Chapter VIII: Book VII: Footnote 358

780B; women and children separate, 806E; on its Cretan origin, 625E
ff.

Footnote 359:

846D, 847A, D, 919D, 806E.

Footnote 360:

744B; cf. pp. 55 f. on equality; cf. 757B-D, contrasting the mere
arithmetical equality (τὴν ἀριθμῷ ἴσην), which is easily realized, and
the true equality, which is very difficult. This latter apportions to
each in accord with his nature (πρὸς τὴν φύσιν αὐτῶν). The two are
almost opposites (ἐναντιαῖν). Espinas (_op. cit._, p. 236) thinks that
the division into property classes in the _Laws_ is an attempt to
realize this principle.

Footnote 361:

744B.

Footnote 362:

736C-D, 704.

Footnote 363:

_Op. cit._, p. 143; cf. also pp. 163-65, where he compares it to
modern collectivism; cf. p. 162; also Poehlmann, _op. cit._, II, 295.

Footnote 364:

923A; cf. 877D, and much of the legislation on property, above.

Footnote 365:

Cf. pp. 59 f. and notes. The modern analogy is not close, yet in each
case the aim is to prevent undue gains whereby the public is
oppressed.

Footnote 366:

Cf. p. 30, n. 3.

Footnote 367:

Cf. p. 59 and notes. The socialistic tendency to overemphasize the
power of law is also strong here as in the _Republic_. But cf. p. 36,
n. 4, and _Laws_ 807B, 746A-B, 747B.

Footnote 368:

_Time and Tide_, IX, 5-9. Modern Painters, V, Pt. 8, chap. i, 6 (Vol.
VII, 207). Espinas (_Revue des Etudes Grecques_, XXVII [1914], 246)
calls this Platonic denial of “conflict of interest” in trade “le
thème éternel de la chimère socialiste.”

Footnote 369:

Laws 626E: τὸ πολεμίους εἶναι πάντας πᾶσιν; cited by Poehlmann, _op.
cit._, I, 557; but he exaggerates the analogy.

Footnote 370:

Cf. 742D-E, 743D-E, 729A, and the remarks on retail trade, 918B-919E,
870B; cf. also, above, on wealth.

Footnote 371:

As seen above, they are all slaves or strangers. A direct comparison
is hardly possible, since in the _Republic_, the masses are the
majority of the citizens, while in the _Laws_, there are none.

Footnote 372:

744D; cf. Shorey, _Class. Phil._, IX (1914), 363: “Plato’s object,
however, is not socialistic equalization of the ‘good things’ of life,
but the enforced disinterestedness of the rulers, and the complete
self-realization of every type of man, in limitation to his own proper
sphere and task.”

Footnote 373:

Cf. pp. 55 and 60, on equality; also note 4, above.

Footnote 374:

Francotte (_L’Industrie_, II, 250) suggests that _l’étatisme_,
“nationalism,” would be a more applicable term for the _Laws_. He
distinguishes this from socialism, as being not so thoroughgoing a
limitation of the individual as is the “socialism” of the _Republic_.
Cf. Shorey, _Class. Phil._, IX (1914), 358, on the famous
“communistic” passage in _Laws_ 739C: ὄντως ἐστὶ κοινὰ τὰ φίλων, etc.
He calls it a “rhetorical exaltation of that ideal unity of civic
feeling, which Demosthenes upbraids Aeschines for not sharing.” For
further communistic ideas of Plato, cf. his incomplete romantic story
of Atlantis in the _Critias_. The ideal is similar to that of the
larger works. Cf. Poehlmann, _op. cit._, II, 348 ff.