_Mediterranean_ (mĕd´ĭ-tẽr-=ā´=nē̍-_ă_n)
_Memphis_ (=mĕm´=fĭs)
_Merrimac_ (=mĕr´=ĭ-măk)
_Milan_ (=mĭl´=_ă_n)
_Minneapolis_ (mĭn´ē̍-=ăp´=ō̍-lĭs)
_Minuit_ (=mĭn´=ū̍-ĭt)
_Missouri_ (mĭ-=soo͞´=rĭ)
_Mobile_ (mō̍-=bēl´=)
_Monmouth_ (=mŏn´=m_ŭ_th)
_Monongahela_ (mō̍-nŏŋ´g_ȧ_-=hē´=l_ȧ_)
_Montcalm_ (mŏnt-=käm´=)
_Monterey_ (mŏn´t_ĕ_-=rā´=)
_Montezuma_ (mŏn´tē̍-=zoo͞´=m_ȧ_)
_Monticello_ (mŏn´tē̍-=sĕl´=ō)
_Montpelier_ (mŏnt-=pē´=lĭ-ẽr)
_Moultrie_ (=mōl´=trĭ _or_ =moo͞´=trĭ)
_Munich_ (=mū´=nĭk)
_Muybridge_ (=moi´=brĭj)

_Nassau_ (=năs´=ô)
_Natchez_ (=năch´=ĕz)
_Newfoundland_ (=nū´=fŭnd-lănd´)
_New Orleans_ (nū =ôr´=lē̍-_ă_nz)
_Nez Percé_ (nā pẽr-=sā´=)
_Niagara_ (nī-=ăg´=_ȧ_-r_ȧ_)
_Ninevah_ (=nĭn´=ē̍-vĕ)
_Nolichucky_ (nŏl´ĭ-=chŭk´=ĭ)
_Normandy_ (=nôr´=m_ă_n-dĭ)

_Oberlin_ (=ō´=bẽr-lĭn)
_Oglethorpe_ (=ō´=g'l-thôrp)
_Oneida_ (ō̍-=nī´=d_ȧ_)
_Oregon_ (=ŏr´=ē̍-gŏn)
_Orinoco_ (ō´rĭ-=nō´=kō)
_Oriskany_ (ō̍-=rĭs´=k_ȧ_-nĭ)

_Palos_ (=pä´=lōs)
_Panama_ (păn´_ȧ_-=mä´=)
_Patagonia_ (păt´_ȧ_-=gō´=nĭ-_ȧ_)
_Penobscot_ (pē̍-=nŏb´=skŏt)
_Pensacola_ (pĕn´s_ȧ_-=kō´=l_ȧ_)
_Pericles_ (pĕr´ĭ-klēz)
_Peru_ (pē̍-=roo͞´=)
_Philadelphia_ (fĭl´_ȧ_-=dĕl´=fĭ-_ȧ_)
_Philippine Islands_ (=fĭl´=ĭ-pĭn-_or_-pēn-)
_Phoenician_ (fē̍-nĭsh´_ă_n)
_Pinzón_ (pēn-=thōn´=)
_Pisa_ (pē´sä)
_Pizarro_ (pĭ-=zär´=rō _or_ pē̍-thär´rō)
_Platte_ (plăt)
_Pocahontas_ (pō´k_ȧ_-=hŏn´=t_ȧ_s)
_Porto Rico_ (=pōr´=tō =rē´=kō)
_Portugal_ (=pōr´=tū̍͜-g_ă_l)
_Portuguese_ (=pō̍r´=tū̍͜-gēz)
_Potomac_ (pō̍-=tō´=m_ă_k)
_Poughkeepsie_ (pō̍-=kĭp´=sĭ)
_Powhatan_ (pou´h_ȧ_-=tăn´=)

_Raleigh_ (=rô´=lĭ)
_Rameses_ (=răm´=ē̍-sēz)
_Rapidan_ (răp´ĭ-=dăn´=)
_Rappahannock_ (răp´_ȧ_-=hăn´=_ŭ_k)
_Raritan_ (=răr´=ĭ-t_ă_n)
_Remus_ (=rē´=mŭs)
_Richelieu_ (rē´shẽ-=loo͞´=)
_Rio Grande_ (=rē´=ō =grän´=dā)
_Roanoke_ (rō´_ȧ_-=nōk´=)
_Rochambeau, de_ (dẽ rō̍´shäN´=bō´=)
_Rochelle_ (rō̍-=shĕl´=)
_Romulus_ (rŏm´ū-lŭs)
_Roosevelt_ (=rō´=zẽ-vĕlt)
_Rosecrans_ (=rō´=zē̍-krănz)

_Sacramento_ (săk´r_ȧ_-=mĕn´=tō)
_St. Louis_ (sā̍nt =loo͞´=ĭs _or_-=loo͞´=ĭ)
_St. Mihiel_ (săN´mē´=yel´=)
_Samoset_ (=săm´=ō̍-sĕt _or_ sȧ-=mŏs´=-ĕt)
_San Diego_ (săn dē̍-=ā´=gō)
_San Francisco_ (săn frăn-=sĭs´=kō)
_Sangamon_ (=săŋ´=g_ȧ_-mŏn)
_San Jacinto_ (săn j_ȧ_-=sĭn´=tō)
_San Joaquin_ (săn wä-=kēn´=)
_San Juan_ (săn =hwän´=)
_San Salvador_ (sän säl´vȧ-=dōr´=)
_Santa Ana_ (=sän´=tä =ä´=nä)
_Santa Maria_ (=sän´=t_ȧ_ m_ȧ_-=rē´=_ȧ_)
_Santiago_ (sän´tē̍-=ä´=gō)
_Savannah_ (s_ȧ_-=văn´=_ȧ_)
_Schenectady_ (sk_ĕ_-=nĕk´=t_ȧ_-dĭ)
_Schley_ (slī)
_Schuyler_ (=skī´=lẽr)
_Schuylkill_ (=skoo͞l´=kĭl)
_Seattle_ (sē̍-=ăt´='l)
_Seminole_ (=sĕm´=ĭ-nōl)
_Senlac_ (sĕn´lăk)
_Serapis_ (sē̍-=rā´=pĭs)
_Sevier_ (sē̍-=vēr´=)
_Shafter_ (=shȧf´=tẽr)
_Shawnee_ (shô´=nē´=)
_Shenandoah_ (shĕn´_ă_n-=dō´=_ȧ_)
_Sierra Nevada_ (sĭ-=ĕr´=_ȧ_ nē̍-=vä´=d_ȧ_)
_Sioux_ (soo͞)
_Sloat_ (slōt)
_Socrates_ (=sŏk´=r_ȧ_-tēz)
_Solway Firth_ (=sŏl´=wā-)
_Spokane_ (spō´=kăn´=)
_Spottsylvania_ (spŏt´sĭl-=vā´=nĭ-_ȧ_)
_Steuben, von_ (fō̍n =stū´=bĕn)
_Stuyvesant_ (=stī´=v_ĕ_-s_ă_nt)

_Tallapoosa_ (tăl´_ȧ_-=poo͞´=s_ȧ_)
_Tecumseh_ (tē̍-=kŭm´=sĕ)
_Terre Haute_ (=tĕr´=ẽ =hōt´=)
_Teutons_ (=tū´=tŏnz)
_Thames_ (thāmz)
_Thorvald_ (=tôr´=väld)
_Ticonderoga_ (tī-kŏn´dẽr-=ō´=g_ȧ_)
_Tippecanoe_ (tĭp´ē̍-k_ȧ_-=noo͞´=)

_Ulysses_ (ū̍-=lĭs´=ēz)

_Valparaiso_ (văl´p_ȧ_-=rī´=sō)
_Vancouver_ (văn-=koo͞´=vẽr)
_Van Rensselaer_ (văn =rĕn´=sẽ-lẽr)
_Venezuela_ (vĕn´ē̍-=zwē´=l_ȧ_)
_Venice_ (=vĕn´=ĭs)
_Vergil_ (vûr´jĭl)
_Vespucci, Amerigo_ (ä´mā̍-=rē´=gō vĕs-=poo͞t´=chē)
_Vikings_ (=vī´=kingz)
_Villa_ (=vē´=yȧ)
_Vincennes_ (vĭn-=sĕnz´=)

_Walla Walla_ (=wŏl´=_ȧ_ =wŏl´=_ȧ_)
_Watauga_ (w_ȧ_-=tô´=g_ȧ_)
_Weehawken_ (wē-=hô´=k_ĕ_n)
_Westminster_ (=wĕst´=mĭn-stẽr)
_Windsor_ (=wĭn´=zẽr)

_Xerxes_ (zûrk´zēz)

_Zuñi_ (=zoo͞´=nyē̍)

THE INDEX

=Abolitionists=, 308-310, 318.

=Achilles=, 453, 456.

=Adams, John=, 131;
sent to First Continental Congress, 172;
at Second Continental Congress made Washington general of American troops, 131, 177;
appointed to help draw up Declaration of Independence, 232;
death, 238.

=Adams, Samuel=, 167-178;
portrait of, 167;
early turns to politics, 167;
leads movement against Stamp Act, 168;
forms "Sons of Liberty Society," 168;
opposes Tea Tax, 169;
writes Circular Letter, 169;
drives British out of Boston, 169;
and the Boston Tea Party, 129, 170, 171;
sends Paul Revere on his ride, 172;
goes to the First Continental Congress, 172;
forms companies of minutemen, 174;
goes to the Second Continental Congress, 177;
works for Declaration of Independence, 177;
made governor of Massachusetts, 178;
death, 178.

=Addams, Jane=, 412-413;
becomes interested in social service, 412;
portrait of, 412;
founds Hull House Social Settlement, 413.

="Agamemnon," The=, 270.

=Agricultural development=, 374-376.

=Agriculture=, 416-421;
machinery used for, 418-419.

=Airplane=, 390-393;
uses of, 393, 397.

=Alamo=, capture of the, 279-281.

=Albany=, Fort Orange becomes, 90.

=Alexander the Great=, 455, 463, 469.

=Alfred the Great=, 484-488;
early life, 484-485;
king of Wessex, 485;
drives Danes back, 485;
begins to build fleet, 485-486;
re-makes the laws, 486;
advances learning, 486-487;
translations by, 487;
death, 488.

=Algonquin Indians=, 49-52.

="Alliance," The=, 200-201.

=Alsace-Lorraine=, 442.

=Altamaha River=, colony on, 101-102.

=American Committee for the Relief of Belgium=, 431.

=American Red Cross Society=, 410-412.

=American River=, 289, 372.

=Amerigo Vespucci=, _see_ Vespucci, Amerigo.

=Anderson, Colonel=, 323.

=Anglo-Saxon tribes=, 478-479, 488.

=Annapolis=, founded, 70.

=Anthony, Susan B.=, 403-404;
portrait of, 403;
early life of, 403;
works for cause of woman's rights, 403-404;
death, 404.

=Anthracite=, 421-422.

=Antietam=, battle of, 338.

=Anti-saloon crusade=, 408.

=Appomattox Court House=, Lee's surrender at, 336.

=Argonne, battle of=, 441.

=Aristotle=, 454-455, 456.

="Ark," The=, 69.

=Armada=, _see_ Spanish Armada.

=Arthur, President=, 346-347;
portrait of, 347.

=Ashland=, Clay's home, 295, 298.

=Athens=, 456, 457-460;
assembly of, 458;
orators of, 458-459;
schools of, 459;
training for citizenship in, 459-460;
in the "Age of Pericles," 460-461.

=Atlantic cable=, 268-271.

=Augusta=, settled, 102.

=Automobile=, 388-390.

=Babylonians=, 448-449.

=Ball, Mary=, mother of Washington, 115, 116.

=Baltimore=, colony of, 70.

=Baltimore, Lord=, _see_ Calvert, George _and_ Cecil.

=Baltimore and Ohio Railroad=, started, 263.

=Barlow, Captain=, 44.

=Barry, John=, 199-201;
early life of, 199;
portrait of, 199;
captain of the _Lexington_, 199;
on the Delaware, 199-200;
commands the _Alliance_, 200, 201;
first commodore of American navy, 201;
death, 201.

=Barton, Clara=, 409-412;
early life of, 409-410;
portrait of, 410;
goes to the battlefield, 410-411;
and the American Red Cross, 410-412;
goes to Armenia, 411;
in the Spanish-American War, 411.

"=Battle Hymn of the Republic=," 405, 406.

=Baxter=, 265.

=Belgium=, invasion of, 426-427;
American Committee for the Relief of, 431;
and the German Peace Treaty, 442.

=Bell, Alexander Graham=, invents telephone, 268.

=Benton=, Jessie, 285.

=Benton, Thomas H.=, 249, 253, 285.

"=Bill of Rights=," 493.

=Biplane=, 393.

=Birmingham, Alabama=, great coal and iron center, 423.

=Blackbeard the Pirate=, 72.

=Black Hawk War=, 317.

=Blockade of southern ports=, 324.

="Bon Homme Richard," The=, 197, 198.

=Boone, Daniel=, 202-210;
early life of, 202-203;
crosses mountains, 203;
and the Indians, 204-209;
blazes famous "Wilderness Road," 205;
builds Fort Boonesboro, 206;
goes to Kentucky, 206;
at siege of Boonesboro, 208-209;
portrait of, 209;
moves to Missouri, 210;
death, 210.

=Boonesboro, Fort=, 206, 207, 208, 217.

=Booth, John Wilkes=, 327.

=Boston=, settled, 82;
British soldiers in, 129, 169, 172.

=Boston Port Bill=, 129, 172.

"=Boston Tea Party=," 162-163, 170-172.

=Boulton, Matthew=, inventor, 259.

=Bowie, Colonel=, 279.

=Braddock, General=, 123-124.

=Bradford, William=, 73, 76, 79, 81.

=Brandywine=, battle of the, 137.

=Breckenridge, John=, 322.

=Brewster, William=, 73.

=Bridgewater, Duke of=, 258.

=Britons=, 472, 478.

=Buchanan, President=, 270.

=Buckner, General=, 333.

=Buffalo=, herds of, 24.

=Bunker Hill=, battle of, 132, 176-177.

=Burgesses, House of=, 127, 159, 162, 167, 230, 231.

=Burgoyne, General=, 217;
compliments Morgan, 186.

=Burke, Edmund=, 162, 233.

=Bushnell, ----=, work on submarine, 394.

=Cabot, John=, 34-37;
born in Genoa, 34;
voyages of, 34-36;
statue of, 35;
seeks India and discovers Labrador, 35;
honored by king and people on return to England, 35, 36;
on second voyage, 36;
England claims large part of North America through discoveries of, 37.

=Caesar, Julius=, 471-473.

=Cahokia=, 220, 223.

=Calhoun, John C.=, 252, 297, 306-311;
early life of, 306;
portrait of, 307;
works hard for success of army in War of 1812, 307;
made Secretary of War, 307;
twice elected Vice-President, 307;
favors nullification, 308;
opposes Abolitionists, 308-309;
annexes Texas, 310;
opposes Compromise of 1850, 310;
death, 311.

=California=, conquest of, 288-289;
missionaries in, 291-292;
sends greatest number of volunteers to Spanish-American War, 356;
admitted as a state, 373;
an agricultural state, 375.

=Calvert, Cecil=, 69-70;
and the Indians, 69;
locates village of St. Marys, 69.

=Calvert, George=, 69;
prepares to found a colony for Catholics and Protestants, 69;
colony named after, 70.

=Camden=, battle of, 182.

=Campbell, Colonel=, 213, 214.

=Canada=, French in, 49-53, 106-114, 121.

=Cannae=, battle of, 468.

=Cape Breton Island=, 35.

=Cape of Good Hope=, rounded by Drake, 39.

=Carpenter's Hall=, 163, 173.

=Carroll, Charles=, 263.

=Carson, Kit=, 285, 286, 288.

=Cartier, Jacques=, takes possession of Montreal for France, 49.

=Carthage=, 467-469.

=Carver, John=, first Pilgrim governor, 73, 75, 78.

=Catholics=, 68, 69.

=Catiline=, 475.

=Cattle raising=, 419-421.

=Cavaliers=, settle in Virginia, 69.

=Cervera, Admiral=, 357.

=Chalons=, battle of, 477.

=Champlain, Lake=, discovered, 50.

=Champlain, Samuel de=, 49-53;
portrait of, 49;
founds Quebec, 49;
and Indians, 49-52;
discovers Lake Champlain, 50;
death, 53.

=Chancellorsville=, battle of, 338.

=Charlemagne=, 479-482;
grandson of Charles Martel, 479-480;
appearance, 480;
and the School of the Palace, 481;
crowned Emperor of Rome, 481;
methods of governing, 482;
fall of empire, 482.

=Charles I=, friend of Lord Baltimore, 69;
gives charter to Puritan colony, 81.

=Charles II=, and William Penn, 94;
gives Pennsylvania to Penn, 96.

=Charles Martel=, 479-480.

=Charles the Great=, _see_ Charlemagne.

=Charleston=, 101-102, 104;
surrenders to Cornwallis, 182.

=Charleston earthquake=, Red Cross Society relieves suffering caused by the, 411.

=Charleston Harbor=, 323.

=Château-Thierry=, battle of, 439.

=Cherokee Indians=, 104, 211, 277, 278.

=Chickamauga=, 335.

=Christianity=, rise of, 475;
becomes widespread, 478-479.

=Cicero=, 475.

=Cimon=, 461.

=Cincinnatus=, 465.

=Circular Letter=, Adams', 168-169, 173.

=Cities=, development of, in West, 376.

=Civil War=, 323-327, 337-341;
woman's part in the, 400-401, 404;
Clara Barton's part in the, 410.

=Clark, Captain William=, 239-244;
and Lewis sent to explore Louisiana Purchase, 239;
and Lewis and the Indians, 239-243;
portrait of, 240;
and Lewis cross Rocky Mountains, 240, 241;
with Lewis reaches Columbia River, 241;
with Lewis reaches the Pacific, 242;
and Lewis return to St. Louis, 242;
rewarded by Congress, 242;
appointed governor of Missouri Territory, 243.

=Clark, George Rogers=, 216-224, 236;
in Virginia, 216;
portrait of, 217;
becomes a leader in Kentucky, 217;
at Harrodsburg, 217;
receives aid from Patrick Henry to raise army, 218;
at old Vincennes, 218-224;
at Louisville, 218;
surprises Kaskaskia, 218-219;
builds the _Willing_, 220;
marches on Vincennes, 220-222;
retakes Vincennes, 223;
unrewarded, 224;
result of his work, 224;
death, 224.

"=Clark's Grant=," 224.

=Clay, Henry=, 294-300;
"mill boy of the Slashes," 294;
studies law, 295;
goes to Lexington, 295;
sent to United States Senate, 295;
speaker of House of Representatives, 296;
urges war in 1812, 296;
and the Treaty of Ghent, 296;
and the Missouri Compromise, 296;
and his Compromise Tariff Law, 297;
the "Pacificator," 297;
portrait of, 297;
retires to Ashland, 298;
and the Compromise of 1850, 298-299;
receives ovation from the people, 299;
death, 300.

="Clermont," The=, first successful steamboat, 259-260.

=Clovis=, 479.

=Coal=, 421-422.

=Cold Harbor=, battle of, 336, 349.

=Cold storage of meat=, 421.

=Colorado, Grand Cañon of the=, 24.

="Columbia," The=, 238.

=Columbia River=, discovered by Captain Gray, 238;
Lewis and Clark embark on, 242;
Fremont on, 286.

=Columbus, Christopher=, 2-16, 18, 31;
boyhood of, 2, 3;
goes to Lisbon, 4;
plans new route to India, 5;
unfairly treated by King of Portugal, 5;
seeks aid of Spain, 6;
begs bread for his son at monastery, 7;
portrait of, 8;
first voyage of, 9-13;
discovers the New World, 11;
names the natives Indians, 12;
honored on return to Spain, 13, 14, 15;
last voyages of, 15, 16;
death, 16;
effect in England of discoveries of, 34.

=Committees of Correspondence=, 232.

=Compromise of 1850=, 298, 300, 305, 310.

=Compromise Tariff Law=, 297.

=Concord=, battle of, 130, 175.

=Confederate States of America=, formed, 323;
capital of, 326;
war between Union and, 323-327.

=Congress=, 130, 134, 138, 141, 154, 155, 163, 232, 233;
First Continental, 172-174;
Second Continental, 177;
disputes in, 235;
Clay in, 296-300;
Webster in, 302;
Calhoun in, 306-307.

=Constantine=, Emperor of Rome, 475.

=Constitution of the United States=, 143, 144, 156, 157, 166, 493.

=Cooper, Peter=, 269.

=Corn-fed cattle=, 419-420.

=Corn Island=, 218;
Clark dies on, 224.

=Cornwallis, Lord=, 136, 137, 213;
Washington outwits, 139-140;
surrenders at Yorktown, 140;
gains victories, 182, 183;
Green turns tide against, 185;
pursues Morgan, 188;
at Guilford Court House, 189;
caught at Yorktown, 180;
orders Tarleton to catch Marion, 191.

=Coronado, Francisco=, 24;
searches for rich cities, 24;
discovers Grand Cañon of the Colorado, 24;
finds buffalo, 24;
returns home, 24.

=Cortés, Hernando=, 18-22, 23, 28, 37;
invades Mexico, 18;
sinks his ships, 18;
armor of, 19;
attacks the Indians, 20;
takes Mexican capital, 19, 20;
puts Montezuma to death, 21;
conquers Mexico, 21;
visits Spain, 21;
portrait of, 21;
shares Columbus' fate, 22.

=Cotton=, 227, 228;
fields and factories, 420-421.

=Cotton gin=, invention of, 227-228;
present-day machine built along lines of Whitney's, 416.

=Cotton-seed oil=, 417.

=Cowpens=, battle of the, 186, 188.

"=Cradle of Liberty=," 169.

=Creek Indians=, 104, 249.

=Crèvecœur=, Fort, 111.

"=Croatoan=," 46.

=Crockett, David=, 279, 282-283;
boyhood of, 282;
enlisted under Jackson, 282;
elected to Congress, 282;
fights for Texas at the Alamo, 282-283;
death, 283.

=Cuba=, discovered by Columbus, 13;
Spanish persecution in, 354-355;
United States at war with Spain in behalf of, 354-358;
made a republic, 358.

=Custis, Martha=, 126.

=Cuzco=, where Pizarro found fabulous riches, 23.

=Da Gama, Vasco=, rounds Africa, 28.

=Danes=, 484, 485, 486.

=Dare, Virginia=, first white child of English parents born in America, 45.

=Darius=, 461.

=Daughters of Liberty=, 400.

=Davis, Jefferson=, president of the Confederacy, 326, 336.

=Declaration of Independence=, Franklin appointed to help write, 155, 156;
made, 177, 178;
Samuel Adams worked hard for, 177;
Jefferson author of, 229, 232.

"=Declaration of Sentiments=," 402.

=Democratic party=, 322, 348, 351.

=Democratic-Republican party=, formed by Thomas Jefferson, 235.

=Depth bomb=, 397.

=De Soto, Hernando=, 24-28;
makes an expedition to Florida, 24-26;
welcomed at Cuba, 24;
portrait of, 25;
cruel to natives, 25;
fights way northward and inland, 25;
discovers Mississippi, 26-27;
marches far northward and westward, 27;
returns to the Mississippi and dies, 27.

="Deutschland," The=, 397.

=Dewey, Admiral George=, 355;
portrait of, 355.

=Dictaphone=, 387-388.

=Diego=, son of Columbus, 6, 7.

=Dinwiddie, Governor=, 121.

=Dirigibles=, 391, 394.

"=Dogwood Papers=," 148.

=Dorchester Heights=, 133.

=Douglas, Stephen A.=, debates with Lincoln, 319-322;
nominated by northern Democrats, 322.

="Dove," The=, 69.

=Drake, Sir Francis=, 37-42;
ruined by Spaniards, 37;
portrait of, 38;
returns to England with Spanish gold, 38;
on voyage around the world, 38-40;
captures Spanish treasure ships in Pacific, 39, 41, 43;
given title by Queen Elizabeth, 40;
takes command of fleet to fight Spain, 40;
destroys Spanish towns in Cuba, 41;
burns Spanish ships, 41;
and the Spanish Armada, 42;
takes Raleigh's colony home, 45.

="Drake," The=, 196.

=Duquesne, Fort=, 122;
captured, 126.

=Duryea, Charles=, 389.

=Dutch=, explorations of the, 54-59;
establish trading posts, 56;
Indians and the, 56-57;
fur traders, 57-58;
settle New Netherland, 58-59;
governed by Stuyvesant, 88-90;
surrender to the English, 90-91;
manners and customs of the, 91-92.

=Dutch traders=, 56-59.

=Dutch West India Company=, 88.

"=Ebenezer=," German colony in Georgia,
102.

=Edison, Thomas A.=, 380-385, 387;
boyhood of, 380-381;
experiments in telegraphy, 381;
receives $40,000 for his inventions, 382;
portrait of, 382;
builds his first laboratory in Newark, 383;
builds a second laboratory at Menlo Park, 383;
invents microphone, megaphone, and phonograph, 383-384;
develops the electric light, 384-385;
and moving pictures, 385;
and the dictaphone, 387.

="Edward," The=, 199.

="Effingham," The=, 199.

=Egypt=, 446-448, 450;
and the Nile, 446-447;
irrigation in, 447;
and its kings, 447;
civilization in, 447-448;
Phoenicians spread learning of, 450.

=El Caney=, capture of, 356-357.

=Electricity=, Edison the wizard of, 383-385.

=Electric light=, developed by Edison, 384-385.

=Eliot, John=, preaches to the Indians, 83-84.

=Elizabeth, Queen of England=, knights Drake, 40;
favors Raleigh, 43, 44;
names colony of Virginia, 44.

=Emancipation Proclamation=, 326.

=England=, explorations made by, 34-47;
claims large part of North America, 37;
quarrel between Spain and, 37-42;
first permanent settlement in America by, 60-61.

=Ericson, Leif=, 1, 484.

=Ericson, Thorvald=, 1-2.

=Eric the Red=, 1.

=Erie, Lake=, battle of, 244-245.

=Erie Canal=, 262.

=Euphrates River=, 448.

=Eutaw Springs=, battle of, 189.

=Evans, Oliver=, 388.

=Fairfax, Lord=, 119, 122, 128;
friend of Washington, 120;
builds Greenway Court, 120;
makes Washington public surveyor, 120;
returns to England, 142.

=Fair Oaks=, battle of, 338.

=Faneuil Hall=, 169.

=Fannin, General=, 280.

=Farming=, _see_ Agriculture.

=Farragut, Captain David=, 325.

"=Father of Waters=," 112.

=Federalist party=, 235.

=Ferdinand and Isabella=, 6, 15.

=Ferguson, Colonel=, 213;
defeated at Kings Mountain, 213-214.

=Field, Cyrus W.=, 268-272;
early success of, 269;
becomes interested in telegraph lines, 269;
conceives idea of connecting Europe and America, 269;
aided by Peter Cooper and other wealthy men, 269;
success of invention of, 270;
portrait of, 270;
receives honors from many nations, 271;
death, 272.

=Fillmore, President=, 305.

=Fitch, John=, 257.

=Five Nations=, _see_ Iroquois.

=Fletcher, Grace=, 302.

=Florida=, De Leon takes possession of, 17;
De Soto's expedition to, 24-26.

=Flour mills=, 418.

=Foch, Ferdinand=, 437, 438, 439.

=Foote, Commodore=, 333.

=Forbes, General=, 126.

=Forts=, _see under_ names of forts.

=France=, aids Americans, 139;
discoverers and explorers of, 49-53;
missionaries of, 53, 106-114.

=Franciscan friars=, 300-302.

=Franklin, Benjamin=, 124, 147-157;
early life of, 147-151;
portrait of, 148;
in London, 150;
editor of _Pennsylvania Gazette_ in Philadelphia, 151;
founds three great institutions, 151;
invents stove, 151;
forms first fire department in America, 151;
author of _Poor Richard's Almanac_, 151-152;
clerk of Pennsylvania Assembly, 152;
postmaster-general, 152;
plans union of colonies, 153;
becomes famed as scientist, 153;
experiments with electricity, 153;
sent to England to defend colonies, 154;
appointed to help write Declaration of Independence, 155, 232;
secures French aid for America, 155;
helps make treaty of peace, 155;
helps make and signs Constitution, 156, 157;
death, 157.

=Franks=, 479.

=Fraunces' Tavern=, 140.

=Frederica=, 103.

=Fredericksburg=, battle of, 346.

=Fremont, John C.=, 283-290;
early life of, 284;
goes to South America, 284;
becomes a civil engineer, 284;
loves the wild life, 284;
portrait of, 285;
marries Jessie Benton, 285;
receives permission to explore South Pass, 285;
unfurls Stars and Stripes from summit of Fremonts Peak, 285;
seeks a more southerly route to Oregon and California, 285;
reaches Great Salt Lake, 286;
goes to Fort Vancouver, 286;
makes a circuit of the Great Basin and crosses mountains to California, 287;
third expedition of, 288;
in Mexican War, 288-289;
elected to United States Senate, 289;
fifth expedition of, 289;
first Republican candidate for president, 289;
major general in Civil War, 290;
governor of Arizona, 290;
death, 290.

=Fremonts Peak=, 285.

=French=, in North America, 49-53, 106-113.

=French allies=, in Revolutionary War, 139.

=French and Indian War=, 114, 121, 126, 130.

=French in Canada=, 121.

=Friends=, _see_ Quakers.

="Friendship," The=, 194.

=Frontenac, Count=, sends Joliet and Marquette to find Mississippi, 53;
sends La Salle and Hennepin, 106;
"children of," 111.

=Frontenac, Fort=, 106, 107, 111.

=Fruit growing=, 375.

=Fugitive Slave Law=, 407.

=Fulton, Robert=, 257-264, 395;
portrait of, 258;
starts life as portrait painter, 258;
meets James Watt, 258;
becomes interested in driving power of steam, 258;
makes trial steamboat in France, 258;
builds the _Clermont_, 259;
wonderful success of invention of, 260, 261;
death, 261;
and the invention of the submarine, 395.

=Fur traders=, 56-58 106-107, 243-244.

=Gadsden, Christopher=, 173.

=Gage, General=, 130, 131, 183.

=Galena=, 332.

=Galveston flood=, Red Cross relieves suffering caused by the, 411.

=Gama, Vasco da=, _see_ Da Gama, Vasco.

=Garfield, James J.=, 345-347;
portrait of, 345.

=Gates, General=, 182.

=Gauls=, 466, 472, 475.

=George II=, grants charter to Oglethorpe, 101.

=George III=, 135, 136, 141, 158, 159, 173.

=Georgia=, founded, 101-103;
planters of, 103-104.

=Germanic tribes=, 476, 477, 478, 479, 481.

=Germany=, one of the Central Powers, 426;
protests against United States trading with Allies, 427;
lawless submarine policy of, 428, 430-431;
America enters the war against, 431;
makes last great attack, 437;
defeated on all fronts, 441;
accepts armistice, 442;
treaty of peace with, 442-443.

=Gettysburg=, battle of, 335, 338.

=Ghent=, _see_ Treaty of.

=Gibault=, Father, 220, 221.

=Gilbert, Sir Humphrey=, 43.

=Gist, Christopher=, 122.

=Goethals, George Washington=, 376-378;
portrait of, 376;
early life of, 377;
in Spanish-American War, 377;
in charge of construction of Panama Canal, 377-378;
appointed governor of Canal Zone, 377.

=Gold=, discovery and mining of, 289, 372-373, 375.

="Golden Hind," The=, Drake's ship, 38, 39, 40.

=Gold Fleet, Spanish=, 41.

=Goliad=, massacre at, 280.

=Gooch, Daniel=, 271.

="Good Man Richard," The=, 197-198.

=Gore, Christopher=, 311.

=Gracchi, the=, 470.

=Grain=, 417-419;
elevators for 418.

=Grant, Ulysses S.=, 325, 327, 331-337;
early life of, 331-332;
in Mexican War, 332;
promoted in the army, 333;
at Forts Henry and Donelson, 333;
portrait of, 333;
at Vicksburg, 334;
at Gettysburg, 335;
made commander of the Union armies, 336;
in the "Wilderness," 336;
Lee surrenders to, 336;
elected president, 337;
death, 337.

=Gray, Captain Robert=, the first to carry the Stars and Stripes around the world, 238;
discovers the Columbia River, 238.

=Gray, ----=, invents telephone, 268.

=Great Basin=, Fremont explores the, 287-288.

=Great Charter=, struggle for the, 490-493.

=Great Salt Lake=, 286.

=Greater Greece=, 451-452.

=Greece=, 450-463;
geography of, 450-451;
legendary heroes of, 452-453;
philosophers of, 453-455;
wins admiration of Philip of Macedon, 455;
government of, 456-460;
civilization of, 458-460;
in "Age of Pericles," 460-461;
defeats Persian kings, 461-463;
Alexander's conquests spread civilization of, 463.

=Green Bay=, 108.

=Greene, Mrs.=, 227-228.

=Greene, Nathanael=, 182-185, 188, 189, 190, 191;
portrait of, 182;
given command of army in South, 182;
goes to Boston and meets Washington, 184;
made one of Washington's generals, 184;
divides army, 184;
on great march, 188;
at Guilford Court House, 189;
drives British into Charleston, 189;
honored by his country, 189;
praises General Marion, 191.

=Greenland=, discovered by Northmen, 1, 484.

=Greenway Court=, 120-121, 125.

=Grenville, Sir Richard=, 44.

="Griffin," The=, 108-109.

=Guam=, annexed by United States, 359.

=Guatemotzin=, statue of, 20.

=Guilds=, 446.

=Guilford Court House=, battle of, 189.

=Hale, Nathan=, 134, 179-182;
in college, 179;
statue of, 180;
joins Washington, 180;
captures British man-of-war, 180;
passes safely through British lines, 181;
captured, 181;
death, 181.

="Half Moon," The=, 54, 55.

=Hamilton, Alexander=, 235.

=Hamilton, General=, 220, 222.

=Hancock, John=, 177, 233.

=Hanks, John=, 315, 316, 321.

=Hannibal=, 467-469.

=Harlem Heights=, 134.

=Harrison, Benjamin=, 142, 232, 349, 351.

=Harrison, William Henry=, 304, 319.

=Harrodsburg=, 217.

=Harvard Elm=, 132.

=Harvesting machines=, 418.

=Hastings=, battle of, 489.

=Hawaiian Islands=, annexed by United States, 356.

=Hawkins, Captain=, 37.

=Hayes, Lucy Webb=, 344.

=Hayes, Rutherford B.=, 342-344;
portrait of, 343.

=Hayne, Senator=, 303.

"=Hearts Content=," 271.

=Helen of Troy=, 452-453.

=Helm, Captain=, 220.

=Henderson, Richard=, 205.

=Hennepin=, a missionary, 106, 107, 110, 111.

=Henry, Patrick=, 129-130, 153, 158-167, 217, 230, 234;
portrait of, 158;
opposes Stamp Act, 159;
birth and parentage of, 160;
early failures of, 160;
orator of the Revolution, 160-167;
succeeds as a lawyer, 161;
first great speech of, 161;
elected to House of Burgesses, 161-162;
speaks against Stamp Act, 162;
sent to Continental Congress, 163;
offers resolutions for arming Virginia, 164;
defends his resolutions in great speech, 164-165;
in forefront of struggle with England, 166;
statue of, 166;
aids George Rogers Clark in raising an army, 217-218;
death, 166.

=Henry=, Prince of Portugal, 3.

=Henry II=, 490-491.

=Henry VII=, 35, 37.

=Henry VIII=, 37.

=Hercules=, 452.

=Hermitage, The=, 254.

=Hessians, The=, 135, 136.

=Hieroglyphics=, 448-449.

=Hobkirks Hill=, 189.

=Holland, John P.=, and the submarine, 395-397;
portrait of, 395.

=Homestead Law=, 373.

=Hooker=, 335.

=Hoover, Herbert=, 431-432.

=Horace=, 475.

=Horatius=, 464-465.

=Horseshoe Bend=, battle of, 249, 277.

=Houston, General Sam=, 277-281;
lives with Cherokees, 277;
in battle of Horseshoe Bend, 277;
portrait of, 278;
studies law, 278;
goes to Congress, 278;
governor of Tennessee, 278;
visits Washington, 279;
goes to Texas, 279;
in Texas War with Mexico, 279-281;
at battle of San Jacinto, 280-281;
elected first president of Texas, 281;
sent to United States Senate, 281;
death, 281.

=Howe, Elias=, 274-276.

=Howe, General=, 133, 134, 137, 181.

=Howe, Julia Ward=, 404-406;
early life of, 404-405;
writes "Battle Hymn of the Republic," 405;
and the Woman's Club, 405-406;
portrait of, 406.

=Howe, Samuel Gridley=, 405.

=Hudson, Henry=, 54-56;
discovers Hudson River, 54;
portrait of, 55;
cruel to Indians, 55;
seeks northwest passage, 55-56;
set adrift by sailors, 56.

=Hudson Bay Company=, 286.

=Hudson River=, 54-55.

=Hull House=, 413.

=Huns=, 476-477.

=Hydroplane=, 394.

=Iceland=, discovered by Northmen, 1.

=Illinois Indians=, 111.

=Illinois River=, 109, 110, 111.

=Inca=, captured by Pizarro, 23.

=Independence, Declaration of=, _see_ Declaration of Independence.

=India=, search for new route to, 2-16, 34-37;
Magellan first to reach, 31.

=Indian corn=, taken to England, 45;
best crop of the Pilgrims, 79.

=Indians=, first seen by white men, 12;
named by Columbus, 12;
Cortés and the Mexican, 18-21;
great city of the, 18-21;
cruelly treated by De Soto, 25;
welcomed Raleigh's sailors, 44;
Lane cruel to, 45;
hostile to English settlers, 45;
Champlain and the, 49-53;
Marquette loved by the, 53;
carried Champlain's remains to Mackinac, 53;
friendly to Hudson but repaid with cruelty, 55;
and the Dutch, 56-58, 59;
and the Jamestown Colony, 61-66;
friendly to Lord Baltimore, 69;
Pilgrims and, 76, 78-81, 84-85;
John Eliot and the, 83-84;
Penn's treaty with the, 98;
Oglethorpe made treaty with the, 103;
La Salle and the, 107, 110-112;
French trappers and, 113-114;
in French and Indian War, 114, 121-126;
war dance of the, 119;
Boone and the, 204-209;
fought with British in Revolutionary War, 207-209;
Sevier and the, 211-215;
Clark and the, 216, 217;
friendly to Lewis and Clark, 239-243;
missionaries among the, 243-244, 301;
Jackson and the, 247-249;
War of the Seminole, 252;
Houston and the, 277-278;
placed on reservations by U. S. government, 375;
_see also_ names of Indians.

=Indigo=, 104.

=Iron=, 422-423.

=Iroquois Indians=, 50, 52, 56, 107, 111, 112, 114.

=Irrigation=, 375, 446-447.

=Isabella, Queen of Spain=, 6, 8, 15.

=Italians=, 102.

=Jackson, Andrew=, 245-254, 282, 308;
early life of, 246-247;
taken prisoner by the English, 246;
lawyer before twenty, 247;
emigrates to Tennessee, 247;
made U. S. senator, 248;
in War of 1812, 248-252;
wins the name "Old Hickory," 249;
fights Indians, 249;
at battle of New Orleans, 250-252;
portrait of, 252;
twice elected president, 252;
and the United States Bank, 252-253;
and nullification, 254, 308;
death, 254.

=Jackson, General "Stonewall,"= 338.

=James I=, puts Raleigh to death, 47;
gives London Company a charter, 60;
makes Calvert, Baron of Baltimore, 69.

=Jamestown=, settled, 61;
life in the colony of, 60-66, 71-72.

=Jefferson, Thomas=, 229-238;
early life of, 229;
studies law, 230;
meets Patrick Henry, 230;
member of House of Burgesses, 231;
marries, 231;
and Committee of Correspondence, 232;
and the Declaration of Independence, 232-233;
governor of Virginia, 234;
minister to France, 234;
first Secretary of State, 235;
leader of the Democratic-Republican party, 235;
elected president, 235;
portrait of, 235;
purchases Louisiana, 236;
sends out Lewis and Clark Expedition, 237;
elected president second time, 237;
"Sage of Monticello," 238;
death, 238.

=Jenkins, C. Francis=, 385.

=Jews=, 447, 449.

=John, King of England=, 491-492.

=John II=, of Portugal, 5.

=Johnson, Andrew=, 328-329, 337;
portrait of, 328.

=Johnston, General Joseph E.=, 338, 340.

=Johnston, Sarah Bush=, stepmother of President Lincoln, 314.

=Joliet=, 53, 106, 112;
with Marquette sets out to find the Mississippi, 53;
sails down the Mississippi, 53;
death, 53.

=Jones, John Paul=, 194-198;
early life of, 194;
enters American navy, 195;
portrait of, 195;
shows his mettle in West Indies, 196;
sent to France, 196;
in Whitehaven, 196;
on English coast, 197;
captain of _Bon Homme Richard_, 197;
and the _Serapis_, 197-198;
great naval hero, 198.

=Jonesboro=, 247.

=Jutes=, 478.

=Kaiser, The German=, 430, 442.

=Kansas-Nebraska Bill=, 319-322.

=Kaskaskia=, Clark at, 218, 219, 223.

=Keith, Sir William=, 150.

=Kentucky=, Boone in, 204-210, 216.

=Kieft, Governor=, 59.

=King Philip=, Indian chief, 84-85.

=Kings Mountain=, battle of, 184, 213-214.

=Knox, General=, 201.

=Knoxville=, 215, 216.

=Labrador=, discovered by John Cabot, 35.

=Lachine=, 106.

=Lafayette, Marquis de=, 137, 139, 140, 189;
visits Washington after war, 142-143;
rewarded by Congress, 143.

=Lafayette Squadron=, 431.

=Lake Superior=, iron "ranges" of, 422.

=Lane, Ralph=, 44.

=La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de=, 106-113;
seeks Canada, 106;
builds Fort Frontenac, 106;
portrait of, 107;
returns to France for permission to explore Mississippi Valley, 107;
sets out for Mississippi, 107;
builds _Griffin_, 108-109;
builds Fort Crèvecœur, 111;
plans union of Indian tribes, 111;
journeys to mouth of Mississippi, 112;
takes possession for France, 112;
builds Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, 112;
returns to France and brings over colony, 113;
killed by disappointed colonists, 113.

="Lawrence," The=, Perry's flagship, 245.

=Lee, Henry=, "Light Horse Harry," 184.

=Lee, Richard Henry=, 130, 173, 177, 232.

=Lee, Robert E.=, 325, 326, 327, 335, 336, 337-341;
at West Point, 337;
wins fame and honor in Mexican War, 337;
in charge at West Point, 337;
in charge of Confederate army at Richmond, 338;
defeats McClellan, 338;
retreats from Maryland after battle of Antietam, 338;
at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, 338;
at Gettysburg, 338;
in the "Wilderness," 339;
plans to join Johnston, 340;
meets Sheridan, 340;
surrenders to Grant, 341;
president of Washington College, 341;
death, 341;
portrait of, 341.

=Leonidas=, 462.

=Lewis, Captain Meriwether=, 239-244;
portrait of, 239;
and Clark sent to explore Louisiana Purchase, 239;
and Clark and the Indians, 239-243;
and Clark cross Rocky Mountains, 240-241;
and Clark reach the Columbia River, 242;
and Clark reach the Pacific, 242;
and Clark return to St. Louis, 242;
rewarded by Congress, 242;
made governor of Louisiana Territory, 243.

=Lewis and Clark Expedition=, 237, 239.

=Lexington=, battle of, 130, 175.

="Lexington," The=, 199.

=Lincoln, Abraham=, 313-329;
born in Kentucky backwoods, 313;
early life of, 313-317;
in Black Hawk War, 317;
goes to Illinois legislature, 318;
speaks for General Harrison and Henry Clay, 319;
goes to Congress, 319;
the champion against Douglas, 319;
in the U. S. Senate, 320;
debates between Douglas and, 320-322;
elected president, 322;
calls for troops, 323;
portrait of, 325;
issues Emancipation Proclamation, 326;
assassinated, 327;
and reconstruction, 328-329.

=Lincoln, General=, 182.

=Lincoln, Nancy Hanks=, 314.

=Livingston, Robert R.=, helps draw up Declaration of Independence, 232;
helps make Louisiana Purchase, 236;
aids Fulton, 258, 259.

=Locomotive invented=, 263.

=Loe, Thomas=, 92, 94.

=London Company=, formed, 60.

"=Lone Star Republic=," 281.

=Longstreet, William=, 257.

=Lookout Mountain=, battle of, 335.

=Los Angeles=, 376.

=Louisiana Purchase=, 236-238;
Lewis and Clark explore territory obtained by, 237, 239-244.

=Louisiana Purchase Exposition=, 237.

=Louisville=, 218.

="Lusitania," The=, 428, 430.

="Luzerne," The=, 201.

=McClellan, General=, and Lee, 325, 338;
at Antietam, 338.

=Mace, Samuel=, 46.

=Macedonian phalanx=, 455, 463, 469.

=McCormick, Cyrus H.=, 272-274.

=McKinley, William=, 352-359;
early life of, 352-353;
in the Civil War, 353;
becomes a successful lawyer, 353;
portrait of, 353;
in Congress, 354;
and the Spanish-American War, 354-359;
assassinated, 359.

=Madison, James=, 250, 296.

=Magellan, Ferdinand=, 28-31;
portrait of, 28;
first to sail around earth and prove it round, 28-31;
names, and is first to cross Pacific Ocean, 30;
visits the Philippines, 30;
killed defending his sailors, 31.

=Magellan, Strait of=, discovered, 30;
Drake sails through, 38.

"=Magna Charta=," _see_ Great Charter.

="Maine," The=, 355.

=Manhattan Island=, trading posts established on, 56;
purchase of, 58.

=Manila=, bay, 355-356;
city of, 357.

=Manufactures=, 421-423.

=Marathon=, battle of, 461-462.

=Marconi=, invents wireless telegraphy, 268.

=Marianas=, 30.

=Marion, Francis=, 184, 189-192;
portrait of, 190;
the "Swamp Fox," 190, 191;
sets free one hundred and fifty prisoners, 191;
honored by friends, 192.

=Marne=, first battle of, 427;
second battle of, 438.

=Marquette, Father=, 53, 106, 112.

=Maryland=, 68-70.

=Massachusetts Bay=, Colony of, 82, 83.

=Massasoit=, Indian chief, 78, 79, 80, 84.

="Mayflower," The=, 73-75, 77, 78, 80, 81.

=Meat packing=, 376, 419-421.

=Megaphone=, 275.

=Menlo Park=, Edison's laboratory at, 383, 385.

="Merrimac," The=, 324-325.

=Mexican Indians=, 18-21.

=Mexico=, invaded and conquered by Cortés, 18-22;
mines of, 22;
war between Texas and, 279-283;
Fremont in the war with, 288-289;
war between United States and, 298, 310;
Grant in war with, 332;
Lee in war with, 337;
Pershing sent into, 430.

=Microphone=, 383.

"=Mill boy of the Slashes=," 294.

=Mims, Fort=, massacre at, 249.

=Mines and mining=, 375, 421-423.

=Minuit, Peter=, first governor of New Netherland, 58.

=Minutemen=, 174-175, 183.

=Missionaries=, 53, 106-114, 243.

=Missionary Ridge=, battle of, 335.

=Missions=, in the Southwest, 300-302.

=Mississippi River=, discovered by De Soto, 26, 27;
explored by Joliet and Marquette, 53;
La Salle reached mouth of, 112;
western boundary of United States, 224, 236.

=Mississippi Valley=, La Salle explores the, 107, 109-113.

=Missouri=, state of, 210, 238, 296.

=Missouri Compromise=, 296, 319.

=Missouri River=, Falls of the, 240.

=Mohave Desert=, 288.

"=Mohawks=," 171.

="Monitor," The=, 324-325.

=Monoplane=, 392-393.

=Monmouth=, battle of, 138, 139.

=Monroe James=, 236, 307, 426.

=Monterey=, 289.

=Montezuma=, 20.

=Monticello=, home of Jefferson, 231, 232, 234, 237, 238.

=Moravians=, 102.

=Morgan, General=, 184, 185-189;
fights French and Indians, 185;
helps capture Burgoyne, 186;
complimented by Burgoyne, 186;
at battle of Cowpens, 186, 188;
portrait of, 186; joins Greene, 188;
last days of, 188-189.

=Morristown=, 137.

=Morse, Samuel F. B.=, 264-268;
interested in electricity, 264;
plans instrument, 265;
meets helper in Alfred Vail, 265;
gets government aid, 267;
portrait of, 267;
receives rewards and honors, 268;
death, 268.

=Moving pictures=, 385-386.

=Moultrie, Colonel=, 182.

=Mount Vernon=, 116, 119, 121, 123, 128, 129, 141, 142, 143, 145.

=Murfreesboro=, 335.

=Murray, Mrs.=, entertains Lord Howe, 133.

=Napoleon=, sells Louisiana Territory to the United States, 236.

=Nassau, Fort=, 56.

=Natick, Mass.=, 84.

=National Woman's Suffrage Association=, 403.

=Necessity, Fort=, 123.

=Negro slaves=, _see_ Slavery.

=Neutrality=, American in World War, 426, 427-429.

=New Amsterdam=, 58, 91, 92;
becomes New York, 90.

=New England=, Puritans in, 68, 81-86;
Pilgrims in, 73-81;
industries, manners, and customs of colonists in, 85-86.

=New France=, 52;
trappers, soldiers, and missionaries of, 113-114.

=New Netherland=, 88-90;
settlement of, 58-59;
industries, manners, and customs of, 91-92.

=New Orleans=, 236;
battle of, 250-252.

=Newport, Captain=, 60, 62.

=New York=, New Amsterdam becomes, 90;
William and Mary give representative assembly to, 90;
British in, 133;
Washington inaugurated in, 143-144.

=Nez Percé Indians=, 241, 243.

="Niagara," The=, 245.

=Niagara River=, 108, 109.

=Nile River=, 446-447, 463.

="Niña," The=, 10, 13.

=Ninevah=, 448.

"=Nolichucky Jack=," 212-216.

=Nolichucky River=, 212.

"=No-Man's-Land=," 203.

=Normans=, 483, 488-490.

=Northmen=, voyages of, 1-2;
in Iceland and Greenland, 1;
discover Vinland, 1;
wanderings of, 483, 484, 486.
_See also_ Normans _and_ Danes.

="North River," The=, 260.

=Nullification=, and President Jackson, 254, 308;
Webster's great speech on, 303-304;
Calhoun favors, 307-308;
South Carolina and, 253-254, 308.

=Odoacer=, 477.

=Oglethorpe, James=, 100-103, 104;
friend of the unfortunate, 100;
portrait of, 101;
settles Georgia, 101-103;
death, 103.

"=Old Hickory=," 249.

=Old North Church=, 174.

=Old South Church=, 169, 171.

=Orange, Fort=, 56, 57, 90.

=Orange growing=, 375.

="Oregon," The=, 377.

=Oregon Country=, Lewis and Clark Expedition sent to, 237, 243;
sought by fur traders and missionaries, 243-244;
United States and Great Britain occupy, 244;
northern boundary of the established, 244;
Benton speaks on the, 285.

="Pacificator," The=, 297.

=Pacific Northwest=, 333.

=Pacific Ocean=, named by Magellan, 30.

=Pakenham, General=, 251.

=Palos=, 7, 9, 13, 15.

=Panama-California Exposition=, 378.

=Panama Canal=, 376-378.

=Panama-Pacific International Exposition=, 378.

=Paris=, son of the king of Troy, 452.

=Parker, ----=, 243.

=Parsons' Case, The=, 161-162.

=Patagonia=, 29, 38.

=Patroons, The=, 58-59, 89.

=Paul, John=, _see_ Jones, John Paul.

="Pelican," The=, Drake's ship, 38.

=Penn, Admiral=, 93, 94, 95, 96.

=Penn, William=, 92-98;
becomes a Quaker, 93;
sent to Paris and Ireland, 93-94;
portrait of, 94;
King Charles and, 94;
founds Pennsylvania as home for Quakers, 95-98;
invites all persecuted people, 96;
founds Philadelphia, 97;
treaty with the Indians, 98;
death, 98.

=Penn's Woods=, 96.

=Pennsylvania=, founded, 95-96;
coal in, 421-422.

=Pennsylvania, University of=, founded, 151.

"=Pennsylvania Dutch=," 98.

"=Pennsylvania Gazette=," 151.

=Pericles=, 460-461.

=Perry, Oliver Hazard=, 244-245;
midshipman at fourteen, 244;
in war against Barbary States, 244;
ordered to Lake Erie, 244;
battle of Lake Erie, 244-245;
portrait of, 245;
highly honored, 245.

=Pershing, John J.=, sent to Mexico, 430;
heads American forces, 436;
portrait of, 436;
early life, 436-437;
lands in France, 437;
divides his troops among the Allies, 438-439;
defeats the Germans at Château-Thierry, 439;
wins battle of St. Mihiel, 439-440.

=Peru=, Pizarro in, 23.

=Petersburg=, siege of, 336.

"=Petition of Right=," 493.

=Philadelphia=, 137;
founded, 97;
British at, 138;
first Continental Congress at, 172;
Second Continental Congress at, 177.

=Philip=, _see_ King Philip.

=Philip of Macedon=, 455.

=Philippines=, Magellan visits, 30;
United States pays Spain for, 357.

=Phoenicians=, 449-450.

=Phonograph=, 384, 387.

=Pickett, General George E.=, 338.

=Pierce, President=, 269.

=Pilgrims, The=, 73-81;
seek Holland, 73;
land in America, 74-77;
and the Indians, 76, 78-81, 84-85;
settle at Plymouth, 77;
build homes in the forest, 77;
celebrate Thanksgiving, 80;
industries, manners, and customs of, 85-86.

="Pinta," The=, 10, 11, 13, 14.

=Pinzón=, 7;
sails with Columbus, 10.

=Pitt, Fort=, 126, 218.

=Pitt, William=, 126, 154, 162, 233.

=Pittsburgh=, iron and steel center of America, 423.

=Pittsburg Landing=, 334-335, 380.

=Pizarro, Francisco=, 23-24;
marches army to Cuzco and finds vast wealth, 23;
killed by his men, 24.

=Planters=, industries, manners, and customs of the southern, 103-104.

=Plato=, 454.

=Plymouth=, landing place of the Pilgrims, 77;
colony of, 83.

=Plymouth Rock=, 77.

=Pocahontas=, 66-68;
rescues John Smith, 64;
carries corn to settlers, 64;
warns settlers of danger, 65;
marries John Rolfe, 66;
received as a princess in England, 67;
portrait of, 68;
death, 68.

=Ponce de Leon=, 17-18;
takes possession of Florida, 17;
death, 18.

"=Pony express=," 373.

"=Poor Richard's Almanac=," 151, 152, 197.

=Pope, General=, 338.

=Portland=, 376.

=Porto Rico=, annexed by United States, 357.

=Port Royal=, founded, 49.

=Potato, white=, taken to England, 45.

=Powhatan=, famous Indian chief, 63, 64, 65, 67.

=Prescott, Colonel=, 176.

=Princeton=, 136.

=Protestants=, 68, 69, 102.

"=Puffing Billy=," 263.

=Puritans=, 68, 70, 81-83, 85;
in England, 81;
seek America, 81;
at Salem, 81;
found Boston, 82, 83;
found colony of Massachusetts, 92.

=Put-In-Bay=, 244.

=Quakers=, 92-100;
called themselves Society of Friends, 99.

=Quebec=, founded, 49;
fall of, 114;
expedition against, 126.

=Railroads=, 263-264, 373.

=Raleigh, Sir Walter=, 42-47;
Drake carries back to England colony of, 41;
as student, soldier, seaman, 42-43;
plants colonies in America, 43-46;
portrait of, 44;
wins favor with Queen Elizabeth, 44;
put to death, 47.

="Raleigh," The=, 200.

=Rameses II=, 447.

="Ranger," The=, 196, 197.

="Ranges" of Lake Superior=, 422.

=Reaper=, 272-274.

=Red Cross Society=, 355, 410-412, 431.

=Reed, Deborah=, wife of Franklin, 149, 151.

=Refrigerator cars=, 421.

=Remus=, 464.

=Republican party=, 289, 320, 344, 348, 351, 370.

=Resources and industries of the United States=, 416-423.

=Revere, Paul=, 172, 174.

="Revolution," The=, 403.

=Revolution, War of the=, 207, 209, 211, 224, 246, 247;
debt of the, 235;
woman's part in the, 400.

=Rice=, in the South, 104.

=Richmond=, 325, 326, 327.

=Roanoke Island=, 44, 45.

=Rochambeau, General=, 139.

=Rocky Mountains=, 240, 243.

=Rolfe, John=, 66, 67.

=Rolfe, Thomas=, 68.

=Rome=, 464-477;
legends and myths of, 464-466;
threatened with civil war, 466;
taken by Gauls, 466;
conquers all tribes of Italy, 466;
war with Carthage, 466-469;
conquers many nations, 469;
changed character of, 469-470;
uprisings in, 470;
conquests under Caesar, 472;
becomes an empire, 473;
establishes a system of laws, 473-474;
builds famous roads and engineering works, 474;
literature of, 475;
prepares way for spread of Christianity, 475-476;
conquered by Teutons, 476-477;
later invasions, 477;
brings Christianity to Germans, 478-479;
Charlemagne crowned emperor of, 481.

=Romulus=, 464.

=Roosevelt, Theodore=, 356, 360-372;
early life, 360-363;
as New York assemblyman, 363-364;
western life, 364-365;
as Civil Service Commissioner, 365;
as Police Commissioner, 365-366;
in Spanish-American War, 366;
governor of New York, 366;
as vice-president, succeeds McKinley, 367;
record as president, 368;
as an author, 368-369;
defeated for reëlection, 370;
explores a Brazilian river, 370-371;
death, 371.

=Rosecrans, General=, 335.

"=Rough Riders=," 366.

=Rubicon=, 472-473.

=Rumsey, James=, 257.

=Runnymede=, meeting at, 492.

=Russia=, takes part in World War, 421;
makes peace with Germany, 437.

=Sacajawea=, statue of, 241.

=Sacramento Valley=, 287-288.

"=Sage of Monticello=," 238.

=St. Francis=, 290.

=St. Gaudens=, statue of Lincoln by, 326-327.

=St. John's Church=, 163.

=St. Joseph River=, 109, 110.

=St. Lawrence River=, French on, 49, 50, 52.

=St. Louis=, 210, 242.

=St. Louis, Fort=, 112.

=St. Marys=, 69.

=St. Mihiel=, battle of, 439-440.

=Salamis=, battle of, 462.

=Salem=, colony at, 81, 82.

=Samoset=, 78.

=Sampson, Rear Admiral=, 357.

=San Antonio=, 282.

=San Diego=, mission at, 290-291;
exposition at, 378.

=San Francisco=, importance of, 376;
exposition at, 378;
Red Cross relieves suffering caused by earthquake at, 411-412.

=San Jacinto=, battle of, 280-281.

=San Juan=, 356-357.

=San Salvador=, discovered by Columbus, 12.

=Santa Ana, General=, 280, 281, 282.

="Santa Maria," The=, 9.

=Santiago=, 356-357.

=Savannah=, founded, 102;
captured by British, 182.

=Saxons=, _see_ Anglo-Saxon tribes.

=Schley, Commodore=, 357.

=Schuyler, Philip=, 132.

=Scott, General=, 254.

=Seminole Indians=, war with the, 252.

="Serapis," The=, 197, 198.

=Serfs=, 445.

=Serra, Junipero=, 290-291.

=Settlement=, _see_ Social Settlement.

=Sevier, John=, 210-216, 247;
goes to school at Fredericksburg, 210;
famous Indian fighter, 210;
captain in Washington' regiment, 210;
portrait of, 211;
at siege of Fort Watauga, 211-212;
Kate Sherrill and, 211-212;
moves to the Nolichucky, 212;
fights battle of Kings Mountain, 213-214;
destroys Indian towns, 214;
governor of Tennessee, 215;
dies while working, 215.

=Sewing Machine=, 274-276.

=Shafter, General=, 356.

=Shawnee Indians=, 216.

=Shelby, Colonel=, 213.

=Sheridan, General=, 340.

=Sherman, Roger=, 232.

=Sherrill, Kate=, 211-212.

=Sholes, Christopher L.=, 386-387.

=Silver=, 373.

=Slavery=, in Virginia, 71;
in the South, 229;
Calhoun on question of, 308-310;
petitions in favor of abolishing, 308;
new view of, 310;
Lincoln's attitude toward, 316, 318;
question of, 320;
destroyed, 326;
Harriet Beecher Stowe's efforts against, 407.

=Sloat, Commander=, 289.

=Smith, John=, 61-66, 77;
portrait of, 61;
as a soldier, 62;
and the Indians, 62-65;
saved from death by Pocahontas, 64;
returns to Jamestown, 64;
returns to England, 66;
on last visit to America, 66;
meets Pocahontas in England, 67.

=Snake River=, Lewis and Clark on the, 242.

=Social Settlement=, Jane Addams and the, 413.

=Socrates=, 453-454.

"=Soldier's Rest=," Morgan's home, 188.

"=Sons of Liberty=," 162, 168.

=South Carolina=, and nullification, 253-254, 308.

=South Pass=, 243, 285.

=Spain=, in America, 11-16, 18-28;
Englishmen check progress of, 37-42;
missions of, 290-292;
war between United States and, 366-370.
_See also_ Spanish-American War.

=Spanish-American War=, 366-370;
Goethals in the, 377;
Clara Barton and the Red Cross in the, 411.

=Spanish Armada, The=, 42.

=Spanish missions=, in the Southwest, 290-292;
in California, 290-292;
treatment of Indians at, 291-292;
present condition of, 292.

=Sparta=, 452, 453, 456, 458, 462.

="Speedwell," The=, 73, 74.

=Spottsylvania=, battle of, 336, 337.

=Squanto=, friend of Pilgrims, 78, 79, 80.

=Stamp Act=, 129, 154, 158-160, 162, 168, 230.

=Standish, Miles=, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80;
portrait of, 78.

=Stanton, Elizabeth Cady=, 401-404;
early life of, 401-402;
portrait of, 401;
calls woman's rights convention, 402;
works with Miss Anthony for suffrage, 403;
death, 404.

=Stanton, Henry B.=, 402, 403.

=Starved Rock=, 110, 111.

=Steamboat=, invented by Fulton, 257-260;
used on all rivers, 260-261.

=Steel=, manufacture of, 423.

=Stephenson, George=, 263.

=Steuben, General=, 138.

=Stewart=, Boone's companion, 204.

=Stowe, Calvin E.=, 407.

=Stowe, Harriet Beecher=, 406-407;
early life of, 406-407;
in behalf of freedom for slaves, 407;
writes _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, 407;
portrait of, 407;
death, 407.

=Strait of Magellan=, _see_ Magellan.

"=Stump speaking=," 319.

=Stuyvesant, Peter=, 87-91;
in West Indies, 87;
portrait of, 88;
governor of New Amsterdam, 88-90;
makes strict laws, 88;
disputes with people, 89;
surrenders to English, 90-91.

=Submarine=, 395-397.

=Suffrage, Woman=, 402, 403-404, 414.

=Sumter, Fort=, 323.

=Sumter, Thomas=, 184.