Chapter XXII: Introduction (18)

It is to be remembered that we cannot reach a direct conclusion as to the disposition of the libido during the disease from the distributions of the libido which are effected during and because of the treatment. Assuming that we have succeeded in curing the case by means of the creation and destruction of a strong father-transference to the physician, it would be wrong to conclude that the patient had previously suffered from a similar and unconscious attachment of his libido to his father. The father-transference is merely the battlefield upon which we were able to overcome the libido; the patient's libido had been concentrated here from its other positions. The battlefield need not necessarily have coincided with the most important fortresses of the enemy. Defense of the hostile capital need not take place before its very gates. Not until we have again destroyed the transference can we begin to reconstruct the distribution of the libido that existed during the illness.

From the standpoint of the libido theory we might say a last word in regard to the dream. The dreams of neurotics, as well as their errors and haphazard thoughts, help us in finding the meaning of the symptoms and in discovering the disposition of the libido. In the form of the wish fulfillment they show us what wish impulses have been suppressed, and to what objects the libido, withdrawn from the ego, has been attached. That is why interpretation of dreams plays a large role in psychoanalytic treatment, and is in many cases, for a long time, the most important means with which we work. We already know that the condition of sleep itself carries with it a certain abatement of suppressions. Because of this lessening of the pressure upon it, it becomes possible for the suppressed impulse to create in the dream a much clearer expression than the symptom can furnish during the day. So dream-study is the easiest approach to a knowledge of the libidinous suppressed unconscious which has been withdrawn from the ego.

Dreams of neurotics differ in no essential point from the dreams of normal persons; you might even say they cannot be distinguished. It would be unreasonable to explain the dreams of the nervous in any way which could not be applied to the dreams of the normal. So we must say the difference between neurosis and health applies only during the day, and does not continue in dream life. We find it necessary to attribute to the healthy numerous assumptions which have grown out of the connections between the dreams and the symptoms of the neurotic. We are not in a position to deny that even a healthy man possesses those factors in his psychic life which alone make possible the development of the dream and of the symptom as well. We must conclude, therefore, that the healthy have also made use of suppressions and are put to a certain amount of trouble to keep those impulses under control; the system of their unconscious, too, conceals impulses which are suppressed, yet are still possessed of energy, and _a part of their libido is also withdrawn from the control of their ego_. So the healthy man is virtually a neurotic, but dreams are apparently the only symptoms which he can manifest. Yet if we subject our waking hours to a more penetrating analysis we discover, of course, that they refute this appearance and that this seemingly healthy life is shot through with a number of trivial, practically unimportant symptom formations.

The difference between nervous health and neurosis is entirely a practical one which is determined by the available capacity for enjoyment and accomplishment retained by the individual. It varies presumably with the relative proportion of the energy totals which have remained free and those which have been bound by suppressions, and is quantitative rather than qualitative. I do not have to remind you that this conception is the theoretical basis for the certainty that neuroses can be cured, despite their foundation in constitutional disposition.

This is accordingly what we may make out of the identity between the dreams of the healthy and those of the neurotic for the definition of health. As regards the dream itself, we must note further that we cannot separate it from its relation to neurotic symptoms. We must recognize that it is not completely defined as a translation of thoughts into an archaic form of expression, that is, we must assume it discloses a disposition of libido and of object-occupations which have actually taken place.

We have about come to the end. Perhaps you are disappointed that I have dealt only with theory in this chapter on psychoanalytic therapy, and have said nothing concerning the conditions under which the cure is undertaken, or of the successes which it achieves. But I shall omit both. I shall omit the first because I had intended no practical training in the practice of psychoanalysis, and I shall neglect the second for numerous reasons. At the beginning of our talks I emphasized the fact that under favorable circumstances we attain results which can be favorably compared with the happiest achievements in the field of internal therapy, and, I may add, these results could not have been otherwise achieved. If I were to say more I might be suspected of wishing to drown the voices of disparagement, which have become so loud, by advertising our claims. We psychoanalysts have repeatedly been threatened by our medical colleagues, even in open congresses, that the eyes of the suffering public must be opened to the worthlessness of this method of treatment by a statistical collection of analytic failures and injuries. But such a collection, aside from the biased, denunciatory character of its purpose, would hardly be able to give a correct picture of the therapeutic values of analysis. Analytic therapy is, as you know, still young; it took a long time to establish the technique, and this could be done only during the course of the work and under the influence of accumulating experience. As a result of the difficulties of instruction the physician who begins the practice of psychoanalysis is more dependent upon his capacity to develop on his own account than is the ordinary specialist, and the results he achieves in his first years can never be taken as indicative of the possibilities of analytic therapy.

Many attempts at treatment failed in the early years of analysis because they were made on cases that were not at all suited to the procedure, and which today we exclude by our classification of symptoms. But this classification could be made only after practice. In the beginning we did not know that paranoia and dementia praecox are, in their fully developed phases, inaccessible, and we were justified in trying out our method on all kinds of conditions. Besides, the greatest number of failures in those first years were not due to the fault of the physician or because of unsuitable choice of subjects, but rather to the unpropitiousness of external conditions. We have hitherto spoken only of internal resistances, those of the patient, which are necessary and may be overcome. External resistances to psychoanalysis, due to the circumstances of the patient and his environment, have little theoretical interest, but are of great practical importance. Psychoanalytic treatment may be compared to a surgical operation, and has the right to be undertaken under circumstances favorable to its success. You know what precautions the surgeon is accustomed to take: a suitable room, good light, assistance, exclusion of relatives, etc. How many operations would be successful, do you think, if they had to be performed in the presence of all the members of the family, who would put their fingers into the field of operation and cry aloud at every cut of the knife? The interference of relatives in psychoanalytical treatment is a very great danger, a danger one does not know how to meet. We are armed against the internal resistances of the patient which we recognize as necessary, but how are we to protect ourselves against external resistance? It is impossible to approach the relatives of the patient with any sort of explanation, one cannot influence them to hold aloof from the whole affair, and one cannot get into league with them because we then run the danger of losing the confidence of the patient, who rightly demands that we in whom he confides take his part. Besides, those who know the rifts that are often formed in family life will not be surprised as analysts when they discover that the patient's nearest relatives are less interested in seeing him cured than in having him remain as he is. Where, as is so often the case, the neurosis is connected with conflicts with members of the family, the healthy member does not hesitate long in the choice between his own interest and that of the cure of the patient. It is not surprising if a husband looks with disfavor upon a treatment in which, as he may correctly suspect, the register of his sins is unrolled; nor are we surprised, and surely we cannot take the blame, when our efforts remain fruitless and are prematurely broken off because the resistance of the husband is added to that of the sick wife. We had only undertaken something which, under the existing circumstance, it was impossible to carry out.

Instead of many cases, I shall tell you of just one in which, because of professional precautions, I was destined to play a sad role. Many years ago I treated a young girl who for a long time was afraid to go on the street, or to remain at home alone. The patient hesitatingly admitted that her phantasy had been caused by accidentally observing affectionate relations between her mother and a well-to-do friend of the family. But she was so clumsy--or perhaps so sly--as to give her mother a hint of what had been discussed during the analysis, and changed her behavior toward her mother, insisting that no one but her mother should protect her against the fear of being alone, and anxiously barring the way when her mother wished to leave the house. The mother had previously been very nervous herself, but had been cured years before in a hydropathic sanatorium. Let us say, in that institution she made the acquaintance of the man with whom she was to enter upon the relationship which was able to satisfy her in every respect. Becoming suspicious of the stormy demands of the girl, the mother _suddenly_ realized the meaning of her daughter's fear. She must have made herself sick to imprison her mother and to rob her of the freedom she needed to maintain relations with her lover. Immediately the mother made an end to the harmful treatment. The girl was put into a sanatorium for the nervous and exhibited for many years as "a poor victim of psychoanalysis." For just as long a period I was pursued by evil slander, due to the unfavorable outcome of this case. I maintained silence because I thought myself bound by the rules of professional discretion. Years later I learned from a colleague who had visited the institution, and had seen the agoraphobic girl there, that the relationship between the mother and the wealthy friend of the family was known all over town, and apparently connived at by the husband and father. It was to this "secret" that our treatment had been sacrificed.

In the years before the war, when the influx of patients from all parts made me independent of the favor or disfavor of my native city, I followed the rule of not treating anyone who was not _sui juris_, was not independent of all other persons in his essential relations of life. Every psychoanalyst cannot do this. You may conclude from my warning against the relatives of patients that for purposes of psychoanalysis we should take the patients away from their families, and should limit this therapy to the inmates of sanatoriums. I should not agree with you in this; it is much more beneficial for the patients, if they are not in a stage of great exhaustion, to continue in the same circumstances under which they must master the tasks set for them during the treatment. But the relatives ought not to counteract this advantage by their behavior, and above all, they should not antagonize and oppose the endeavors of the physician. But how are we to contend against these influences which are so inaccessible to us! You see how much the prospects of a treatment are determined by the social surroundings and the cultural conditions of a family.

This offers a sad outlook indeed for the effectiveness of psychoanalysis as a therapy, even if we can explain the great majority of our failures by putting the blame on such disturbing external factors! Friends of analysis have advised us to counterbalance such a collection of failures by means of a statistical compilation on our part of our successful cases. Yet I could not try myself to do this. I tried to explain that statistics would be worthless if the collected cases were not comparable, and in fact, the various neuroses which we have undertaken to treat could, as a matter of fact, hardly be compared on the same basis, since they differed in many fundamental respects. Besides, the period of time over which we could report was too short to permit us to judge the permanency of our cures, and concerning certain cases we could not have given any information whatever. They related to persons who had kept their ailments, as well as their treatment, secret, and whose cure must necessarily be kept secret as well. The strongest hindrance, however, lay in the knowledge that men behave most irrationally in matters of therapy, and that we have no prospect of attaining anything by an appeal to reason. A therapeutic novelty is received either with frenzied enthusiasm, as was the case when Koch first made public his tuberculin against tuberculosis, or it is treated with abysmal distrust, as was the really blessed vaccination of Jenner, which even today retains implacable opponents. There was a very obvious prejudice against psychoanalysis. When we had cured a very difficult case we would hear it said: "That is no proof, he would have become well by himself in all this time." Yet when a patient who had already gone through four cycles of depression and mania came into my care during a temporary cessation in the melancholia, and three weeks later found herself in the beginnings of a new attack, all the members of the family as well as the high medical authorities called into consultation, were convinced that the new attack could only be the result of the attempted analysis. Against prejudice we are powerless; you see it again in the prejudices that one group of warring nations has developed against the other. The most sensible thing for us to do is to wait and allow time to wear it away. Some day the same persons think quite differently about the same things than before. Why they formerly thought otherwise remains the dark secret.

It may be possible that the prejudice against psychoanalysis is already on the wane. The continual spread of psychoanalytic doctrine, the increase of the number of physicians in many lands who treat analytically, seems to vouch for it. When I was a young physician I was caught in just such a storm of outraged feeling of the medical profession toward hypnosis, treatment by suggestion, which today is contrasted with psychoanalysis by "sober" men. Hypnotism did not, however, as a therapeutic agent, live up to its promises; we psychoanalysts may call ourselves its rightful heirs, and we have not forgotten the large amount of encouragement and theoretical explanation we owe to it. The injuries blamed upon psychoanalysis are limited essentially to temporary aggravation of the conflict when the analysis is clumsily handled, or when it is broken off unfinished. You have heard our justification for our form of treatment, and you can form your own opinion as to whether or not our endeavors are likely to lead to lasting injury. Misuse of psychoanalysis is possible in various ways; above all, transference is a dangerous remedy in the hands of an unconscientious physician. But no professional method of procedure is protected from misuse; a knife that is not sharp is of no use in effecting a cure.

I have thus reached the end, ladies and gentlemen. It is more than the customary formal speech when I admit that I am myself keenly depressed over the many faults in the lectures I have just delivered. First of all, I am sorry that I have so often promised to return to a subject only slightly touched upon at the time, and then found that the context has not made it possible to keep my word. I have undertaken to inform you concerning an unfinished thing, still in the process of development, and my brief exposition itself was an incomplete thing. Often I presented the evidence and then did not myself draw the conclusion. But I could not endeavor to make you masters of the subject. I tried only to give you some explanation and stimulation.

END

INDEX

Abel, C., 195

Abel, R., 148

Abraham, K., 284, 358

Abstinence, 299

Accidental and symptomatic acts, 42

Accumulated and combined errors, 37

Adler, A., 203, 330, 351

Agoraphobia, 227, 233

Alexander, dream of, 65

Altruism, 360

Ambivalence, 369

Amnesia, 244;
childhood, 168;
hysterical, 245;
infantile, 245;
of the neurotic, 244

Analyses of dreams, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 153

Analysis, experimental, dream for, 93

Analytical therapy, 372, 388

Andreas, Lou, 272

Anxiety, 340, 342;
dream, 183;
equivalents, 347;
form of neurotic fear, 346;
hysteria, 233, 259, 316, 346;
hysteria, resistance in, 250;
neurosis, 338, 344, 347

Anxious expectation, 344

Archaic remnants and infantilism in the dream, 167

Art, and the neurosis, 326

Association experiment, 86;
free, 84

Auto-eroticism, 359

Back, George, 108

Basedowi, M., 336

Beheading symbol, 231

Bernheim, 81, 240, 385, 388

Binet, 302

Binz, 66

Birth of the hero, myths, 182

Birth, the source of fear, 343;
symbols of, 132;
theories of children, 274

Bleuler, 86, 369

Bloch, Ivan, 265

Boelsche, W., 307

Breuer, J., 221, 232, 241, 242, 253, 254, 388

Breughel, P., 263

Castration complex, 175

Censor, dream, 110

Charcot, 119

Child, sexual life of, 268, 281

Childhood amnesia, 168;
dreams of, 101;
egoism in, 171;
experiences, phantasy in, 319;
loss of memory for, 168;
prophylaxis, 317

Children, fear in, 350;
sexual curiosity of, 274

Children's dreams, 102;
theories of birth, 274

Choice of an object, 368

Clinical problem, 244

Common elements of dreams, 67, 69, 75

Complex, castration, 175;
family, 285;
Oedipus, 174, 285;
parent, 289

Compulsion neurosis, 222, 227, 259, 261, 267, 298, 326;
fear in, 349;
manifestations of, 222

Compulsion neurotics, resistance in, 250, 251;
symptoms, analysis of, 224

Compulsive activity, meaning of, 239;
acts, 223;
washing as, 233

Condensation, 142

Conflict, role of, in neurosis, 302, 305

Conscious, definition of, 90

Conversion-hysteria, 259, 339

Criticism of dream, 194;
of psychoanalysis, reasons for, 246

Darwin, Charles, 247, 345

Day dreams, 76, 105, 324

Death in dreams, 133;
wishes, 169

Definition of psychoanalysis, 1

Delusion, 216

Dementia praecox, 339, 358, 363

Development and regression, theories of, 294

Diderot, 292

Difficulties of psychoanalysis, 2, 5

Disease, secondary advantage of, 334

Disguise-memories, 168

Displacement, 114, 144

Dream, the, 63;
of Alexander, 65;
anxiety, 183;
approaches to study of, 82;
archaic remnants and infantilism in the, 167;
censor, 110;
character of, 69;
criticism of, 194;
day, 76, 105;
definition of, 67, 68;
difficulties and preliminary approach to, 63;
distortion in, 101, 110, 183;
doubtful points concerning, 194;
for experimental analysis, 93;
hypothesis and technique of interpretation of, 78;
infantile, 183;
interpretation, rules to be observed in, 91, 92;
manifest and latent content of, 90, 96;
of a prisoner, 109;
the reaction to sleep-disturbing stimuli, 70;
stimuli in, 71, 73;
symbolism in, 122

Dreams analysed, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 153;
of childhood, 101;
children's, 102;
children's, elements of, 101-5;
common elements of, 67, 69, 75;
death in, 133;
elaboration in, 74;
examples of, 111;
experimentally induced in, 71;
of neurotics, 395;
typical, 234;
visual forms in, 75;
wish fulfillment, 107;
dream-work, 141;
processes of, 142

Du prel, 108

Ego, development of, 304;
impulses, 303;
instincts, 356;
psychology, 365;
regressions, 310

Egoism, 360;
in childhood, 171

Elements of children's dreams, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105

Erogenous zones, 271

Erotomania, 366

Errors, accumulated and combined, 37;
forgetting names, 34;
forgetting projects, 34;
losing and mislaying objects, 36;
misreading, 51;
proved by further developments, 39;
psychology of, 10, 23;
repeated, 37;
slips of the pen, 49;
of the tongue, 16, 18;
expectant fear, 344

Fact, principle of, 309

Family-complex, 289

Fear, 340, 342;
in children, 350;
in compulsion neurosis, 349;
expectant, 344;
in hysteria, 348;
of the manifold, 344;
neurotic, 341;
anxiety, form of, 346;
clinical observations on, 347;
origin of, 350;
and real fear, connection between, 350;
real, 341;
and neurotic fear, connection between, 350

Fechner, G. T., 69

Federn, P., 127

Ferenczi, 304

Fetichism, 302

Fetichists, 264

Fixation of the instinct, 295;
traumatic, 236

Flaubert, G., 263

Fliess, W., 277

Fontaine, Th., 324

Fore-conscious, 256

Forgetting, defense against unpleasant recollections, 56;
impressions and experiences, 56;
names, 34, 55;
plans, 52;
projects, 34;
proper names, 87

Free association, 84;
name analysis by, 85

Free-floating fear, 344

Fright, 342

Hall, Stanley, 344, 355

Hildebrand, 71

Hoffman, 321

Homosexualists, 266

Homosexuality, 263

Hypnosis, 253, 386;
psycho-therapy by, 253

Hypnotic and psychoanalytic suggestion, difference between, 390

Hypnotism, 81, 388

Hypochondria, 338, 339, 362

Hysteria, 233, 245, 246, 261, 266, 297;
anxiety, 233, 316;
conversion, 339;
fear in, 348

Hysterical amnesias, 245;
backache, 339;
headache, 339;
identification, 369;
vomiting, 233

Illness as a defense, 332

Imago, 139

Incest, 176, 290

Infantile amnesias, 245;
dream, 183;
fear, 353;
neurosis, 316;
sexuality, 272, 279

Infantilism in the dream, archaic remnants and, 167

Inferiority, 351

Inhibition, 294

Instinct, fixation of, 295

Intellectual resistances, 251

Introversion, 325

Inversions, 149, 263

James-Lange theory of emotion, 343

Janet, P., 221

Jealousy, obsession of, 216

Jenner, 400

Jung, C. J., 86, 232, 325, 357

Koch, 400

Krauss, F. S., 134

Latent dream content, 90, 98

Leuret, 221

Levy, L., 133

Libido, 116, 270;
development of, 277, 282;
fixation, 300;
regressions of, 297;
theory, the, 356

Lichtenberg, 27

Lindner, 271

Losing and mislaying objects, 36, 57

Loss of memory for childhood, 168

Maeder, A., 39, 202

Mania of persecution, 366;
of jealousy, 366

Manifest dream content, 90, 96

Masochists, 264

Maury, 66, 71

Mayer, 16

Mechanism of the tongue slip, 46

Megalomania, 366

Melancholia, 369

Memory gaps, 244;
loss of, for childhood, 168

Meringer, 16

Misreading, 51

Mistakes, general observations on, 57

Myths, birth of the hero, 132

Name analysis by free association, 85

Naecke, P., 359

Narcism, 359, 360

Narcistic identification, 369;
neuroses, 298, 365;
and transference, 386

Negative transference, 383

Nervousness, fear and, 340;
ordinary, 328

Nestroy, 305

Neurasthenia, 338, 339

Neurosis, anxiety, 344;
art and, 326;
common experiences in history of, 321;
compulsion, 222;
determining factor in, 321;
development of symptoms of, 311;
etiology of, 296;
general theory of, 294;
infantile, 316;
narcistic, 298;
schematic representation of cause of, 315;
spontaneous, 237;
symptoms of, 317;
traumatic, 237;
true, difference between the symptoms of, and the psychoneurosis, 336

Neurotic fear, anxiety form of, 346;
clinical observations on, 347;
manifestations of, 344;
origin of, 350;
and real fear, connection between, 350

Neurotic manifestations, psychoanalytic conception of, 211;
symptoms, evolution of, 244;
meaning of, 221;
objections to interpretations of, 260

Neurotics, dreams of, 395

Nordenskjold, Otto, 107

Oberlaender, 334

Object, choice of, 368

Obsession of jealousy, 216

Oedipus complex, 174, 285

Onanism, 272, 274

Organic pleasure, 280

Paranoia, 266, 339, 366

Paraphrenia, 339, 366

Parent-complex, 289

Pathological ritual, 228

Patricide, 290

Perverse, 263;
sexuality, 268, 279

Perversions, sex, 175, 278

Pfister, 199

Phantasies, primal, 323

Phantasy in childhood experiences, 319;
in children, 322

Phobias, 344;
analysis of, 353;
situation, in children, 352

Pleasure, principle of, 309

Pleasure-striving, 116

Pre-genital sexual organization, 283

Primal phantasies, 323

Principle of fact, 309;
of pleasure, 309

Psychiatry, psychoanalysis and, 209;
therapeutics of, 220

Psychic flight from unpleasantness, 55;
process, meaning of, 23;
definition of, 7;
in sleeping and waking, differences between, 69

Psychoanalysis, definition of, 1;
difficulties of, 2, 5;
and psychiatry, 209;
purpose of, 6;
reasons for criticism of, 246;
therapeutics of, 220

Psychoanalytic conception of neurotic manifestations, 211;
suggestion, hypnotic and difference between, 390

Psychology of errors, 10

Psychoneurosis,
difference between the symptoms of the true neurosis and, 336;
true neurosis and, connection between symptoms of, 338

Psychotherapy by hypnosis, 253

Purpose of psychoanalysis, 6

Rank, O., 21, 108, 132, 139, 154, 175, 292

Reaction-formations, 326

Regression, 295, 296;
of Libido, 297;
theories of development and, 294

Reik, Th., 290

Repression, 255

Reproduction, 269;
sexuality and, 277

Resistance, 92, 248;
in anxiety hysteria, 250;
in compulsion neurotics, 250, 251;
external, 398;
forms taken by, 250;
internal, 398;
intellectual, 251;
in narcistic neurosis, 365

Ritual, pathological, 228;
sleep, 227

Roux, 314

Sachs, Hanns, 139, 173

Sadistico-anal sexual organization, 283

Sadists, 264

Scherner, K. A., 124

Schirmer, 74

Schwind, 109

Secondary treatment, 151

Sex symbols, 126

Sex, the third, 263

Sexual curiosity of children, 274;
definition of concept, 262;
development, 284;
instincts, 356;
life of the child, 268, 281;
life of man, 262;
organizations, 277, 283;
perversions, 175, 278

Sexuality, perverse, 268;
and reproduction, 277

Siebault, 81

Silberer, V., 203

Situation-phobia, 345;
phobias in children, 352

Sleep, definition of, 67;
ritual, 227

Slips of the tongue, 16;
effects of, 18;
explanation of, 25, 46;
general observations on, 48;
of the pen, 49

Sperber, H., 138

Spontaneous neuroses, 237

Stekel, W., 203

Struwelpeter, 321

Sublimation, 8, 300

Substitute names, 87

Suggestibility, 386

Suggestion, 386, 388

Suppression, 46, 248, 256, 259, 296, 298

Symbol, 123;
beheading, 231

Symbolism in the dream, 122;
in every day life, 130

Symbols, 125, 126;
of birth, 132;
sex, 126

Symptomatic acts, accidental and, 42

Symptom-development, 259;
interpretation, 259;
purpose of, 258, 259

Symptoms, individual, 232, 234;
meaning of, 221;
of neurosis, development of, 311;
neurotic, evolution of, 244;
objections to interpretations of, 260;
significance of phantasy for the development of, 324;
typical, 233

System of the unconscious, fore-conscious and the conscious, 255-257

Technique in dream interpretation, 82

Therapy, analytical, 372

Therapeutics of psychiatry, 220;
of psychoanalysis, 220

Third sex, 263

Tongue slip, mechanism of, 46, 49

Topophobia, 233

Transference, 25, 372, 379;
narcistic neuroses and, 386;
neuroses, 259, 339, 384

Translation of thoughts into visual images, 145

Traumatic fixation, 236;
neuroses, 237

Trenck, 108

True neuroses, 338;
and psychoneuroses, connection between symptoms of, 338;
symptoms of, 336

Typical symptoms, 234

Unconscious, the, 236, 255;
definition of, 90;
psychological processes, 240

Vold, J. Mourly, 66, 127

Vomiting, hysterical, 233

von Bruecke, 295

Wallace, 247

Washing, a compulsive act, 233

Wishes, death, 169

Wish fulfillment, 180;
in dreams, 104, 107;
negative, 261;
positive, 261

Wundt school, 86

Zola, Emile, 224

Zurich school, 86

* * * * *

The following typographical errors have been corrected by the etext transcriber:

Resistance and Supression=>Resistance and Suppression

Dark Ages faithfully perserved things=>Dark Ages faithfully preserved things

the dream anaylsis=>the dream analysis

reocgnize=>recognize

crimes commited=>crimes committed

embryo in the amnotic fluid=>embryo in the amniotic fluid

Sublim Porte=>Sublime Porte

remote of these thoughs=>remote of these thoughts

uncomfortabe=>uncomfortable

archiac or regressive mode=>archaic or regressive mode

capitalist and the entrepeneur=>capitalist and the entrepreneur

By means of two selected illlustrations=>By means of two selected illustrations

and did not yet want to a prophet=>and did not yet want to be a prophet

fundamenal difference=>fundamental difference

psychlogical=>psychological

sexual substitute-satsifaction=>sexual substitute-satisfaction

carry on psychonalaysis=>carry on psychoanalysis

with manual anonism=>with manual ononism

the educator, Nesessity=>the educator, Necessity

has been succssfully=>has been successfully

The physician forms a very favorable opinon=>The physician forms a very favorable opinion

affctionate=>affectionate

destroyed the transfrence=>destroyed the transference

read "Agamemnon" for "angenomen,"=>read "Agamemnon" for "angenommen,"

"Angenomen" is a verb, meaning "to accept."=>"Angenommen" is a verb, meaning "to accept."

misprints, which are of ocurse to be considered as errors of the typesetter.=>misprints, which are of course to be considered as errors of the typesetter.

"Rueckhaltos" means "unreservedly."=>"Rueckhaltlos" means "unreservedly."

Struuelpeter=>Struwelpeter

Struwwelpeter=>Struwelpeter

Oberlander, 334=>Oberlaender, 334

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] "Fehl-leistungen."

[2] In the German, the correct announcement is, "Connetable schickt sein Schwert zurueck." The novice, as a result of the suggestion, announced instead that "Komfortabel schickt sein Pferd zurueck."

[3] "Aufstossen" instead of "anstossen."

[4] "Begleit-digen" compounded of "begleiten" and "beleidigen."

[5] "Briefkasten" instead of "Bruetkasten."

[6] "Geneigt" instead of "geeignet."

[7] "Versuchungen" instead of "Versuche."

[8] "Aufgepatzt" instead of "aufgeputzt."

[9] "Angenommen" is a verb, meaning "to accept."

[10] The young man here said "aufzustossen" instead of "anzustossen."

[11] Prof. Freud here gives the two examples, quite untranslatable, of "apopos" instead of "apropos," and "eischeiszwaibehen" instead of "eiweiszscheibehen."

[12] From C. G. Jung.

[13] From A. A. Brill.

[14] From B. Dattner.

[15] So also in the writings of A. Maeder (French), A. A. Brill (English) J. Staerke (Dutch) and others.

[16] From R. Reitler.

[17] In the German Reichstag, November, 1908. "Rueckhaltlos" means "unreservedly." "Rueckgratlos" means "without backbone."

[18] "Zum Vorschein bringen," means to bring to light. "Schweinereien" means filthiness or obscurity. The telescoping of the two ideas, resulting in the word "Vorschwein," plainly reveals the speaker's opinion of the affair.

[19] The lady meant to say "Nach Hause," "to reach home." The word "Hose" means "drawers." The preservating content of her hesitancy is hereby revealed.

[20] The German reads, "bei meinen Versuchen an Mausen," which, through the slip of the pen, resulted in "bei meinen Versuchen an Menschen."

[21] "Angenommen" is a verb, meaning "to accept."

[22] Josef Breuer, in the years 1880-1882. Cf. also my lectures on psychoanalysis, delivered in the United States in 1909.

[23] The reader will recall the example: "things were re-filled."

[24] From the sublime to the ridiculous is but a narrow passage.

[25] Yes, the passage from Calais.

[26] "Vorzug." "Vom Bett hervorziehen."

[27] "Schraenkt sich ein."

[28] In Germany tickets may be bought before the day of the performance only upon additional payment, over and above the regular cost of the ticket. This is called "Vorverkaufsgebuehr."

[29] See frontispiece

[30] "steigen."

[31] "den Frauen nachsteigen," and "ein alter Steiger."

[32] "besitzen," to straddle.

[33] While revising these pages I chanced upon a newspaper article that I quote here as an unexpected supplement to the above lines.

THE PUNISHMENT OF GOD

A BROKEN ARM FOR BROKEN FAITH

Mrs. Anna M. the wife of a soldier in the reserve accused Mrs. Clementine C. of being untrue to her husband. The accusation reads that Mrs. C. had carried on an illicit relationship with Karl M. while her own husband was on the battlefield, from which he even sent her 70 Kronen a month. Mrs. C. had received _quite a lot of money_ from the husband of the plaintiff, while she and her children had to live in _hunger_ and in misery. Friends of her husband had told her that Mrs. C. had visited inns with M. and had caroused there until late at night. The accused had even asked the husband of the plaintiff before several infantrymen whether he would not soon get a divorce from his "old woman" and live with her. Mrs. C.'s housekeeper had also repeatedly seen the husband of the plaintiff in her (Mrs. C.'s) apartment, in complete negligee.

Yesterday Mrs. C. _denied_ before a judge in Leopoldstadt that she even knew M; there could be no question of intimate relation between them.

The witness, Albertine M., however, testified that Mrs. C. had kissed the husband of the plaintiff and that she had surprised them at it.

When M. was called as a witness in an earlier proceeding he had denied any intimate relation to the accused. Yesterday the judge received a _letter_ in which the witness retracts the statement he made in the first proceeding and _admits_ that he had carried on a love affair with Mrs. C., until last June. He says that he only denied this relationship in the former proceeding for the sake of the accused because before the proceeding she had come to him and begged on her knees that he should save her and not confess. "To-day," wrote the witness, "I felt impelled to make a full confession to the court, since I have _broken my left arm_ and this appears to me as the _punishment of God_ for my transgression."

The judge maintained the penal offense had already become null and void, whereupon the plaintiff withdrew her accusation and the liberation of the accused followed.

[34] This highly technical concept is explained in _The Interpretation of Dreams_, Chap. VII, Sec. (b) pp. 422 et seq.

[35] The principal street of Vienna.

[36] I do not mention another obvious interpretation of this "3" in the case of this childless woman, because it is not material to this analysis.

[37] Compare S. Freud, _Totem and Taboo_, 1913.

[38] E. Toulouse, Emile Zola--_Enquete medico-psychologique_, Paris, 1896.

[39] There are fagots and fagots.