Chapter XLIX: Part I: Bk. III. ch. 2

Footnote 9:

For a complete description of the same, see ‘The Architectural History
of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem,’ by Prof. Willis,
1849, the publications of the Palestine Exploration Fund, and the
‘Holy Places of Jerusalem,’ by Prof. Hayter Lewis.

Footnote 10:

Eusebius, ‘Vita Constantini,’ lib. iii. ch. xxviii.

Footnote 11:

Sæwulf, ‘Peregrinatio,’ &c. (A.D. 1102-3), p. 83.

Footnote 12:

A section of the church is given in Prof. Willis’s work compiled
partly from Bernardino’s work (‘Trattato delle Piante al Imagini de
sacri Edifizi di Terra Sancta,’ 1620), corrected by dimension taken by
Mr. J. J. Scoles and partly from models in the British Museum and
elsewhere.

Footnote 13:

This plan has been worked out from the ordnance survey made in 1864-65
by Sir Ch. Wilson and from Professor Willis’s plan as published in his
work.

Footnote 14:

Quaresimus, ‘Elucidatio,’ ii. p. 386.

Footnote 15:

All these are carefully described and delineated by Count de Vogüé, in
his beautiful work entitled, ‘Les Églises de la Terre Sainte,’ Paris,
1860.

Footnote 16:

A small chart of the same sort has been published by M. de
Caumont,[17] which, though an improvement, still leaves much to be
desired; but until every church is examined, and every typical
specimen at least published, it is impossible to mark out more than
the general features of the chart. Imperfect, however, as they are in
this one, they are still more numerous and more detailed than it will
be easy for us to follow and to trace out in the limited space of this
work.

Footnote 17:

‘Abécédaire d’Architecture,’ p. 174.

Footnote 18:

The use of this term is a little awkward, at first from its having
another meaning in English; it has, however, been long used by English
etymologists to distinguish the Romance languages, such as Italian,
Spanish, and French, from those of Teutonic origin, and is here used
in precisely the same sense as applied to architecture—to those styles
derived from the Roman, but one degree more removed from it than the
early phase of the Romanesque.

Footnote 19:

There seems to be some doubt about the age of the pointed arches in
the mosque of Amrû; the earliest authenticated arches of that form are
found in the Nilometer in the island of Roda which is fixed by Mr.
Lane as 861 A.D., eighteen years older than that of Tulûn.—ED.

Footnote 20:

For the detail of the argument I must refer the reader to a paper read
by me to the Institute of British Architects on June 18th, 1849, and
published in the ‘Builder,’ and other papers of the time. See also a
paper read in the same place in the following month (July, 1849), by
Sir Gardner Wilkinson.

Footnote 21:

The Scotch and Irish Celts seem to have had a conception of this
truth, and in both these countries we find some bold attempts at true
stone roofs: the influence, however, of the Gothic races overpowered
them, and the mixed roof became universal.

Footnote 22:

Laborde, ‘Monuments de la France,’ vol. i. p. 92, plates cxv. and
cxvi.

Footnote 23:

[A valuable and well-illustrated work, entitled ‘The Architecture of
Provence and the Riviera, Edinburgh, 1888,’ by Mr. David MacGibbon,
has since added to our knowledge in this respect. Mr. MacGibbon
accepts the date of 12th century for the Church of St.
Paul-Trois-Châteaux, and attributes its Roman character to ancient
work in the provinces.—ED.]

Footnote 24:

Wood’s ‘Letters of an Architect,’ vol. i. p. 163.

Footnote 25:

These are all illustrated more or less completely by Renouvier,
‘Monuments de Bas Languedoc.’ Montpellier, 1840.

Footnote 26:

M. Verneilh, in his work “Architecture Byzantine en France,” 4to,
Paris, 1851, based his arguments chiefly on the supposition that it
was copied from St. Mark’s, Venice. The discoveries to which we have
already referred (p. 530, vol. I.) prove that the latter was not built
till 1063-71, so that it follows that a much later date must be given
to St. Front, unless the latter be, like St. Mark’s, a copy of the
church of the Apostles at Constantinople. Against this supposition
there remains the fact that the churches of St. Mark, Venice, and St.
Front, Périgueux, are identical in their dimensions if we replace
Italian feet by French feet. There is also a record quoted by Mr.
Gailhabaud that the original church of St. Front was destroyed by fire
in 1120; but the existing church is entirely built in incombustible
material, and therefore it would seem to be more probable that a much
later date, viz. 1120-1140, must be given to it. It should however be
taken into account that St. Front is generally accepted as the
prototype of all the domed churches in France, so that if any of its
successors could be proved to have an earlier date our argument would
fall to the ground. So far as the architectural details of the church
are concerned they have more the character of the 12th than of the
11th century, and the introduction of the pointed arch at so early a
date seems improbable, except so far as the pointed barrel vault is
concerned, the necessity for which was pointed out on page 46.

Footnote 27:

This building is well illustrated in Turner’s ‘Domestic Architecture.’

Footnote 28:

See a paper on this church by Mr. Street, in 1861, read to the
Institute of British Architects. (R. I. B. A. Transactions, 1860-61.)

Footnote 29:

‘Histoire Générale de Bourgogne,’ 4 vols. fol., Dijon, 1739; p. 81.

Footnote 30:

“Style Latin” is the name generally adopted for this style by the
French architects.

Footnote 31:

From a paper by Mr. Parker on this subject, read to the Institute of
British Architects.

Footnote 32:

This arrangement is known by the name of _hexapartite_, or
_sexapartite_, because the compartment of the vault having been
divided into four by the great diagonal arches crossing one another in
the centre (which was the _quadripartite_ arrangement), two of the
four quarters were again divided by the arch thrown across from one
intermediate pillar to the other, thus making six divisions in all,
though no longer all of equal dimensions, as in the quadripartite
method. Both these arrangements are shown in plan on Woodcut No. 612.

Footnote 33:

The Church of St. Rémi at Rheims ought perhaps to be treated as an
exception to this assertion: it has, however, been so much altered in
more modern times as almost to have lost its original character. It
nevertheless retains the outlines of a vast and noble basilica of the
early part of the 11th century, presenting considerable points of
similarity to those of Burgundy.

Footnote 34:

It is in the vaulting of the choir aisle of St. Denis that we find the
earliest example of the new value of the pointed arch rib: four
independent ribs rise to the centre of the aisle, it being no longer
necessary to place the opposite ribs in the same plane. M. Louis Gonse
in his ‘L’Art Gothique,’ however, points out one or two earlier
examples such as the churches of Morienval and Bellefontaine, both in
the Oise Department; the latter only is dated—1125; but no
illustrations of the vault are given. The former is so crude in its
design that it is probably earlier, and it is in fact evident from the
perfection shown in St. Denis that many previous experiments must have
been made, examples of which it would be interesting to trace.—ED.

Footnote 35:

These generally consisted of strong iron bars, wrought into patterns
in accordance with the design painted on the glass.

Footnote 36:

Royal Academy lectures, delivered in 1881, by G. E. Street, R.A.,
Professor of Architecture.

Footnote 37:

It should be noted that the last bay of the nave and the first bay of
the choir are wider than any of the other bays, and this gives an
increased dimension to the aisles of north and south transepts, which
contributes in no slight degree to the effect of vastness given to
this part of the church.—ED.

Footnote 38:

The height of the old spire is 342 ft. 6 in. with the cross; of the
new, 371 ft.

Footnote 39:

The choir of Beauvais is considered to be one of the four wonders of
mediæval France, the others being the south spire of Chartres, the
porch of Rheims and the nave of Amiens.

Footnote 40:

‘Compte Rendu des Travaux de la Commission des Monuments,’ &c.:
Rapport présenté au Préfet de la Gironde, 1848 et seq.

Footnote 41:

A plan of the Sainte Chapelle will be found further on (page 395) when
comparing it with St. Stephen’s Chapel, Westminster.

Footnote 42:

Mr. Beresford Hope, in his ‘English Cathedrals of the XIXth Century,’
contends that this church was only commenced in 1419; and also
maintains that the west front was completed by an English architect
named Patrick in 1429. If this were so, we must abandon all our
chronology founded on style. It is all a mistake if the east end is
not a century earlier. I am, however, unwilling to go to school again,
on the faith of a little pamphlet published by a French curé in a
remote village.

Footnote 43:

The earlier form is found retained at Noyon, at Paris, and in most of
the churches of the 12th century; but in the first years of the 13th
it gave place to the second, and was not afterwards revived.

Footnote 44:

See Introduction, page 29, Woodcut No. 4.

Footnote 45:

The French antiquaries employ this word as if it signified a pointed
arch, whence they designate the style itself as _ogival_. There is no
doubt, however, that the word has nothing to do with the form of the
arch or the ogee, but is the name of a rib common to the round-arched
as well as to the pointed style.

Footnote 46:

See Woodcuts Nos. 621, 629, 641, &c.

Footnote 47:

This was taken down in 1856 to relieve the piers of the tower which
were being crushed owing to their defective construction. After the
rebuilding of the piers in 1856-59, a poorly designed Gothic lantern
was substituted.—ED.

Footnote 48:

M. Viollet le Duc’s ‘Dictionnaire d’Architecture’ contains several
hundred examples of these minor architectural details of French
Mediæval architecture. All are there drawn with skill, and engraved
with exquisite taste. They form a wonderful illustration of the
exuberance of fancy and fertility of invention of the French
architects in those days. The limits of this work do not admit of more
than a mere passing allusion to this most fascinating subject.

Footnote 49:

Viollet le Duc, in his ‘Architecture Militaire,’ p. 96, gives a
section of the Donjon at Coucy, which, however, by no means explains
how the interior was lighted, nor does it accord with what I believe I
saw there.

Footnote 50:

A beautiful drawing of this façade to a very large scale still exists
in the town-hall of the city, as well as a model in stone, from which
the intended effect may be seen.

Footnote 51:

A large work was commenced a few years ago on the church at Bois le
Duc; but after the first numbers it seems to have been discontinued,
and has not been since heard of—in this country at least. [Since this
was written a fine work in 8 vols., entitled ‘Documents classés de
l’art dans les Pays-Bas du x^{me} au xviii^{me} Siècle,’ and
illustrated with ink photos, has been compiled by M. Van Ysendyck; and
although the greater number of the plates represent Renaissance work,
some of the finest flamboyant Gothic buildings, both in Belgium and
Holland, are there reproduced.—ED.]

Footnote 52:

See two papers on this subject in ‘Jahrbuch der Central Commission zur
Erhaltung der Baudenkmale,’ vol. ii. p. 65, and vol. iii. p. 149.

Footnote 53:

The work of F. Östen on the architecture of Lombardy, and that of
Geier and Görtz on the style in the Rhine country, combined with the
works of Boisserée, have already furnished considerable materials for
such a history. Both these first-named works were left incomplete, the
former from the death of the author, the latter owing to the late
troubles of the country.

Footnote 54:

See vol. i. p. 513.

Footnote 55:

All the particulars regarding this church are taken from Hübsch,
‘Altchristliche Bauwerke,’ pp. 109, xlix. Dohme ascribes the church to
the 11th century, and gives the length as 283 ft.

Footnote 56:

That shown in the woodcut is a suggestion of Dr. Hübsch.

Footnote 57:

If there are any remains of the monastic buildings at Reichenau it is
extremely desirable that they should be examined, in order to see how
far they accord with the St. Gall plan. What if it should turn out to
be a perfected plan of Reichenau sent after its completion by the
abbot Heiton to his friend Gospertus?

Footnote 58:

‘Histoire de l’Architecture Sacrée du 4^{me} au 10^{me} Siècle dans
les Évêchés de Genève, Lausanne, et Sion,’ 1853.

Footnote 59:

The earliest example is found in the Baptistery at Ravenna, 396 A.D.

Footnote 60:

Kallenbach, (‘Deutsche Baukunst,’) states that it was built by Bishop
Garibald, 740-752. It is the chapel on the north side of cloisters of
Cathedral (see ‘King’s Study Book,’ vol ii. p. 81).

Footnote 61:

At Aquileja, at the upper end of the Adriatic Gulf, Poppo, the
archbishop, between the years 1019-1042, erected a building almost
identical with this in every respect between the old basilica and the
baptistery, so as to make a double-apse church out of the old Lombard
arrangement. The similarity of the two buildings may probably bring
down the date of that at Ratisbon to the 10th century.

Footnote 62:

‘Baukunst des Mittelalters in Sachsen.’

Footnote 63:

The church was burnt in 937, and is said to have had two choirs (added
_c._ 816 by Abbot Engil), a western transept, and eleven bays to the
nave.

Footnote 64:

It is by no means clear that there were not six pillars originally
separating the nave from the aisles instead of the four now built into
the piers of the Gothic church.

Footnote 65:

Taken from R. Dohme, ‘Geschichte der Deutschen Baukunst.’ Berlin,
1887.

Footnote 66:

Möller, ‘Deutsche Baukunst,’ vol. i. plate vi.

Footnote 67:

This has been entirely rebuilt, with a modern front.—ED.

Footnote 68:

For a description of this abbey see a paper read by Mr. Charles Fowler
(R. I. B. A. Transactions, 1882-83).

Footnote 69:

[Much has been said with regard to the use of double churches and
chapels in Germany. In the cases of the chapels at Eger, Goslar,
Nuremberg, Lohra, Landsberg, Freiburg on the Unstrutt, Coburg,
Steinfurt, and Vianden, it is apparent, as they were in connection
with a castle or palace, that the Emperor (or Prince) with his retinue
could enter the upper chapel by a connecting gallery from the palace.
But Schwartz Rheindorf is so much larger than any other double church
or chapel known, that it would seem probable the object of the upper
church was to provide a place of worship for the inhabitants in the
case of floods, which in early times must have taken place yearly:
admission being obtained through a door on N. side, the sill of which
is about 8 ft. from ground, and communicates with a stair-case leading
to upper church.—ED.]

Footnote 70:

The building is as yet practically unedited, notwithstanding its
importance in the history of architecture. I have myself examined this
edifice, but in too hurried a manner to enable me to supply the
deficiency. I speak, therefore, on the subject with diffidence.

Footnote 71:

Taken from Schayes’ ‘Histoire de l’Architecture en Belgique,’ vol. ii.
p. 18, taken by him, I believe, from Lassaulx.

Footnote 72:

See paper by Mr. Petit in the ‘Archæological Journal,’ vol. xviii. p.
110.

Footnote 73:

Boisserée, ‘Nieder Rhein,’ p. 36.

Footnote 74:

There is a slight error in the scale of this plan, the artist in
reducing it having used the scale of French instead of English feet.
It ought to be 1-16th larger.

Footnote 75:

The best _résumé_ of the arguments on this question will be found in
the controversy carried on by F. de Verneilh, the Baron de Rosier, and
M. Boisserée, in Didron’s ‘Annales Archéologiques,’ vol. vii. _et
seq._

Footnote 76:

Within the last few years also the cathedral has been isolated on all
sides, so that it has now the appearance of an overgrown monster—ED.

Footnote 77:

From the ‘Jahrbuch der Central Commission zur Erhaltung der
Baudenkmale,’ vol. ii. p. 37.

Footnote 78:

See ‘Mittelalterliche Kunstdenkmale Östereichs,’ vol. i. p. 171.

Footnote 79:

The façade designed for the cathedral at Louvain (mentioned p. 196)
was identical with this group of spires in arrangement, though on a
much larger scale, and infinitely richer in ornament.

Footnote 80:

Mr. Hodder Westropp was, I believe, the first to suggest this identity
of the Round Towers with these “Fanals,” or Lanternes des Mortes. It
seems to be the most plausible suggestion yet made, though far from
meeting the whole difficulty.

Footnote 81:

‘Denkmäler der Baukunst in Ermeland.’ Berlin.

Footnote 82:

Mr. Tavenor Perry, in his paper on the ‘Mediæval Architecture in
Sweden’ (R.I.B.A. Transactions, vol. vii. new series, 1891), points
out that the architecture of the choir is of much earlier date than
Étienne de Bonnueill’s advent, that the foundation was laid in 1258,
and already in 1273 was well advanced. He takes objection also to the
assumed French origin of the plan, which is more like German work. The
plan bears some resemblance to the chevet of Westminster Abbey, the
lady-chapel of which, pulled down by Henry VII., was commenced in 1220
by Henry III. There are only five chapels, as in Westminster Abbey,
and they are of greater width than any French examples. Étienne’s work
was probably confined to the three great portals, though Mr. Perry
believes that he did much to improve the design, and probably helped
to “found a new school of sculptors.”—ED.

Footnote 83:

‘The Priory of St. Mary Overie, Southwark.’ F. T. Dollman, London,
1881.

Footnote 84:

These churches are nearly all brick: those of Lund and Linköping are
in stone.

Footnote 85:

Both in design and purpose this circular part of Trondhjem Cathedral
is an exact counterpart of Becket’s Crown at Canterbury. That was
erected as a baptistery and burial-place for the archbishops, and
seems to have been afterwards incorporated in the cathedral, _more
Francorum_.

Footnote 86:

The octagonal dome on the east end has been lately restored, but not
improved.—ED.

Footnote 87:

The plan and elevation are taken from a description of the church by
Steen Friis, published at Copenhagen, 1851. In both cuts the modern
additions are omitted.

Footnote 88:

It has lately been well restored (1881).—ED.

Footnote 89:

Gothland was Christianized by St. Olaf in 1028; the first churches, in
wood, were soon burnt down, and the earliest stone examples now known
are those of Akebäch and Ala, which date from 1149.

Footnote 90:

An elevation and section of the church by Mr. Haig is given in the R.
I. B. A. Transactions, new series, vol. ii.

Footnote 91:

Two examples are pointed out by Mr. Carpenter (R.I.B.A. Transactions,
new series, vol. ii. 1886) as existing in England, viz.: Hannington
Church, Northamptonshire, and Caythorpe Church, Lincolnshire.

Footnote 92:

‘One Year in Sweden,’ Murray, 1862.

Footnote 93:

‘The Ecclesiology of Gothland and the Churches of Bornholm,’ by Major
Alfred Heales, F.S.A., 1889.

Footnote 94:

Two in Zealand—Storehedinge and Biernede; one in Funen—Horne, at
Faaborg; one in Jutland—Thorsager; and four in Bornholm—Oester
Larsker, Nykers, Ols, and Ny. (Vol. ii. p. 49.)

Footnote 95:

Documentary evidence now establishes the fact that the nave of Waltham
Abbey was Harold’s original work, though subsequently enriched by
carving.

Footnote 96:

This has been restored, as far as the materials admit, by Professor
Willis, in his ‘Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral,’
published in 1845.

Footnote 97:

“Qui ecclesiam in orientali parte majoris ecclesiæ eidem pene
contiguam in honore Beati Johannis Baptistæ fabricavit; ut et
Baptisteria et examinationes Judiciorum, &c.—et Archiepiscoporum
corpora in eâ sepelirentur.”—‘Anglia Sacra,’ vol. ii. p. 75.

Footnote 98:

The internal dimensions of Durham Cathedral are 413·10 feet, exclusive
of the Galilee. The nave is 81 feet wide, the choir, 77·2. (Billings.)

Footnote 99:

The proper effect of this part of Ely Cathedral has been seriously
marred by the erection of the new reredos. In itself a fair specimen
of modern Gothic, it is placed so far from the choir as to lose its
proper effect. It is painfully dwarfed by the large plain area in
front of it. But worse than this, it cuts up and destroys the most
beautiful presbytery in England after the Angel Choir at Lincoln. The
architects of Walsingham’s time glazed two compartments of the
triforium to throw light upon the principal object in the choir, which
was intended to stand two bays farther forward. It would have been
well if the 19th-century restorers had taken the hint.

Footnote 100:

The foundations of the Lady Chapel of Henry III. were found a few
years ago almost at the extreme east end of Henry VII.’s Chapel, so
that it can scarcely be said to have formed part of a circlet.

Footnote 101:

It should be remembered, however, that the first addition, made in
1220, was the original Lady Chapel; when Henry III. determined to
rebuild the church and to adopt the plan of the French chevet, the
width of the other chapels would seem to have been governed by that of
the Lady Chapel. This, however, was 30 ft. wide—much greater than any
French chapel. To complete the ring, therefore, he was obliged to
carry them further west, so that the five chapels occupy a space equal
in comparison to the seven chapels of Amiens, where the width of each
is only 25 ft. A comparison of the two chevets will show how ingenious
was the English arrangement; and as the vaulting is essentially
English in its setting out and in its design, it is only the idea of
the plan which was borrowed. On this subject Mr. Street remarks, p.
426 (‘Lectures on English Architecture,’ Memoir of G. E. Street, R.A.,
by A. E. Street, M.A. 1883), “Here the evidence of the building itself
seems to be conclusive that the king had resolved to build a church
after the model of the great French churches, but employed an English
architect to design it, and he made his plan on lines which are
distinct and different from those of any French church.”

Footnote 102:

The roofs here alluded to must not be confounded with the barn-like
roofs of remote village churches which modern architects are so fond
of copying, but such roofs as that of St. Stephen’s Chapel, and many
of those of the Lancastrian era.

Footnote 103:

This, and a considerable number of the woodcuts in this chapter, are
borrowed from the plates of the beautiful series of ‘Handbooks of the
English Cathedrals,’ published by Mr. Murray. In order to prevent
needless repetition, they are marked Cath. Hb.

Footnote 104:

This has already been explained in the chapters on French
architecture, especially at pages 114 and 169.

Footnote 105:

In Woodcut No. 822 the right-hand bay is that of the nave generally,
the left-hand bay is adapted to the greater width of the aisle of the
transept, and is less pleasingly proportioned in consequence. Woodcuts
Nos. 822 and 823 are drawn to the scale of 25 feet to 1 inch, or
double that usually employed for elevations in this work.

Footnote 106:

It is not necessary to repeat here what was said on the subject in
speaking of French tracery, p. 164, to which the reader is referred.

Footnote 107:

This was not so much the case in Paris and Rouen, where the houses
were carried up to a much greater height than in other towns.—ED.

Footnote 108:

A splendid chance of trying the effect of this occurred a few years
ago, when it was determined to restore the lantern, as a memorial to
Dr. Peacock. In a fit of purism, only the ugly temporary arrangement
was made new. It looked venerable before the recent repairs; now that
it is quite new again, it is most unpleasing.

Footnote 109:

The towers of Lincoln were surmounted by three spires, removed about
100 years ago.

Footnote 110:

The central octagon of the Parliament Houses is 65 ft. in diameter,
and is the best specimen of a modern Gothic dome which has been
attempted.

Footnote 111:

A chapel, properly speaking, is a hall designed for worship, without
any separation between classes. A church has a chancel for the clergy,
a nave for the laity. A cathedral has these and attached chapels and
numerous adjuncts which do not properly belong to either of the other
two.

Footnote 112:

Few things of its class are more to be regretted than the destruction
of this beautiful relic in rebuilding the Parliament Houses. It would
have been cheaper to restore it, and infinitely more beautiful when
restored than the present gallery which takes its place. It is sad,
too, to think that nothing has been done to reproduce its beauties.
When the colleges of Exeter at Oxford, or St. John’s, Cambridge, were
rebuilding their chapels, it would have been infinitely better to
reproduce this exquisite specimen of English art than the models of
French chapels which have been adopted.

The work on St. Stephen’s Chapel, published for the Woods and Forests
by Mr. Mackenzie, is rendered useless by the addition of an upper
storey which never existed.

Footnote 113:

The Sainte Chapelle was commenced 1244, and finished 1248. The works
of St. Stephen’s were commenced apparently 1292, but were not finished
till 1348.

Footnote 114:

_Vide ante_, p. 264, and p. 328.

Footnote 115:

Mr. Scott produced a free copy of one of them as the Oxford Martyrs’
Memorial, and Edward Barry another as a restoration of Charing Cross.
Both are very beautiful objects, but neither of them exhausts the
subject.

Footnote 116:

It is not pretended that this Table is quite correct in all details,
but it is sufficiently so to present at a glance, a comparative view
of the fourteen principal churches of England, and to show at least
their relative dimensions.

Footnote 117:

The illustrations in this chapter being taken from the beautiful work
by R. W. Billings, entitled ‘The Baronial and Ecclesiastical
Antiquities of Scotland,’ the source of each will not be specified,
except when it forms an exception to this rule. Mr. Billings’ work is
certainly the most correct and beautiful that has yet appeared on the
subject, and if completed with the necessary plans and architectural
details, would be unrivalled as a monograph of an architectural
province.

Footnote 118:

Britton’s ‘Architectural Antiquities,’ vol. xiv. p. 81.

Footnote 119:

For the drawings and information regarding Bothwell Church, I am
indebted to Mr. John Honeyman, jun., architect, of Glasgow.

Footnote 120:

The same class of tracery is found in the Lamberti Kirche at Münster,
and generally in Westphalia; some specimens being almost absolutely
identical with the Scotch examples.

Footnote 121:

The woodcuts in this chapter are, with one or two exceptions, borrowed
from Wilkinson’s ‘Ancient Architecture and Geology of Ireland.’

Footnote 122:

No buildings with architectural details in them are known prior to
1000 A.D.

Footnote 123:

Seven churches are also found at Scattery and Innis Caltra in Clare,
Tory Island, Donegal, Rattoo in Kerry, Inchclorin, Longford, and
Arranmore in Galway.

Footnote 124:

The Rev. Professor Stokes, in a paper communicated to the Royal
Society of Antiquaries in Ireland, and published in their Journal,
1891, states: “The connexion with Egypt of the Celtic Church of these
Western Islands of Britain, as well as of Ireland, cannot now be
controverted.” He points out that the object of the ancient monks of
the 5th and 6th centuries was “not to draw large assemblies, but to
get as far away from them as possible; and assuredly they selected a
lonely if not a weird spot when they selected the Skelligs.” The
Professor gives a long list of places where specimens of these island
monasteries can be found; the best example still existing being that
of Incheleraun in Lough Ree, and commonly called Quaker Island, some
ten miles above Athlone, where six or seven tiny churches just like
those of Clonmacnoise (Woodcut No. 904) or Glendalough (Woodcut No.
902) still perpetuate the name of St. Dermot or St. Diarmaid, the
teacher of St. Kieran, and a Celtic saint and doctor who lived just
after the days of St. Patrick and St. Bridget. The monastic cells at
the Skelligs, which are known as beehive huts, are sometimes square
and sometimes circular in plan, in both cases covered with domical
roofs of stone laid in horizontal courses similar to the Treasury of
Atreus (Woodcut No. 124). In some cases those chambers are so limited
in height and width that it is possible neither to stand upright nor
lie down in them with ease. These beehive huts are apparently the
prototypes of the oratories which, though rectangular in plan, are,
like the Oratory of Gallerus (Woodcut No. 917) and St. Kevin’s
Kitchen, Glendalough (Woodcut No. 902), covered with roofs of stone
all laid in horizontal courses.—ED.

Footnote 125:

‘The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland anterior to the
Anglo-Norman Invasion.’ Dublin, 1845.

Footnote 126:

See Viollet le Duc, ‘Dictionnaire d’Architecture,’ _sub_ “_fanal_.”

Footnote 127:

One of the towers in the East that bears most directly on the history
of these Irish towers is that discovered by Dr. Tristram near Um
Rasas. It is described and figured at page 145 in his work on the
‘Land of Moab;’ but unfortunately the woodcut is taken from the side
that does not represent the doorway with the cross over it so like
that at Antrim (Woodcut No. 907), and elsewhere. Like most of the
Irish examples, it is situated at about 10 ft. from the ground. There
is no other opening to the tower, except one on each face at the top.
It has also the peculiarity that it stands free but close to a small
cell or chapel, as is the case with almost all the Irish towers. The
one point in which it differs from the Irish examples is that its plan
is square instead of being circular. This does not seem so important
as it at first sight may appear, seeing how many circular minarets
were afterwards erected in the East, which must have had a model
somewhere. Practically, therefore, this Moabite tower may be
described, _Hibernicè_, as a square Irish round tower.

Footnote 128:

Compare this with the contemporary tower at Ghazni, in the chapters on
Saracenic Architecture in India in vol. iii.

Footnote 129:

Numerous examples of Byzantine interlaced work of all periods will be
found in Cattaneo’s work ‘On the Influence of Byzantine Art in Italy
from the 5th to the 11th centuries.’

Footnote 130:

So much of the information regarding Spanish architecture which is
contained in the following pages, is derived from Mr. Street’s
beautiful work, entitled ‘Gothic Architecture in Spain,’ published in
1865, that it has not been thought necessary to refer specially to
that work in the text. With one or two exceptions, all the plans are
reduced from those in Mr. Street’s book, and many of the woodcuts are
also his. If any one will take the trouble of comparing the very
meagre account of Spanish architecture contained in the ‘Handbook,’
with what is said in this work, they will at once perceive my
obligations to Mr. Street. His work is a model of its class, and has
quite revolutionised our knowledge of the subject.

Footnote 131:

Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Asturias, p. 78.

Footnote 132:

‘Monumentos Arquitectonicos.’

Footnote 133:

‘Monumentos Arquitectonicos.’

Footnote 134:

Ibid.

Footnote 135:

These external porticoes would be admirably adapted for imitation in
the climate of India.

Footnote 136:

The Spanish arrangement has recently been adopted in Westminster
Abbey, more by accident than design; with an effect as disastrous as
anything in Spain, and apparently as little felt. In monastic churches
the choir is always in a gallery above the west doorway.

Footnote 137:

The Church of St. Eustache at Paris was commenced as late as 1532,
and, although its plan is almost as Gothic as those of the Spanish
examples, the details of the French church are far more essentially
Renaissance throughout.

Footnote 138:

The room called Paranimfo in the University of Alcala (see Woodcut No.
89, History of Modern Architecture, vol. i.) is of precisely similar
design to this, only carried out with Renaissance instead of Moorish
detail.

Footnote 139:

An engraving of this tower is given in Street’s ‘Gothic Architecture
in Spain,’ page 225, accompanied with a very complete enumeration of
all the examples of the style to be found in Toledo.

Footnote 140:

Another example exists at Palma, in the island of Majorca, in which
there are no capitals to the columns, the ribs of the vault dying into
the shaft.

Footnote 141:

These were destroyed by a fire which occurred between thirty and forty
years ago.

Footnote 142:

Abulfeda, ed. Reiske, vol. i. p. 32.

Footnote 143:

‘The History of Jerusalem.’ Besant and Palmer, 1888.

Footnote 144:

‘The Holy Places of Jerusalem,’ by T. Hayter Lewis, F.S.A. Murray,
1889.

Footnote 145:

‘Description of Syria,’ by Mukaddasi. Translated and annotated by
George le Strange for the Palestine Pilgrims’ Society. London, 1886.

Footnote 146:

Mejr ed-Deen. ‘Fundgruben des Orients.’

Footnote 147:

Transactions of the Royal Institution of British Architects, 1878-79.

Footnote 148:

Ante, p. 228, vol. i.

Footnote 149:

I state these dimensions very doubtfully, the ground outside the
present mosque never having been carefully surveyed by any one
competent to restore the original plan.

Footnote 150:

‘History of Jerusalem,’ translated by the Rev. M. Reynolds, p. 409 _et
seqq._

Footnote 151:

Translated by Jaubert, tom. i. p. 303. The particulars of the
description in the text are taken from M. Girault de Prangey
‘Monuments Arabes,’ compared with M. Coste’s ‘Edifices de Caire.’

Footnote 152:

It should be noted that all these arcades run in the direction of the
Kibleh or Mecca wall, and the same principle is observed at Kerouan,
Cordoba, and other mosques built entirely for Mahomedan worship.

Footnote 153:

M. Coste makes all these arches pointed. M. de Prangey states that
they are all circular; the truth being that they are partly one,
partly the other.

Footnote 154:

Since then the arches have been built up, and it was for a time
converted into a hospital. This now (1892) is under the care of the
Commissioner for the preservation of ancient monuments, but is too far
ruined to be long preserved.

Footnote 155:

See Coste’s ‘Edifices de Caire,’ p. 32, quoting from Makrisi.

Footnote 156:

‘The Ancient Coptic Churches,’ by A. J. Butler, Oxford, 1884.

Footnote 157:

The marble wall decoration and the mosaics which are found in later
mosques are of different design and execution from that found in
Byzantine buildings; in fact as Mr. Butler remarks: “this form of art
was borrowed by the Muslim builders, or rather was lent by the Coptic
architects and builders, whom the Muslims employed for the
construction of their mosques.” “Although the Saracens in Syria
borrowed the art from Byzantium and used vitreous enamels for the
decoration of their mosque walls, as well as for inlaying jewelry and
steel armour on a smaller scale, yet the Mahomedans of Egypt never
adopted any but the native or Coptic marble mosaic, partly because its
unpictorial character suited their taste, and partly because they
found, ready made, both art and artists—artists whose names have
perished, but whose skill is still recorded in work of unexampled
splendour which adorns the great Mosques of Cairo.”

Footnote 158:

The mosque cathedrals of Cordoba and Seville and the contemporary
Arabic buildings. Transactions, R.I.B.A., 1882-83.

Footnote 159:

A view of it will be found in vol. ii. ‘History of the Modern Style of
Architecture,’ 1891, p. 314.

Footnote 160:

To get it within the page, the scale of the plan is reduced to 200
French, or 212 English ft. to 1 in.

Footnote 161:

When the great national work, entitled ‘Monumentos Arquitectonicos
d’España,’ is complete, this reproach will be removed, but that
certainly will not be the case for ten or twelve years to come, if it
ever does attain completion. The scale is too large, and the total
want of principle on which it is carried out renders it useless till
it is further advanced. Twenty-three numbers are published, but not
one important building is complete, and, excepting a plan of Toledo,
not one of the larger buildings is even attempted—Cosas d’España.

The above note was written twenty-five years ago and is true now,
except that the twenty-three must be now eighty-nine, where it stopped
nine years ago.

Footnote 162:

Alcazar = el-Kasr, “the Castle.”

Footnote 163:

A perfect copy of this court was reproduced by Mr. Owen Jones at the
Crystal Palace in 1854. Except being slightly curtailed in plan, every
detail and every dimension is identical with the original.

Footnote 164:

Nothing need be said here of La Cuba and La Ziza, and other buildings
in Sicily, which, though usually ascribed to the Saracens, are now
ascertained to have been built by the Normans after their conquest of
the island in the 11th century. They are Saracenic in style, it is
true, and were probably erected by Moslem artists, but so were many
churches and chapels in Spain, as mentioned above; and I am not aware
of any building now extant there which can be safely ascribed to the
time when the island was held by the Moslems, or was then erected by
them for their own purposes. Till that is ascertained, Sicily of
course does not come within the part of our subject which we are now
considering.

Footnote 165:

Plate lxxxii.

Footnote 166:

For the plan and section of this mosque I was indebted to the kindness
of my friend, the late M. C. Texier, who placed his MS. plans at my
disposal for the purpose of being engraved for this work.

Footnote 167:

For the plan of this building I am indebted to the unpublished
drawings of the late M. C. Texier.

Footnote 168:

The steps by which the transformation may have been arrived at,
passing through the traditional method of constructing vaults in
plaster, which is still practised in Persia, were suggested in an
article contributed to the Proceedings of the R. I. B. A., 1888, vol.
iv., new series.

Footnote 169:

Both the plan and view are taken from Baron Texier’s ‘Arménie et la
Perse,’ which gives also several coloured plates of the mosaic
decorations, from which their beauty of detail may be judged, though
not the effect of the whole.

Footnote 170:

The earliest attempt in this direction that I am acquainted with is
the great portal of the palace at Mashita (Woodcut No. 268).

Footnote 171:

Texier, from whose work the illustrations are taken, ascribes the
building to another Khodabendah of the Sufi dynasty, A.D. 1577-85. Our
knowledge, however, of the style is sufficient to show that the
monument must be 200 or 300 years older than that king; and besides,
the Sufis, not being Tartars, would not build tombs anywhere, much
less in Sultanieh, where they never resided.

Footnote 172:

‘Travels,’ vol. i. p. 277.

Footnote 173:

Ker Porter’s ‘Travels,’ vol. i. p. 432 _et seq._ I cannot help
suspecting that there is some mistake about these dimensions—they seem
excessive. The Piazza of St. Mark’s at Venice, which resembles it more
than any other area, is only 560 ft. long, with a mean breadth of
about 250 ft. Probably 1500 feet by 500.

Footnote 174:

‘Views of monuments in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan.’ 25
plates, folio. London, 1844.

Footnote 175:

‘Incidents of Travel in Central America and Yucatan,’ by J. L.
Stephens. 1st and 2nd series, 4 vols. 8vo. Murray, 1841, 1843.

Footnote 176:

The evidence collected by the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, ‘Voyage de
Tehuantepec,’ seems, if it can be depended upon, to confirm this idea.

Footnote 177:

Ausland, 1845, Nos. 165, 168.

Footnote 178:

D’Eichthal, ‘Revue Archæologique,’ vol. x. 1864, p. 188, and following
numbers.

Footnote 179:

Sir Stamford Raffles’s ‘History of Java,’ vol. ii. p. 51.

Footnote 180:

‘Anahuac,’ by Edward B. Tylor, 1861; pp. 188, 194.

Footnote 181:

The plate published by Humboldt, representing one of the bas-reliefs,
is so incorrect as to be absolutely worthless.

Footnote 182:

There is a celebrated bas-relief on the back wall of a small temple at
Palenque, representing a man offering a child to an emblem very like a
Christian cross. It is represented in the first series of the
‘Incidents of Travel,’ vol. ii. p. 344. None of the sculptures have
given rise to such various interpretations; but nothing would surprise
me less than if it turned out to be a native mode of representing a
Christian baptism, and was therefore subsequent to the conquest.

Footnote 183:

Since the first edition of this work was published, a folio work has
appeared in Paris, entitled ‘Les Ruines de Palenque,’ illustrated by
plates, made under the superintendence of M. de Waldeck, with text by
the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg. The text is certainly not to be
trusted. The plates add little to what we learn from Catherwood’s
drawings, and I do not feel sure how far that little is to be depended
upon.

In so far as they go they confirm the idea of the famous cross
bas-relief being of Christian origin.

Footnote 184:

It is only fair to state that Mr. Markham (Journal Roy. Geo. Soc.,
vol. xli. p. 307) denies the Aymara origin of the Tia Huanacu ruins,
and ascribes them to the Incas, and consequently disputes the
distinction pointed out above. The truth seems to be that, until we
get more photographs or detailed drawings, all conclusions regarding
Peruvian architecture must be considered as more or less hypothetical.

Footnote 185:

For the principal part of this information I am indebted to Mr.
William Bollaert and the photographs of the Messrs. Helsby, of
Liverpool, and also to a paper on the Aymara Indians, by Dr. David
Forbes, communicated to the Ethnological Society of London in June
1870.

Transcriber’s Notes

This book often uses inconsistent hyphenation and spelling, particularly with respect to accents. These were left as printed unless the author showed a clear preference for one form.

Some presumed printer’s errors have been corrected, including normalizing punctuation. Page number references and entries in the Table of Contents and in the Index were corrected where errors were found. Several instances of area being given in ft. were changed to sq. ft. and feet to square feet. The marker for footnote 168 was missing and so it's placement was assumed.

Further corrections are listed below with the original text (top) and the corrected text (bottom).

Churches Gelnhausen
Churches at Gelnhausen p. vi

Perigueux
Périgueux p. v

Gloucester Cathderal
Gloucester Cathedral p. xi

Toraccio
Torracio p. 3

content with the knowadge
content with the knowledge p. 55

Moyen Âge
Moyen-Âge Figure 548

painted plass
painted glass p. 70

Le-Puy-en-Vélay
Le-Puy-en-Velay p. 94

diapeared
disapeared p. 145

architectual object
architectural object p. 171

it canot
it cannot p. 196

apparent stabilty
apparent stability p. 226

p. 233 its aspidal gallery
its apsidal gallery

Paul-Trois-Chateaux
Paul-Trois-Châteaux p. 255

Moyen-Age
Moyen-Âge Figure 735

Boisseree
Boisserée Illustration 746.

enthnographic
ethnographic p. 302

gables on east face
gables on the east face p. 324

Duration of Late Pointed Perpendicular corrected from 108 to 156 p.
337

church inexistence
church in existence p. 342

Munster
Münster Footnote 120

better that
better than p. 472

ribs of vault
ribs of the vault Footnote 140

It total length
Its total length p. 509

the slighest attempt
the slightest attempt p. 516

it is dificult to
it is difficult to p. 525

enjoyment if the passing hour
enjoyment of the passing hour p. 554

east coast of America
west coast of America p. 586

buildiugs
buildings p. 589

Woodcut No. 1039
Woodcut No. 1029 p. 603