Chapter LXXI: Appendix: Canals and Railroads (1)

A CONDENSED SUMMARY OF THE CANALS AND RAILROADS
IN THE UNITED STATES;
THEIR LENGTHS AND TERMINATING POINTS.

Name. │ From. │ To. │Miles.
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
MAINE. │ │ │
_Canal._ │ │ │
Cumberland and Oxford │Near Portland │Long Pond │ 20,50
_Railroad._ │ │ │
Bangor and Orono │Bangor │Orono │ 10,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
NEW HAMPSHIRE. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Bow Falls │ │ │ 0,75
Hookset Falls │ │ │ 0,13
Amoskeag Falls │ │ │ 1,00
Union │ │ │ 9,00
Sewall’s Falls │ │ │ 0,25
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Eastern │Massachusetts │Portsmouth │ 15,47
│ Line │ │
Nashua and Lowell │Massachusetts │Nashua │ 5¼
│ Line │ │
Boston and Maine │Massachusetts │Exeter │ 14,00
│ Line │ │
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
VERMONT. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
White River Falls │ │ │ 0,50
Bellows Falls │ │ │ 0,16
Waterquechy │ │ │ 0,40
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
MASSACHUSETTS. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Middlesex │Boston │Chelmsford │ 27,00
Pawtucket │Lowell │ │ 1,59
Blackstone │Providence │Worcester │ 45,00
Hampshire and Hampden │Connecticut │Northampton │ 22,00
│ Line │ │
Montague Falls │ │ │ 3,00
South Hadley Falls │ │ │ 2,00
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Eastern │Boston │N. Hampshire │ 38,00
│ │ Line │
Boston and Lowell │Boston │Lowell │ 26,00
Boston and Portland │Wilmington │N. Hampshire │ 20,00
│ │ Line │
Lowell and Nashua │Lowell │N. Hampshire │ 9,00
│ │ Line │
Charlestown │Charlestown │ │ 1½
Boston and Worcester │Boston │Worcester │ 45,00
Millbury Branch │ │Millbury │ 3¼
Western │Worcester │West Stockbridge│116,00
Boston and Providence │Boston │Providence │ 41,00
Dedham Branch │ │Dedham │ 2,00
Taunton Branch │Mansfield │Taunton │ 11,00
Taunton and New Bedford │Taunton │New Bedford │ 20,00
Norwich and Worcester │Worcester │Connecticut Line│ 20,00
Quincy │Granite Quarry │Quincy Landing │ 3,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
RHODE ISLAND. │ │ │
_Railroad._ │ │ │
Providence and Stonington│Providence │Stonington │ 47,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
CONNECTICUT. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Farmington │New Haven │Massachusetts │ 56,00
│ │ Line │
Enfield Falls │ │ │ 5,50
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Norwich and Worcester │Norwich │Worcester │ 58,50
New Haven and Hartford │New Haven │Hartford │ 36,00
Housatonic │Bridgeport │New Milford │ 35,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
NEW YORK. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Erie │Albany │Buffalo │363,00
Champlain │West Troy │Whitehall │ 76,00
Chenango │Utica │Binghamton │ 97,00
Black River │Rome │Carthage │ 85,00
Oswego │Syracuse │Oswego │ 38,00
Cayuga and Seneca │Seneca Lake │Cayuga Lake │ 23,00
Crooked Lake │Pennyan │Seneca Lake │ 7,75
Chemung │Seneca Lake │Elmira │ 23,00
Branch of Chemung │Elmira │Knoxville │ 16,00
Delaware and Hudson │Eddyville │Lackawaxen │ 83,00
Genesee Valley │Rochester │Olean │119,63
Dansville Branch │Mount Morris │Dansville │ 11,00
Harlaem │Hudson River │East River │ 3,00
Croton Aqueduct │Croton River │New York │ 40,56
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Long Island │Brooklyn │Hicksville │ 27,00
Harlaem │New York │Harlaem │ 8,00
Hudson and Berkshire │Hudson West │Stockbridge │ 33,00
Catskill and Canajoharie │Catskill │Canajoharie │ 78,00
Rensselaer and Saratoga │Troy │Ballston │ 23,50
Mohawk and Hudson │Albany │Schenectady │ 15,86
Saratoga and Schenectady │Schenectady │Saratoga │ 21,50
Utica and Schenectady │Schenectady │Utica │ 77,00
Syracuse and Utica │Utica │Syracuse │ 53,00
Syracuse and Auburn │Syracuse │Auburn │ 26,00
Auburn and Rochester │Auburn │Rochester │ 80,00
Tonawanda │Rochester │Attica │ 45,00
Buffalo and Niagara Falls│Buffalo │Niagara Falls │ 23,00
Lockport and Niagara │Lockport │Niagara Falls │ 20,00
Falls │ │ │
Buffalo and Black Rock │Buffalo │Black Rock │ 3,00
Rochester │Rochester │Port Genesee │ 3,00
Ithaca and Owego │Ithaca │Owego │ 29,00
Bath │Bath │Crooked Lake │ 5,00
Port Kent and Keesville │Port Kent │Keesville │ 4,50
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
NEW JERSEY. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Delaware and Raritan │Bordentown │New Brunswick │ 42,00
Morris │Jersey City │Easton, Pa. │101,75
Salem │Salem Creek │Delaware River │ 4,00
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Camden and Amboy │Camden │South Amboy │ 61,00
Trenton Branch │ │Trenton │ 8,00
Jobstown Branch │Jobstown │Craft’s Creek │ 13,00
Peterson and Hudson │Jersey City │Paterson │ 16,30
Camden and Woodbury │Camden │Woodbury │ 9,00
New Jersey │Jersey City │New Brunswick │ 34,00
Trenton and Brunswick │Trenton │New Brunswick │ 27,00
Morris and Essex │Newark │Morristown │ 22,00
Elizabethport and │Elizabethport │Somerville │ 25,00
Somerville │ │ │
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
PENNSYLVANIA. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
◆ Central Division │Columbia │Hollidaysburg │172,00
◆ Western Division │Johnstown │Pittsburg │104,25
◆ Susquehanna Division │Duncan’s Island │Northumberland │ 39,00
◆ West Branch Division │Northumberland │Farrandsville │ 73,00
◆ North Branch Division │Northumberland │Lackawana │ 72,50
◆ Delaware Division │Bristol │Easton │ 59,75
◆ Beaver Division │Beaver │Shenango River │ 30,75
◆ Penn. Canals. │ │ │
Schuylkill Navigation │Philadelphia │Port Carbon │108,00
Union │Reading │Middletown │ 82,08
Lehigh │Easton │Stoddartsville │ 84,48
Lackawaxen │Delaware River │Honesdale │ 25,00
Conestoga │Lancaster │Safe Harbor │ 18,00
Codorus │York │Susquehanna │ 11,00
│ │ River │
Bald Eagle │West Branch Canal│Bellefonte │ 25,00
Susquehanna │Wrightsville │Havre de Grace │ 45,00
Minor Canals │ │ │ 24,00
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Columbia and Philadelphia│Philadelphia │Columbia │ 81,60
Portage │Hollidaysburg │Johnstown │ 36,69
Philadelphia City, &c. │ │ │ 6,00
Valley │Norristown │Columbia │ 20,25
│ │ Railroad │
West Chester │Columbia Railroad│West Chester │ 10,00
Harrisburg and Lancaster │Harrisburg │Lancaster │ 35,50
Cumberland Valley │Harrisburg │Chambersburg │ 50,00
Franklin │Chambersburg │Williamsport │ 30,00
York and Wrightsville │York │Wrightsville │ 13,00
Strasburg │Cumberl. Val. │Strasburg │ 7,00
│ R. R. │ │
Philadelphia and Reading │Philadelphia │Pottsville │ 95,00
Little Schuylkill │Port Clinton │Tamaqua │ 23,00
Danville and Pottsville │Pottsville │Sunbury │ 44,54
Little Schuylkill and │Tamaqua │Williamsport │106,00
Susquehanna │ │ │
Beaver Meadow Branch │Lindner’s Gap │Beaver Mead. │ 12,00
│ │ R. R. │
Williamsport and Elmira │Williamsport │Elmira │ 73,50
Corning and Blossburg │Blossburg │Corning │ 40,00
Mount Carbon │Mount Carbon │Norwegian Creek │ 7,24
Schuylkill Valley │Port Carbon │Tuscarora │ 10,00
Branches of Schuylkill │ │ │ 15,00
Valley │ │ │
Schuylkill │Schuylkill │Valley │ 13,00
Mill Creek │Port Carbon │Coal Mine │ 9,00
Mine Hill and Schuylkill │Schuylkill Haven │Mine Hill Gap │ 20,00
Haven │ │ │
Mauch Chunk │Mauch Chunk │Coal Mine │ 9,00
Branches of Mauch Chunk │ │ │ 16,00
Room Run │Mauch Chunk │Coal Mine │ 5,26
Beaver Meadow │Parryville │Coal Mine │ 20,00
Hazelton and Lehigh │Hazelton Mine │Beaver Mead. │ 8,00
│ │ R. R. │
Nesquehoning │Nesquehoning Mine│Lehigh River │ 5,00
Lehigh and Susquehanna │White Haven │Wilkesbarre │ 19,58
Carbondale and Honesdale │Carbondale │Honesdale │ 17,67
Lykens Valley │Broad Mountain │Millersburg │ 16,50
Pine Grove │Pine Grove │Coal Mine │ 4,00
Philadelphia and Trenton │Philadelphia │Morrisville │ 26,25
Philadelphia, Ger., and │Philadelphia │Norristown │ 17,00
Norrist’n. │ │ │
Germantown Branch │ │ │ 4,00
Philadelphia and │Philadelphia │Wilmington │ 27,00
Wilmington │ │ │
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
DELAWARE. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
New Castle and Frenchtown│New Castle │Frenchtown, Md. │ 19,19
Railroads from New Castle│ │ │
to Wilmington, and from│ │ │
Wilmington to Nanticoke│ │ │
Creek; are proposed. │ │ │
│ │ │
_Canal._ │ │ │
Chesapeake and Delaware │Delaware City │Back Creek │ 13,63
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
MARYLAND. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Baltimore and Ohio │Baltimore │Harper’s Ferry │ 80,50
Washington Branch │Patapsco River │Washington │ 30,35
Baltimore and Port │Baltimore │Havre de Grace │ 36,00
Deposit │ │ │
Baltimore and Susquehanna│Baltimore │York, Pa. │ 56,00
Reistertown Branch │6 m. from │Reistertown │ 8,00
│ Baltimore │ │
Wilmington and │Havre de Grace │Wilmington, Del.│ 32,00
Susquehanna │ │ │
Annapolis and Elkridge │Washington Branch│Annapolis │ 19,75
│ │ │
_Canal._ │ │ │
Chesapeake and Ohio │Georgetown │Hancock │136,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
VIRGINIA. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Richm., Fredericksb., and│Richmond │Aquia Creek │ 75,00
Potomac │ │ │
Louisa Branch │24 m. from │Gordonsville │ 49,00
│ Richm’d. │ │
Richmond and Petersburg │Richmond │Petersburg │ 23,00
Petersburg and Roanoake │Petersburg │Weldon │ 59.00
Greensville │Near Hicksford │Gaston, N. C. │ 18,00
City Point │Petersburg │City Point │ 12,00
Chesterfield │Coal Mines │Richmond │ 13,50
Portsmouth and Roanoke │Portsmouth │Weldon, N. C. │ 80,00
Winchester and Potomac │Harper’s Ferry │Winchester │ 32,00
│ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Alexandria Canal │Georgetown │Alexandria │ 7,25
James River and Kanawha │Richmond │Buchannan │175,00
Dismal Swamp │Deep Creek │Joyce’s Creek │ 23,00
Branches │ │ │ 11,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
NORTH CAROLINA. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Wilmington and Raleigh │Wilmington │Weldon │161,00
Raleigh and Gaston │Raleigh │Gaston │ 85,00
│ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Weldon Canal │Weldon │Head Roanoke │ 12,00
│ │ F’lls. │
Club Foot and Harlow │Club Foot Creek │Harlow Creek │ 1,50
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
SOUTH CAROLINA. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
South Carolina │Charleston │Hamburg │135,75
Columbia Branch │Branchville │Columbia │ 66,00
│ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Santee │Cooper River │Santee River │ 22,00
Winyaw │Kinloch Creek │Winyaw Bay │ 7,40
Saluda │Shoals │Granby │ 6,20
Drehr’s │Saluda Falls │Head of Falls │ 1,33
Lorick │Broad River │Head of Falls │ 1,00
Lockharts │Head Falls Br. │To Foot │ 2,75
│ Riv. │ │
Wataree │Jone’s Mill │Elliott’s │ 4,00
Catawba │At various points│ │ 7,77
│ on the Catawba │ │
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
GEORGIA. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Georgia │Augusta │De Kalb County │165,00
Athens Branch │Georgia Railroad │Athens │ 33,00
Western and Atlantic │De Kalb County │Tennessee River │130,00
Central │Savannah │Macon │193,00
Monroe │Macon │Forsyth │ 25,00
Macon and Talbotton │Macon │Talbotton │ 70,00
│ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Savannah, Ogeechee, and │Savannah │Alatamaha River │ 16,00
Alatamaha │ │ │
Brunswick │Alatamaha │Brunswick │ 12,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
FLORIDA. │ │ │
_Railroad._ │ │ │
Wimico and St. Joseph │Lake Wimico │St. Joseph │ 12,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
ALABAMA. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Alabama, Florida, and │Pensacola │Montgomery │150,46
Georgia │ │ │
Montgomery and West Point│Montgomery │West Point │ 87,00
Tuscumbia, Courtl’d., & │Tuscumbia │Decatur │ 44,00
Decatur │ │ │
Selma and Cahawba │Selma │Cahawba │ 10,00
Wetumpka │Wetumpka │ │ 10,00
│ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Muscle Shoals Canal │Head of Falls │Florence │ 35,75
Huntsville │Triana │Huntsville │ 16,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
MISSISSIPPI. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
West Feliciana │St. Francisville │Woodville, Mp. │ 7,75
Vicksburg and Clinton │Vicksburg │Clinton │ 54,00
Grand Gulf │Grand Gulf │Port Gibson │ 7,25
Jackson and Brandon │Jackson │Brandon │ 14,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
LOUISIANA. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Pontchartrain │New Orleans │Lake │ 4,50
│ │ Pontchartrain │
West Feliciana │St. Francisville │Woodville, Mp. │ 20,00
Atchafalaya │Point Coupee │Opelousas │ 30,00
Alexandria and │Alexandria │Cheneyville │ 30,00
Cheneyville │ │ │
New Orleans and Carrolton│New Orleans │Lafayette │ 11,25
Orleans Street │New Orleans │Bayou St. John │ 1,50
│ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Orleans Bank │New Orleans │Lake │ 4,25
│ │ Pontchartrain │
Canal Carondelet │New Orleans │Bayou St. John │ 2,00
Barataria │Near New Orleans │Berwick’s Bay │ 85,00
Lake Veret │Lake Veret │La Fourche River│ 8,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
TENNESSEE. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
La Grange and Memphis │La Grange │Memphis │ 50,00
Somerville Branch │Moscow │Somerville │ 16,00
Highwassee │Knoxville │West. & Atlan. │ 98,50
│ │ R. R. │
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
KENTUCKY. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Lexington and Ohio │Louisville │Lexington │ 92,75
Portage │Bowling Green │Barren River │ 1,50
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
ILLINOIS. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Meredosia and │Meredosia │Jacksonville │ 20,00
Jacksonville │ │ │
Coal Mine Bluffs │Illinois │Coal Mine │ 6,00
│ │ │
_Canal._ │ │ │
Illinois and Michigan │Chicago │Near Peru │105,90
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
INDIANA. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Wabash and Erie │Lafayette │Lake Erie │187,00
Whitewater │Lawrenceburg │Brookville │ 30,00
│ │ │
_Railroad._ │ │ │
Madison and Indianapolis │Madison │Indianapolis │ 95,00
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
OHIO. │ │ │
_Canals._ │ │ │
Ohio and Erie │Portsmouth │Cleveland │307,00
Columbus Branch │Columbus │Canal │ 10,00
Lancaster Branch │Lancaster │Canal │ 9,00
Hocking │Lancaster │Athens │ 50,00
Zanesville Branch │Zanesville │Canal │ 14,00
Walhonding Branch │Walhonding River │Canal │ 23,00
Miami │Cincinnati │Defiance │178,00
Warren Branch │Middletown │Lebanon │ 20,00
Sandy and Beaver │Bolivar │Ohio River │ 76,00
Mahoning │Akron │Beaver River │ 77,00
Little Miami │Cincinnati │Springfield │ 85,00
│ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Mad River and Lake Erie │Tiffin │Sandusky City │ 40,00
Ohio │Manhattan │Sandusky City │ 40,00
Monroeville and Sandusky │Monroeville │Sandusky City │ 15,00
City │ │ │
─────────────────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────┼──────
│ │ │
MICHIGAN. │ │ │
_Railroads._ │ │ │
Central │Detroit │Dexter │ 49,00
Erie and Kalamazoo │Toledo │Adrian │ 33,00
Detroit and Pontiac │Detroit │Pontiac │ 25,00
Palmyra and Jacksonburgh │Palmyra │Clinton │ 17,00
Southern │Monroe │Adrian │ 35,00

SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS
IN THE UNITED STATES.

Churches or Members or
Denominations. Ministers. Congregations. Communicants. Population.
────────────── ────────── ────────────── ───────────── ───────────
Baptists 4,239 6,319 452,000 }
Freewill 612 753 33,876 } 4,300,000
Seventh-Day 46 42 4,503 }
Six-Principle 10 16 2,117 }

Methodists 2,764 650,103 }
Protestant 400 50,000 } 3,000,000

Presbyterians 2,225 2,807 274,084 }
Cumberland 450 500 50,000 }
Associate 87 183 16,000 } 2,175,000
Reformed 20 40 3,000 }
Associate }
Reformed 116 214 12,000 }

Congregationalists 1,150 1,300 160,000 1,400,000
Catholics 389 443 800,000
Episcopalians 849 850 600,000
Universalists 317 653 600,000
Lutherans 267 750 62,226 540,000
Dutch Reformed 192 197 22,515 450,000
Christians 800 1,000 150,000 300,000
German Reformed 180 600 30,000 250,000
Unitarians 174 200 180,000
Unitarian Mennonites 200 30,000 120,000
Friends 500 100,000
Tunkers 40 40 3,000 30,000
Jews 15,000
Moravians or United
Brethren 33 24 5,745 12,000
Mormonites 12,000 12,000
Shakers 45 15 6,000 6,000
New Jerusalem Church 33 27 5,000

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

TABLE, EXHIBITING THE VALUE OF IMPORTS FROM, AND EXPORTS TO,
EACH FOREIGN COUNTRY, DURING THE YEAR ENDING ON THE
30TH SEPTEMBER, 1839.

Value of Exports.
──────────────────────────────────────
Value of Domestic Foreign
Countries. Imports. Produce. Produce. Total.
──────────── ──────────── ──────────── ─────────── ────────────
1 Russia $2,393,894 $434,567 $804,659 $1,239,246
2 Prussia 70,412 29,313 43,500 72,813
3 Sweden and
Norway 1,553,684 337,000 26,502 363,502
4 Swedish West
Indies 12,458 103,282 4,130 107,412
5 Denmark 80,997 50,634 38,177 88,811
6 Danish West
Indies 1,465,761 1,014,381 303,154 1,317,535
7 Hanse Towns
and ports
of Germany 4,849,150 2,067,608 733,459 2,801,067
8 Holland 2,149,732 1,677,352 295,651 1,973,003
9 Dutch East
Indies 692,196 86,619 396,934 483,553
10 Dutch West
Indies 582,284 282,042 70,975 353,017
11 Dutch Guiana 49,008 58,863 2,803 61,666
12 Belgium 465,701 541,641 66,269 607,910
13 England 64,863,716 54,615,327 3,953,108 58,568,435
14 Scotland 950,183 1,025,832 1,256 1,027,088
15 Ireland 150,689 330,719 330,719
16 Gibraltar 99,178 902,247 148,387 1,050,634
17 Malta 24,943 65,870 34,126 99,996
18 Mauritius 30,466 1,500 31,966
19 Cape of Good
Hope 43,059 88,379 5,020 93,399
20 British East
Indies 2,135,152 246,845 337,597 584,442
21 British West
Indies 941,699 2,472,833 90,642 2,563,475
22 British Guiana 14,215 34,906 218 35,124
23 British
Honduras 164,027 181,861 29,339 211,200
24 British North
American
Colonies 2,155,146 3,418,770 144,684 3,563,454
25 Australia 58,344 6,790 6,790
26 Other British
Colonies 2,360 2,360
27 France on the
Atlantic 30,918,450 14,919,848 2,088,655 17,008,503
28 France on the
Mediterranean 1,612,871 1,046,260 176,186 1,222,446
29 French West
Indies 702,798 585,916 105,905 691,821
30 French Guiana 1,643 1,643
31 Spain on the
Atlantic 263,193 316,144 32,014 348,158
32 Spain on the
Mediterranean 1,597,978 209,724 19,000 228,724
33 Tenneriffe and
other Canaries 196,755 15,572 11,939 27,511
34 Manilla and
Philippine
Islands 876,477 98,553 38,255 136,808
35 Cuba 12,599,843 5,025,626 1,091,205 6,116,831
36 Porto Rico 3,742,549 779,049 87,348 866,397
37 Portugal 587,778 59,711 6,093 65,804
38 Madeira 539,800 64,082 15,046 79,128
39 Fayal and the
other Azores 15,222 9,130 4,739 13,869
40 Cape de Verd
Islands 39,523 77,138 8,415 85,553
41 Italy 1,182,297 315,399 122,753 438,152
42 Sicily 592,951 192,462 84,607 277,069
43 Sardinia 1,348
44 Trieste 477,539 429,578 162,671 592,249
45 Turkey, Levant
&c. 629,190 83,320 266,054 349,374
46 Morocco and
Barbary States 96,493
47 Hayti 1,377,989 991,265 131,294 1,122,559
48 Texas 318,116 1,379,065 308,017 1,687,082
49 Mexico 3,127,153 816,660 1,970,702 2,787,362
50 Central
Republic of
America 192,845 111,752 104,490 216,242
51 New Grenada 90,514 35,219 29,585 64,804
52 Venezuela 1,982,702 413,245 272,736 665,981
53 Brazil 5,292,955 2,133,997 503,488 2,637,465
54 Cisplatine
Republic 625,432 50,998 38,302 89,300
55 Argentine
Republic 525,114 233,593 142,470 376,063
56 Chili 1,186,641 1,307,143 487,410 1,794,553
57 Peru 242,813
58 South America,
generally 23,618 27,257 50,875
59 China 3,678,509 430,464 1,103,137 1,533,601
60 Europe,
generally 128,105 128,105
61 Asia,
generally 63,525 158,321 400,431 558,752
62 Africa,
generally 419,054 443,218 47,061 490,279
63 West Indies,
generally 457,968 33,060 491,028
64 South Seas 318,143 85,938 39,750 125,688
65 Atlantic Ocean
66 Uncertain
places 11,944
──────────── ──────────── ─────────── ────────────
_Total_ $169,092,132 $103,533,891 $17,494,525 $121,028,416

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF EACH STATE.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY,
DURING THE YEAR ENDING ON THE 30TH OF SEPTEMBER, 1839.

Value of Imports. Value of Exports.
───────────────────────────────────── ─────────────────────────────────────
States and In American In Foreign Domestic Foreign
Territories. vessels. vessels. Total. Produce. Produce. Total.
──────────── ─────────── ──────────── ──────────── ─────────── ────────────
Maine $839,336 $143,388 $982,734 $878,434 $17,051 $895,485
New
Hampshire 50,665 742 51,407 74,914 7,030 81,944
Vermont 413,513 413,513 193,886 193,886
Massachusetts 18,622,681 62,542 19,385,223 5,526,455 3,749,630 9,276,085
Rhode Island 610,431 1,626 612,057 175,808 9,426 185,234
Connecticut 442,847 3,344 446,191 583,226 583,226
New York 88,360,867 11,521,571 99,882,438 23,296,995 9,971,104 33,268,099
New Jersey 3,782 400 4,182 78,434 19,645 98,079
Pennsylvania 14,023,150 1,027,565 15,050,715 4,148,211 1,151,204 5,299,415
Delaware 8,680 8,680
Maryland 6,079,985 915,300 6,995,285 4,313,189 263,372 4,576,561
Dist. of
Columbia 105,921 26,590 132,511 497,965 5,752 503,717
Virginia 828,300 85,162 913,462 5,183,424 3,772 5,187,196
North Carolina 217,304 11,929 229,233 426,934 992 427,926
South Carolina 2,210,635 875,442 3,086,077 10,318,822 66,604 10,385,426
Georgia 293,745 120,242 413,987 5,970,443 5,970,443
Alabama 614,849 280,352 895,201 10,338,159 10,338,159
Mississippi
Louisiana 9,723,230 2,341,712 12,064,942 30,995,936 2,185,231 33,181,167
Ohio 14,309 4,971 19,280 95,854 95,854
Kentucky 10,480 10,480 3,723 3,723
Tennessee 146 146
Michigan 174,169 2,052 176,221 133,305 133,305
Florida 186,943 92,950 279,893 291,094 43,712 334,806
Missouri 46,964 46,964
──────────── ─────────── ──────────── ──────────── ─────────── ────────────
_Total_ $143,874,252 18,217,880 $162,992,132 $103,533,891 $17,494,525 $121,028,416

TONNAGE OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES ON THE
30TH OF SEPTEMBER, 1839.

Tons and
State. 95ths.
────────────────── ──────────
Maine 282,285.37
N. Hampshire 29,224.07
Vermont 4,232.37
Massachusetts 526,364.21
Rhode Island 44,572.16
Connecticut 83,014.34
New York 468,593.58
New Jersey 62,540.87
Pennsylvania 112,359.17
Delaware 19,203.19
Maryland 116,203.87
Virginia 51,808.39
North Carolina 40,841.45
South Carolina 33,414.21
Georgia 20,942.83
Alabama 21,742.00
Louisiana 109,076.36
Tennessee 4,240.94
Kentucky 8,125.87
Ohio 23,925.55
Michigan 10,999.59
Missouri 9,735.00
Dist. Columbia 23,142.26
Florida 8,672.68

Total United States Tonnage in 1815, 1,368,127.78;
in 1820, 1,280,166.24;
in 1825, 1,423,110.77;
in 1830, 1,191,776.43;
in 1835, 1,824,940.14;
in 1839, 2,096,478.81.

TONNAGE OF THE SIX LARGEST DISTRICTS.

Tons and
District. 95ths.
────────────────── ──────────
New York 430,200.88
Boston 203,615.82
New Orleans 109,076.36
Philadelphia 96,862.09
New Bedford 86,524.75
Baltimore 71,533.14

Footnotes.

1 – J. T. Buckingham.

2 – Among the Enchanted Mountains, a name given to several spurs
of the Cumberland Ridge, are some very singular footprints
marked in the solid limestone rock. These are tracks of men,
horses, and other animals, as distinctly marked as though
but yesterday impressed in clay or mortar. Their appearance
often indicates that the feet which made them had slidden,
as if in descending a declivity of soft clay. The human feet
have uniformly six toes, with the exception of one track,
which is thought to be that of a negro. One of the tracks
is sixteen inches long, and thirteen inches wide from toe
to heel, with the ball of the heel five inches in diameter.
On the shore of the Mississippi is a similar impression
of the human feet in a mass of limestone. No satisfactory
explanation has been given of these singular appearances.

3 – Table Mountain, in Pendleton district, near the north-west
corner of South Carolina, is thus described by Dr. Ramsay.
‘Its height exceeds three thousand feet, and thirty farms
may be distinguished at any one view from its top by the
unaided eye. Its side is an abrupt precipice nine hundred
feet deep, and nearly perpendicular. The valley underneath
appears to be as much below the level as the top of the
mountain towers above it. This precipice is called the
Lover’s Leap. To those who are in the valley it looks like
an immense wall stretching up to heaven. At its base lie
whitening in the sun the bones of various animals that had
incautiously advanced too near its edge. Its summit is often
surrounded with clouds.

‘The gradual ascent of the country from the seacoast to this
western extremity of the State, added to the height of this
mountain, must place its top more than four thousand feet
above the level of the Atlantic ocean. Large masses of snow
tumble down from the side of this mountain in the winter
season, the fall of which has been heard seven miles. Its
summit is the resort of deer and bears. Wild pigeons resort
to it in such flocks as sometimes to break the limbs of the
trees on which they alight.’

4 – It is common in our own country, says the London Monthly
Review, for ground mists to assume the appearance of water,
to make a meadow seem inundated, and to change a valley into
a lake; but these mists never reflect the surrounding trees
and hills. Hence the _mirage_ must consist of a peculiar gas,
of which the particles are combined by a stronger attraction
of cohesion than the vapors of real water; the _liquor
silicum_ of the alchemists is described as exhibiting in
some circumstances this glossy surface, yet as being equally
evanescent.

5 – The following very graphic description of a flood on the
Mississippi, is from the pen of the celebrated naturalist,
Audubon:

‘There the overflow is astonishing; for no sooner has the
water reached the upper part of the banks, than it rushes
out and overspreads the whole of the neighboring swamps,
presenting an ocean overgrown with stupendous forest trees.
So sudden is the calamity, that every individual, whether
man or beast, has to exert his utmost ingenuity to enable
him to escape from the dreaded element. The Indian quickly
removes to the hills of the interior, the cattle and game
swim to the different stripes of land that remain uncovered
in the midst of the flood, or attempt to force their way
through the waters until they perish from fatigue. Along the
banks of the river the inhabitants have rafts ready made,
on which they remove themselves, their cattle, and their
provisions, and which they then fasten with ropes or grape
vines to the larger trees, while they contemplate the
melancholy spectacle presented by the current, as it carries
off their houses and wood-yards piece by piece. Some who
have nothing to lose, and are usually known by the name
of _squatters_, take this opportunity of traversing the
woods in canoes, for the purpose of procuring game, and
particularly the skins of animals, such as the deer and bear,
which may be converted into money. They resort to the low
ridges surrounded by the waters, and destroy thousands of
deer, merely for their skins, leaving the flesh to putrefy.

‘The river itself, rolling its swollen waters along,
presents a spectacle of the most imposing nature. Although
no large vessel, unless propelled by steam, can now make
its way against the current, it is seen covered by boats
laden with produce, which, running out from all the smaller
streams, float silently towards the city of New-Orleans,
their owners, meanwhile, not very well assured of finding a
landing-place even there. The water is covered with yellow
foam and pumice, the latter having floated from the rocky
mountains of the north-west. The eddies are larger and more
powerful than ever. Here and there tracts of forests are
observed undermined, the trees gradually giving way, and
falling into the stream. Cattle, horses, bears, and deer,
are seen at times attempting to swim across the impetuous
mass of foaming and boiling water; whilst here and there a
vulture or an eagle is observed perched on a bloated carcass,
tearing it up in pieces, as regardless of the flood as
on former occasions it would have been of the numerous
_sawyers_ and _planters_ with which the surface of the
river is covered when the water is low. Even the steamer is
frequently distressed. The numberless trees and logs that
float along, break its paddles and retard its progress.
Besides, it is on such occasions difficult to procure
fuel to maintain its fires; and it is only at very distant
intervals that a wood-yard can be found which the water has
not carried off.

‘Following the river in your canoe, you reach those parts of
the shores that are protected against the overflowing of the
waters, and are called _levées_. There you find the whole
population of the district at work, repairing and augmenting
those artificial barriers which are several feet above
the level of the fields. Every person appears to dread
the opening of a _crevasse_, by which the waters may rush
into his fields. In spite of all exertions, however, the
_crevasse_ opens, and water bursts impetuously over the
plantations, and lays waste the crops which so lately were
blooming in all the luxuriance of spring. It opens up a new
channel, which, for aught I know to the contrary, may carry
its waters even to the Mexican gulf.

‘But now, kind reader, observe this great flood gradually
subsiding, and again see the mighty changes which it has
effected. The waters have now been carried into the distant
ocean. The earth is every where covered by a deep deposit
of muddy loam, which, in drying, splits into deep and narrow
chasms, presenting a reticulated appearance, and from which,
as the weather becomes warmer, disagreeable, and at times
noxious, exhalations arise, and fill the lower stratum of
the atmosphere, as with a dense fog. The banks of the river
have almost every where been broken down in a greater or
less degree. Large streams are now found to exist, where
none were formerly to be seen, having forced their way in
direct lines from the upper parts of the bends. These are,
by the navigator, called _short cuts_. Some of them have
proved large enough to produce a change in the navigation
of the Mississippi. If I mistake not, one of these, known
by the name of _Grand Cut-off_, and only a few miles in
length, has diverted the river from its natural course,
and has shortened it by fifty miles. The upper parts of the
islands present a bulwark consisting of an enormous mass of
floated trees of all kinds, which have lodged there. Large
sand-banks have been completely removed by the impetuous
whirls of the waters, and have been deposited in other places.
Some appear quite new to the eye of the navigator, who has to
mark their situation and bearings in his log-book. The trees
on the margins of the banks have in many parts given way.
They are seen bending over the stream, like the grounded
arms of an overwhelmed army of giants. Every where are heard
the lamentations of the farmer and planter, whilst their
servants and themselves are busily employed in repairing
the damages occasioned by the floods. At one _crevasse_,
an old ship or two, dismantled for the purpose, are sunk,
to obstruct the passage opened by the still rushing waters,
while new earth is brought to fill up the chasms. The
squatter is seen shouldering his rifle, and making his way
through the morass, in search of his lost stock, to drive
the survivors home, and save the skins of the drowned. New
fences have every where to be formed; even new houses must
be erected, to save which from a like disaster, the settler
places them on an elevated platform, supported by pillars
made of the trunks of trees. The lands must be ploughed anew;
and if the season is not too far advanced, a crop of corn
and potatoes may yet be raised. But the rich prospects of
the planter are blasted. The traveller is impeded in his
journey, the creeks and smaller streams having broken up
their banks in a degree proportionate to their size. A bank
of sand which seems firm and secure, suddenly gives way
beneath the traveller’s horse, and the next moment the
animal has sunk in the quicksand, either to the chest in
front, or over the crupper behind, leaving its master in a
situation not to be envied.

‘Unlike the mountain torrents and small rivers of other
parts of the world, the Mississippi rises but slowly during
these floods, continuing for several weeks to increase at
the rate of about an inch in the day. When at its height, it
undergoes little fluctuation for some days, and after this
subsides as slowly as it rose. The usual duration of a flood
is from four to six weeks, although, on some occasions,
it is protracted to two months.

‘Every one knows how largely the idea of floods and
cataclysms enters into the speculations of the geologist.
If the streamlets of the European continent afford
illustrations of the formation of strata, how much more
must the Mississippi, with its ever-shifting sand-banks,
its crumbling shores, its enormous masses of drift-timber,
the source of future beds of coal, its extensive and varied
alluvial deposits, and its mighty mass of waters rolling
sullenly along, like the flood of eternity!’

6 – Lewis and Clarke.

7 – ‘The American Fur Company have sent their steam-boats
_twenty-one hundred miles_ above the mouth of the Missouri,
and in high water, steam-boats of light draft can ascend
_two thousand and six hundred miles_. The Mississippi is
navigable by steam between _six and seven hundred miles_
above St. Louis. These rivers pass through an exceedingly
fertile country; and when a just system of internal
improvement shall be carried into operation, not only New
Orleans and the great valley of the Mississippi will be
benefitted, but every portion of the United States will feel
the invigorating influence of such a course.’――_St. Louis
Republican._

8 – Lewis and Clarke

9 – Appropriations have recently been made by Congress for the
removal of obstructions in the Arkansas and Red rivers.
The officer employed on that service is confident in the
practicability of removing the Raft by means of boats.

10 – Long’s Expedition.

11 – On the banks of this stream, about twenty miles from the
Ohio, are extensive salt-works, owned by the United States’
government.

12 – ‘The river expands into a noble bay, four or five miles-wide,
called the Tappan Sea, about thirty miles from New York, at
the top of which, ten miles farther on, the banks approach
each other so closely, that the channel through which the
river has at a distant period forced its way by some violent
convulsion, is not perceived until you almost enter it.
Here we suddenly found ourselves in a narrow pass between
precipitous mountain tops, rising on both sides from the
water’s edge to an elevation of twelve or fifteen hundred
feet. These mountains or hills, as we should call them,
are what are called the Highlands of the Hudson; and the
entry to them seemed to us the most remarkable point on the
river, not to be contemplated without feelings of the deepest
interest. The river course continues to run in this defile
among romantic hills covered with wood, sweetly inlaid with
plateaus of green pasture, and of table-land for about
twenty miles. The farm-houses and villages look as if they
hung on the cliffs, or rose by terraces from the water’s
edge. The river is of various breadths, from a mile and a
half to two miles. The projecting rocks often force it to
change its direction, so much, indeed, that you frequently
appear to be sailing in a lake, from which you cannot
discover an outlet.

‘After leaving the Highlands, the banks of the river are
comparatively low, one hundred, or one hundred and fifty
feet in height. The hills through which we had passed
incline to the right, and do not break off till they reach
the St. Lawrence. The river, for sixty or seventy miles,
frequently opens into beautiful lakes and bays, with
projecting and marked shores. Great part of this district,
which is called the Valley of the Hudson, consists of
good land and fine corn-fields, and is one of the richest
parts of the state of New York. The town of Newburg on the
one side, the village of Fishkill on the other, the noble
terrace of Hyde Park, the Dutchess County, famed for its
fertility, are all situated in the southern part of this
reach. On the upper part of it, the grand range of mountains
called the Catskills, about three thousand feet high, which
are a spur from the Alleghanies, and the populous city of
Hudson, strikingly placed on a fine promontory, are the most
prominent objects. From Hudson to Albany, about forty miles,
the Hudson has more the appearance of a river than below. It
is here ornamented with many islands, the shores become less
steep, the country rich looking, and more peopled. Villas on
the banks appear more frequently in approaching Albany, the
view of which, from the river, is very striking. The oldest
part of the city reaches to the water’s edge, but a great
part of it is on a fine elevation on the face of a hill.

‘Whether the glorious scenery of the Hudson be superior to
that of the Rhine, the Danube, or any of the European rivers,
which many of the Americans who have travelled in Europe
maintain, I, who have not seen the greatest of those rivers,
do not pretend to say; but I am very much mistaken, if there
be any where continuously in Great Britain, so remarkable a
combination of natural beauty and romantic scenery as on the
Hudson between New York and Albany. Nowhere in the British
dominions can so great a variety of interesting and pleasing
objects be seen in the course of a single day. The Trosachs,
though in miniature, resemble the passage through the
Highlands of the Hudson, in all respects but one, the
grandeur of the bounding objects. The lofty mountains of
the Highlands of Scotland impart a character of sublimity
to those justly celebrated works of nature, which is here
to a certain extent wanting.’――_Stuart’s America._

13 – We set off a little before sunrise; and about an hour
afterward entered the first lake formed by the Columbia. It
is between eleven and twelve leagues long, and about one and
a half in breadth; the current smooth and steady, and pretty
free from snags or sunken trees. The shores are bold and
well wooded with a variety of timber of fine size; and in
the distance we first caught a view of the most western
chain of the Rocky Mountains covered with snow. A head wind,
during the greater part of the day, considerably retarded
our progress; and we encamped late, near the upper end of
the lake, where a few Indians visited us. They appeared
to be very poor, and brought about a dozen beaver skins
to trade, which we told them we could not purchase, as we
were obliged to cross the mountains; but that our party,
going downwards in the autumn, would stop a few days with
them, and trade all the skins they had. They were rather
disappointed; but a little tobacco, and some trifling
presents, sent them away in good humor.

Shortly after embarking on the morning of the 18th, we left
the lake, and entered that part of the river called the
straits, which separates the upper from the lower lake. It
is only a few miles in length, and quickly brought us to
the upper lake, which is not so long as the first. The high
hills in its immediate vicinity were covered with snow, the
chilling influence of which we sensibly experienced by the
cold blasts from the shore. Encamped at sunset at the upper
end of the lake, on a fine sandy beach. During the day we
struck on two sand-banks, and were slightly injured by a
sunken tree. Saw no Indians.

19th. About two miles above our encampment of last night,
the Columbia becomes very narrow, with steep and thickly
wooded banks, covered with immense quantities of fallen
trees. The current is very strong, and, owing to the great
height of the water, the men at intervals had scarcely
any beach on which to walk in dragging up the canoes. Our
progress was consequently slow; and we put ashore for the
night about fifteen miles above the lake. At nine o’clock
on the morning of the 20th we reached the second Dallas, or
narrows, which are formed by a contraction of the channel
of the river into a very small compass. There are high and
slippery rocks on each side, which make it a work of great
danger and difficulty to pass them. The baggage was all
carried by the men, and the canoes were towed up with strong
lines, after being in great danger of filling, from the
frightful whirlpools close along the shore. The weather
became much cooler from the proximity of the mountains.
Several patches of snow were observable on the beach during
the day, and towards evening some rain fell.

From dawn of day until noon on the 21st, we did not make
three miles, owing to the impetuosity of the current, the
shelving banks, and the extreme weakness of our men, several
of whom were knocked up. We were detained at one place
upwards of four hours to repair our shattered canoes, and
encamped about six o’clock on a low gravelly point. We had
several smart showers during the afternoon.

22d. About two, P. M. arrived at a place called the Upper
Dallas, where the river is again confined for a considerable
distance between a line of high slippery rocks. Got about
half way through this channel, and stopped for the night in
a small nook formed by the rocks, on which we lay scattered
and exposed to severe rain during the night.

We rose wet and unrefreshed on the morning of the 23d, and
in five hours passed the Dallas, the upper part of which
consists of a chain of whirlpools, which compelled us to
carry both canoes and baggage some distance over the rocks;
in the execution of which duty, some of the men narrowly
escaped with their lives. Those who carried our canoe, from
mere exhaustion fell several times, by which it was much
damaged; and we were detained until three, P. M. to get it
repaired. Encamped at dusk on a sandy beach, for which we
had been some time on the lookout. The rain continued during
the evening and the night to pour down in torrents.

Our progress on the 24th was equally slow. The various
tributary streams which we passed on this and the last
two days, and which take their rise from the surrounding
mountains, had by the recent rains been swollen into
torrents, the waters of which, as they rushed with headlong
force into the Columbia, repeatedly drove us back with
irresistible strength, and at times we were in danger of
filling. On two occasions, where the opposite shore of
the Columbia consisted of perpendicular rocks, we were
obliged after various fruitless attempts to pass the minor
streams, to unload and carry the canoes and baggage some
distance along the banks until we reached a smooth space of
current, when we crossed, and by that means surmounted the
difficulties of their respective embouchures.――_Adventures
on Columbia River._

14 – This is an Iroquois word, said to signify _the thunder of
waters_, and the word as still pronounced by the Senecas,
is _O-ni-áá-gáráh_, being strongly accented on the third
syllable, while the interjection O, is so feebly uttered,
that, without a nice attention, it may escape notice.

15 – The grandeur of these rapids is worthy of the cataract
in which they terminate. In the greater branch, the river
comes foaming down with prodigious impetuosity, and presents
a surface of agitated billows, dashing wildly through
the rocks and islands. This scene of commotion continues
till within about thirty yards of the Fall. There the
great body of the stream resumes its tranquility, and in
solemn grandeur descends into the cloudy and unfathomable
abyss. Never was there a nobler prelude to a sublime
catastrophe.――_Colonel Hamilton._

16 – The Table Rock was a favorite point of view for many years,
and the day preceding the night on which it fell with
tremendous noise, a number of visitors had stood with
careless security upon it.

17 – One of these, the Island of Yellow Sands, derives its chief
interest from the traditions and fanciful tales which the
Indians relate concerning its mineral treasures, and their
supernatural guardians. They pretend that its shores are
covered with a heavy shining yellow sand, which they would
persuade us is gold, but that the guardian spirit of the
island will not permit any of it to be carried away. To
enforce his commands, he has drawn together upon it, myriads
of eagles, hawks, and other birds of prey, who by their
cries warn him of any intrusions upon the domain, and assist
with their claws and beaks to expel the enemy. He has also
called from the depths of the lake, large serpents of the
most hideous forms, who lie thickly coiled upon the golden
sands, and hiss defiance to the steps of the invader. A
great many years ago, it is pretended, that some people
of their nation were driven, by stress of weather, to take
shelter upon the enchanted island, and being struck with the
beautiful and glittering appearance of the treasure, they
put a large quantity of it into their canoes, and attempted
to carry it off, but a gigantic spirit strode into the water,
and, in a voice of thunder, commanded them to bring it back.
Terrified with his amazing size, and threatening aspect,
they obeyed, and were afterwards suffered to depart without
molestation, but they have never since attempted to land
upon it.

‘Listen, white man――go not there,
Unseen spirits stalk the air;
Ravenous birds their influence lend,
Snakes defy――and kites defend.
There the star-eyed panther prowls,
And the wolf in hunger howls;
There the speckled adder breeds,
And the famished eagle feeds;
Spirits keep them――fiends incite,
They are eager for the fight,
And are thirsting night and day,
On the human heart to prey;
Touch not then the guarded lands
Of the Isle of Yellow Sands.’
――_Journal of Travels._

18 – Charlevoix observes, ‘when a storm is about to rise on
Lake Superior, you are advertised of it two or three days
previous. At first you perceive a gentle murmuring on the
surface of the water, which lasts the whole day without
increasing in any sensible manner; the day after, the lake
is covered with pretty large waves, but without breaking
all that day, so that you may proceed without fear, and even
make good way, if the wind is favorable; but on the third
day, when you are the least thinking of it, the lake becomes
all on fire, the ocean in its greatest rage is not more tost,
in which case you must take care to be near shelter, to save
yourself. This you are always sure to find on the north
shore, whereas on the _south_ you are obliged to secure
yourself the second day at a considerable distance from the
water side.’ Although we are not prepared to corroborate
this remark, yet something of the kind has this day been
witnessed, for notwithstanding the prevalence of a calm
during the whole day, with the exception of about two hours
in the morning, when the wind was however light, the lake
towards evening has been in a perfect rage, and we effected
a landing with greater hazard than has yet been encountered.
At the same time scarce a breath of air was stirring, and
the atmosphere was beautifully clear.――_Schoolcraft._

19 – There is reason to conclude, that a well conducted series
of experiments will prove that there are no regular tides
in the lakes, at least that they do not ebb and flow twice
in twenty-four hours like those of the ocean; that the
oscillary motion of the waters is not attributable to
planetary attraction; that it is very variable as to the
periods of its flux and reflux, depending upon the levels
of the several lakes, their length, depth, direction and
conformation――upon the prevalent winds and temperatures,
and upon other extraneous causes, which are in some
measure variable in their nature, and unsteady in their
operations.――_Schoolcraft._

20 – The mountains are all primitive: they form a double
barrier, between which the lake, scarcely a mile wide, but
occasionally expanded into a large bay, winds its way. They
are steep and precipitous to the very water’s edge. They
are still clothed with grand trees, and possessed by wild
animals――deer, rattlesnakes and bears. They give, in some
places, the most distinct and astonishing echoes, returning
every flexion of the voice with the most faithful response.
We saw them hung with the solemn drapery of thunder clouds,
dashed by squalls of wind and rain, and soon after decorated
with rainbows, whose arches did not surpass the mountain
ridges, while they terminated in the lake, and attended our
little skiff for many miles. The setting sun also gilded
the mountains and the clouds that hovered over them, and the
little islands, which in great numbers rise out of the lake,
and present green patches of shrubbery and trees apparently
springing from the water, and often resembling, by their
minuteness and delicacy, the clumps of a park, or even the
artificial groups of a green-house. Fine as is the scenery
at the southern end of the lake, and in all the wider parts
of it, within the compass of the first twelve miles from
Fort George, its grandeur is very much augmented, after
passing Tongue Mountain and entering the narrow part, where
the mountains close in upon you on both sides, and present
an endless diversity of grand and beautiful scenery. It
is a pleasing reflection, that even after this part of the
United States shall have become as populous as England or
Holland, this lake will still retain the fine peculiarities
of its scenery; for they are too bold, too wild, and too
untractable, ever to be materially softened and spoiled by
the hand of man.

The deer are still hunted with success upon the borders
of this lake. The hounds drive them from the recesses of
the mountains, when they take refuge in the water, and the
huntsmen, easily overtaking them in an element not their
own, seize them by the horns, knock them on the head, and
dragging their necks over the side of the boat, cut their
throats. There is a celebrated mountain about fourteen
miles from Ticonderoga called Buck Mountain, from the fact
that a buck, pursued by the dogs, leaped from its summit,
overhanging the lake in the form of a precipice, and was
literally impaled alive upon a sharp pointed tree, which
projected below.――_Journal of Science._

21 – From Lake Maurepas, to Fort Bute, or Manshac, on the
Mississippi, is sixty computed miles, following the course
of the Amité; and Manshac is one hundred and one miles
above New Orleans, by the windings of the Mississippi. From
Manshac to the Amité there is a natural canal of twenty-one
miles, navigable for vessels drawing four feet water, when
the Mississippi is high; thence the Amité is navigable all
the way to Maurepas and Pontchartrain Lakes, and thence in
the sea. This natural canal, which is dry for ten months
in the year, is very absurdly termed the river Ibberville,
for in the dry months, the surface of the Mississippi is
twenty-four feet lower than the bed of this natural canal.
The river Amité itself, even from where the Ibberville
joins in the inundations, is not navigable above four
months annually, for the first ten miles; but three mile
farther down, it has from two to six feet water; and all the
remaining part of its course to Lake Maurepas, there is from
two to four fathoms water.

22 – Every fact which tends to disclose that hidden operation of
nature, by which the salt springs of the west are produced,
is interesting to the geologist. I took a specimen of
the rock, called water limestone, from a hill adjoining
Nine-mile Creek, a few miles west of the Onondaga salt
springs. If this specimen be pulverized and examined ever so
minutely, it presents nothing to the senses resembling common
salt (muriate of soda.) I do not mean that the elementary
constituents cannot be found in it, but I do not propose
here to have any reference to a chemical analysis of the
rock. On exposing a fresh fracture of a specimen from this
rock, for two or three weeks in a damp cellar, it shoots
out crystals of common salt, sufficient to cover the whole
surface. It may be proper to state, that I have made the
trial only in very cold weather; during which time a fire
was sometimes made in the cellar room. I do not know,
however, that these circumstances had any influence on the
result. This proves conclusively, that one rock at least,
reposing over the floor of the salt springs, contains in
itself the materials for the spontaneous manufacture of salt.
I say the floor, because I have ascertained that all the
salt springs along the canal route from Lenox to Montezuma,
are supported on the same continuous rock.

It has long been a prevailing theory, that a vast mine
of salt exists in the vicinity of these springs, which is
continually dissolving, and thus yields the supply of salt
water. Much time and money has been spent without success,
in boring to great depths, with expectation of discovering
this mass of rock salt. But if such rocks as that of
Nine-mile Creek be found of sufficient extent, the origin
of the salt water of the west will find a more satisfactory
solution. And there may be many kinds of rocks, beside the
water limestone, which contain the elementary constituents
of common salt.――_Silliman’s Journal._