Chapter XXXIV: Section IV: Crown rufous; body above, olive-green (25)

Dr. Cooper attributes their shyness in certain localities to their being hunted so much by the Indians for their bright feathers. Generally he found them quite tame, so that their interesting habits may be watched without difficulty. He regards them as an exact counterpart of the eastern _auratus_, living largely on insects and ants, which they collect without much trouble, and do not depend upon hard work, like other Woodpeckers, for their food. During the season they also feed largely on berries. Their curved bill is not well adapted for hammering sound wood for insects, and they only dig into decayed trees in search of their food. Like the eastern species, the young of these birds, when their nest is approached, make a curious hissing noise. They may be seen chasing each other round the trunk of trees, as if in sport, uttering, at the same time, loud cries like _whittoo, whittoo, whittoo_. Dr. Kennerly found these birds from the Big Sandy to the Great Colorado, but they were so shy that he could not obtain a specimen. They were seen on the barren hills among the large cacti, in which they nest. Their extreme shyness was fully explained afterwards by finding how closely they are hunted by the Indians for the sake of their feathers, of which head-dresses are made.

Mr. Dresser states that this bird is found as far east as San Antonio, where, however, it is of uncommon occurrence. In December he noticed several near the Nueces River, and in February and March obtained others near Piedras Negras.

Dr. Coues gives it as abundant and resident in Arizona, where it is found in all situations. Its tongue, he states, is capable of protrusion to an extent far beyond that of any other North American Woodpecker.

This bird, in some parts of California, is known as the Yellow-Hammer, a name given in some parts of New England to the _Colaptes auratus_. Mr. C. W. Plass, of Napa City, writes me that this Woodpecker “makes himself too much at home with us to be agreeable. He drills large holes though the weather-boards of the house, and shelters himself at night between them and the inner wall. He does, not nest there, but simply makes of such situations his winter home. We have had to shoot them, for we find it is of no use to shut up one hole, as they will at once make another by its side.”

Mr. J. A. Allen mentions finding this species, in the absence of suitable trees on the Plains, making excavations in sand-banks.

According to Mr. Ridgway, the Red-shafted Flicker does not differ from the Yellow-shafted species of the east in the slightest particular, as regards habits, manners, and notes. It is, however, more shy than the eastern species, probably from the fact that it is pursued by the Indians, who prize its quill and tail-feathers as ornaments with which to adorn their dress.

Their eggs are hardly distinguishable from those of the _auratus_, but range of a very slightly superior size. They average 1.12 inches in length by .89 of an inch in breadth. Their greatest length is 1.15 inches, their least 1.10, and their breadth ranges from .87 to .90.

Colaptes hybridus, BAIRD.

HYBRID FLICKER.

_Colaptes ayresii_, AUD. Birds Am. VII, 1843, 348, pl. ccccxciv.
_Colaptes hybridus_, BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 122. _Colaptes
mexicanus_, MAX. Cab. Jour. 1858, 422 (mixed with _mexicanus_).
_Picas hybridus aurato-mexicanus_, SUNDEVALL, Consp. Pic. 1866,
721.

SP. CHAR. Yellow shafts or feathers on wing and tail combined with red, or red spotted cheek-patches. Orange-red shafts combined with a well-defined nuchal red crescent, and pinkish throat. Ash-colored throat combined with black cheek-patch or yellow shafts. Shafts and feathers intermediate between gamboge-yellow and dark orange-red.

HAB. Upper Missouri and Yellowstone; Black Hills.

The general distribution of _Colaptes mexicanus_, as already indicated, is from the Pacific coast of the United States, eastward to the Black Hills and the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone; that of the _C. auratus_ from the Atlantic Coast to about the eastern limits of _mexicanus_. But little variation is seen in the two species up to the region mentioned; slight differences in shade of color, size, and frequency of spots, etc., being all. Where they come together, however, or overlap, a most remarkable race is seen, in which no two specimens, nay, scarcely the two sides of the same bird, are alike, the characters of the two species becoming mixed up in the most extraordinary manner. Thus, the shafts show every shade from orange-red to pure yellow; yellow shafts combine with red cheek-patch (as in _C. ayresii_ of Audubon); a red nape, with orange-red shafts; cheek-patches red with black feathers intermixed, or _vice versa_; perhaps the feathers red at base and black at tip, or black at base and red at tip, etc. As the subject has been presented in sufficient detail in the Birds of North America, as quoted above, it need not be repeated here, except to say that collections received since 1858 only substantiate what has there been stated.

To the race thus noted, the name _hybridus_ was given, not as of a variety, since it is not entitled to this rank, but as of a heterogeneous mixture, caused by the breeding together of two different species, and requiring some appellation. Whether the presumed hybrids are fertile, and breed with each other or with full-blooded parents, has not yet been ascertained; perhaps not, since the area in which they occur is limited, and it is only occasionally that individuals of the kind referred to have been found beyond the bounds mentioned. It is very rarely, however, that pure breeds occur in the district of _hybridus_, a taint being generally appreciable in all.

The conditions in the present instance appear different from those adverted to under the head of _Picus villosus_, where the question is not one of hybridism between two strongly marked and distinct species, but of the gradual change, between the Atlantic and the Pacific, from one pattern of coloration to another.

Colaptes chrysoides, MALH.

THE CAPE FLICKER.

_Geopicus chrysoides_, MALH. Rev. et Mag. Zoöl. IV, 1852, 553.—IB.
Mon. Pic. II, 261, tab. 109. _Colaptes chrysoides_, BAIRD,
Birds N. Am. 1858, 125.—ELLIOT, Ill. Birds N. Am. VI,
plate.—COOPER, Pr. Cal. Ac. 1861, 122 (Fort Mohave).—COUES,
Pr. A. N. Sc. 1866, 56 (Arizona).—SCL. Cat. 1862,
344.—ELLIOT, Illust. Am. B. I, pl. xxvi.—_Cooper_, Orn. Cal.
I, 1870, 410. _Picus chrysoides_, SUNDEVALL, Consp. 72.

SP. CHAR. Markings generally as in other species. Top of head rufous-brown; chin, throat, and sides of head ash-gray. Shafts of quills and tail-feathers, with their under surfaces in great part, gamboge-yellow; no nuchal red. Malar patch of male red; wanting in the female. Length, 11.50; wing, 5.75; tail, 4.50.

HAB. Colorado and Gila River, north to Fort Mohave, south to Cape St. Lucas. Localities: Fort Mohave (COOPER, Pr. Cal. Ac. 1861, 122); W. Arizona (COUES, P. A. N. S. 1866, 56).

This interesting species is intermediate between _auratus_ and _mexicanus_ in having the yellow shafts and quills of the former; a red malar patch, an ashy throat, and no nuchal crescent, as in the latter. To _mexicanoides_ the relationship is still closer, since both have the rufous-brown head above. A hybrid between this last species and _auratus_ would in some varieties come very near _chrysoides_, but as it does not belong to the region of _chrysoides_, and there is no transition from one species to the other in any specimens, as in _hybridus_, there is no occasion to take this view of the species.

Cape St. Lucas specimens, where the species is exceedingly abundant, are considerably smaller than those from Arizona, and appear to be more strongly marked with black above and below; otherwise there seems to be no difference of special importance.

As neither _C. auratus_ nor _mexicanus_ has the top of the head rufous-brown, (though slightly indicated anteriorly in the latter), this character has not been noted in the hybrids between the two (_hybridus_), and its presence in _chrysoides_ will serve to distinguish it from _hybridus_.

HABITS. This comparatively new form of Woodpecker was first described in 1852 by Malherbe, from a California specimen in the Paris Museum, which had been at first supposed to be a female or immature _ayresii_. What Dr. Cooper thinks may have been this species was met with by Dr. Heermann among the mountains bordering upon the Cosumnes River, in California, where it was rare, and only two specimens were taken. In February, 1861, other specimens of this bird were taken at Fort Mohave by Dr. Cooper. They were feeding on larvæ and insects among the poplar-trees, and were very shy and wary. The bird is supposed to winter in the Colorado Valley, and wherever found has been met with in valleys, and not on mountains. It is an abundant and characteristic member of the Cape St. Lucas fauna.

According to Dr. Cooper these birds were already mated at Fort Mohave after February 20. They had the same habits, flight, and cries as the _C. mexicanus_. They appeared to be migratory, having come from the south.

Mr. Xantus, in his brief notes on the birds of Cape St. Lucas, makes mention of finding this bird breeding, May 19, in a dead _Cereus giganteus_. The nest was a large cavity about fifteen feet from the ground, and contained only one egg. The parent bird was also secured. In another instance two eggs were found in a _Cereus giganteus_, at the distance of forty feet from the ground. The eggs were not noticeably different from those of the common _Colaptes mexicanus_.

FAMILY PSITTACIDÆ.—THE PARROTS.

CHAR. Bill greatly hooked; the maxilla movable and with a cere at the base. Nostrils in the base of the bill. Feet scansorial, covered with granulated scales.

The above diagnosis characterizes briefly a family of the _Zygodactyli_ having representatives throughout the greater part of the world, except Europe, and embracing about three hundred and fifty species, according to the late enumeration of Finsch,[136] of which one hundred and forty-two, or nearly one half, are American (seventy Brazilian alone). The subfamilies are as follows:—

I. Stringopinæ. Appearance owl-like; face somewhat veiled
or with a facial disk, as in the Owls.

II. Plyctolophinæ. Head with an erectile crest, of
variable shape.

III. Sittacinæ. Head plain. Tail long, or lengthened,
wedge-shaped or graduated.

IV. Psittacinæ. Head plain. Tail short or moderate,
straight or rounded.

V. Trichoglossinæ. Tip of tongue papillose. Bill
compressed; tip of maxilla internally smooth, not crenate;
gonys obliquely ascending.

Of these, Nos. III and IV alone are represented in the New World, and only the _Sittacinæ_ occur in the United States, with one species.

[136] Die Papageien. Monographisch bearbeitet von Otto
Finsch. 2 vols. Leiden, 1867, 1868.

SUBFAMILY SITTACINÆ.

The lengthened cuneate tail, as already stated, distinguishes this group from the American _Psittacinæ_ with short, square, or rounded tail. The genera are distinguished as follows:—

Sittace. Culmen flattened. Face naked, except in _S.
pachyrhyncha_. Tail as long as or longer than wings.

Conurus. Culmen rounded. Face entirely feathered, except a
curve around the eye. Tail shorter than wings.

Of the genus _Sittace_, which embraces eighteen species, two come sufficiently near to the southern borders of the United States to render it not impossible that they may yet be found to cross the border. Of one of these, indeed, (_S. pachyrhyncha_,) there is a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, presented by J. W. Audubon as shot on the Rio Grande of Texas; and another (_S. militaris_) is common at Mazatlan, and perhaps even at Guaymas. There is considerable reason for doubt as to the authenticity of the alleged locality of the _S. pachyrhyncha_, but for the purpose of identification, should either species present itself, we give diagnoses in the accompanying foot-note.[137]

[137]
A. Tail longer than the wings; lores and cheeks naked; the
latter with narrow lines of small feathers.

S. militaris. Green; forehead red; posterior portion of
back, upper and under tail-coverts with quills and tip of
tail, sky-blue; under side of tail dirty orange-yellow.
Wing, 14.00; middle tail-feathers, 15.00; tarsus, 1.08.
_Hab._ Northwestern Mexico to Bolivia.

Synonymy: _Psittacus militaris_, LINN. S. N. 1767, 139.
_Sittace militaris_, FINSCH, Die Papageien, I, 1867,
396.

B. Tail about equal to the wings; lores and cheeks
feathered.

S. pachyrhyncha. Green; the forehead, edge of wings, and
the tibiæ red; greater under wing-coverts yellow. Wing,
8.00 to 10.00; middle tail-feather, 6.50. _Hab._ Southern
Mexico (Jalapa and Angangueo), given probably erroneously
from the Rio Grande of Texas. Synonymy: _Macrocercus
pachyrhynchus_, SW. Syn. Birds Mex. in Philos. Mag. I,
1827, 439, No. 79. _Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha_, BON.
Tableau des Perroquets, Rev. et Mag. de Zoöl. 1854, 149.
_Sittace pachyrhyncha_, FINSCH, Die Papageien, I, 1867,
428. _Psittacus pascha_, WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 524.
_Psittacus strenuus_, LICHT. Preis-Verzeichiss, 1830.

GENUS CONURUS, KUHL.

_Conurus_, KUHL, Consp. Psittac. 4, 1830.—IB. Nova Acta K. L.
C. Acad. X, 1830.

GEN. CHAR. Tail long, conical, and pointed; bill stout; cheeks feathered, but in some species leaving a naked ring round the eye; cere feathered to the base of the bill.

[Line drawing: _Conurus carolinensis._
1228]

The preceding diagnosis, though not very full, will serve to indicate the essential characteristics of the genus among the Middle American forms with long pointed tails, the most prominent feature consisting in the densely feathered, not naked, cheeks. But one species belongs to the United States, though three others are found in Mexico, and many more in South and Central America. A few species occur in the West Indies.

Conurus carolinensis, KUHL.

PARAKEET; CAROLINA PARROT; ILLINOIS PARROT.

_Psittaca carolinensis_, BRISSON, Ornith. II, 1762, 138. _Psittacus
carolinensis_, LINN. Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 97; 1766, 141 (nec
SCOPOLI).—WILSON, Am. Orn. III, 1811, 89, pl. xxvi, fig.
1.—AUD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 135, pl. xxvi. _Conurus
carolinensis_, KUHL, Nova Acta K. L. C. 1830.—BON. List,
1838.—PR. MAX. Cabanis Journ. für Orn. V, March, 1857,
97.—BAIRD, Birds N. Am. 1858, 57.—FINSCH, Papagei. I, 1857,
478.—SCL. Cat. 1862, 347.—ALLEN, B. E. Fla. 308. _Centurus
carolinensis_, AUD. Syn. 1839, 189.—IB. Birds Am. IV, 1842,
306, pl. cclxxviii. _Psittacus ludovicianus_, GM. Syst. I,
1788, 347. _Psittacus thalassinus_, VIEILL. Ency. Meth. 1377.
_Conurus ludovicianus_, GRAY. Catal. Br. Mus. Psittac. 1859, 36
(makes distinct species from _carolinensis_). _Carolina
parrot_, CATESBY, Car. I, tab. xi.—LATHAM, Syn. I,
227.—PENNANT, II, 242. _Orange-headed parrot_, LATHAM, Syn. I,
304.

[Line drawing: _Conurus carolinensis._
1228]

SP. CHAR. Head and neck all round gamboge-yellow; the forehead, from above the eyes, with the sides of the head, pale brick-red. Body generally with tail green, with a yellowish tinge beneath. Outer webs of primaries bluish-green, yellow at the base; secondary coverts edged with yellowish. Edge of wing yellow, tinged with red; tibiæ yellow. Bill white. Legs flesh-color. Length, about 13.00; wing, 7.50; tail, 7.10. Young with head and neck green. Female with head and neck green; the forehead, lores, and suffusion round the eyes, dark red, and without the yellow of tibiæ and edge of wing. Size considerably less.

HAB. Southern and Southwestern States and Mississippi Valley; north to the Great Lakes and Wisconsin.

This species was once very abundant in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, being known throughout the Southern States, and the entire valley of the Mississippi, north to the Great Lakes. Stragglers even penetrated to Pennsylvania, and one case of their reaching Albany, N. Y., is on record. Now, however, they are greatly restricted. In Florida they are yet abundant, but, according to Dr. Coues, they are scarcely entitled to a place in the fauna of South Carolina. In Western Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory, they are still found in considerable numbers, straggling over the adjacent States, but now seldom go north of the mouth of the Ohio. We have seen no note of their occurrence south of the United States, and in view of their very limited area and rapid diminution in numbers, there is little doubt but that their total extinction is only a matter of years, perhaps to be consummated within the lifetime of persons now living. It is a question whether both sexes are similarly colored, as in most American Parrots, or whether the female, as just stated, lacks the yellow of the head. Several female birds killed in Florida in March agree in the characters indicated above for that sex; but the material at our command is not sufficient to decide whether all females are similarly marked, or whether the plumage described is that of the bird of the second year generally. There is no trace whatever of yellow on the head.

HABITS. In determining the geographical distribution of the Carolina Parrot, a distinction should be made between its accidental occurrence and its usual and habitual residence. Strictly speaking, this species, though of roving habits, is not migratory. Its movements are irregular, and dependent upon the abundance or the scarcity of its food. Where it breeds, it is usually a permanent resident. An exceptional visit to a place cannot be taken as certain evidence that it will reappear in that locality.

When Wilson wrote, it inhabited the interior of Louisiana and the country lying upon the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and their tributary waters, even beyond the Illinois River, to the neighborhood of Lake Michigan, in latitude 42° north. The same writer insisted that, contrary to the generally received opinion, it was at that time resident in all those places. Eastward of the great range of the Alleghanies it has been very seldom seen north of the State of Maryland, though straggling parties have been occasionally observed among the valleys of the Juniata. Barton states that a very large flock of these birds was observed in January, 1780, about twenty-five miles northwest of Albany.

The occurrence of this species in midwinter so far to the north, and its constant residence west of the Alleghanies throughout the year in colder regions, justify the conclusion of its being a very hardy bird. In evidence of this, Wilson mentions the fact of his having seen a number of them, in the month of February, on the banks of the Ohio, in a snow-storm, flying about like Pigeons, and in full cry.

The very evident preference which the Carolina Parakeet evinces for western localities, though in the same parallel of latitude with those east of the Alleghanies, which it rarely or never visits, is attributed by the same attentive observer to certain peculiar features of the country to which it is particularly and strongly attached. These are the low, rich alluvial bottoms along the borders of creeks, covered with a gigantic growth of buttonwood, deep and impenetrable swamps of the cypress, and those peculiar salines—or, as they are called, salt-licks—so frequent throughout that region, all of which are regularly visited by the Parakeets. The great abundance of the seeds of the cockle-bur (_Xanthium strumarium_) is also given as a still greater inducement for their frequenting the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi, where these plants are found in the greatest abundance. The seeds of the cypress-trees are another powerful attraction, while the abundance of the mast of the beech, on which it feeds freely, may explain their occasional visits to more northern regions, and even to places where they were before unknown.

In descending the Ohio in the month of February, Wilson met the first flock of Parakeets at the mouth of the Little Scioto. He was informed by an old inhabitant of Marietta that they were sometimes, though rarely, seen there. He afterwards observed flocks of them at the mouth of the Great and Little Miami, and in the neighborhood of the numerous creeks which discharge themselves into the Ohio. At Big Bone Lick, near the mouth of the Kentucky River, he met them in great numbers. They came screaming through the woods, about an hour after sunrise, to drink the salt water, of which, he says, they are remarkably fond.

Audubon, writing in 1842, speaks of the Parakeets as then very rapidly diminishing in number. In some regions where twenty-five years before they had been very plentiful, at that time scarcely any were to be seen. At one period, he adds, they could be procured as far up the tributary water of the Ohio as the Great Kanawha, the Scioto, the head of the Miami, the mouth of the Maumee at its junction with Lake Erie, and sometimes as far northeast as Lake Ontario. At the time of his writing very few were to be found higher than Cincinnati, and he estimated that along the Mississippi there was not half the number that had existed there fifteen years before.

According to Nuttall, this species constantly inhabits and breeds in the Southern States, and is so hardy as to make its appearance commonly, in the depth of winter, along the wooded banks of the Ohio, the interior of Alabama, and the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri, around St. Louis, and other places, when nearly all the other birds have migrated.

Its present habitat seems to be the Southern and Southwestern States, as far west as the Missouri. They occur high up that river, although none were seen or collected much farther west than its banks. In the enumeration of the localities from which the specimens in the Smithsonian collection were derived, Florida, Cairo, Ill., Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Riley, Kansas, Nebraska, and Bald Island, Missouri River, and Michigan are given.

In regard to the manner of nesting, breeding-habits, number of eggs in a nest, and the localities in which it breeds, I know nothing from my own personal observations, nor are writers generally better informed, with the single exception of Mr. Audubon. Wilson states that all his informants agreed that these birds breed in hollow trees. Several affirmed to him that they had seen their nests. Some described these as made with the use of no additional materials, others spoke of their employing certain substances to line the hollows they occupied. Some represented the eggs as white, others as speckled. One man assured him that in the hollow of a large beech-tree, which he had cut down, he found the broken fragments of upwards of twenty Parakeet’s eggs, which he described as of a greenish-yellow color. He described the nest as formed of small twigs glued to each other and to the side of the tree in the manner of the Chimney-Swallow! From all these contradictory accounts Wilson was only able to gather, with certainty, that they build in companies and in hollow trees. The numerous dissections which he made in the months of March, April, May, and June led him to infer that they commence incubation late in spring or very early in summer.

Mr. Audubon, who speaks from his own observations, describes their nests, or the places in which they deposit their eggs, as simply the bottom of such cavities in trees as those to which they usually retire at night. Many females, he thinks, deposit their eggs together; and he expresses the opinion that the number of eggs which each individual lays is two, although he was not able absolutely to assure himself of this. He describes them as nearly round, and of a light greenish-white. An egg of this species from Louisiana is of a rounded oval shape, equally obtuse at either end, and of a uniform dull-white color. It measures 1.40 by 1.10 inches.

INDEX TO PLATES OF LAND BIRDS.

Ægiothus brewsteri, I. 501, pl. 22, fig. 6
exilipes, ♂ “ 498, “ “ 2
fuscescens, ♂ “ 493, “ “ 3
“ “ “ “ “ 5
Agelaius gubernator (_shoulder_), ♂ II. pl. 33, “ 4
gubernator, ♀ “ 163, “ “ 8
phœniceus, ♂ “ 159, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
“ (_shoulder_), ♂ “ “ “ “ 3
tricolor (_shoulder_), ♂ “ 165, “ “ 5
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 6
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 7
Alauda arvensis, “ 136, pl. 32, “ 3
Ammodromus caudacutus, I. 557, pl. 25, “ 7
maritimus, “ 560, “ “ 8
Ampelis cedrorum, ♂ “ 401, pl. 18, “ 2
garrulus, ♂ “ 396, “ “ 1
Antenor unicinctus, III. 250.
Anthus ludovicianus, I. 171, pl. 10, “ 3
pratensis, “ 173, “ “ 4
Antrostomus carolinensis, ♂ II. 410, pl. 46, “ 1
nuttalli, ♂ “ 417, “ “ 3
vociferus, ♂ “ 413, “ “ 2
Aquila canadensis, III. 314.
Archibuteo ferrugineus, “ 300.
sancti-johannis, “ 304.
Astur atricapillus, “ 237.
Asturina plagiata, “ 246.
Atthis heloisa, ♂ II. 465, pl. 47, “ 6
Auriparus flaviceps, I. pl. 7, “ 11

Bonasa sabinei, III. 454.
umbelloides, “ 453, pl. 61, “ 10
umbellus, “ 448, “ “ 3
“ “ “ “ “ 9
Bubo arcticus, “ 64.
pacificus, “ 65.
virginianus, “ 62.
Budytes flava, I. 167, pl. 10, “ 2
Buteo borealis, III. 281.
calurus, “ 286.
cooperi, “ 295.
elegans, “ 277.
harlani, “ 292.
krideri, “ 284.
lineatus, “ 275.
lucasanus, “ 285.
oxypterus, “ 266.
pennsylvanicus, “ 259.
swainsoni, “ 263.
zonocercus, “ 272.

Calamospiza bicolor, ♂ II. 61, pl. 29, “ 2
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 3
Callipepla squamata, ♂ III. 487, pl. 63, “ 6
Calypte anna, ♂ II. 454, pl. 47, “ 7
costæ, ♂ “ 457, “ “ 8
Campephilus principalis, ♂ “ 496, pl. 49, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
Campylorhynchus affinis, I. 133, pl. 8, “ 6
brunneicapillus, “ 132, “ “ 5
Canace canadensis, III. 416, pl. 61, “ 5
“ ♀ “ “ pl. 59, “ 6
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 5
franklini, ♂ “ 419, “ “ 3
fuliginosus, “ 495.
obscurus, ♂ “ 422, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
richardsoni, ♂ “ 427, “ “ 4
Cardinalis coccineus, ♂ II. pl. 30, “ 8
igneus, ♂ “ 103, “ “ 0
phœniceus, “ “ “ “ 9
virginianus, ♀ “ 100, “ “ 6
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 7
Carpodacus californicus, ♂ I. 465, pl. 21, “ 10
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 11
cassini, ♂ “ 460, “ “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
frontalis, ♂ “ 465, “ “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6
hœmorrhous, ♂ “ “ “ “ 12
rhodocolpus, ♂ “ 468, “ “ 9
purpureus, ♂ “ 462, “ “ 7
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 8
Catharista atrata, III. 351.
Catherpes mexicanus, I. 139, pl. 8, “ 4
Centrocercus urophasianus, ♂ III. pl. 60, “ 2
“ ♂ “ “ “ 4
“ “ 429, pl. 61, “ 6
Centronyx bairdi, I. 531, pl. 25, “ 3
Centurus aurifrons, ♂ II. 557, pl. 52, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6
carolinus, ♂ “ 554, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
uropygialis, ♂ “ 558, “ “ 2
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
Certhia americana, I. 125, pl. 8, “ 11
mexicana, “ 128.
Certhiola bahamensis, ♂ “ 428, pl. 19, “ 5
Ceryle alcyon, ♂ II. 392, pl. 45, “ 6
cabanisi, ♂ “ 396, “ “ 9
Chætura pelagica, ♂ “ 432, pl. 45, “ 7
vauxi, ♀ “ 435, “ “ 8
Chamæa fasciata, I. 84, pl. 6, “ 8
Chamæpelia passerina, ♂ III. 389, pl. 58, “ 6
Chondestes grammaca, ♂ II. 562, pl. 31, “ 1
Chordeiles henryi, ♂ “ 404, pl. 46, “ 4
popetue, “ 407.
texensis, ♂ “ 406, “ “ 5
Chrysomitris lawrenci, ♂ I. 478, pl. 22, “ 14
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 15
arizonæ, ♂ “ 476, “ “ 11
mexicana, “ “ “ 12
“ ♀ “ “ “ 13
pinus, ♂ “ 480, “ “ 16
psaltria, ♂ “ 474, “ “ 9
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 10
tristis (_summer_), ♂ “ 471, “ “ 7
“ (_winter_), ♂ “ “ “ “ 8
Cinclus mexicanus, “ 56, pl. 5, “ 1
Circus hudsonius, III. 214.
Cistothorus palustris, I. 161, pl. 9, “ 6
stellaris, “ “ “ “ 7
Coccygus americanus, ♂ II. 477, pl. 48, “ 3
erythrophthalmus, “ 484, “ “ 5
minor, “ 482, “ “ 4
Colaptes auratus, ♂ “ 575, pl. 55, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
chrysoides, ♂ “ 583, pl. 54, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
hybridus, ♂ “ 582, “ “ 3
mexicanus, ♂ “ 578, pl. 55, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
Collurio borealis, ♂ I. 415, pl. 19, “ 1
“ (_Juv._) “ “ “ “ 2
excubitoroides, ♂ “ 421, “ “ 3
ludovicianus, ♂ “ 418, “ “ 4
robustus, “ 420.
Columba fasciata, ♂ II. 360, pl. 57, “ 2
flavirostris, ♂ “ 366, “ “ 3
leucocephala, ♂ “ 363, “ “ 4
Contopus borealis, ♂ “ 353, pl. 44, “ 1
pertinax, ♂ “ 356, “ “ 2
richardsonii, ♂ “ 360, “ “ 4
vireus, ♂ “ 357, “ “ 3
Conurus carolinensis, (_Ad._) “ 587, pl. 56, “ 1
“ (_Juv._) “ “ “ “ 2
Corvus americanus, ♂ “ 243, pl. 37, “ 5
carnivorus, ♀ “ 234, “ “ 6
caurinus, ♂ “ 248, “ “ 3
cryptoleucus, “ 242, “ “ 8
floridanus, “ 247, “ “ 9
mexicanus, ♂ “ 233, “ “ 4
ossifragus, “ 251, “ “ 7
Coturniculus henslowi, ♀ I. 553, pl. 25, “ 5
leconti, ♀ “ 552, “ “ 6
ochrocephalus, II. pl. 46, “ 6
passerinus, I. 553, pl. 25, “ 4
perpallidus, “ 556.
Cotyle riparia, ♂ “ 353, pl. 16, “ 14
Crotophaga ani, ♀ II. 488, pl. 48, “ 2
Cupidonia cupido, III. 440, pl. 61, “ 1
“ “ “ “ “ 7
pallidicincta, “ 446.
Cyanocitta arizonæ, II. 292, pl. 41, “ 2
californica, ♂ “ 288, pl. 40, “ 1
couchi, “ 293.
floridana, ♂ “ 285, “ “ 4
sordida, “ 292, pl. 41, “ 1
sumichrasti, ♂ “ pl. 40, “ 2
woodhousei, ♂ “ 291, “ “ 3
Cyanospiza amœna, ♂ “ 84, pl. 29, “ 11
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 12
ciris, ♂ “ 87, “ “ 7
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 8
cyanea, ♂ “ 82, “ “ 13
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 14
parellina, ♂ “ “ “ 6
versicolor, ♂ “ 86, “ “ 9
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 10
Cyanura coronata, ♂ “ pl. 39, “ 4
cristata, ♂ “ 273, pl. 42, “ 3
frontalis, ♂ “ 279, pl. 39, “ 2
macrolopha, ♂ “ 281, “ “ 3
stelleri, ♂ “ 277, “ “ 1
Cyrtonyx massena, III. 492, pl. 61, “ 2
“ ♂ “ “ pl. 64, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6

Dendroica æstiva, I. 222, pl. 14, “ 1
albilora, ♂ “ 240, “ “ 7
auduboni, “ 229, pl. 13, “ 1
blackburniæ, ♂ “ 237, “ “ 2
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 3
cærulea, ♂ “ 235, “ “ 10
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 11
cærulescens, ♂ “ 254, pl. 12, “ 10
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 11
castanea, ♂ “ 251, pl. 13, “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
chrysopareia, ♂ “ 260, pl. 12, “ 6
coronata, ♂ “ 227, “ “ 9
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 12
discolor, ♂ “ 276, pl. 14, “ 9
dominica, ♂ “ 240, “ “ 5
graciæ, ♂ “ 243, “ “ 10
kirtlandi, ♂ “ 272, “ “ 5
maculosa, ♂ “ 232, “ “ 2
montana, “ 271, “ “ 3
nigrescens, ♂ “ 258, pl. 12, “ 8
occidentalis, ♂ “ 266, “ “ 5
olivacea, ♂ “ pl. 14, “ 4
palmarum, ♂ “ 273, “ “ 8
pennsylvanica, ♂ “ 245, pl. 13, “ 7
“ (_Juv._) ♂ “ “ “ “ 8
pinus, ♂ “ 268, “ “ 6
striata, ♂ “ 248, “ “ 9
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 12
townsendi, ♂ “ 265, pl. 12, “ 7
virens, ♂ “ 261, “ “ 4
Dolichonyx orizyvorus, ♂ II. 149, pl. 32, “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5

Ectopistes migratoria, ♂ “ 368, pl. 57, “ 5
Elanus leucurus, III. 198.
Embernagra rufivirgata, II. 47, pl. 28, “ 3
Empidonax acadicus, ♂ “ 374, pl. 44, “ 11
difficilis, “ 380.
flaviventris, ♂ “ 378, “ “ 12
hammondii, ♂ “ 383, “ “ 7
minimus, ♂ “ 372, “ “ 10
obscurus, ♂ “ 381, “ “ 6
pusillus, ♂ “ 366, “ “ 9
traillii, ♂ “ 369, “ “ 8
Eremophila cornuta, ♂ “ 141, pl. 32, “ 1
“ (_Juv._) “ “ “ “ 2
Euspiza americana, ♂ “ 65, pl. 28, “ 11
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 12
townsendi, ♀ “ 68, “ “ 13

Falco anatum, III. 132.
candicans, “ 111.
columbarius, “ 144.
femoralis, “ 155.
isabellinus, “ 171.
islandicus, “ 113.
labradora, “ 117.
pealei, “ 137.
polyagrus, “ 123.
richardsoni, “ 148.
sacer, “ 115.
sparverius, “ 169.
suckleyi, “ 147.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis, I. 52, pl. 3, “ 5
Geococcyx californianus, ♂ II. 492, pl. 48, “ 1
Geothlypis macgillivrayi, ♂ I. 303, pl. 15, “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
philadelphia, ♂ “ 301, “ “ 6
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 9
trichas, ♂ “ 297, “ “ 7
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 8
Glaucidium californicum, III. 81.
ferrugineum, “ 85.
Guiraca cærulea, ♂ II. 77, pl. 29, “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
Gymnokitta cyanocephala, ♂ “ 260, pl. 38, “ 2

Haliaëtus albicilla, III. 324.
leucocephalus, “ 326.
Harporhynchus cinereus, I. 40, pl. 4, “ 2
crissalis, “ 47, “ “ 1
curvirostris, “ 41, pl. 3, “ 3
lecontei, “ 44, pl. 4, “ 3
longirostris, “ 39, pl. 3, “ 2
palmeri, “ 43.
redivivus, “ 45, pl. 4, “ 4
rufus, “ 37, pl. 3, “ 1
Hedymeles ludovicianus, ♂ II. 70, pl. 30, “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
melanocephalus, ♂ “ 73, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
Heliopædica xantusi, ♂ “ 467, pl. 47, “ 3
Helminthophaga bachmani, ♂ I. 194, pl. 11, “ 3
celata (_var._ Cape Lucas), “ 204, “ “ 4
“ (_var._ Florida), “ “ “ 6
“ (_var._ Rocky Mts.), I. 202, “ “ 5
chrysoptera, ♂ “ 192, “ “ 2
luciæ, “ 200, “ “ 9
peregrina (_in spring_), “ 205, “ “ 10
“ (_in autumn_), “ “ “ “ 11
pinus, ♂ “ 195, “ “ 1
ruficapilla, “ 196, “ “ 7
“ (_var._ Calif.), “ “ “ 8
virginiæ, “ 199, “ “ 12
Helmitherus swainsoni, “ 190, pl. 10, “ 9
vermivorus, “ 187, “ “ 10
Hesperiphona montana, “ 449, pl. 22, “ 4
vespertina, ♂ “ “ “ “ 1
Hirundo horreorum, ♂ “ 339, pl. 16, “ 9
Hylotomus pileatus, ♀ II. 550, pl. 56, “ 4
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 5

Icteria longicauda, I. 309.
virens, ♂ “ 307, pl. 15, “ 12
Icterus auduboni, ♂ II. 186, pl. 35, “ 1
baltimore, ♂ “ 195, “ “ 5
bullocki, ♂ “ 199, pl. 34, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 7
cucullatus, ♂ “ 193, pl. 35, “ 6
parisorum, ♂ “ 188, “ “ 7
spurius, ♂ “ 190, pl. 34, “ 4
“ (_Juv._) ♂ “ “ “ “ 5
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6
wagleri, ♂ “ pl. 35, “ 2
Ictinia mississippiensis, III. 203.

Junco aikeni, ♂ I. 584, pl. 26, “ 6
caniceps, ♂ “ 587, “ “ 3
hyemalis, ♂ “ 580, “ “ 5
oregonus, ♂ “ 584, “ “ 2

Lagopus albus, III. 457, pl. 61, “ 8
“ (_summer_), ♂ “ “ pl. 62, “ 1
“ (_winter_), ♂ “ “ “ “ 3
“ (_summer_), ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
leucurus (_summer_), ♂ “ 464, “ “ 6
rupestris (_winter_), ♂ “ 462, “ “ 4
“ (_summer_), ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
Lanivireo cassini, ♂ I. 376, pl. 17, “ 9
flavifrons, ♂ “ 379, “ “ 5
plumbea, ♂ “ 377, “ “ 10
solitaria, ♂ “ 373, “ “ 8
Leucosticte arctous, “ pl. 23, “ 10
australis, “ “ “ 9
campestris, “ 507, “ “ 7
griseinucha, ♂ “ 508, “ “ 5
littoralis, “ 507, “ “ 6
tephrocotis, “ 504, “ “ 8
Lophophanes atricristatus, “ 90, pl. 6, “ 2
bicolor, “ 87, “ “ 1
inornatus, “ 91, “ “ 3
wollweberi, “ 93, “ “ 4
Lophortyx californicus, III. 479, pl. 61, “ 4
“ ♂ “ “ pl. 64, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
gambeli, ♂ “ 482, “ “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
Loxia americana, ♂ I. 484, pl. 23, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
leucoptera, ♂ “ 488, “ “ 2
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 3
mexicana, “ “

Melanerpes angustifrons, ♂ II. 573, pl. 53, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
erythrocephalus, ♂ “ 564, pl. 54, “ 4
formicivorus, ♂ “ 566, pl. 53, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
torquatus, ♂ “ 561, pl. 54, “ 5
Meleagris gallopavo, III. 404.
mexicana, “ 410.
Melopeleia leucoptera, ♂ “ 376, pl. 58, “ 4
Melospiza fallax, ♀ II. 22, pl. 27, “ 10
guttata, “ 27, “ “ 12
heermanni, ♂ “ 24, “ “ 9
insignis, “ 30, “ “ 8
lincolni, “ 31, “ “ 13
melodia, “ 19, “ “ 6
palustris, ♂ “ 34, pl. 28, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
rufina, “ 29, pl. 27, “ 11
samuelis, “ 26, “ “ 7
Micrathene whitneyi, III. 87.
Milvulus forficatus, ♂ II. 311, pl. 43, “ 1
tyrannus, “ 309.
Mimus polyglottus, I. 49, pl. 3, “ 4
Mitrephorus pallescens, ♂ II. 386, pl. 44, “ 13
Mniotilta varia, ♂ I. 180, pl. 10, “ 6
Molothrus pecoris, ♀ II. 154, pl. 32, “ 6
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 7
obscurus, ♂ “ “ “ 8
Motacilla alba, I. 165, pl. 10, “ 1
Myiadestes townsendi, ♂ “ 409, pl. 18, “ 5
“ (_Juv._) “ “ “ “ 6
Myiarchus cinerascens, ♂ II. 337, pl. 43, “ 8
crinitus, ♂ “ “ “ 7
lawrencii, ♂ “ “ “ 9
Myiodioctes canadensis, ♂ I. 320, pl. 16, “ 6
minutus, “ 316, “ “ 2
mitratus, ♂ “ 314, pl. 15, “ 10
“ ♀ “ “ “ 11
pileolatus, “ 319.
pusillus, ♂ “ 317, pl. 16, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
Nauclerus forficatus, III. 192.
Neocorys spraguei, ♀ I. 175, pl. 10, “ 5
Nephœcetes niger, ♀ II. 429, pl. 45, “ 4
Nisus cooperi, III. 230.
fuscus, “ 224.
mexicanus, “ 231.
Nyctale richardsoni, “ 40.
acadica, “ 43.
Nyctea scandiaca, “ 70.

Onychotes gruberi, “ 254.
Oporornis agilis, ♂ I. 290, pl. 15, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
formosa, ♂ “ 293, “ “ 3
Oreopeleia martinica, ♂ III. 393, pl. 58, “ 1
Oreortyx pictus, ♂ “ 475, pl. 63, “ 5
Oreoscoptes montanus, I. 32, pl. 3, “ 6
Ortalida macalli, II. 398, pl. 57, “ 1
Ortyx texanus, ♀ III. 474, pl. 63, “ 4
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 3
virginianus, ♂ “ 468, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
Otus brachyotus, “ 22.
wilsonianus, “ 18.

Pandion carolinensis, “ 184.
Panyptila melanoleuca, ♂ II. 424, pl. 45, “ 5
Parula americana, ♂ I. 208, pl. 10, “ 7
Parus atricapillus, “ 96, pl. 7, “ 1
carolinensis, “ 102, “ “ 4
hudsonicus, “ 105, “ “ 7
montanus, “ 95, “ “ 5
occidentalis, “ 101, “ “ 3
rufescens, “ 104, “ “ 6
septentrionalis, “ 99, “ “ 2
Passerculus alaudinus, “ 537, pl. 24, “ 11
anthinus, “ 539, “ “ 10
caboti, II. pl. 46, “ 9
guttatus, I. 544, pl. 25, “ 1
princeps, “ 540, “ “ 2
rostratus, “ 542, pl. 24, “ 12
sandwichensis, “ 538, “ “ 9
savanna, “ 534, “ “ 8
Passerella iliaca, II. 50, pl. 28, “ 7
megarrhyncha, “ 57, “ “ 10
schistacea, “ 56.
townsendi, ♀ “ 53, “ “ 8
Pediœcetes columbianus, III. 434, pl. 60, “ 1
phasianellus, “ 436, “ “ 3
Perisoreus canadensis, ♂ II. 299, pl. 41, “ 3
“ (_Juv._) “ pl. 42, “ 4
capitalis, ♂ II. 302, pl. 41, “ 4
obscurus, “ “
Perissoglossa carbonata, I. 214, pl. 12, “ 3
tigrina, ♂ “ 212, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
Petrochelidon lunifrons, ♂ “ 334, pl. 16, “ 13
Peucæa æstivalis, II. 39, pl. 28, “ 4
arizonæ, “ 41.
carpalis, “ pl. 46, “ 8
cassini, “ 42, pl. 28, “ 5
ruficeps, “ 45, “ “ 6
Phainopepla nitens, ♂ I. 405, pl. 18, “ 3
“ ♂ “ “ “ 4
Phonipara zena, ♂ II. 93, pl. 29, “ 15
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 16
Phyllopneuste borealis, I. pl. 5, “ 5
Pica hudsonica, ♂ II. 266, pl. 38, “ 1
nuttalli, ♂ “ 270, “ “ 3
Picicorvus columbianus, “ 255, “ “ 4
Picoides americanus, ♂ “ 532, pl. 50, “ 2
arcticus, ♂ “ 530, “ “ 1
Picus albolarvatus, ♂ “ 526, “ “ 7
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 8
borealis, ♂ “ 524, pl. 49, “ 8
gairdneri, “ 512.
harrisi, “ 507.
lucasanus, “ 519.
nuttalli, ♂ “ 521, pl. 50, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6
pubescens, ♂ “ 509, pl. 49, “ 6
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 7
scalaris, ♂ “ 515, pl. 50, “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
villosus, ♂ “ 503, pl. 49, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
“ (_Juv._) ♂ “ “ “ “ 5
Pinicola enucleator, ♂ I. 453, pl. 21, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
Pipilo aberti, ♂ II. 128, pl. 31, “ 7
albigula, ♂ “ 127, “ “ 11
alleni, “ 112.
arcticus, ♂ “ 119, “ “ 5
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6
chlorura, ♂ “ 131, “ “ 4
crissalis, ♂ “ 122, “ “ 8
erythrophthalmus, ♂ “ 109, “ “ 2
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 3
megalonyx, ♀ “ 113, “ “ 9
mesoleucus, ♂ “ 125, “ “ 10
oregonus, ♀ “ 116, “ “ 12
Plectrophanes lapponicus,
♂ I. 515, pl. 24, “ 7
maccowni, ♂ “ 523, “ “ 1
melanomus, ♂ “ 521, “ “ 6
nivalis, ♂ “ 512, “ “ 2
ornatus, ♂ “ 520, “ “ 3
pictus, ♂ “ 518, “ “ 4
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
Polioptila cærulea, “ 78, pl. 6, “ 5
melanura, “ 81, “ “ 7
plumbea, “ 80, “ “ 6
Polyborus auduboni, III. 178.
Poocætes gramineus, II. 545, pl. 29, “ 1
Poospiza belli, I. 593, pl. 26, “ 9
bilineata, ♂ “ 590, “ “ 8
nevadensis, “ 594.
Progne cryptoleuca, “ 332.
subis, ♀ “ 329, pl. 16, “ 7
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 10
Protonotaria citrea, “ 184, pl. 10, “ 8
Psaltriparus melanotis, “ 108, pl. 7, “ 8
minimus, “ 109, “ “ 9
plumbeus, “ 110, “ “ 10
Pseudogryphus californianus, III. 338.
Psilorhinus morio, ♀ II. 304, pl. 42, “ 2
Pyranga æstiva, ♂ I. 441, pl. 20, “ 5
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 6
cooperi, ♂ “ 444, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
hepatica, ♂ “ 440, “ “ 9
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 10
ludoviciana, ♂ “ 437, “ “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
rubra, ♂ “ 435, “ “ 7
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 8
Pyrgita domestica, “ 525, pl. 23, “ 12
Pyrocephalus mexicanus, ♂ II. 387, pl. 44, “ 5
Pyrrhula cassini, ♂ I. 457, pl. 23, “ 11
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, ♂ II. 95, pl. 30, “ 3

Quiscalus æneus, “ 218.
aglæus, ♂ “ 221, pl. 37, “ 2
macrourus, ♂ “ 225, pl. 36, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
major, ♂ “ 222, “ “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
purpureus, ♂ “ 214, pl. 37, “ 1

Regulus calendula, I. 75, pl. 5, “ 9
cuvieri, “ “ “ “ 7
satrapa, “ 73, “ “ 8
Rhinogryphus aura, III. 344.
Rostrhamus sociabilis, “ 209.

Salpinctes obsoletus, I. 135, pl. 8, “ 3
Saxicola œnanthe, “ 60, pl. 5, “ 6
Sayornis fuscus, ♂ II. 343, pl. 45, “ 2
nigricans, ♂ “ 340, “ “ 1
sayus, ♂ “ 347, “ “ 3
Scardafella inca, ♂ III. 387, pl. 58, “ 7
Scolecephalus cyanocephalus,
♀ II. 206, pl. 35, “ 3
ferrugineus, ♂ “ 203, “ “ 4
Scops asio, III. 49.
flammeola, “ 58.
floridana, “ 57.
kennicotti, “ 53.
maccalli, “ 52.
Seiurus aurocapillus, I. 280, pl. 14, “ 11
ludovicianus, ♂ “ 287, “ “ 13
noveboracensis, ♂ “ 283, “ “ 12
Selasphorus platycercus, ♂ II. 462, pl. 47, “ 5
rufus, ♂ “ 459, “ “ 4
Setophaga picta, ♂ “ pl. 46, “ 7
“ ♂ “ pl. 56, “ 3
ruticilla, ♂ I. 322, pl. 16, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 5
Sialia arctica, “ 67, pl. 5, “ 4
mexicana, “ 65, “ “ 2
sialis, “ 62, “ “ 3
Sitta aculeata, “ 117.
canadensis, ♂ “ 118, pl. 8, “ 7
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 8
carolinensis, ♂ “ 114, “ “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
pusilla, “ 122, “ “ 9
pygmæa, “ 120, “ “ 10
Spheotyto hypogæa, III. 90.
Spermophila moreleti, ♂ II. 91, pl. 29, “ 17
Sphyropicus nuchalis, ♂ “ 542, pl. 51, “ 3
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 4
ruber, ♂ “ 544, “ “ 6
thyroideus, ♂ “ 547, pl. 56, “ 6
varius, ♂ “ 539, pl. 51, “ 1
“ ♀ “ “ “ “ 2
williamsoni, ♀ “ 545, “ “ 5
Spizella arizonæ, “ 11.
atrigularis, ♂ I. 15, pl. 26, “ 11
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 12
breweri, II. 13, pl. 27, “ 4
monticola, “ 3, “ “ 5
pallida, “ 11, “ “ 3
pusilla, ♀ “ 5, “ “ 2
socialis, “ 7, “ “ 1
Starnœnas cyanocephala,
♂ III. 395, pl. 58, “ 5
Stelgidopteryx serripennis,
♂ I. 350, pl. 16, “ 12
Stellula calliope, ♂ II. 445, pl. 47, “ 9
Strix pratincola, III. 13.
Sturnella magna, ♂ II. 174, pl. 34, “ 2
neglecta, ♂ “ 176, “ “ 1
Sturnus vulgaris, ♂ “ 229, pl. 35, “ 8
Surnia ulula, III. 75.
Syrnium cinereum, “ 30.
nebulosum, “ 34.
occidentale, “ 38.

Tachycineta bicolor, ♂ I. 344, pl. 16, “ 8
thalassina, ♂ “ 347, “ “ 11
Thaumatias linnæi, II. 468.
Thryothorus berlandieri, I. 144, pl. 9, “ 2
bewicki, ♂ “ 145, “ “ 3
“ “ “ “ “ 4
leucogaster, “ 147.
ludovicianus, “ 142, “ “ 1
spilurus, “ 147.
Trochilus alexandri, ♂ II. 450, pl. 47, “ 1
colubris, ♂ “ 448, “ “ 2
Troglodytes ædon, I. 149, pl. 9, “ 5
alascensis, “ 157, “ “ 8
hyemalis, “ 155, “ “ 9
pacificus, “ “ “ 10
parkmanni, “ 153.
Turdus aliciæ, “ 11, pl. 1, “ 3
auduboni, “ 21, “ “ 8
confinis, “ 27, pl. 2, “ 1
fuscescens, “ 9, pl. 1, “ 5
iliacus, “ 23, pl. 2, “ 4
migratorius, “ 25, “ “ 3
mustelinus, “ 7, pl. 1, “ 1
nævius, “ 29, pl. 2, “ 2
nanus, “ 20, pl. 1, “ 7
pallasi, “ 18, “ “ 6
swainsoni, “ 14, “ “ 4
ustulatus, “ “ “ 2
Tyrannus carolinensis, ♂ II. 316, pl. 43, “ 2
couchi, ♂ “ 329, “ “ 6
dominicensis, ♂ “ 319, “ “ 3
verticalis, ♂ “ 324, “ “ 4
vociferans, ♂ “ 327, “ “ 5

Vireo atricapillus, ♂ I. 383, pl. 17, “ 6
belli, ♂ “ 389, “ “ 13
huttoni, ♂ “ 387, “ “ 12
noveboracensis, ♂ “ 385, “ “ 11
pusillus, ♂ “ 391, “ “ 14
vicinior, ♂ “ 393, “ “ 7
Vireosylvia barbatula, ♂ “ 360, “ “ 1
flavoriridis, “ 366.
gilva, ♂ “ 368, “ “ 3
olivacea, ♂ “ 363, “ “ 2
philadelphica, “ 367, “ “ 4
swainsoni, “ 371.

Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, ♂ II. 167, pl. 32, “ 9
“ ♀ “ “ pl. 33, “ 9
Xanthoura luxuosa, “ 295, pl. 42, “ 1

Zenaida amabilis, ♂ III. 379, pl. 58, “ 3
Zenaidura carolinensis, ♂ “ 383, “ “ 2
Zonotrichia albicollis, ♂ I. 574, pl. 26, “ 10
coronata, ♂ “ 573, “ “ 1
gambeli, ♂ “ 569, pl. 25, “ 11
“ (_Juv._) “ “ “ “ 12
leucophrys, (_Juv._) ♂ “ 566, “ “ 9
“ ♂ “ “ “ “ 10
querula, (_Ad._) ♂ “ 577, pl. 26, “ 4
“ (_autumn_) “ “ “ “ 7

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.

Ani, II. 488.

Bee Martin, II. 316.
Bird of Paradise (Texas), II. 311.
Birds of Prey, III. 1.
Blackbird, Brewer’s, II. 206.
Cow, II. 154.
Crimson-shouldered, II. 163.
Crow, II. 214.
Red and White shouldered, II. 165.
Redwing, II. 159.
Rusty, II. 203.
Savanna, II. 488.
Swamp, II. 159.
White-winged, II. 61.
Yellow-headed, II. 167.
Black Warrior, III. 292.
Bluebird, Eastern, I. 62.
California, I. 65.
Rocky Mountain, I. 67.
Bobolink, II. 149.
Bob-White, III. 468.
Bull-Bat, II. 401.
Bullfinch, Cassin’s, I. 457.
Bunting, Arctic, II. 119.
Baird’s, I. 531.
Bay-winged, I. 545.
Black-crowned, I. 573.
Black-throated, II. 65.
Blue, II. 82.
Cañon, II. 125.
Chestnut-collared, I. 520.
Green-tailed, II. 131.
Henslow’s, I. 550.
Indigo, II. 82.
Lark, II. 61.
Leconte’s, I. 552.
Long-clawed, II. 113.
Maccown’s, I. 523.
Painted, II. 87.
Seaside, I. 560.
Sharp-tailed, I. 557.
Smith’s, I. 518.
Townsend’s, II. 68.
Varied, II. 86.
Western Yellow-winged, I. 556.
Yellow-winged, I. 553.
Burion, I. 465, 466, 468.
Bush-Titmouse, Black-eared, I. 108.
Lead-colored, I. 110.
Least, I. 109.
Yellow-headed, I. 112.
Butcher-Bird, I. 415.
Buzzard, Harris’s, III. 250.
Turkey, III.

Cardinal, Cape, II. 103.
Grosbeak, II. 100.
Texas, II. 95.
Catbird, I. 52.
Cedar-Bird, I. 401.
Chacalacca, Texas, III. 398.
Chaparral Cock, II. 472.
Chat, Long-tailed, I. 309.
Yellow-breasted, I. 390.
Chatterer, Bohemian, I. 396.
Chewink, II. 109.
Florida, II. 112.
White-eyed, II. 112.
Chickadee, Brown-capped, I. 105.
Chestnut-backed, I. 104.
Eastern, I. 96.
Hudson’s Bay, I. 105.
Long-tailed, I. 99.
Mountain, I. 95.
Southern, I. 102.
Western, I. 101.
White-browed, I. 95.
Chippy, II. 7.
Chuck-Will’s Widow, II. 410.
Cock of the Plains, III. 429.
Condor, California, III. 338.
Cowbird, II. 154.
Creepers, I. 124, 425.
Creeper, Bahama, I. 428.
Brown, I. 125.
Mexican, I. 128.
Crossbill, Mexican, I. 488.
Red, I. 484.
White-winged, I. 488.
Crow, Carrion, III. 351.
Clarke’s, II. 255.
Common, II. 243.
Fish, II. 251.
Florida, II. 247.
Northwestern Fish, II. 248.
White-necked, II. 242.
Cuckoos, II. 470.
Cuckoo, Black-billed, II. 484.
Mangrove, II. 482.
Yellow-billed, II. 477.
Curassows, III. 397.

Dipper, American, I. 56.
Dove, Carolina, or Common, III. 383.
Ground, III. 389.
Red-billed, III. 363.
Scaly, III. 387.
White-winged, III. 376.
Zenaida, III. 379.

Eagle, American, III. 326.
Bald, III. 326.
Caracara, III. 178.
Golden, III. 314.
Ring-tailed, III. 314.
Emerald, Linnæus’s, II. 468.

Falcons, III. 103.
Falcon, American Peregrine, III. 132.
Aplomado, III. 155.
Black Peregrine, III. 137.
Prairie, III. 123.
Finches, I. 466.
Finch, Black-faced, II. 93.
Blanding’s, II. 131.
California Purple, I. 465.
Cañon, II. 122.
Cassin’s Purple, I. 460.
Crimson-fronted, I. 465, 466.
Eastern Purple, I. 462.
Gray-cheeked, I. 507.
Gray-crowned, I. 504.
Gray-eared, I. 508.
Hepburn’s, I. 507.
Lazuli, II. 84.
Lincoln’s, II. 31.
Mountain, II. 3.
Painted, II. 87.
Summer, II. 39.
Yellow-throated, II. 65.
Flicker, II. 575.
Cape, II. 583.
Hybrid, II. 582.
Red-shafted, II. 578.
Flycatcher, Arkansas, II. 324.
Ash-throated, II. 337.
Buff-breasted Least, II. 386.
Canada, I. 320.
Cassin’s, II. 327.
Crested, II. 334.
Fork-tailed, II. 309.
Great-crested, II. 334.
Green Black-capped, I. 317.
Hammond’s, II. 383.
Least, II. 372.
Little, II. 366.
Mexican Olive-sided, II. 356.
Olive-sided, II. 353.
Red, II. 387.
Shining-crested, I. 405.
Small-headed, I. 316.
Small Green-crested, II. 374.
Swallow-tail, II. 311.
Traill’s, II. 369.
Western Yellow-bellied, II. 380.
Wright’s, II. 381.
Yellow-bellied, II. 378.