Chapter III: Peru (1)

CONTENTS.

Historical Notice—Titicaca—Tombs—Walls of Cuzco, &c.

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CHRONOLOGY.

DATES.
Manco Capac A.D. 1021
Mayta Capac, 4th Inca, conquers Aymara 1126
Conquest by Pizarro 1534

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PERU is situated geographically so near to Mexico, and the inhabitants of both countries had reached so nearly to the same grade of civilisation at the time when the Spaniards first visited them and destroyed their native institutions, that we might naturally expect a very considerable similarity in their modes of building and styles of decoration. Nothing, however, can be further from the fact; indeed it would be difficult to conceive two peoples, however remotely situated from one another, whose styles of art differ so essentially as these two.

The Mexican buildings, as we have just seen, are characterised by the most inordinate exuberance of carving, derived probably, with many of the forms of their architecture, from wooden originals. Peru, on the other hand, is one of the very few countries known where timber appears to have been used in primitive times so sparingly that its traces are hardly discernible in subsequent constructions; and either from inability to devise, or from want of taste for, such a mode of decoration, the sculptured forms are few and insignificant.

The material which the Peruvians seem to have used earliest was mud, and in that rainless climate many walls of this substance, erected certainly before the Spanish conquest, still remain in a state of very tolerable preservation. The next improvement on this seems to have been a sort of rubble masonry or concrete: the last, a Cyclopean masonry of great beauty and solidity. None of these forms, nor any of their derivatives, are found in Mexico; the climate would not permit of the use of the first—hardly of the second; and in all their buildings, even the earliest, the Mexicans seem to have known how to use stones carefully squared and set with horizontal beds.

Another distinction which Peruvian art has in common with many of those derived from purely stone construction, is the sloping sides of the openings—a form invented on purpose to diminish the necessary size of the lintel. There are two discharging arches so constructed at Uxmal, but, so far as is known, none anywhere else; and no single opening of that class in the whole architectural province of Mexico. The roofs and upper parts of the larger openings, on the contrary, almost universally slope in that country. In Peru the roofs are always flat, or domical, and the sides of the openings always straight-lined.

These remarks ought perhaps, in strictness, to be applied to the architecture of the Incas alone—the only one with which we have hitherto been made acquainted. Recently, however, it has dawned upon us, that before the time of Manco Capac the regions of Peru about the Lake Titicaca were inhabited by a race of Aymaras, who have left traces of their art in this region. Some illustrations of the remains of Tia Huanacu, at the southern end of Lake Titicaca, have reached this country, and from them we gather that the style is essentially different from that of the Incas. The most characteristic distinction being that in the Aymara style all the jambs of the doors are perpendicular, and all the angles right angles. In the Inca style, on the contrary, the jambs are almost all universally sloping, and rectangular forms are by no means common.

At Tia Huanacu there are two doorways, each cut out of a single block of hard volcanic stone. That shown in Woodcut No. 1027 measures 10 ft. in height and 13 ft. 3 in. across the top; or rather did before it was broken in two, apparently by an earthquake shock. In the centre of it is a mask cut with very considerable skill, and on each side a number of panels containing incised emblematical figures whose purport and meaning have not yet been explained. The other doorway (Woodcut No. 1028 ) is erect and entire, but perfectly plain. Its only ornaments are square sinkings cut with the admirable precision and clearness characteristic of the style.[184]

There is also at Tia Huanacu a great mound, apparently about 1000 ft. long by 400 in width, but the stone revêtment that gave it form has been removed in modern times, so that its shape is undistinguishable. It was apparently surrounded by a range of monolithic pillars or obelisks, like a Ceylonese dagoba, and had a wall of Cyclopean masonry outside these. There is also a square marked out by similar pillars, each of a single stone, 18 to 20 ft. in height, but whether originally connected or not cannot now be ascertained. The wonder of the place, however, is a monument of very uncertain destination, called the “Seats of the Judges,” consisting of great slabs of stone—there are either three or four, each 36 ft. sq. and 5 ft. thick, at one end of which the seats are carved. Without detailed plans and drawings it is difficult to form any reliable opinion regarding these remains, but it does seem that the people who executed them had a wonderful power of quarrying and moving masses, and an aspiration after eternity very unlike anything else found in this continent, and the details of their ornamentation neither resemble those of Mexico nor the succeeding style of the Incas.[185]

In his travels in Peru, Mr. Markham describes several towers as existing at Sillustani (Woodcut No. 1029), which he ascribes to the same people. These are certainly sepulchral, and are still filled with bones, which were apparently thrown in by an opening at the top, and rested in a chamber in the centre of the building.

Mr. Markham informs us that there are several other monuments of this class in the same district, about which it would be extremely interesting to know more. As there seems little doubt that they are older than the time of the Incas they must modify to a considerable extent any opinion we may form with regard to the origin of their art, though at the same time they add another to the unsolved problems connected with American architecture.

Besides the strongly-marked distinction that exists between the architecture of Mexico and Peru, we have the negative evidence of their history and traditions, which make no mention of any intercourse between the Peruvians and any people to the northward. This, however, is not of much weight, as there are no accounts at all which go farther back than three or four centuries before the Spanish conquest, and our knowledge of who the Aymaras were is still vague in the extreme.

At about that period it is fabled that a godlike man, Manco Capac, appeared, with a divine consort, on an island in the Lake of Titicaca, journeying from whence they taught the rude and uncivilised inhabitants of the country to till the ground, to build houses and towns, and to live together in communities; and made for them such laws and regulations as were requisite for these purposes.

Like the Indian Bacchus, Manco Capac was after his death reverenced as a god, and his descendants, the Incas, were considered as of divine origin, and worshipped as children of the Sun, which was the great object of Peruvian adoration. At the time of the Spanish conquest the twelfth descendant of Manco Capac was on the throne, but, his father having married as one of his wives a woman of the Indian race, the prestige of the purity of Inca blood was tarnished, and the country was torn by civil wars, which greatly facilitated the progress of the Spaniards in their conquests under the unscrupulous Pizzaro.

Both from its style and the traditions attached to it, the oldest building of the Incas seems to be that called the house of Manco Capac, on an island in the Lake of Titicaca. The part shown in the woodcut (No. 1030) is curvilinear in form, standing on a low terrace, and surmounted by upper chambers, hardly deserving the name of towers. All the doorways have sloping jambs, and the masonry is of rude, irregular polygonal blocks of no great size. Inside the wall are a number of small square chambers, lighted only from the doorway.

A more advanced specimen of building, though inferior in masonry, is the two-storeyed edifice called the House of the Nuns, or of the Virgins of the Sun, in the same place (Woodcut No. 1031). It is nearly square in plan, though with low projecting wings on one side, and is divided into twelve small square rooms on the ground-floor, and as many similar rooms above them. Several of these chambers were surrounded by others, and those that had no doors externally had no openings like windows (except one with two slits in the upper storey); and they must have been as dark as dungeons, unless the upper ones were lighted from the roof, which is by no means improbable. The most striking architectural features they possess are the doorways, which exactly resemble the Etruscan, both in shape and mode of decoration. We are able in this case to rely upon the accuracy of the representation, so that there can be no doubt of the close similarity.

Another building on the island of Coata, in the sacred lake of Titicaca, is raised on five low terraces, and surrounds three sides of a courtyard, its principal decoration being a range of doorways, some of them false ones, constructed with upright jambs, but contracted at the top by projecting courses of masonry, like inverted stairs—in this instance, however, only imitative, as the building is of rubble.

The masonry of the principal tomb represented in the Woodcut No. 1032 may be taken as a fair specimen of the middle style of masonry; less rude than that of the house of Manco Capac, but less perfect than that of many subsequent examples. It is square in plan—a rare form for a tomb in any part of the world—and flat-roofed. The sepulchral chamber occupies the base, and is covered by a floor, above which is the only opening. The other tomb in the background is likewise square, but differs from the first in being of better masonry, and having been originally covered, apparently, with a dome-shaped roof either of clay or stucco. Some of these tombs are circular, though the square form seems more common, in those at least which have been noticed by Europeans.

A specimen of the perfected masonry of the Peruvians is represented in the Woodcut No. 1033. It is a portion of the wall of a Caravanserai, or _Tambos_, erected by the last Incas on the great road they made from their oldest capital, Cuzco, to Sinca. The road was itself perhaps the most extraordinary work of their race, being built of large blocks of hard stone, fitted together with the greatest nicety, and so well constructed as to remain entire to the present day in remote parts where uninjured by the hand of man.

The masonry here, as will be observed, is in regular courses, and beautifully executed, the joints being perfectly fitted, and so close as hardly to be visible, except that the stones are slightly convex on their faces, something after the manner of our rustications.

Intermediate between the two extremes just mentioned are the walls of Cuzco, the ancient capital of the kingdom, forming altogether the most remarkable specimen now existing of the masonry of the ancient Peruvians. They are composed of immense blocks of limestone, of polygonal form, but beautifully fitted together; some of the stones are 8 and 10 ft. in length, by at least half as much in width and depth, and weigh from fifteen to twenty tons; these are piled one over the other in three successive terraces, and, as may be seen from the plan, are arranged with a degree of skill nowhere else to be met with in any work of fortification anterior to the invention of gunpowder. To use a modern term, it is a fortification _en tenaille_; the re-entering angles are generally right angles, so contrived that every part is seen, and as perfectly flanked as in the best European fortifications of the present day.

It is not a little singular that this perfection should have been reached by a rude people in Southern America while it escaped the Greeks and Romans, as well as the Mediæval engineers. The true method of its attainment was never discovered in Europe until it was forced on the attention of military men by the discovery of gunpowder. Here it is used by a people who never had, so far as we know, an external war, but who, nevertheless, have designed the most perfectly planned fortress we know.

Between these various specimens are many more, some less perfect than the walls of Cuzco, showing great irregularity in the form, and a greater admixture of large and small stones, than are there found; others, in which all the blocks are nearly of the same size, and the angles approach nearly to a right angle. Examples occur of every intermediate gradation between the house of Manco Capac (Woodcut No. 1030) and the Tambos (Woodcut No. 1033), precisely corresponding with the gradual progress of art in Latium, or any European country where the Cyclopean or Pelasgic style of building has been found. So much is this the case, that a series of examples collected by Mr. Pentland from the Peruvian remains might be engraved for a description of Italy, and Dodwell’s illustrations of those of Italy would serve equally to illustrate the buildings of South America.

From what has been said above, it seems by no means improbable that at some future time we may be able to trace a connection between the styles of architecture existing in Central America and those on the eastern shores of the Old World; but, for the present at least, that of Peru must be considered as one of the isolated styles of the world. At the same time it must be confessed that no style offers more tempting baits to those who are inclined to speculate on such a subject. The sloping jambs, the window cornices, the polygonal masonry, and other forms, so closely resemble what is found in the old Pelasgic cities of Greece and Italy, that it is difficult to resist the conclusion that there may be some relation between them. Either, it may be argued, men in certain circumstances do the same things in the same manner, as instinctively as bees or beavers, or by some means or other the arts of the Old World have been transferred to the New. In the present instance, at all events, the latter view can hardly be sustained. The distance of 2000 years in time that elapsed between the erection of the European and American examples is too great to be easily bridged over, and the distance in space is a still more insuperable objection. Even, however, if it were attempted to explain these away, the introduction of the Aymara style is in itself sufficient to settle the question. If that style preceded that of the Incas, as there is every reason to believe it did, it cuts across any such speculations. Its jambs are perpendicular, its angles rigidly rectangular, its surfaces smooth, and it is altogether as unlike the style that succeeded it as can well be conceived. We seem, therefore, forced to the conclusion that the sloping jambs of Inca architecture are only a natural expedient for shortening the length of the lintel, and their polygonal masonry probably arose from the surfaces of cleavage or fracture, into which certain kinds of stones naturally split.

Although, therefore, we are unable, with our present knowledge, to trace the external relation of the Peruvians to the other races of the American continent, there can be no doubt that when her architectural remains are properly investigated, we shall understand her history, and be able to assign to her civilization its proper rank, as compared with that of other nations. Eventually, also, we need not despair of being able to determine whether the gentle subjects of the Incas belonged to the Polynesian, or to which other of the great families of mankind.

When, indeed, we look back on the progress that has been achieved in the last few years, it seems difficult to assign a limit to the extent to which architecture may be employed in investigations of this sort. It was not, of course, even possible to rise to the conception of such a scheme for tracing the affinities of mankind, till the greater part of the world had been explored, and a sufficient amount of knowledge attained to render it certain that no such exceptions existed as would invalidate the general conclusions arrived at. Now, however, that this has been done, and that we are enabled to survey and to group the whole, it may safely be asserted that the great stone book on which men of all countries and all ages have engraved their thoughts, and to which they have committed their highest aspirations, is, of all those of its class now open to us, the most attractive, and for some purposes the most instructive. No one who has followed the inquiry can well doubt that in a few years more, architectural ethnology will take its proper rank as one of the most important adjuncts to all inquiries into the affinities and development of the various families of mankind.

INDEX TO VOLS. I. AND II.

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[The volumes are indicated by Roman, the pages by Arabic, numerals.]

Aarhuus, church at, ii, 320.
The Frue Kirke, 321.

Abbeville, ii, 160.

Abbeys, Cistercian, i, 14.
Cluny, ii, 95. 99.
Plan, 98.
Abbaye aux Hommes and Abbaye aux Dames, Caen, 111-116.
St. Denis, 122.
Corvey, 221.
Their sites in England, 388.
Kilconnel, 445.
Jerpoint, 457.

Abd-el-Melik, mosques erected or restored by, ii, 517-522.

Abd-el-Rahman, mosque founded by, ii, 543-547.

Abencerrages, hall of the, ii, 554.

Aberbrothock, ii, 438.

Aberdeen Cathedral, nave and spires, ii, 437.
Material employed, _ibid._

Abernethy, Scotland, architectural element at, ii, 419.

Abo, Finland, church at, ii, 315.

Abou Abdallah, court in the Alhambra built by, ii, 552.

Abouseer, Pyramid temple of, i, 107.

Abraham’s burial-place, i, 294. 363.

Absalom, so-called tomb of, i, 369.

Abû Gosh (Kirjath-Jearim), noteworthy church at, ii, 36.

Abydus, remains of temples at, i, 128.
Plans, _ibid._
Historical value of the tablet found there, 129.
Fortress of, 137.
Arch in the temple, 128. 214.

Acropolis, restored view of the, i, 240.
Plan, 251.
Early temple, 252.

Adrian I., Pope, first church-tower builder, i, 578.

Ægina, age of temple at, i, 252.
Dimensions, _ibid. note_.
Restored, 252.

Aerschot, Belgium, church at, ii, 194.

Æsthetic element in art, i, 4-10.

Africa, basilican churches in, i, 508-511.

Aghadoe, near Killarney, doorway at, ii, 448.

S. Agnese, basilican church, Rome, its date, i, 515.
Aisles, 515. 522.
Section and plan, 522.

S. Agostino, basilican church, Rome, i, 515.
Its style, 517.

Agrigentum, Doric temples at, i, 254.
Telamones in the great temple, 269.
Plan, 271.
Peculiarities of form and construction, _ibid._
Elevation and section, 273.
How lighted, 274.

Agrippa, baths said to have been built by, i, 343.

Ahmed, Sultan, mosque founded by, ii, 562.

Aigues Mortes, fortified town of, ii, 186.

Aillas, façade of church at, ii, 78.

Ainay, St. Martin d’, Lyons, west front of church, ii, 95.

Aisles in basilican churches, Rome, i, 515.
Their alleged indispensability, ii, 83.
Example of five aisles, 151.
Seven aisles, 195.

Aitchison, Prof., Iron girders in Baths of Caracalla, i, 346 _note_.

Aix, France, baptistery at, ii, 59.
Cloister, 61.

Aix-la-Chapelle, circular church at, its founder, &c., ii, 247.
Plan and arrangements, 248.
Choir, _ibid._
Charlemagne’s palace, 256.

Aizaini, temple at, i, 228.

Albano, tomb of Aruns at, i, 299.

S. Alban’s, ii, 411.

Alby Cathedral, peculiarities of its construction, ii, 69. 181.
_See_ ii, 367. 486.

Alcala, Paranimfo at, ii, 497 _note_.

Alcantara, Trajan’s bridge at, i, 352. 387.

Alcazar, Seville, ii, 551.

Alcobaça, church at, ii, 509.

Alet, apse at, ii, 54.
Interior, _ibid._
_See_ 467.

Alexander Severus, Column of Victory erected by, i, 353.

Alexandria, Diocletian’s column at, i, 353.

Algeria, architecture of, ii, 541.

Al-Hadhr, palace and edifices at, i, 390, 392-395.

Alhambra, the, ii, 545. 551-554.
Date, founders, &c., 551.
Plan, 552.
Materials of the building, Court of Lions, &c., 553, 554.

Alma-Tadema, velarium of amphitheatre, i, 340 _note_.

Alost, belfry of, ii, 200.

Alsace, ii, 44.
Churches: Rosheim, ii, 239.
Ottmarsheim, 250.
Thann, 276.
_See_ Strasburg.

Altenberg, near Cologne, merits of church of, ii, 268.
Cloisters, 261.

Altenfurt, circular chapel at, ii, 254.

Alyattes, tomb or tumulus of, i, 230, 231. 294. 296.

Amalfi, cloisters at, i, 605.

Amati, façade of Milan Cathedral finished by, i, 629.

Amenemhat III., pyramid of, i, 141.
Inscriptions in labyrinth, i, 112.

Amenhotep III., tomb of, i, 133.

America, ancient, architecture of, ii, 563.

Amiens Cathedral, ii, 53, 131.
Its plan, 135.
Proportional defects, 140.
Flying buttresses, 173.
Stalls, 181.
Compared with Cologne, 270, 271.
With English examples, 373, 380, 381, 384, 385.

Amphitheatre: Etruscan, at Sutrium, i, 293. 337 and _note_.
Flavian, or Colosseum, Rome, 337-340.
Capua, Nîmes, 340.
Verona, Pola, 341.
Otricoli, the ‘Castrense,’ Arles, 342.

Amrith, peculiar monument and tomb at, i, 239.

Amru, mosque of, ii, 30.
Date and original dimensions, 525.
Ground-plan and arches, 526, 527.
Minaret, 534.

Amsterdam, churches at, ii, 207.

Ancona, Trajan’s arch at, i, 347.

Ancyra, church of St. Clement at, i, 455.

Andernach, church at, ii, 238.
The Weigh-tower, 296.

S. Andrew’s, Scotland, cathedral of, ii, 437.

S. Angeli, Perugia, circular church of, i, 545, 546.

S. Angelo, castle of, Rome, i, 356.

St. Angelo, Mont, baptistery of, i, 601.

Angers, cathedral of, ii, 81.
Church of St. Trinité, 82.
St. Sergius, 84.
Arches recently discovered, castle, &c., 88.

Angilbertus, silver altar of, i, 567.

Angoulême, domical cathedral of, ii, 68.
Plan and section, 68.
Façade, 79.

Ani, capital of Armenia, cathedral of, i, 473.
Side elevation, 474.
Tombs, 475.
Capital, 477.

Anjou, architectural province of, its boundaries, &c., ii, 41, 43.
Age of its greatest splendour, 81.
Examples of its church architecture, 81-87.
Conventual buildings, castles, &c., 87-88.

Announa, Algeria, basilican church at, i, 509.

Antelami’s baptistery, Parma, ii, 12.

Anthemius of Thralles, great architectural work of, i, 440.

Antinoë, Hadrian’s arch at, i, 348.

Antioch, Constantine’s church at, i, 432.

Antoninus and Faustina, temple of, i, 311, 317.

Antrim, tower-doorway in, ii, 451 _note_, 452.

Antwerp Cathedral, ii, 138. 188.
Proportional defects, 195.
Plan, 196.
Church of St. Jacques, 197.
Boucherie, 204.
Exchange, 205.

Apocalyptic churches, the seven, ii, 446.

SS. Apollinare Nuovo and Apollinare-in-Classe, Ravenna, basilicas of,
i, 528-530.

Apollo, temples of: Branchidæ, i, 258.
Bassæ, 254, 265, 270.

Apollo Didymæus, Ionic temple to, i, 256.
Dimensions, 258.

Apollo Epicurius, Doric temple of, i, 254.

Apostles, churches dedicated to the: Constantinople, i, 451, 531; ii,
557.
Cologne, 191.

Appian Way, i, 385.

Apse, early example of, i, 316.
Its use in Roman basilicas, 329. 332. 507.
In early Christian churches, 509, 510. 512. 523.
Ravenna, 528-531. 536.
Polygonal apses, i, 528. 532. 537 and _note_.
Treble apse, 538.
Torcello, 539.
Byzantine examples: Qalb Louzeh, 425.
Thessalonica, 458.
Athens, 460.
Mistra, 463.
Italian examples: Pavia, 565.
St. Ambrogio, 566.
Verona, 570.
San Pellino, 592, 593 and _note_.
Lydda, ii, 37.
Singular example at St. Quinide, 53.
Alet, 54.
Triapsal church, Planes, 59.
Cruas, 60.
Romanesque form, 73.
The apse proper as distinguished from the chevet, _ibid._
Querqueville, 110.
St. Stephen’s, Caen, 111.
Bayeux, 118.
Gernrode, 220.
Trèves, 224.
Mayence, 230.
Cologne, 233-234.
Bonn, 235.
Scandinavian example, 315.
St. Bartolomeo, Toledo, 497.
Use made of the apse, 388.
_See_ Chevet.

Apulia, churches in, i, 582. 592.

Aqueduct: Etruscan, at Tusculum, i, 301.
Rome, at Nîmes, Segovia, and Tarragona, 385, 386.

Aquileja, basilican church at, ii, 220 _note_.

Aquitania, architectural boundaries of, ii, 41, 42.
Style peculiar to the province, 64.
Examples of same, 64-80.
Chevet churches, 72-76.
Façades, 78.

Arabs, architectural habits of the, ii, 514.
Considerations in regard to their immigration into other lands,
513-515.

Arbroath, ii, 438.

Arc de l’Etoile, Paris, i, 30.

Arcades of the Romans, i, 313.
At Spalato, 314.
St. John Lateran, 599.
German example, ii, 257.
Holyrood, 436.
Saracenic, 528.

Arch, objection of the Hindus to the, i, 22. 217.
To what extent known to the Egyptians, 214-218.
Examples at Nimroud and Khorsabad, 215.
Oldest in Europe, 216.
Delos, 245.
Etruscan examples, 300, 301.
Advances of the Romans, 306.
Ctesiphon, 399.
Thessalonica, 421.
Screen at Angers, ii, 88.
Horseshoe arch at Göllingen, 238.
Oxford, 366.
Jedburgh, 421.
Kelso, 422.
Holyrood, 436.
Clonmacnoise, 452.
Mosque of Amru, 525.
_See_ Pointed Arches. Triumphal Arches.

Archæology an essential adjunct in Ethnological studies, i, 53. 84, 85.
Instance of its value, 241.

Architecture: points of view from which it may be studied; value of the
historic method, i, 3.
Principles distinguishing it from painting and sculpture, 4.
Their office in connection with it, 5.
Earlier and later systems: result of the latter, 11, 12.
Definition of the art and elucidations of same, 12, 13.
Respective provinces of engineer and architect, 15, 16.
Technical principles: Mass, 16.
Stability, 17.
Durability, 18.
Materials, 19.
Construction, 22.
Forms, 25.
Proportion, 26.
Carved ornament, 31.
Decorative colour, 35.
Sculpture and painting, 37.
Uniformity, 39.
Imitation of Nature, 40.
Association, 43.
New style, 44.
Prospects, 47.
Essential fact in connection with architectural history, 55.
Chief divisions therein, 87, 88, 89.
Various styles: Egyptian, i, 91.
Assyrian, 151.
Greece, 240.
Etruscan and Roman, 289.
Parthian and Sassanian, 389.
Byzantine, 419.
Russian, 484.
Italy, 500.
France, ii, 39.
Belgium and Holland, 187.
Germany, 209.
Scandinavia, 313.
England, 335.
Spain and Portugal, 460.
Saracenic, 512.
Ancient American, 583.

Ardmore, bas-relief at, ii, 448.
Round tower, 454.

Arezzo, church of Sta. Maria at, i, 588.

d’Argent, Mark, church erected by, ii, 122. 157. 273.

Aristotile Fioravanti of Bologna, Russian church ascribed to, i, 492.

Arles, amphitheatre at, i, 342.
Church of St. Trophime, ii, 51, 52.
Tower, 60.
Cloisters, 61.
_See_ 29. 402.

Armenia, i, 466.
Examples of its architecture, 466-478.
_See_ Ani.

Arnolfo di Lapo, cathedral built by, 617-622.

Arpino, Etruscan gateway at, i, 301.

Arranmore, Galway, ii, 446 _note_.

Arsinoë, Column of Victory at, i, 353.

Artemisia, tomb erected by, i, 282.

Aruns, tomb at Albano of, i, 299, 300.

Aryans, first users of iron, i, 56.
Their origin, migrations, &c., 75, 76.
Purity and exaltedness of their religion, 76, 77.
Form of government, prevalence of caste, &c., 78, 79.
Morals and Literature: result of the perfect structure of their
language, 79, 80.
Why the Fine Arts do not flourish among them, 81.
Their proficiency in the useful arts, 82.
Their true mission, 83.
In Russia, 484.
In Spain, ii, 462.
_See_ i, 65. 71. 73, 74. 251. ii, 337.

Asia Minor, advantageous position of, epoch of its history, &c., i,
229.
Oldest remains, 230.
Tumuli and rock-cut monuments, 230-232.
Lycia and its tombs, 233-239.
Existence of an Ionic order, 256.
Corinthian example, 257.
Theatres, 280.
Turkish conquest, ii, 515.

Asoka, Buddhist king, result of his alliance with Megas, i, 285 _note_.
_See_ ii, 586.

Assisi, church at, i, 611, 612.

Assos, gateway at, i, 246.

Assyria, result of recent discoveries in, i, 255.

Assyrians, borrowings of the Greeks from the, i, 33. 35. 154.
Examples of their architecture how preserved, 68.
Occasion of their rise, 152.
M. Botta’s exploration, 154.
Chronological epochs, 155.
Chaldean period, 157-167.
Palatial architecture: sources of information, 168.
Babylonian and Ninevite palaces. 169.
Buildings at Khorsabad, 171-181.
Peculiarity of construction common to their palaces, 172.
Interior of a Yezidi house, 182.
Houses of the humbler classes, 183.
Sculptured representations of buildings, 187-189.
Temples and tombs, 191.
Value of their wall-sculptures, 193.
Rank to be assigned to their architecture, _ibid._
Purposes for which only they used stone, 194.
Users of the pointed arch, ii, 45.
_See_ Chaldean. Khorsabad. Koyunjik.

Asti, baptistery at: Plan i, 561.
Description, 562.
Church and Porch, 610.
View of the Porch, 611.
Tower, ii, 6.

Asturias, churches in the, ii, 464.

Athens, influence on art of the admixture of races at, i, 242.
Temples, 252, 253. 324.
The Propylæa, 254.
Corinthian examples, 257.
Hadrian’s arch, 348.
Byzantine churches: Panagia Lycodemo, i, 460, 461. 463.
Cathedral, 461.

Athos, Mount, convents at, i, 459, 460.

Atreus, treasury or tomb of, i, 243.
Fragment of column, 244.

Atrium, the, in basilican churches, i, 513.
Novara, 562.
San Ambrogio, Milan, 566.

Augsburg Cathedral, ii, 286.

Augustan age, sole remains of the i, 315.
S. Augustine, Canterbury, original church of, ii, 344.

Augustus, arches erected by, i, 347.
His tomb, 355.

Autun, double-arched Roman gates at, i, 349.
Aisle and nave of cathedral, ii, 100.
Its spire, 149.

Auvergne, architectural province of, ii, 41. 43.
Its peculiar features, physical and architectural, 89.
Central towers and vaults, 90.
Chevets, 91, 92.
Fortified church, 93.

Auxerre Cathedral, chevet and lady chapel of, ii, 147.

Avallon, ii, 95.

Avignon, cathedral at, ii, 50.
Porch, 51.
St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux, 55.
Palace of the popes, 186.

Avila, church of San Vicente, ii, 473.
Western porch, 474.

Axum, obelisks at, i, 150.

Azhar, mosque of, ii, 30.
Date and character, 530.

Aztecs and Toltecs, early inhabitants of Mexico, ii, 583-585.
Inference from their architectural remains, 589.
_See_ Mexico.

Baalbec, magnitude of the stones used at, i, 19. 326.
Frieze there, 311.
Remains of the great temple, 325.
Plan, elevation, &c., of the smaller temple, 325.

Babouda, Syria, chapel at, i, 426.

Babylon, palaces of, materials of their construction, &c., i, 169, 194.

Bacharach, St. Werner’s chapel at, ii, 288.

Bagdad, ii, 548.
Materials of its buildings, 567.
Absence of remains: its ancient splendour, 567.
Tomb of Zobeidé, 568.

Bahram Gaur, fourteenth Sassanian King, i, 393.

S. Balbina, basilican church, Rome, its date, i, 515.

Baldwin of Constantinople, building founded by, ii, 200.

Ballyromney Court, Cork, Irish mansion, ii, 458.

Bamberg, Church of St. Jacob at, ii, 240.
Cathedral, 286.

Baptisteries, i, 512.
of Constantine and his daughter, 544.
Nocera dei Pagani, 546, 547.
St. John, Ravenna, 547.
Florence, 551.
Novara, 552.
Asti, 561.
Mont St. Angelo, 601.
Parma, ii, 1.
Aix; Riez, 459.
Bonn, Ratisbon, and Cobern, 252-253.
Meissen, 289.

Baquoza, Syria, Byzantine church at, 422, 423.

Barbarossa’s palace, Gelnhausen, ii, 256.

Barbary, ii, 515.
Examples of its architecture, 538-541.

Barcelona, church of San Pablo, ii, 464.
Plan and detail, 466.
Cathedral, plan and dimensions, 485.
Churches of SS. Maria del Mar and del Pi, 486.

Bari Cathedral, i, 592.
Plan, 591.
East end, 592.
Defects in the towers, 605.
Dome, 600.
Church of San Nicolo, 594.
view of, 594.

Barletta, i, 595.

S. Bartolomeo in Isola, basilican church, Rome, its date, i, 515.

Basilicas, importance attached by the Romans to, i, 327.
Trajan’s, its plan, dimensions, arrangement, &c., 328, 329.
Difference between it and that of Maxentius, _ibid._
Plan, particulars, &c., of the latter, 330, 331.
Construction of the roofs, 332.
Provincial Basilicas: Trèves, Pompeii, Otricoli, 332, 333.
Origin and peculiar applicability for Christian uses of these
buildings, 334.
Examples in Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Thessalonica, Syria, and Asia
Minor, i, 419-431.
Christian basilicas; Preliminary observations, 504-508.
African examples, 508-511.
Modifications introduced by Christian usages, 512.
Choirs and crypts: the atrium and the narthex, 513, 514.
Chronological list of basilicas in Rome, 515.
Peculiarities of the more important ones, 517-530.
Mosaic pavements, 527.
Ravenna, 527.
St. Mark’s, Venice, 530.
Dalmatia and Istria, 536.
Torcello, 538.
Causes of Byzantine, Lombardic, and Gothic varieties, 540.
Distinction between the basilica and the church, 542-543.
German examples, ii, 214 _et seq._
Use made of the apse, 388.
Absence of basilicas in Ireland, 446.

Basle Cathedral, doorway of, ii, 244.
Its one defect, 245.

Bassæ, Ionic column at, i, 265.

Basse Œuvre, Beauvais, plan and section, ii, 105.
Exterior and interior, 106.
Probable date, 107.
_See_ ii, 344.

Batalha, church of, ii, 507, 508.
Its circular tomb-house, 508.

Baths of the Romans, i, 342-346.
Of the Moors in Spain, ii, 555.

Battlements, Jerpoint abbey, ii, 457.

Bavarian church architecture, ii, 287, 288.

Bayazid, mosque of, ii, 558.

Bayeux Cathedral, ii, 118.
Nave and spandrils, 118.
Spires, 176.

Bays in cathedrals—Italy: Verona, i, 612.
Lucca, 613.
France: Angoulême, ii, 68.
Fontevrault, 84.
Caen, 115.
Their object and arrangement, 167.
Exeter and Westminster, 371.
Kirkwall, 423.
Spain: Leon and Burgos, 484.

Bazas Cathedral: plan, ii, 150.
Description, 151.

Beaune, Roman column at Cussi, near, i, 353.

Beauty in art, i, 5.

Beauvais Cathedral, choir of, i, 18.
The Basse Œuvre, ii, 105.
Wooden-roofed churches, 107.
Date of the cathedral, 142.
Casualties due to constructive faults, _ibid._
Its magnificence, 143.

Becket, Thomas à, his asylum, ii, 155.
Becket’s Norwegian counterpart crown, Canterbury, ii, 317 _note_,
344.

Bedochwinta, Armenia, church at, i, 471.
proof of its comparative modernness, 471.

Beejapore, i, 444.

Beisan, khans at, ii, 525.

Belem, date of chapel at, ii, 433.
Gothic remains, 507.
Church of the Convent, 507.
Façade, 509, 510.

Belfries and campaniles. Bell-towers of Moscow, i, 497.
Italian campaniles: Verona, ii, 7.
Mantua, 7.
Florence, 7.
Belgium, their occasion and uses, ii, 199.
Examples, 200.
Swedish example, 316.

Belgium, immigration of Germans into, and its results, ii, 187.
Its cathedrals, 188.
Pre-eminence of its town-halls and burgher-residences, 189.
Examples of its churches, 189-198.
Cause of their preservation, 198.
Belfries, 199.
Municipal halls, 200-205.
Private dwelling-houses, 205.

Bellefontaine, church of, ii, 122 _note_.

Bells, when first used, i, 577.
Russian bells, 497.

Belus, base of the temple of, i, 163 _note_.

Benedictine monastic system, plan illustrative of the, ii, 215.

Beneventum, Trajan’s arch at, i, 347.

Beni-Hasan, tombs of, i, 115, 294, 363.
Pillars, 154.
Arches, 214.

Bergamo, church of San-Tomaso near, i, 576.
Sta. Maria Maggiore, ii, 8.
North porch of same, 9.

Berkook, Sultan, mosque and tomb of, ii, 533.

Berne Cathedral, ii, 276.

Berosus, state of the text of, i, 151.

Besançon, Porta Nigra at, i, 349.
Cathedral, ii, 102, 149.

Bethlehem, churches at, i, 419.
Church of the Nativity, 419.

Bicchieri, Cardinal, church erected by, i, 610.

Billings, Mr. R. W., character of his Architectural Work on Scotland,
ii, 420 _note_.

Birs Nimroud, the, i, 159.
Buildings of which it was the type, 157, 159.
Diagrams and description, 160.
Dedication, 161.

Bittonto, west front of cathedral at, i, 593.

Blackfriars Bridge, i, 48.

Black Prince, tomb of the, ii, 408.

Blouet, M., restored plan of Roman baths by, i, 344.

Blundell, Mr. Weld, Researches at Persepolis, i, 205 _note_.

Bocherville, Norman church at, ii, 111.

Bodleian Library, ii, 339.

Boffiy, Guillermo, cathedral designed by, ii, 488.

Bohemia, ii, 211.

Bohemund’s tomb at Canosa, i, 601.

Bois le Duc, church at, ii, 207, 208 _note_.

Boisserée’s ‘Nieder Rhein,’ ii, 212 _note_, 260.
On Cologne cathedral, 273.

Bologna, ii, 151.
Circular church of San Stefano, i, 545.
Asinelli and Garisenda towers, 579, ii, 2.
Cathedral or church of San Petronio, i, 614, 622, 623.
Plan, 623.
Enormous size originally determined on, 622.

Boni, Signor, Cà d’Oro Palace, Venice, ii, 18.

Bonn, church at, ii, 234.
East end, 235.
Baptistery, 252.

Bonnueill, Étienne, Swedish cathedral by, ii, 314.

Bordeaux cathedral, ii, 71.
Its chevet and spires, 149.

Boris, Czar of Russia, tower erected by, i, 497.
His tower in the Kremlin, 497.

Bornholm, circular churches in, ii, 327 _note_, 329.
Oester Larsker, 329.

Borsippa, temple of the Seven Spheres at, i, 161.
Inscriptions, 163.

Bosra, plan of cathedral, i, 432, 433.

Boston, Lincolnshire, church of, ii, 401.

Bothwell Church, near Glasgow, ii, 435.

Botta, M., his explorations at Khorsabad, i, 154.

Bourges, church of Neuvy St. Sepulchre at, ii, 76.
Cathedral: plan and dimensions, 151.
Proportions of the aisles, _ibid._
Western façade, 152.
Proportion of solids to area, 179.
Fault avoided, ii, 270.
References by way of comparison, 478, 479, i, 626.
House of Jacques Cœur, ii, 184.

Braga, Portugal, church at, ii, 511.

Brandenburg, Marien Kirche at, ii, 308.

Brechin, Scotland, architectural peculiarity at, ii, 419, 452.

Brescia, Duomo Vecchio at: Plan, i, 575.
Elevation and Section, 575, 576.
St. Francesco, 633.
Ornamental brickwork, ii, 13, 14.

Brick architecture: Italian examples, ii, 10-15.
Belgium, 205.
Remarks, 302, 303.
Examples from North Germany, 304-309.

Bridges over the Thames, progress in, i, 48.
Roman bridges, 385.

Brigwithe, English architect, church at Vercelli by, i, 610.

Brindisi, churches of, i, 595, 599.

Bristol chapter-house, ii, 389, 392.
Norman gateway at, 403.
Corporation buildings, 413.

Brittany, architectural boundary of, ii, 41, 43.

Brolettos, or Italian town-halls, ii, 11.
Como, 12.
Brescia, 13.

Bronze doors: Novogorod, i, 488.
Milan, 567.
Trani, 599.
Troja, 599.
Canosa, 601.

Brou en Bresse, sepulchral church of, ii, 159, 494.

Brück-am-Mur, Gothic house at, ii, 299.

Bruges, ii, 188.
Chapel of St. Sang, 192.
Its spire, 193.
Belfry, 200.
Town-hall, 202.
Burgesses’ lodge, 204.

Brunelleschi, designs by, i, 618, 622.

Brunswick town-hall and fountain, ii, 300, 301.
View, 300.

Brussels, Notre Dame de la Chapelle at, ii, 194.
St. Gudule, _ibid._
The belfry and its fate, 200.
Town-hall, 202.
View of same, 203.

Buddha, Buddhism. Source of the effect produced by the Topes, i, 16.
Buddhist architecture whence derived, 157.
Buddhism the religion of a Turanian people, 165.
Scandinavian Buddhism, i, 481.

Building, primary application and gradual development of the art of, i,
4.

Bürgelin, abbey of, ii, 238.

Burgos, ii, 433. 463, 469, 508.
Plan of the cathedral, 481.
View, 482.
Description, 483.
Nave, 483.
Monastery of the Huelgas, 498. 502, 503.

Burgund, Norway, wooden church at, ii, 332.

Burgundy, architectural province of, ii, 41-43.
Ethnographic considerations, 94.
Seat of monastic establishments, 94. 105.
Examples of the architecture of the province, 94-103.
Culminating epoch, 105.
_See_ 30.

Bussorah, ii, 567.

Butler, A. J., on Coptic churches, i, 507, 511; ii, 527.

Buttresses, earliest proper use of, i, 360.
Internal buttresses, ii, 69.
External: Chartres, 139.
Rheims, 139.
Theory, 171.
Explanatory diagram and further examples, 172, 173.
Combination of buttresses and pinnacles, 173.

Byzantine style, region dominated by the, i, 411, 412.
True application of the term, 415.
Definitions and divisions, 416, 417.
Basilicas, 419-423.
Stone-roofed churches, 428-431.
Circular or Domical buildings, 432-447.
Domestic examples, 447-452, 464, 465.
Neo-Byzantine, 453-464.
Armenian, 466-480.
Rock-cut churches, 481-483.
Mediæval Russian, 484-499.
_See_ 501, 502, 521, 523, 528-541, 548-551, 554.
St. Mark’s, Venice, 530-535.
Byzantine-Romanesque style, 582.
Examples: Rectangular, 583, 600.
Southern Italy, 600-602.
Circular, _ibid._
Towers, 603.
Civil architecture, 605.
_See_ also ii, 15.

Cæcilia Metella, tomb of, i, 355. 542.

Caen, churches of:
Abbaye aux Hommes, or St. Stephen’s: occasion of its erection, ii,
111.
Original and altered plan, sections, vaultings, &c., 111-116.
Its apse superseded by a chevet, 118.
Spires, 175.
Abbaye aux Dames, 111.
Advance in its construction upon that of St. Stephen’s, 116.
Church of St. Nicolas, 117.
Its apse, _ibid._
St. Pierre, spire and façade, 175, 176.

Cæsars, Palace of the, i, 375.
Its probable character as an architectural work, 376.

Cairo, Mosques of: Amru, ii, 30. 525, 526.
Azhar, 30, 530.
Hasan, 531-532.
Berkook, 533.
Kaloun, 531.
Kaitbey, 534, 535.
El Muayyad, 534.
Tooloon, 527-530.

Calatayud, Dominican church at, ii, 498.

Cambridge, King’s College chapel, i, 472; ii, 70, 338, 367, 397.
View, 396.
Proportions, 397.
Round church, 398.
St. John’s College, 394 _note_.
Colleges, 414.

Campaniles, _see_ Belfries.

Campione, Marco da, Italian architect, i, 626.

Campus Martius, tomb of Augustus in the, i, 355.

Canina, restoration of Trajan’s basilica, i, 327 _note_.

Canosa, tomb of Bohemund at, i, 601.

Canterbury, French asylum for the archbishops of, ii, 155.
Becket’s Crown, 317 _note_, 344.
Churches of St. Augustine and Cuthbert, _ibid._
St. Anselm’s chapel, 375. 377.
Cathedral, 131.
Plan, 347.
Most foreign of our English examples, 353.
Angel Tower, 384.
Chapter-house, 384. 389.
Anomalies in style, 387.
Site, 388.
Infirmary chapel, 393.
Decorative arch on staircase, 402, 403.
Prior de Estria’s screen, 406.
Tomb of the Black Prince, 408.
Area, measurements, &c., 417.

Capitals and columns: Isis-headed or Typhonian, i, 35. 127. 143.
Examples: Beni-Hasan, 114, 115.
Thebes, 121.
Medeenet-Habû, 125.
Denderah, 143.
Persepolis, 207.
Susa, 209.
Mycenæ, 244.
Ancient Corinthian, 258.
Doric, 260.
Ionic and Corinthian examples, 264-268.
Roman examples, 308-310. 312. 525.
Ani and Gelathi, 476.
Provençal, ii, 54. 62, 63.
Gothic: theory and diagram, 162.
Capitals from Rheims, 178.
Gelnhausen, 251.
Canterbury, 402.
Lincoln, 404.
Dome of the Rock, 521-522.
_See_ Obelisks, Columns.
Columns of Victory.

Capua, amphitheatre at, i, 340.

Caracalla, restored plan of the baths of, i, 344.
Arrangement, dimensions, &c., 345, 346.

Caravanserais: Persia, ii, 579.
Peru, 606.

Carcassonne, church of St. Nazaire at, compared with Diana’s temple at
Nîmes, ii, 49, 50.
Town walls, 186.

Carlisle, eastern window at, ii, 355. 378.

Carlovingian period, paucity of examples of the, i, 559.

Carpenter, R. H., churches with bisected naves, ii, 324 _note_.
Mosque of Cordoba, 546.

Carpentras, arched gate at, i, 349.

Carthage and the Carthaginians, ii, 22, 462.

Carved ornament, principle and object of, i, 31.

Caryatides at Medeenet-Habû, i, 125.
As made use of in Greek architecture, 268.

Caserta Vecchia, cathedral church of, view, i, 598.
Tower, 592.
Dome, 594.

Cashel, Cormac’s chapel at, ii, 447.
Dimensions, 447.
View, 448.
Roof, 449.
Date, &c., 454.
Monastery of the Holy Cross, 444.
Cathedral, _ibid._
Seven churches, 446.

Cassiodorus, elucidation of a passage in, i, 570.

Caste, nature and influence of, i, 78.
Its value, 79.

Castel d’Asso, Etruscan tombs at, i, 294.
Peculiarities of shape, &c., 295.

Castel del Monte, plan, and sectional elevation, i, 606.
Particulars, _ibid._

Castille, castles in, ii, 505.

Castles: St. Angelo, Rome, i, 356.
Italian, 606.
French, ii, 186.
Marienburg, 310.
English, 413-414.
Scottish, 442.
Spanish, 505.

S. Castor, Coblentz, ii, 238.

“Castrense,” the, i, 342.

Catalonia, architecture of, ii, 466.

Cathedrals, English and foreign compared, ii, 385.
_See_ England. France.

Catherwood, F., ancient tomb figured by, i, 372.
Value of his Central-American drawings, ii, 584.

Cattaneo (Prof. Raphael),
dates of St. Stefano Rotondo, i, 545 _note_;
of St. Mark’s, Venice, i, 531, 534;
of cathedral, Torcello, 536 _note_, 538;
of Palazzo delle Torre, Turin, 556;
of Duomo, Brescia, 575, and _note_;
of Tower of St. Satiro, Milan, 578 _note_.
St. Lorenzo, Rome, 523.
St. Praxede, 525 _note_.

Caumont, M. de, map published by, ii, 41 _note_.

Cavallon, arched gate at, i, 349.

Caves: Crimean, i, 482.

Caythorpe church, Lincolnshire, reference, ii, 324 _note_.

Cecilia Metella, tomb of, i, 355, 542.

Cefalu, cathedral at, ii, 24, 29.
Dimensions, cloisters, &c., 29.

Celtic races, their presumed origin, and migratory character, i, 70,
71.
Their religion: dominance of their priests, 71.
Form of government best suited to them, _ibid._
Their ruling passion, 72.
Literature, 72.
Pre-eminent in art, 73, 74.
Direction of their scientific pursuits, 74.
Megalithic or Celtic period in England, ii, 338.
Celto-Saxon period, _ibid._
Irish style, 445.
Celto-Irish system, Celtic likes and dislikes in a church direction,
444, 445.
Form and examples of their churches, 447-450.
Close of the Celtic epoch in Ireland, 459.

Certosa, near Pavia, i, 610. 629-631.
Its date, 629.
Feature in Monreale cathedral surpassing it, ii, 26.

Cervetri, Etruscan tomb at, i, 297, 298.

Chaitya caves, i, 426.

Chaldean dynasties, period of the, i, 151, 152.
State of the remains of their buildings, 153.
Written characters; arrow-headed inscriptions, 155.
Temples at Wurka and Mugheyr, 158.
Birs Nimroud, 160, 161.
Mujelibé, 163.
Tomb of Cyrus, 163, 196-198.

S. Chamas, arches and bridge at, i, 351. ii, 51.

Chambon, sepulchral chapel at, ii, 93.

Champollion, i, 92.

Chapels. Babouda, i, 426.
Friuli, 559.
Definition of, ii, 393 _note_.
English examples, 393-397.
Roslyn, 432.
Irish, 448.
Spanish, 498.

Chapter-houses, rarity of, in France and Germany, ii, 292.
Peculiarly an English feature, 388.
Earlier and later forms, 389-393.
Engraved examples, 389, 390, 391, 392.

Chaqqa, Byzantine building at, i, 437.
Singular window, 448.

Charing Cross, Mr. Barry’s restoration of, ii, 413 _note_.

Charité sur Loire, collegiate church of, ii, 153.
Choir, 153.

Charlemagne, model of the tomb of, i, 550.
Epoch marked by his accession; state of things at his death, ii, 120.
German architecture under him, 209-211.
His church at Aix-la-Chapelle, 247.
Palaces, 256.

Charles II. of Anjou, cathedral erected by, i, 583.

Charles V., architectural encroachment on the Alhambra by, ii, 552.

Charroux, church of, ii, 74, 75.

Chartres Cathedral, i, 24. ii, 132.
Date of erection, 132.
Area, 133.
Plan, &c., 134.
North-west view, 137.
Spires, transepts, and buttresses, 138. 173, 175, 195.
External sculpture, 141.
Transitional windows, 164, 165.
Circular windows, 165, 166.
Proportion of solids to area, 179.
Enclosure of choir, 181.
_See_ 385. 402. 626.

Chedanne, M., Discoveries in Pantheon, i, 320 _note_.

Chemillé, spire at, ii, 87.

Chemnitz, doorway of church at, ii, 294.
Its extravagant ornamentation, 295.

Cheops, _see_ Khufu.

Chepstow Castle, ii, 413.

Cherson, i, 485.
Wooden cathedral, 426.

Chevet churches in Aquitania, ii, 72.
Distinction between the apse and the chevet, 73.
Notre Dame du Port, Clermont, 89, 96.
St. Menoux, 102.
Bayeux, 118.
Auxerre, 147.
St. Quentin, 147.
Pontigny, 154, 171.
Souvigny, 170.

Chiaravalle, dome at, i, 620, 622, 631.

Chichen Itza, Yucatan, temple at, ii, 598.
Interior, 599.

Chichester Cathedral, ii, 380.

Chillambaram, India, porch of hall at, i, 430.

China, stationary perfection of works in, i, 62.
Ancient counterpart of its people, 96.

Choirs, introduction of, i, 512.
A French practice, ii, 69.
English examples, 361, 365, 366, 369.
Spanish examples, 480, 484.

Chosroes, arch of, at Takt-i-Bostan, i, 408.

St. Crisogonus, basilican church, Rome, date of, i, 515.

Christian architecture, discrimination of, its eras, styles, &c. i,
410-414.
Oriental tradition relative to Christian architects, ii, 527.

Christianity, adaptability of the Roman Basilicas to the usages of, i,
504-506.
Results of its introduction into England, ii, 337.
How carried into Ireland, 447.
Irish round towers, Christian edifices, 450.
Adaptation of Moorish art to its purposes, 498.
When introduced into Russia, i, 486.
Result of its corruption in the East, ii, 513.

Christodulos, Christian architect employed by Mahomet, ii, 557.

Chunjuju, Yucatan, building at, ii, 596.

Church, double, _see_ Double churches.

Churches, circular, _see_ Circular churches.

Cimborio, or dome, in Spanish churches, ii, 474.
Examples, 478, 490.

Circular and polygonal churches, first germ of, i, 542.
Byzantine examples, 432.
Romanesque types in Italy, 542-555, 602.
Provençal examples, ii, 59.
In Aquitania, 74.
In Germany, 247-254.
Heiligenstadt, 292.
Round churches in Scandinavia, 327-332.
In England, 398.

Circular windows, France, their number and dissimilarity in tracery,
&c., ii, 165-167.
English examples, 376, 378.

Cistercian abbeys, i, 14. ii, 154.

Citeaux, ii, 95.

Civic and Municipal buildings: Italy, ii, 10.
Venice, 15.
Belgian town-halls, ii, 199-204.
Germany, 295.
London, 413.
Spain, 502.

Clairvaux, ii, 95.

Clarke (Mr. J. T.): Temple of Assos, i, 254 _note_.
Proto-Ionic capital, 255 _note_.

Classic architecture, cause of the revival of, i, 43, 47.

S. Clemente, as a type of the Roman basilican church, i, 513-514.
Its date, 515.
Colonnade, 525.

Cleopatra in Egyptian paintings, i, 139.

Clerestories, in Greek and Egyptian temples, i, 272.
First publication of the Author’s views on the subject, _ibid. note_.
Munich and Metz, ii, 287.

Clermont, church of Notre Dame du Port at, ii, 89.
Elevation and plan of its chevet, 91, 92.

Climate: regions in which it has and has not changed, i, 56.

Cloaca Maxima, Rome, arch of the, i, 216, 300.

Cloisters, English and southern, St. John Lateran, i, 599.
Provençal examples, ii, 61, 62.
Puy-en-Velay, 96.
Zurich, 260.
Gloucester, 363.
Kilconnel Abbey, 445.
The Huelgas, 498.
Tarazona, 503.

Clonmacnoise, tower and arch at, ii, 451, 452.

Clovis, division of France on the death of, ii, 120.

Cluny, Abbey of, ii, 95.
Its magnitude, and magnificence, 99.
Narthex, 99.
Influence exercised by the establishment, 103.
Arcaded house, 183.

Cluny, Hôtel de, ii, 184.

Cnidus, lion tomb at, i, 284.

Coata, Titicaca, Peru, terraced building at, ii, 605.

Cobern, hexagonal chapel at, ii, 253.

Coblentz, church of St. Castor at, ii, 238.

Coburg, chapel at, ii, 241 _note_, 243.

Cockerell, C. R., work on Grecian temples by, i, 262 _note_.

Cocos, Castille, castle of, ii, 505.

Cocumella, the, at Vulci, i, 298, 300.

Cœur, Jacques, house of, ii, 184.

Coimbra, churches at, ii, 509.

Cologne Cathedral: dimensions, comparative observations, &c., i, 24.
ii, 131, 157, 159, 195, 196, 275, 278.
View, 272.
Buttresses, 173.
Features in which it is pre-eminent, 268.
Date, plan, &c., 269.
Disproportion of length to height, 270.
External proportions, 271.
Mechanical merits, 273.
Window tracery, 271.
Most pleasing characteristics of the cathedral, 275.
Original cathedral, 232, 269.
_See_ 478, 479. i, 618, 622, 626, 629.

Cologne, triapsal and other churches at, The Apostles’, ii, 199,
233-235.
Sta. Maria in Capitolio, 232.
St. Martin, 233, 234.
St. Gereon, 237.
Details, 264.
Section and plan, 265.
St. Cunibert, 237, 264.
St. George, 238.
Sion, 238, 262.
An English St. Gereon, 398.
Cloisters, 260.
Dwelling-houses and windows, 261-262.
Guildhall, or Gürzenich, 295.

Colosseum, or Flavian amphitheatre, Rome, i, 306.
Interest attaching to it, 337.
Effect of reduplication of parts, plan, sections, &c., 338.
Area, amount of sitting space, 339.

Colour as an architectural element, i, 35.
_See_ Painting.

Columbaria, Rome, arrangement and object of the, i, 356.

Columna Rostrata, ugliness of, i, 352.

Columns of Victory, remarks on, and examples of, i, 352, 353.
Buddhist sthambas, i, 578.

Columns: Sedinga, i, 127.
Thessalonica and Constantinople, 421, 422.

Como, cathedral at, i, 632.
Broletto, ii, 12.

Composite arcades, i, 313.

Composite order, i, 312.
Its merits and defects, 313.

Compostella, cathedral of, ii, 468.

Comte, Auguste, truth overlooked by, i, 83.

Concord, Temple of, at Rome, i, 309. 314. 317.

Condor, Major C. R., ii, 520.

Conques, chevet church at, ii, 73. 76.

Conquests, how effected, and general result of, ii, 513.

Conrad, emperor, churches erected by, ii, 226. 229.

Constantine: His mother’s tomb, i, 357.
His daughter’s, 358. 544.
Basilican churches erected by him, 517. 521. 523.
His tomb, or baptistery, 544.
His church at Antioch, i, 432. _See_ i, 504. 506. 508. 515.
His baths at Rome, i, 344.

Constantinople, cisterns, i, 44.
Palace of the Hebdomon, i, 464.
_Churches:_ The Apostles’: occasion of its destruction, 531 _note_.
Sta. Irene, 453. 455. 470. ii. 558.
St. John, 421, 422. 438.
Double church of “Kutchuk Agia,” or lesser Sta. Sophia, including
the Basilica of SS. Peter and Paul and the domical church of SS.
Sergius and Bacchus, i, 438, 439.
Church of Moné tés Choras, 456.
The Pantokrator, the Fethîyeh Djamisi, and the Theotokos, 457.
Sta. Sophia, 440,
Its grandeur; boast of its founder, &c., 440.
Fate of the original church, _ibid._
Dimensions, plan, sections, &c., 441-446.
Compared with the Renaissance cathedrals, 446.
Considered as an outgrowth of Roman classical edifices, 452.
Last creation of Byzantine art, 453.
Mode of lighting its dome, 454.
Dimensions of the dome, ii, 561.
Number of minarets, 563. [_See_ i, 455. ii, 557-558.]
Results of the occupation of the city by the Turks, ii, 556-558.
_Mosques:_ appropriation of Christian churches, ii, 557.
Mosques of Eyub and Bayazid, 558.
Suleimanie Mosque, 559-562.
Its minarets, 563.
Sultan Ahmed’s Mosque, 562-563.
Prince’s Mosque, 563.
Validé mosques, 564.
Mosque, or “Lantern” of Osman, _ibid._
Civil and domestic architecture: “palaces” and fires, _ibid._

Construction in architecture, rationale of, i, 22. Gothic cathedrals,
ii, 179.

Contarini (S^r. Marino), Palace of, ii, 14.

Conventual buildings, Germany, ii, 259-261.

Corbel, beautiful example of, ii, 178.

Cordova, or Cordoba, mosque at, ii, 543-548.
Plan, 544.
The Sanctuary, 545, 546.
Screen of chapel, 547, _see_ 549.

Corinth, i, 251. Age of Doric temple at, 252.

Corinthian order, its origin; period of introduction into Greece, i,
257. 268.
Noteworthy examples, 257, 258. 266, 267.
Keynote of Roman architecture, 308.
Roman elaborations of it, 309-311.
Base from the church of St. Praxede, 312.

Corvey, abbey of, ii, 221.

S. Costanza, Rome, tomb or baptistery of, i, 358.
Plan, 544.

Coucy, castle-keep of, ii, 185.
Viollet le Duc’s section, _ibid. note_.

Coutances Cathedral, ii, 147.
View, 146.
Spires and lantern, 147.

Coventry, ii, 401.

Crassus, tomb of C. Metella, wife of, i, 355.

Crecy, battle of, its influence on French art, ii, 122.

Cremona, the Torracio at, i, 605. ii, 3. 4.
Occasion of its erection, 3.
Palace of the Jurisconsults, 11.

S. Croix, Mont Majour, triapsal church of, ii, 59.

Crosses: Waltham, ii, 412.
Kells, 459.

Cruas, circular church at, ii, 60. 76.

Cruciform tomb of Galla Placidia, i, 435. 553.

Crusaders, introduction of the Gothic style into Palestine by, ii, 32.
Principal building erected there by them, 33.
Others of their churches there, 36.

Crypts, purposes to which dedicated, i, 512.
Examples: Göllingen, ii, 239.
Glasgow, 426.
Otranto, i, 596.

Crystal Palace, Sydenham, a step in the right direction, i, 48.
Assyrian façade erected by the Author, 189 _note_.
Reproduction of the Court of Lions, Alhambra, ii, 553 _note_.

Ctesiphon, i, 389.
The Tâk Kesra, 398.
Its great arch, 399.

Cubbet-es-Sakhra (Dome of Rock), ii, 520. 523.

Cubbet es-Silsileh (Dome of Chain), ii, 521.

Cufic inscriptions at Diarbekr, i, 393 and _note_.

Cunault, spire and tower at, ii, 87.

S. Cunibert, Cologne, ii, 237, 264.

Cussi, near Beaune, Roman pillar of Victory at, i, 353.

Cuthbert, Archbishop, baptistery erected by, ii, 344.

Cuzco, Peru, Manco Capac’s house at, ii, 604.
Walls, 605-608.

Cybele, temple at Sardis of, i, 258.

Cyclopean works, chief element of, i, 19.
Irish examples, ii, 456.
Peru, 600.

Cypselidæ, race of, i, 251.

Cyrene, rock-cut tombs at, i, 285-287. 294.
Remains of colour, 285.
Probable date, 287. 370 _note_.
Recent explorations, 370.

Cyrus, so-called tomb of, i, 158. 160.
View, Plan and Section, 196-198.

Dahshur, Pyramid of, i, 102.

Dalmeny, ii, 420.

Damascus, antecedents and present state of the great mosque at, ii,
522-524.
Plan, 523.

Dana, on the Euphrates, i, 469.

Daniel, so-called tomb of, ii, 569.

Dankwarderode (Brunswick), Palace of, ii, 256.

Dantzic, cathedral and churches of, ii, 306.

Darius, palace of, i, 202, 203.
Tomb, 204.

Dartein, F. de, vault of St. Michele, Pavia, i, 564.

David, alleged sarcophagus of, i, 368 _note_.