Chapter X (3)

Ortalida macalli, III. 398, pl. 57, fig. 1

Ortyx texanus, ♀ III. 474, pl. 63, fig. 4

texanus, ♂ III. 474, pl. 63, fig. 3

virginianus, ♂ III. 468, pl. 63, fig. 1

virginianus, ♀ III. 468, pl. 63, fig. 2

Otus brachyotus, III. 22.

wilsonianus, III. 18.

Pandion carolinensis, III. 184.

Panyptila melanoleuca, ♂ II. 424, pl. 45, fig. 5

Parula americana, ♂ I. 208, pl. 10, fig. 7

Parus atricapillus, I. 96, pl. 7, fig. 1

carolinensis, I. 102, pl. 7, fig. 4

hudsonicus, I. 105, pl. 7, fig. 7

montanus, I. 95, pl. 7, fig. 5

occidentalis, I. 101, pl. 7, fig. 3

rufescens, I. 104, pl. 7, fig. 6

septentrionalis, I. 99, pl. 7, fig. 2

Passerculus alaudinus, I. 537, pl. 24, fig. 11

anthinus, I. 539, pl. 24, fig. 10

caboti, II. pl. 46, fig. 9

guttatus, I. 544, pl. 25, fig. 1

princeps, I. 540, pl. 25, fig. 2

rostratus, I. 542, pl. 24, fig. 12

sandwichensis, I. 538, pl. 24, fig. 9

savanna, I. 534, pl. 24, fig. 8

Passerella iliaca, II. 50, pl. 28, fig. 7

megarhyncha, II. 57, pl. 28, fig. 10

schistacea, II. 56.

townsendi, ♀ II. 53, pl. 28, fig. 8

Pediœcetes columbianus, III. 434, pl. 60, fig. 1

phasianellus, III. 436, pl. 60, fig. 3

Perisoreus canadensis, ♂ II. 299, pl. 41, fig. 3

canadensis (_Juv._) II. pl. 42, fig. 4

capitalis, ♂ II. 302, pl. 41, fig. 4

obscurus, II. 302,

Perissoglossa carbonata, I. 214, pl. 12, fig. 3

tigrina, ♂ I. 212, pl. 12, fig. 1

tigrina, ♀ I. 212, pl. 12, fig. 2

Petrochelidon lunifrons, ♂ I. 334, pl. 16, fig. 13

Peucæa æstivalis, II. 39, pl. 28, fig. 4

arizonæ, II. 41.

carpalis, II. pl. 46, fig. 8

cassini, II. 42, pl. 28, fig. 5

ruficeps, II. 45, pl. 28, fig. 6

Phænopepla nitens, ♂ I. 405, pl. 18, fig. 3

nitens, ♂ I. pl. 18, fig. 4

Phonipara zena, ♂ II. 93, pl. 29, fig. 15

zena, ♀ II. 93, pl. 29, fig. 16

Phyllopneuste borealis, I. pl. 5, fig. 5

Pica hudsonica, ♂ II. 266, pl. 38, fig. 1

nuttalli, ♂ II. 270, pl. 38, fig. 3

Picicorvus columbianus, II. 255, pl. 38, fig. 4

Picoides americanus, ♂ II. 532, pl. 50, fig. 2

arcticus, ♂ II. 530, pl. 50, fig. 1

Picus albolarvatus, ♂ II. 526, pl. 50, fig. 7

albolarvatus, ♀ II. 526, pl. 50, fig. 8

borealis, ♂ II. 524, pl. 49, fig. 8

gairdneri, II. 512.

harrisi, II. 507.

lucasanus, II. 519.

nuttalli, ♂ II. 521, pl. 50, fig. 3

nuttalli, ♀ II. 521, pl. 50, fig. 6

pubescens, ♂ II. 509, pl. 49, fig. 6

pubescens, ♀ II. 509, pl. 49, fig. 7

scalaris, ♂ II. 515, pl. 50, fig. 4

scalaris, ♀ II. pl. 50, fig. 5

villosus, ♂ II. 503, pl. 49, fig. 3

villosus, ♀ II. 503, pl. 49, fig. 4

villosus (_Juv._) ♂ II. 503, pl. 49, fig. 5

Pinicola enucleator, ♂ I. 453, pl. 21, fig. 1

enucleator, ♀ I. 453, pl. 21, fig. 2

Pipilo aberti, ♂ II. 128, pl. 31, fig. 7

albigula, ♂ II. 127, pl. 31, fig. 11

alleni, II. 112.

arcticus, ♂ II. 119, pl. 31, fig. 5

arcticus, ♀ II. 119, pl. 31, fig. 6

chlorura, ♂ II. 131, pl. 31, fig. 4

crissalis, ♂ II. 122, pl. 31, fig. 8

erythrophthalmus, ♂ II. 109, pl. 31, fig. 2

erythrophthalmus, ♂ II. 109, pl. 31, fig. 3

megalonyx, ♀ II. 113, pl. 31, fig. 9

mesoleucus, ♂ II. 125, pl. 31, fig. 10

oregonus, ♀ II. 116, pl. 31, fig. 12

Plectrophanes Iapponicus, ♂ I. 515, pl. 24, fig. 7

maccowni, ♂ I. 523, pl. 24, fig. 1

melanomus, ♂ I. 521, pl. 24, fig. 6

nivalis, ♂ I. 512, pl. 24, fig. 2

ornatus, ♂ I. 520, pl. 24, fig. 3

pictus, ♂ I. 518, pl. 24, fig. 4

pictus, ♀ I. 518, pl. 24, fig. 5

Polioptila cærulea, I. 78, pl. 6, fig. 5

melanura, I. 81, pl. 6, fig. 7

plumbea, I. 80, pl. 6, fig. 6

Polyborus auduboni, III. 178.

Poocætes gramineus, II. 545, pl. 29, fig. 1

Poospiza belli, I. 593, pl. 26, fig. 9

bilineata, ♂ I. 590, pl. 26, fig. 8

nevadensis, I. 594.

Progne cryptoleuca, I. 332.

subis, ♀ I. 329, pl. 16, fig. 7

subis, ♂ I. 329, pl. 16, fig. 10

Protonotaria citrea, I. 184, pl. 10, fig. 8

Psaltriparus melanotis, I. 108, pl. 7, fig. 8

minimus, I. 109, pl. 7, fig. 9

plumbeus, I. 110, pl. 7, fig. 10

Pseudogryphus californianus, III. 338.

Psilorhinus morio, ♀ II. 304, pl. 42, fig. 2

Pyranga æstiva, ♂ I. 441, pl. 20, fig. 5

æstiva, ♀ I. 441, pl. 20, fig. 6

cooperi, ♂ I. 444, pl. 20, fig. 1

cooperi, ♀ I. 444, pl. 20, fig. 2

hepatica, ♂ I. 440, pl. 20, fig. 9

hepatica, ♀ I. 440, pl. 20, fig. 10

ludoviciana, ♂ I. 437, pl. 20, fig. 3

ludoviciana, ♀ I. 437, pl. 20, fig. 4

rubra, ♂ I. 435, pl. 20, fig. 7

rubra, ♀ I. 435, pl. 20, fig. 8

Pyrgita domestica, I. 525, pl. 23, fig. 12

Pyrocephalus mexicanus, ♂ II. 387, pl. 44, fig. 5

Pyrrhula cassini, ♂ I. 457, pl. 23, fig. 11

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, ♂ II. 95, pl. 30, fig. 3

Quiscalus æneus, II. 218.

aglæus, ♂ II. 221, pl. 37, fig. 2

macrourus, ♂ II. 225, pl. 36, fig. 1

macrourus, ♀ II. 225, pl. 36, fig. 2

major, ♂ II. 222, pl. 36, fig. 3

major, ♀ II. 222, pl. 36, fig. 4

purpureus, ♂ II. 214, pl. 37, fig. 1

Regulus calendula, I. 75, pl. 5, fig. 9

cuvieri, I. 75, pl. 5, fig. 7

satrapa, I. 73, pl. 5, fig. 8

Rhinogryphus aura, III. 344.

Rostrhamus sociabilis, III. 209.

Salpinctes obsoletus, I. 135, pl. 8, fig. 3

Saxicola œnanthe, I. 60, pl. 5, fig. 6

Sayornis fuscus, ♂ II. 343, pl. 45, fig. 2

nigricans, ♂ II. 340, pl. 45, fig. 1

sayus, ♂ II. 347, pl. 45, fig. 3

Scardafella inca, ♂ III. 387, pl. 58, fig. 7

Scolecephalus cyanocephalus, ♀ II. 206, pl. 35, fig. 3

ferrugineus, ♂ II. 203, pl. 35, fig. 4

Scops asio, III. 49.

flammeola, III. 58.

floridana, III. 57.

kennicotti, III. 53.

maccalli, III. 52.

Seiurus aurocapillus, I. 280, pl. 14, fig. 11

ludovicianus, ♂ I. 287, pl. 14, fig. 13

noveboracensis, ♂ I. 283, pl. 14, fig. 12

Selasphorus platycercus, ♂ II. 462, pl. 47, fig. 5

rufus, ♂ II. 459, pl. 47, fig. 4

Setophaga picta, ♂ II. pl. 46, fig. 7

picta, ♂ II. pl. 56, fig. 3

ruticilla, ♂ I. 322, pl. 16, fig. 1

ruticilla, ♀ I. 322, pl. 16, fig. 5

Sialia arctica, I. 67, pl. 5, fig. 4

mexicana, I. 65, pl. 5, fig. 2

sialis, I. 62, pl. 5, fig. 3

Sitta aculeata, I. 117.

canadensis, ♂ I. 118, pl. 8, fig. 7

canadensis, ♀ I. 118, pl. 8, fig. 8

carolinensis, ♂ I. 114, pl. 8, fig. 1

carolinensis, ♀ I. 114, pl. 8, fig. 2

pusilla, I. 122, pl. 8, fig. 9

pygmæa, I. 120, pl. 8, fig. 10

Spheotyto hypogæa, III. 90.

Spermophila moreleti, ♂ II. 91, pl. 29, fig. 17

Sphyropicus nuchalis, ♂ II. 542, pl. 51, fig. 3

nuchalis, ♀ II. 542, pl. 51, fig. 4

ruber, ♂ II. 544, pl. 51, fig. 6

thyroideus, ♂ II. 547, pl. 56, fig. 6

varius, ♂ II. 539, pl. 51, fig. 1

varius, ♀ II. 539, pl. 51, fig. 2

williamsoni, ♀ II. 545, pl. 51, fig. 5

Spizella arizonæ, II. 11.

atrigularis, ♂ I. 15, pl. 26, fig. 11

atrigularis, ♂ I. 15, pl. 26, fig. 12

breweri, II. 13, pl. 27, fig. 4

monticola, II. 3, pl. 27, fig. 5

pallida, II. 11, pl. 27, fig. 3

pusilla, ♀ II. 5, pl. 27, fig. 2

socialis, II. 7, pl. 27, fig. 1

Starnœnas cyanocephala, ♂ III. 395, pl. 58, fig. 5

Stelgidopteryx serripennis, ♂ I. 350, pl. 16, fig. 12

Stellula calliope, ♂ II. 445, pl. 47, fig. 9

Strix pratincola, III. 13.

Sturnella magna, ♂ II. 174, pl. 34, fig. 2

neglecta, ♂ II. 176, pl. 34, fig. 1

Sturnus vulgaris, ♂ II. 229, pl. 35, fig. 8

Surnia ulula, III. 75.

Syrnium cinereum, III. 30.

nebulosum, III. 34.

occidentale, III. 38.

Tachycineta bicolor, ♂ I. 344, pl. 16, fig. 8

thalassina, ♂ I. 347, pl. 16, fig. 11

Thaumatias linnæi, II. 468.

Thryothorus berlandieri, I. 144, pl. 9, fig. 2

bewicki, ♂ I. 145, pl. 9, fig. 3

bewicki, I. pl. 9, fig. 4

leucogaster, I. 147.

ludovicianus, I. 142, pl. 9, fig. 1

spilurus, I. 147.

Trochilus alexandri, ♂ II. 450, pl. 47, fig. 1

colubris, ♂ II. 448, pl. 47, fig. 2

Troglodytes ædon, I. 149, pl. 9, fig. 5

alascensis, I. 157, pl. 9, fig. 8

hyemalis, I. 155, pl. 9, fig. 9

pacificus, I. pl. 9, fig. 10

parkmanni, I. 153.

Turdus aliciæ, I. 11, pl. 1, fig. 3

auduboni, I. 21, pl. 1, fig. 8

confinis, I. 27, pl. 2, fig. 1

fuscescens, I. 9, pl. 1, fig. 5

iliacus, I. 23, pl. 2, fig. 4

migratorius, I. 25, pl. 2, fig. 3

mustelinus, I. 7, pl. 1, fig. 1

nævius, I. 29, pl. 2, fig. 2

nanus, I. 20, pl. 1, fig. 7

pallasi, I. 18, pl. 1, fig. 6

swainsoni, I. 14, pl. 1, fig. 4

ustulatus, I. pl. 1, fig. 2

Tyrannus carolinensis, ♂ II. 316, pl. 43, fig. 2

couchi, ♂ II. 329, pl. 43, fig. 6

dominicensis, ♂ II. 319, pl. 43, fig. 3

verticalis, ♂ II. 324, pl. 43, fig. 4

vociferans, ♂ II. 327, pl. 43, fig. 5

Vireo atricapillus, ♂ I. 383, pl. 17, fig. 6

belli, ♂ I. 389, pl. 17, fig. 13

huttoni, ♂ I. 387, pl. 17, fig. 12

noveboracensis, ♂ I. 385, pl. 17, fig. 11

pusillus, ♂ I. 391, pl. 17, fig. 14

vicinior, ♂ I. 393, pl. 17, fig. 7

Vireosylvia barbatula, ♂ I. 360, pl. 17, fig. 1

flavoriridis, I. 366.

gilva, ♂ I. 368, pl. 17, fig. 3

olivacea, ♂ I. 363, pl. 17, fig. 2

philadelphica, I. 367, pl. 17, fig. 4

swainsoni, I. 371.

Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, ♂ II. 167, pl. 32, fig. 9

icterocephalus, ♀ II. 167, pl. 33, fig. 9

Xanthoura luxuosa, II. 295, pl. 42, fig. 1

Zenaida amabilis, ♂ III. 379, pl. 58, fig. 3

Zenaidura carolinensis, ♂ III. 383, pl. 58, fig. 2

Zonotrichia albicollis, ♂ I. 574, pl. 26, fig. 10

coronata, ♂ I. 573, pl. 26, fig. 1

gambeli, ♂ I. 569, pl. 25, fig. 11

gambeli, (_Juv._) I. 569, pl. 25, fig. 12

leucophrys, (_Juv._) ♂ I. 566, pl. 25, fig. 9

leucophrys, ♂ I. 566, pl. 25, fig. 10

querula, (_Ad._) ♂ I. 577, pl. 26, fig. 4

querula, (_autumn_) I. 577, pl. 26, fig. 7

Footnotes

[1] The whole of the systematic portion of the article on the _Raptores_, has been prepared by Mr. Ridgway; the biographies, however, are furnished by Dr. Brewer, as usual. The outlines of the skulls and sterna of the _Strigidæ_, the skulls, sterna, and heads of the _Cathartidæ_, and the generic outlines of the _Falconidæ_ and _Cathartidæ_, were drawn by Mr. Ridgway.—S. F. BAIRD.

[2] By Thomas H. Huxley, F. R. S., V. P. Z. S.; Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, 1867, pp. 415–473.

[3] By Charles Ludwig Nitzsch. English edition, translated from the German by Dr. Philip Lutley Sclater, and published by the Ray Society of London, 1867.

[4] By William McGillivray, A. M.; London, 1840.

[5] See Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology, London, 1849, p. 68; 1850, p. 51; 1851, p. 119; 1852, p. 103; and Transactions of the Zoölogical Society of London, 1862, p. 201.

[6] Hand List of Genera and Species of Birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum. By George Robert Gray, F. R. S., etc. Part I. _Accipitres_, _Fisserostres_, _Tenuirostres_, and _Dentirostres_. London, 1869.

[7] I have, however, examined the sterna only of _Nyctea_, _Bubo_, _Otus_, _Brachyotus_, _Syrnium_, _Nyctale_, and _Glaucidium_.

[8] My unpublished determinations of the North American species were furnished, by request, to Dr. Coues, for introduction into his “Key of North American Birds”; consequently the names used in these pages are essentially the same as those there employed.

[9] This case of the restriction of the American representative of a European or Western Palæarctic species to the western half of the continent has parallel instances among other birds. The American form of _Falcolanarius_ (var. _polyagrus_), of _Corvus corax_ (var. _carnivorus_), _Pica caudata_ (var. _hudsonica_ and var. _nuttalli_) and of _Ægialitis cantianus_ (var. _nivosus_), are either entirely restricted to the western portion, or else are much more abundant there than in the east. The European genera _Cinclus_, _Coccothraustes_, _Nucifraga_, and _Columba_ have representatives only in the western portion of North America.

Instances of a similar relation between the plants of the Western Province of North America and those of Europe, and more striking likeness between the flora of the Eastern Region and that of Eastern Asia, are beautifully explained in Professor Gray’s interesting and instructive paper entitled “Sequoia, and its History,” an address delivered at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Dubuque, Iowa, August, 1872. The poverty in the species of tortoises, and richness in lizards, and the peculiarities of the ichthyological fauna, as well as absence of forms of Western North America and Europe, compared with Eastern North America and Eastern Asia, afford other examples of parallelism in other classes of the Animal Kingdom.

[10] See Baird, Am. Journ. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XLI, Jan. and March, 1866; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Cambridge, Vol. II, No. 3; and Ridgway, Am. Journ. Arts and Sciences, Vols. IV and V, Dec., 1872, and Jan., 1873.

[11] For diagnoses of these geographical races of _Strix flammea_, see pp. 1339 and 1340.

[12] See Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., Cambridge, Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 338, 339, where these plumages are discussed at length.

[13] _Strix flammea_, var. _flammea_. _Strix flammea_, LINN. S. N. I, 133, 1766, et AUCT.-STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 178. _Strix alba_, SCOP. Ann. 1st, p. 21, 1768.—GMEL. S. N. 293.—LATH.—DAUD.—LEP. and SHAW. _Strix guttata_, BREHM, Vög. Deutschl. p. 106, 1831. _Hab._ Europe and Africa.

[14] _Strix flammea_, var. _guatemalæ_, RIDGWAY. Central American specimens differ very appreciably from Mexican and North American examples, in being considerably darker-colored in the extreme phases of plumage. Eight of eleven specimens convey an impression of decided difference in this respect at a mere casual glance. The extremes of plumage in this series are as follows:—Darkest (No. 40,961, Chimandega, Nicaragua; F. Hicks): The dusky mottling of the upper parts is altogether darker than in any example from Mexico or northward, and prevails, with great uniformity, over the entire surface; the white specks are linear, instead of roundish. On the primaries and tail, the blackish and ochraceous are about equal in extent, the latter color forming five bands on the quills, and four on the tail. The facial circle is bright dark orange above the ears, and the portion below the ears continuous black; the face is reddish-white, strongly tinged with wine-brown, while the spot in front of the eye is deep black. The whole lower parts are deep orange-ochraceous, with numerous irregular specks of dusky, which posteriorly become broken or confused into ragged zigzag transverse mottlings, while on the lower tail-coverts they form irregular transverse bars. Wing-formula, 2, 1–3. Wing, 13.00; tail, 5.90; culmen, .85; tarsus, 2.90; middle toe, 1.50. Lightest (No. 41,252, ♂, San José, Costa Rica, Aug. 23, 1865; José C. Zeledon): The dark tint above, though prevalent, is a continuous wash of grayish, instead of a fine mottling of blackish and white; the white specks are nearly obsolete. The wings are superficially plain grayish, this overlaying the ground-color of ochraceous-orange; and have visible spots only on the primaries, near their shafts. The tail has four rather distinct grayish bands. The facial circle is ochraceous, somewhat darker across the foreneck; the face white, with the ante-orbital spot claret-brown. Entire lower parts immaculate pure white. Wing-formula, 2, 1=3. Wing, 12.30; tail, 5.30; culmen, .70; tarsus, 2.75; middle toe, 1.45.

No. 24,283, Nicaragua, (Captain J. M. Dow,) is like the specimen just described, in the uniform dark wash of the upper parts, but this is deeper; the lower parts, however, are quite different, being ochraceous-orange, instead of pure white.

The remaining five specimens (from San Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua) are alike, and differ from northern birds in the deeper dark mottling of the upper parts; the white specks very conspicuous, and usually sagittate. The facial circle deep black where it crosses the foreneck. The lower parts vary in color from nearly pure white to deep orange-rufous; the dark markings of the lower surface are larger, more angular, and more transverse than in true _pratincola_. The wing measures 11.30–13.00; tarsus, 2.55–2.95. The northern form varies from 12.50–13.00 (wing) and 2.50–2.85 (tarsus). It is thus seen that while these southern birds average smaller in general dimensions, they have actually larger feet, the average length of the tarsus being 2.80 in the Central American series, and only 2.60 in the northern series. This exactly coincides with the case of _Sturnella_, the _S. magna_ var. _mexicana_ of the same region being smaller bodied and shorter winged than var. _magna_ of the United States, but with much larger feet, see p.

[15] _Strix flammea_, var. _perlata_. _Strix perlata_, LICHT. Verz. Doubl. 59, 1823.—TSCHUDI, Av. Consp. Wiegm. Archiv. 267, 1844.—HARTT. Syst. Ind. Azara. p. 3.—MAX. Beitr. III, 263 (excl. syn.).—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 180 (excl. syn.). _Strix flammea_, DARWIN, Zool. Beag. 34.—SCHOMB. Verz. Faun. Brit. Guian. p. 732.—SPIX, Av. Bras. I, 21.

This is a still further differentiated or more appreciably modified race. It differs in smaller size (wing, 11.70–12.50; tail, 4.80–5.20; tarsus, 2.40–2.75) and more square tail, while the colors also present constant differences. The tail is much lighter compared with the wings, the bands narrower and more sharply defined, though the same in number.

[16] _Strix flammea_, var. _furcata_. _Strix furcata_, TEMM. Pl. Col. 432, 1838.—D’ORB. Hist. Nat. Cuba Ois. p. 34. _Hab._ West Indies (Cuba and Jamaica).

This form is the most distinctly characterized of all the races of _S. flammea_ which we have examined. It has the general plumage decidedly lighter and less rufous, while the secondaries and tail are abruptly lighter than the adjacent parts, and usually free from bands, though there are sometimes traces of them.

All the American races of _Strix flammea_ differ very decidedly from the European form (var. _flammea_) in much larger size. The differences in color are not so appreciable, and there is hardly any certain difference in this respect. The extreme phases, however, appear to be darker in the var. _flammea_ than in the var. _pratincola_. The supposed differences in the character of the feathers fringing the operculum, insisted on by MacGillivray (History of British Birds, III, 1840, p. 473), I am unable to appreciate, for I cannot find that they differ in the least in the two races. That excellent ornithologist states that in the American “species” the feathers of the operculum are reduced to a simple tube, having neither filaments nor shaft, while in the European bird they are perfect feathers, with all their parts complete. Though this may have been the case with the one or more specimens of _pratincola_ examined by Mr. MacGillivray, I have yet to see an American specimen which has not the feathers of the operculum just as perfectly developed as in European examples.

[17] _Strix flammea_, var. _delicatula_. _Strix delicatula_, GOULD, P. Z. S. 1836, 140.—IB. B. Australia, I, pl. xxxi.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. 1855, 180. _Hab._ Australia.

[18] _Strix flammea_, var. _javanica_. _Strix javanica_, GMEL. S. N. I, 295, 1789.—LATH. Ind. Orn. p. 64, and Gen. Hist. I, 357.—HORSF. L. Trans. XIII, 139.—GRAY, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5, pl. xv.—SYKES, P. Comm. Zoöl. Soc. pl. ii, 81.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 180. _Phodilus javanicus_, BLYTH, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XIX, 513. _Strix flammea_, PEARS. & BLYTH. _Hab._ Java and Southern India, and Eastern Africa.

[19] _Otus vulgaris._ _Strix otus_, LINN. S. N. p. 132, 1766.—_Asio otus_, LESS. STRICKL.—_Bubo otus_, SAVIGN. _Ulula otus_, MACGILL. _Otus vulgaris_, FLEM. Brit. An. p. 56, 1828, et AUCT. _O. europæus_, STEPH. 1. _O. albicollis_, DAUD. _O. italicus_, DAUD. _O. communis_, LESS. _O. aurita_, MONT. _O. asio_, LEACH. _O. sylvestris_, _O. arboreus_, and _O. gracilis_, BREHM.

[20] _Otus stygius._ _Nyctalops stygius_, WAGL. Isis, 1832, p. 1221.—GRAY, Gen. B. p. 6, ed. 2, p. 8.—BONAP. Consp. Av. p. 50. _Otus stygius_, PUCH. Rev. Zoöl. 1849, 29.—GRAY, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12.—KAUP, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, p. 113. _Asio styg._ _? Otus siguapa_, D’ORB. Hist. Nat. Cuba Ois. p. 31, Tab. 2, 1840.—GRAY, Gen. fol. sp. 9.—BONAP. Consp. 50 (Cuba). _Otus communis_, var., LESS. Tr. Orn. p. 110. _Hab._ South America (Brazil, ? Cuba, St. Paulo, KAUP).

[21] _Syrnium nebulosum_, var. _sartorii_, RIDGWAY (Mexican Barred Owl). _Hab._ Mirador, Mexico. CHAR. _Adult_ (♀, 43,131, Mirador, near Vera Cruz, Mexico, “pine region”; Dr. C. Sartorius). In general appearance like _nebulosum_, but the brown very much darker, and less reddish,—that of the markings below very nearly black; the pattern, however, precisely the same, and there is about the same proportion between the light and the dark bars as is seen in the average of _nebulosum_. The face is plain dirty white without the brown bars or semicircles,—a constant and conspicuous feature in _nebulosum_. There is the same number of spots on the primaries, and of bands on the tail, as in _nebulosum_. The white beneath is without any ochraceous tinge; the primary coverts are plain dark brown. Wing-formula: 4–3=5; 1 intermediate between 8 and 9. Wing, 14.80; tail, 9.00; culmen, 1.05; tarsus, 2.20; middle toe, 1.60. This race of the _S. nebulosum_ presents very appreciable differences from the bird of the United States. As stated above, the brown is much darker and less reddish, while the face is wholly destitute of the concentric dusky rings seen in _nebulosum_ proper. To Dr. Charles Sartorius, who, by the presentation to the Smithsonian Institution of numerous elegantly prepared specimens, has added so much to our knowledge of the birds of the vicinity of Mirador, I take great pleasure in dedicating this new form.

[22] _Syrnium nebulosum_, var. _fulvescens_. _Syrnium fulvescens_, SALVIN, P. Z. S. 1868, 58. CHAR. General appearance of var. _nebulosum_, but smaller and much more ochraceous. Ground-color of the plumage ochraceous, inclining to a deep fulvous tint on the upper parts, but paler below. Feathers of the upper surface tipped with dark umber-brown, and sometimes with an additional bar about the middle of the feather. The fulvous bars much exposed, so as to exceed the brown in amount. Face grayish-white, tinged outwardly with ochraceous. Beneath with the markings of _nebulosum_ on a deep and uniform ochraceous ground. Wing, 12.75; tail, 8.50; culmen, .95; tarsus, 2.45; middle toe, 1.20 (Coll. Bost. Soc., No. 367, Guatemala; Van Patten).

[23] _Nyctale tengmalmi_, var. _tengmalmi_. _Strix tengmalmi_, GMEL. S. N. p. 291, 1789 (et AUCT. var.). _Nyctale t._, BONAP. et AUCT. _Noctua t._, CUV. et AUCT. _Athene t._, BOIE. _Ulula t._, BONAP. et AUCT. _Scotophilus t._, SWAINS. _Strix dasypus_, BECHST. (1791) et AUCT. _Nyctale d._, GRAY. _Strix passerina_, A. MEYER, 1794.—PALLAS. _Nyctale planiceps_, BREHM, 1831. _N. pinetorum_, BREHM, 1831. _N. abietum_, BREHM, 1831. _N. funerea_, BONAP. 1842 (not of LINN., 1761, which is _Surnia ulula_). “_N. kirtlandi_,” ELLIOT, Ibis, II, Jan., 1872, p. 48 (not of HOY!).

[24] _Nyctale harrisi_, CASSIN, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. IV, p. 157, Feb., 1849.—IB. Tr. A. N. S. II, 2d series, Nov., 1850, pl. v.

[25] _Scops asio_, var. _enano_, LAWRENCE, MSS. This well-marked race is founded upon two specimens,—one from Mexico, in the cabinet of Mr. Lawrence, and another from Guatemala, in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. They are exactly similar in colors; but, as might be expected, the more southern specimen is the smaller of the two. This form very closely resembles the _S. atricapilla_ (NATT.) STEPH. (Temm. Pl. Col. 145), but may be readily distinguished by the haired toes, they being perfectly naked in _atricapilla_. The latter species is found as far northward as Mirador.

[26] _Scops semitorques_, SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, t. 8. For the privilege of comparing specimens of this bird with _S. kennicotti_, I am indebted to the courtesy of the officers of the New York Museum, who kindly sent the fine specimens of that museum for examination.

[27] _Bubo virginianus_, var. _magellanicus_. _Strix_ (δ) _bubo magellanicus_, GMEL. Syst. Nat. 1789, p. 286.—DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 210.—LESS. Voy. Coq. I, 617; Isis, 1833, 76. _Asio mag._ LESS. Man. Orn. I. p. 116, 1828. _Bubo mag._ GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 46. _Strix nacuruta_, VIEILL. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. VII, 44, 1816; Enc. Méth. III, 1281, 1823. _Strix crassirostris_, VIEILL. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. VII, 44 (1817); Enc. Méth. III, 1280. _Otus crass._ GRAY, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6 (1844); List Birds Brit. Mus. p. 106. _Bubo crass._ BONAP. Consp. Av. p. 48 (1850).—KAUP, Monog. Strig. Cont. Orn. 1852, 116 (under _B. virginianus_). _Asio crass._ STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 208, 1855. _Strix macrorhyncha_, TEMM. Pl. Col. 62, 1820. _Otus ? macr._ STEPH. Zoöl. XIII, pt. ii, p. 59. _Otus macr._ CUV. Règ. An. (ed. 2), I, 341.—LESS. Tr. Orn. p. 109. _Asio macr._ LESS. Man. Orn. I, 117.

[28] _Bubo mexicanus_ (GMEL.) RIDGW. _Asio mexicanus_, BRISS. Orn. I, 498, 1760.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 208, 1855 (excl. syn.). _Strix mexicana_, GMEL. S. N. p. 288, 1789.—LATH. Ind. Orn. p. 54; Syn. I, 123; Gen. Hist. I, 314, A.—DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 214.—SHAW, Zoöl. VII, 228.—_Otus mexicanus_, STEPH. Zoöl. XIII, pt. ii, p. 57.—_Bubo clamator_, VIEILL. Ois. Am. Sept. pl. xx, 1807. _Scops cl._ GRAY, List Birds Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 45. _Strix clamata_, VIEILL. Enc. Méth. III, 1279, 1823. _Strix longirostris_, SPIX, Av. Bras. pl. 9 _a_, 1824. _Strix maculata_, MAX. Beitr. III, 281, 1830. HAB. Middle and South America generally. A very distinct species, and a typical _Bubo_, although usually referred to the genus _Otus_.

[29] _Nyctea scandiaca_, var. _nivea_ (see p. 000). _Strix scandiaca_, LINN. S. N. (12th ed.) I, 132 (1766). _Nyctea scandiaca_, YAWELL, Hist. Brit. B. 1872, 187. _Strix nyctea_, LINN. S. N. I, 1766, 132. _Strix nivea_, DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 1800. _Nyctea nivea_, GRAY, Gen. fol. sp. 1, pl. xii, f. 2.

[30] No. 559, collection of R. Ridgway (♂, Mt. Carmel, Wabash County, Southern Illinois, October 14, 1869). 22½–54. Weight, 3½ lbs.; bill black; iris gamboge-yellow; toes ashy; claws horn-color, black at ends.

[31] _Surnia ulula_, var. _ulula_. _Strix ulula_, LINN. S. N. I, 1766, 133. _Surnia ulula_, BONAP. Cat. 1838, 22.

[32] _Glaucidium passerinum_, var. _passerinum_. _Strix passerina_, LINN. I, 133, 1766. _Glaucidium passerinum_, BOIE, Isis, 1826, 976.—SHARPE & DRESSER, Birds Europe, II, April, 1871. _Surnia passerina_, KEYS. & BLAS. Wirb. Europ. 32, 1840. _Microptynx passerina_, KAUP, Contr. Orn. 1852, 107. _Noctua passerina_, SCHLEG. Mus. Pays-Bas. _Striges_, p. 41, 1862. _Strix pusilla_, DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 205, 1800. _Strix pygmæa_, BECHST. Nat. Deutschl. IV, 978, t. xxiv, 1805. _Strix acadica_, TEMM. Man. d’Orn. I, p. 96, 1820 (_nec_ GMEL.).

[33] _Glaucidium infuscatum_, var. _infuscatum_. _Strix infuscata_, TEMM. Ind. Général, 1821. _Athene i._, BONAP. Consp. 37, 1850 (excl. syn.). _Glaucidium i._, KAUP, Cont. Orn. 1852, 103. ? _Strix eluta_, ILLIG. in Mus. Berl. Cab. Azar. No. 49. _Strix passerinoides_, TEMM. Pl. Col. 344. _Surnia p._, BONAP. Os. Cuv. Règ. An. I, 57. _Noctua p._, LESS. Man. & Tr. Orn.

[34] _Glaucidium infuscatum_, var. _gnoma_. _Glaucidium gnoma_, WAGL. Isis, 1832, 275.—KAUP, Monog. _Strigidæ_, in Contr. to Orn. 1852, 103 (under _G. infuscatum_).—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 163, 1855 (under _G. infuscatum_). _Athene gnoma_, GRAY, Gen. Birds, fol. sp. 35, 1844. _Hab._ Whole of Middle America, from Panama northward to the Rio Grande and Mazatlan. Probably yet to be found in Texas or New Mexico.

[35] Gray, in his “Hand List,” gives in addition _S. fusca_, VIEILL., a West Indian (“Antilles”) species, which proves to be not congeneric with _S. cunicularia_, and also _S. domingensis_ (GM.) MÜLL., which I cannot identify as one of the races of _S. cunicularia_.

[36] _Speotyto cunicularia_, var. _grallaria?_ _? Strix grallaria_, SPIX, Av. Braz. I, 21, 1824.—? TEM. Pl. Col. 146. I am by no means satisfied that this form is the true _grallaria_, but it seems to come nearer to it than any other described. Three specimens (two from Peru, in the National Museum, and one, without label, in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History) have been examined, and agree in the characters diagnosed above.

[37] _Speotyto cunicularia_, var. _cunicularia_. _Strix cunicularia_, MOLINA, St. Chil. 1782, 343. GMEL. S. N. 292, sp. 28,—and of other authors referring to the South American bird.

[38] _Speotyto cunicularia_, var. _guadeloupensis_, RIDGWAY. This bird is merely a very dark local form of the common species, though it differs very appreciably in the sharper definition, greater extent, and more intense tint of the brown markings of its plumage.

I have been unable to find any description of this form, and believe it to be unnamed. It is certainly not the _S. dominicensis_, GMEL. (S. N. 296, _S. domingensis_, MÜLL. GRAY’S Hand List, 43, No. 438), not _S. fusca_, VIEILL. (GRAY’S Hand List, No. 439). The type is in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, and belongs to the Lafresnaye collection (No. 787).

[39] We give, above, three well-marked illustrations of asymmetry: two relating to the auditory apparatus of the two sides of the head, and one of opposite sides of the skull.

[40] As in the case of the _Strigidæ_, my determinations of the North American species of _Falconidæ_ were furnished, according to request, to Dr. Coues, for use in his “Key to North American Birds.” (R. R.)

[41] By this is meant that they are all of equal length and thickness, and not progressively smaller from the posterior one to the outer, as in all _Falconidæ_ with the sole exception of _Pandion_, though there is a very near approach to this feature in one or two of the species of _Haliætus_.

[42] As in all the _Strigidæ_.

[43] Embracing besides the _Falcones_ all the Polyborine genera, besides _Herpetotheres_ and _Micrastur_.

[44] As in the Polyborine forms of the _Falconinæ_.

[45] Extremes of sixty specimens.

[46] Sometimes there are more or less distinct linear streaks on the head and neck, or on the pectoral region.

[47] Sometimes the irregular markings above have a transverse tendency.

[48] _Falco gyrfalco_, var. _gyrfalco_ (LINN.). _Falco gyrfalco_, LINN. S. N. 1766, p. 130.—GMEL. S. N. 275.—SCHLEG. Rev. Crit. II, Tr. de Fauc. pl. iii; F. van Nederl. Vog. pls. iii and iv.—NAUM. Vog. pl. cccxci. _Hierofalco gyrfalco_, SCHLEG. BONAP. Rev. Zool. 1854, 535.—NEWTON, Oötheca Wolleyana, I, 87, pl. c. _F. gyrfalco norvegicus_, WOLLEY. _Falco gyrfalco norwegicus_, SCHLEG. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1862, 12. _Falco candicans_, var. γ, BLAS.

Wing, 13.00–14.50; tail, 9.30; culmen, .98; tarsus, 2.50; middle toe, 1.92.

[49] _Falco lanarius_, var. _lanarius_ (SCHLEGEL). _Falco lanarius_, SCHLEG. Krit. Ueb. II, et 11.—IB. Tr. Fauc. 6; Mus. Pays-Bas, _Falcones_ 14; Abh. Zool. 16; Rev. 1844, 2; Naum. 1855, 252; Ibis, 1859, 86.—BREE, B. Eur. I, 1859, 37 (plate of adult!).—TRISTRAM, Ibis, 284.—GRAY, Hand List, I, 1869, 19, No. 171. PELZ. Ueb. der Geier und Falk. II, 1863, 20. _Falco lanarius_ α, SCHLEG. Tr. Fauc. 23. _Gennaia lanarius_, SCHLEG.—BONAP. Rev. 1854, 535. _Falco feldeggii_, SCHLEG. Abh. Zool. 3–6.

[50] _Falco lanarius_, var. _mexicanus_ (LICHT.). _Falco mexicanus_, “LICHT. Mus. Berol.”—SCHLEG. Abh. Zool. 1841, 15.—SCHLEG. _Falcones_, Mus. Pays-Bas, 1862, 18.—PELZ. Neb. der Geier und Falk. II, 1863, 19. “_Falco sublanarius_, NATTERER.”—PELZ. Ueb. der Geier und Falk. II, 1863, 19.

[51] _Falco lanarius_, var. _jugger_ (GRAY). _Falco jugger_, GRAY, Hardw. Ill. Ind. Zool. II, pl. xxvi, 1832.—BONAP. Consp. 24.—GOULD, B. Asia, pl. i.—JERDON, B. India, 30.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. 1855, 79, No. 129.—SCHLEG. Abh. pl. xv; Mus. Pays-Bas. I, 17. _Falco lugger_, JERD. Aladr. Journ. X, p. 80; Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. xliv.—BLYTH, Journ. Ass. Soc. Bengal, XI, 104. _Falco thermophilus_, HODGS. Zool. Misc. 1844, 81. _Falco lanarius?_ BLYTH, J. As. Soc. Beng. XIX, 318.

[52] Extremes of more than one hundred specimens measured!

[53] _Falco communis_, var. _orientalis_ (GMELIN). _Falco orientalis_, GMEL. S. N. 1789, 264.—LATH. Ind. Orn. 22.—IB. Gen. Hist. I, 162.—DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 76.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 83. Two specimens examined, from Japan (Nat. Mus., 1; Philad. Acad., 1).

[54] _Falco communis_, var. _communis_ (GMELIN). _Falco communis_, GMEL. S. N. 1789, 270.—SCHLEG. Krit. übers, p. 14.—IB. Mus. Pays-Bas, 1862, _Falcones_, 1.—PELZ. Ueb. der Geier und Falk. 1863, 23. _Falco peregrinus_, GMEL. S. N. 1789, 272.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 81, et AUCT. Seventeen specimens of this race have been examined. They are distributed as follows: Nat. Mus., 5; Bost. Soc., 6; Philad. Acad., 4; Cambridge Mus., 2. Total, 17.

[55] _Falco communis_, var. _melanogenys_ (GOULD). _Falco communis_, LATH. New S. Wales Dr. II, No. 4. _Falco peregrinus_, VIG. LINN. Trans. XV, p. 183.—IB. Isis, 1830, 260.—BONAP. Consp. 23, No. 2. _Falco melanogenys_, GOULD, P. Z. S. pt. 5, 1837, 139.—IB. Synop. B. Austr. pt. 3, pl. xl, fig. 2; Birds of Austr. I, pl. 8; Intr. B. Austr. 19.—GRAY, Gen. B. fol. sp. 6.—IB. List. B. Brit. Mus. 51.—BONAP. Rev. Zoöl. 1850, 484.—KAUP, Monog. Falc. in Jardine’s Contr. Orn. 1850, 56.—STURT, Exp. Austr. App. 14.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 84.—GRAY, Hand List, I, 1869, 19, No. 167. _Falco macropus_, SWAINS. An. Menag. 1838, 341. Eight specimens examined, including the types of GOULD’S figures and descriptions in the Birds of Australia.

[56] _Falco aurantius_, GMEL. (Rufous-bellied Falcon). _Falco aurantius_, GMEL. Syst. Nat. p. 283, 1789.—LATH. Ind. Orn. p. 48, 1790, Gen. Hist. I, 289.—DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 130.—SHAW, Zoöl. VII, 194.—STEPH. Zoöl. XIII, ii, 40.—CUV. Reg. An. (ed. 2), I, 322.—LESS. Tr. Orn. p. 91. BONAP. Consp. Av. p. 25.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 89, 1855. _Hypotriorchis aurantius_, KAUP, Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. p. 257, 1845. _Bidens aurantius_, SPIX, Av. Bras. I, 17, 1824. _Falco deiroleucus_, TEMM. Pl. Col. 348, 1836.—LESS. Man. Orn. I, 79.—GRAY, List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 25; Gen. B. fol. sp. 12.—BONAP. Rev. Zool. 1850, 486. _Falco rufigularis_ (not of DAUDIN!) GRAY, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 54, 1844.

SP. CHAR. _Adult_ (♂, Costa Rica; Coll. G. N. Lawrence). Above bluish-plumbeous, the feathers darker centrally; anteriorly the black increases in extent, first leaving the plumbeous only as a border to the feathers, and then dropping it altogether, the head and nape being plain black; posteriorly the plumbeous predominates, and shows a tendency to form transverse bars. On the head and neck the black occupies the whole upper and lateral portions, reaching down to the throat, involving the whole of the cheeks and maxillæ, which it covers in an angular patch. Primaries and tail deep black; the former immaculate on their outer surface; the latter crossed by six (the last terminal) incomplete very narrow bands of pure white, formed by transverse bars, which touch neither the shaft nor edges of the feathers; upper tail-coverts crossed by about two bars of pure white. Immaculate area of the throat and jugulum deep rufous posteriorly and laterally, pure white anteriorly and centrally; from the jugulum to the tibiæ, and including the entire lining of the wing, continuous black, with transverse bars of white; tibiæ plain rufous; crissum mixed rufous and white,—the former predominating,—and thickly marked with large transverse spots of black; inner webs of primaries with transverse ovate spots of white, touching neither shaft nor edge of the feather; these number seven on the longest quill (second). Wing-formula, 2–1, 3–4. Wing, 9.90; tail, 5.50; tarsus, 1.55; middle toe, 1.75.

_Juv._ (♂, 51,293, Costa Rica, La Palma, August 25, 1867; José C. Zeledon). Whole upper surface black, deepest on the tail; it occupies the whole head (except the chin, throat, and sides of the neck), the black cheek-patch having considerable prominence; feathers everywhere (except on the head and neck) indistinctly bordered with light brownish, this becoming more distinct posteriorly; upper tail-coverts tipped and barred beneath the surface with pure white; secondaries, primaries, and primary coverts narrowly but sharply tipped with pure white; tail crossed with five very sharp bars of pure white, the last terminal, the first two concealed by the coverts; these transverse spots touch the shaft, but not the edge of the feather; on the lateral feather they are confined to the inner web. Chin, throat, neck, and breast, abdomen, crissum, and lower tail-coverts, deep orange (not chestnut) rufous; in fact, this forms the ground-color of the whole lower parts; but the sides, flanks, and abdomen have such large transverse spots of black (these exceeding the orange in amount), giving the prevailing color; the orange of the jugulum is sharply defined, with a semicircular outline, against the black of the belly, and has distinct lanceolate shaft-streaks of black; the lower part of the abdomen, and the tibiæ, have cordate or broadly sagittate black spots, rather exceeding the orange; the lower tail-coverts have broad transverse spots of black. (The orange is deepest on the jugulum and crissum, being palest where most thickly spotted; it is immaculate only on chin, throat, and neck; the markings are longitudinal only on the jugulum.) Lining of the wing like the belly, that is, the black predominating; under surface of primaries with transverse elliptical spots of pale cream-color, seven in number on the longest. Wing-formula, 2, 1–3. Wing, 9.90; tail, 5.40; culmen, .72; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, 1.75; outer toe, 1.20; inner, 1.00; posterior, .80.

_List of Specimens examined._—National Museum, 1; G. N. Lawrence, 1; Boston Society, 2; Philadelphia Academy, 3. Total, 7.

_Measurements._—♀. Wing, 10.90–11.30; tail, 6.00–6.25; culmen, .90; tarsus, 1.50–1.60; middle toe, 1.85–2.10.

[57] _Falco rufigularis_, DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 131, 1800.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 88, 1855. _Hypotriorchis rufigularis_, GRAY, Gen. B. fol. sp. 5, 1844; List B. Brit. Mus. p. 54, 1848; Hand List, I, 21, 1869.—BONAP. Consp. Av. (sub _F. aurantius_.).—GRAY, Hand List, I, 21, 1869. _Falco aurantius_, β, LATH. Ind. Orn. I, 48, 1790. _Falco aurantius_, γ, LATH. Ind. Orn. I, 48, 1790. _Falco aurantius_, TEMM. Pl. Col. sub. pl. cccxlviii, 1836.—LICHT. Verz. Doubl. p. 61, 1823.—CASS. B. N. Am. 1858, 10.—ELLIOT, Birds N. Am. pl. xi. _Falco albigularis_, DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 131, 1800. _Falco hæmorrhoidalis_, HAHN, Vög. XV, Lief. pl. i, 1818. _Falco cucullatus_, SWAINS. An. Menag. p. 340, 1838. _Falco thoracicus_, DONOVAN, Nat. Rep. pl. xlv, 1822.

SP. CHAR. _Adult_ (♂, 52,820, Mazatlan, Western Mexico; Col. A. J. Grayson). Above dark slate, with a bluish-plumbeous cast, and uniform over whole surface (wings included) from nape to tail. Anteriorly the tint is almost black, this covering continuously the whole upper and lateral portion of the head, reaching down to the throat, and forming a broad angular projection over the cheeks, which are purer black. All the feathers above darker centrally, but the obscure spots so formed mostly concealed; shafts of the feathers inconspicuously black; upper tail-coverts each with two broad transverse spots of black. Secondaries, primary coverts, and primaries uniform dull black; the former, and inner feathers of the latter, very narrowly ashy-whitish on terminal border,—the coverts with a bluish shade terminally. Tail black (dull light brown at apical margin), crossed with about six obsolete narrow bands of plumbeous, these changing to narrower white bars on the inner webs. Chin, base of maxillæ, throat, sides of the neck, and jugulum, ochraceous-white, the ochraceous tinge deepest posteriorly; breast (broadly across) and sides black, with numerous narrow transverse bars of reddish-white, becoming more ashy posteriorly; abdomen, anal region, tibiæ, femorals, and lower tail-coverts uniform deep, almost castaneous, rufous. Lining of the wing dull black, with circular ochraceous-white spots, but former predominating; whole under surface of primaries and secondaries a similar blackish-dusky, the former with narrow transverse elliptical spots of white, of which there are eight (the first and last merely indicated) on the longest quill. Wing-formula, 2–1–3. Wing, 7.70; tail, 3.95; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, 1.20. Tail slightly emarginated; second and third feathers longest (counting from exterior).

♀ (5,218, Mazatlan; Colonel Grayson). Almost precisely similar to the male; less contrast between blackish-plumbeous of the nape, and more bluish of the back; bands on tail five in number; bars on black beneath more reddish. Wing-formula same. Wing, 8.80; tail, 4.40; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, 1.30.

_Juv._ (Bryant Coll. 1,531, Orizaba, Mex.). Above continuous dull black, without bluish cast or concealed spots; tail-bands narrower, purer white; black beneath duller, transverse bars more obsolete, broader, and pale rusty; chestnut-rufous of posterior lower portions lighter and less uniform; lower tail-coverts with broad transverse spots of plumbeous-black. Wing-formula as in adult. Wing, 8.75; tail, 4.40.

Two young males from Tehuantepec, Mexico (Nos. 613 and 613, May 16, 1871; F. Sumichrast), differ from that described above in some remarkable respects: the upper parts are in one black, but without the rusty margins to the feathers; in the other, almost exactly as in the adult plumage described. The lower parts, however, are most different; the throat and jugular are uniform deep soft ochraceous, with a few longitudinal streaks of black near the black abdominal patch; the bars in this last are deep rufous, and the terminal band of the tail is also deep rufous. The weak bill, and soft, blended character of the plumage, indicate unmistakably the very young age of these specimens, which are also marked “very young” by M. Sumichrast.

In colors, as well as in size and form, this very handsome little Falcon closely resembles the _F. severus_, Horsf., of Manilla and the neighboring East Indian Islands; the main difference is that in that species the lower surface is wholly deep rufous, instead of partly black.

_List of Specimens examined._—National Museum, 11; Boston Society, 6; Philadelphia Academy, 7; New York Museum, 3; G. N. Lawrence, 3; R. Ridgway, 2. Total, 32.

_Measurements._—♂. Wing, 7.20–8.80; tail, 4.20–5.10; culmen, .45–.55; tarsus, 1.25–1.50; middle toe, 1.15–1.30. Specimens, 13. ♀. Wing, 8.50–9.00; tail, 5.00–5.50; culmen, .58; tarsus, 1.48–1.55; middle toe, 1.30–1.40. Specimens, 8.

HAB. Tropical America, northward through Central America and Mexico almost to southern border of United States.

Localities: Veragua, SCL. & SALV. 1869, 252.

[58] _Falco_ (_Æsalon_) _lithofalco_, var. _lithofalco_ (GMELIN). _Accipiter lithofalco_, BRISS. Orn. I, 1760, 349. _Falco lithofalco_, GMEL. S. N. 1789, 278. _Æsalon lithofalco_, KAUP. Ueb. Falk. Mus. Senck. 258. _Falco regulus_, GMEL. S. N. 1798, 285. _Accipiter æsalon_, BRISS. Orn. I, 1760, 382. _Falco æsalon_, GMELIN, S. N. 1789, 284.—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. B., ed. 1871, 74. _Hypotriorchis æsalon_, GRAY, Gen. 1844, Sp. 10. _Falco intermixtus_, DAUD. Tr. Orn. II, 1800, 141. _Falco emerillus_, SAVIGNY, Descr. Egypt, Pt. I, 1809, 100. _Falco sibiricus_, SHAW, Zoöl. VII, 1812, 207. _Falco cæsius_, MEYER, Tasch. deutsch. Vög. I, 1810. _Falco subæsalon_, BREHM, Vög. Deutsch. I, 1831, 67.

HAB. Europe and Western Asia; Iceland.

_List of Specimens examined._—National Museum, 8; Boston Society, 4; Cambridge Museum, 3; New York Museum, 2; Philadelphia Academy, 3. Total, 20.

_Measurements._—♂. Wing, 7.60–8.00; tail, 5.10–5.30; culmen, .45–.50; tarsus, 1.35–1.45; middle toe, 1.15: specimens, 10. ♀. Wing, 8.60–9.00; tail, 6.00–6.30; culmen, .52–.55; tarsus, 1.45–1.47; middle toe, 1.20–1.25: specimens, 10.

[59] Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Dec., 1870, pp. 147–149.

[60] See London Ibis.

[61] A synopsis of the geographical races of _T. sparverius_ comes after the remarks on that species, page 1486.

[62] _Falco_ (_Tinnunculus_) _leucophrys_. _Tinnunculus sparveroides_ (not of Vigors!), LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1860, p. 1 (in part; light individuals). _Falco sparverius_ (not of Linn.!), D’ORB. R. Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 25 (probably). VIG. Zoöl. Journ. I, 339; III, 435. Tinnunculus leucophrys, RIDGWAY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1870, 147. _Hab._ Cuba and Hayti.

_Adult_ ♂ (34,244, Remedios, Cuba, December 14, 1863; N. H. Bishop). Head above pure, fine bluish-ash, becoming (broadly) white on forehead; the feathers with delicate shaft-lines of black. Nape, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rich purplish-rufous (almost exactly as in _sparverius_); no bars on dorsal region, except a very few across ends of larger posterior scapulars. Terminal band of tail _light rufous_, .30 in width; subterminal zone of black, very regular, .55 in width; lateral feather, with outer web and end of inner, reddish-white, the black subterminal band crossing the inner web only; inner web anterior to this, continuous rufous; shafts of tail-feathers rufous. Wings fine bluish-ash, like the crown; middle and lower coverts with a very few elliptical, _longitudinal_ specks or touches of black on the shafts; secondaries passing terminally into white, their exposed basal half pure black; primaries pure black, exposed edges of inner webs paler. Whole under surface of wings _immaculate_ pure white, with a faint delicate reddish tinge; inner webs of primaries serrated along the shaft with dusky. Forehead and superciliary stripe (broadly and sharply defined against the bluish of the crown), whole side of the head (including lores and ear-coverts), and entire lower parts, continuous, _immaculate_, pure white, with a delicate orange tinge, except anteriorly. The “mustache” is but just indicated by some blackish touches, and in some individuals it is wanting entirely, while in all it is very restricted in width; the other black markings of the head are, however, as in _sparverius_. Wing-formula, 2, 3–4, 1. Wing, 7.00; tail, 5.00; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, .90; culmen, .46. A specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection, which with others he has kindly lent me for examination, is in beautifully high plumage. It differs from the type in having the white of the lower parts tinged, or rather _stained_, with a beautiful, delicate _rufous_, or almost a _salmon-orange_. The terminal band of the tail also inclines decidedly to this color, while the white of the under surface of the wing (particularly towards ends of secondaries and primaries) is tinged with a more pinkish shade of the same. Another of Mr. Lawrence’s specimens differs in the clearer white beneath (that is, with less reddish tinge,—the pureness and continuity does not vary), which extends entirely around the neck, giving a sharper definition to the black pattern. The “mustache,” however, is almost entirely absent; the black transverse spots on larger posterior scapulars are rather more conspicuous, and the terminal band of the tail is more purely white.

♀ (31,984, Cuba, J. Ackhurst). Generally similar to _sparverius_, but rufous brighter, the bars narrower and less numerous; the nape or upper part of back, and rump, being almost immaculate. Tail with ten black bars, these scarcely touching the shaft; the last is about .36 wide, the others about .16; tip of tail scarcely paler than base; lateral feather with outer web edged broadly with paler or ochraceous white, rufous next the shaft, immaculate; inner web with only three or four very narrow bars on terminal half. Head as in the male, but vertex considerably tinged with rufous. Whole lower parts, including frontal and lateral regions of the head, continuous pure white; breast with a very faint yellowish tinge; side of the breast and sides with a few scattered minute elliptical longitudinal flakes of rusty,—more black on the shaft. Whole under surface of the wing white, as in the male. Wing-formula, 2, 3–4, 1. Wing, 7.00; tail, 4.70; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, .90; culmen, .51. A Cuban female belonging to Mr. Lawrence is exactly similar. One in the S. I. Collection, from Hayti (42,420, Port au Prince, June 5, 1860; A. C. Younglove), differs only in less purely black bars, and in utter absence of the mustache. A male from the same locality (43,418) is like it in the last respect.

_Juv._ ♀ (34,235, Remedios, Cuba, December, 1864; N. H. Bishop). Similar to the adult described, but jugulum tinged with soft pinkish-rufous, and the black bars on upper parts—especially on wings—with a plumbeous cast.

In regard to this form, we must either consider that it is a distinct species, or assume that it is a light phase of a Cuban species, of which _T. sparveroides_ may be the dark or rufescent form; knowing, as we do, that the differences between _leucophrys_ and _sparveroides_ depend on neither sex, age, nor season, then the only way to account for the two phases is to consider that the Cuban bird (if we deny it the rank of a species) presents a very peculiar example of dimorphism. I have never yet seen a specimen which was not decidedly one or the other. An adult male from Cuba is immaculate white beneath, the breast very strongly tinged with deep rufous, the mustache wholly absent. Two females have narrow brown streaks on the breast, the mustache nearly obsolete; the dusky bars on primaries and tail much narrower.

_List of Specimens examined._—Nat. Mus., 7; Bost. Soc., 3; Philad. Acad., 2; G. N. Lawrence, 4. Total, 16.

_Measurements._—♂. Wing, 6.80–7.30; tail, 4.90–5.20; culmen, .45; tarsus, 1.45; middle toe, .90; specimens, 4. ♀, Wing, 7.10–7.60; tail, 4.90–5.60; culmen, .50–.52; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, .91; specimens, 6.

[63] _Falco_ (_Tinnunculus_) _sparveroides_. _Falco sparveroides_, VIGORS, Zoöl. Journ. III, 436, 1827; Isis, 1830, p. 1166.—D’ORB. (R. de la Sagra), Hist. Cuba, 1840, p. 30, pl. i. _Tinnunculus sparveroides_, GRAY, Gen. B. fol. sp. 12, 1844.—FRASER, Zoöl. Typ. pl. xxx.—BONAP. Consp. Av. p. 27.—STRICKL. Orn. Syn. I, 100, 1855.—LAWR. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1860, p. 1 (in part dark specimens).—RIDGWAY, P. A. N. S. Phil. Dec. 1870, 149. _Tinnunculus dominicensis_ (not of GMEL.?), GRAY, Hand List, I, 24, 1869.—GUNDLACH, Repert. Cuba, I, 225, 1865. _? Hypotriorchis ferrugineus_, SAUSS. Rev. et Mag. Zoöl. 1859, p. 117, pl. iii.

_Hab._ Cuba (only?).

_Adult_ ♂ (31,985, Cuba; J. Ackhurst). Above, continuously dark plumbeous, from bill to the tail, the shafts of the feathers black (these streaks most noticeable on the head above), the larger scapulars and interscapulars darker centrally, forming indistinct or obscure spots; this plumbeous covers the whole neck laterally, and the middle area of the ear-coverts. An obsolete “mustache” running from the lores downward across the cheeks, a spot across ends of the ear-coverts connected with that on the neck, and obsolete though continuous collar round the nape, inclining to black. Primaries wholly black, basal third of secondaries the same. (No spots on wings.) Tail deep chestnut, shafts of feathers black; terminal band dull slate; subterminal black zone about .60 of an inch in width, but instead of running sharply across, as in all the varieties of _sparverius_ and in _leucophrys_, the black runs along the edge of each feather, bordering it nearly to the base; the lateral feather has both webs continuous deep chestnut, the tip slate, the subterminal spot and shaft black. Chin and throat dull ashy-white; rest of lower parts continuous deep chestnut-rufous, this palest on the anal region, and tinged with slate across the jugulum as well as on the flanks, where there are a very few darker spots. (The chestnut beneath is unspotted.) Inner webs of primaries mottled along the edge with paler slate, this running in points toward the shafts, giving an idea of bars. Wing-formula, 2, 3–4, 1. Wing, 7.00; tail, 4.45; tarsus, 1.31; middle toe, .90; culmen, .50.

♂ (29,579, Cuba, April 25; Charles Wright). Head above, dark plumbeous; feathers with darker shaft-lines; black stripes of head more sharply defined than in the male. Above, continuously deep rufous (brighter and more ferruginous than in the different styles of _sparverius_), continuously barred, as in var. _sparverius_, but blacker, the bars on upper part of back with tendency to longitudinal direction. Tail with twelve narrow, sharply defined bars of black; but the ground-color continuous rufous to the tip, the lateral feather as deeply rufous as the middle. Inner webs of primaries deep rusty-rufous, with twelve very narrow transverse bars of dusky crossing to the edge. The middle area of the ear-coverts, with the chin and throat, is dull white; the rest of the lower parts (including side of the neck) and whole lining of the wing are deep rusty-rufous, paler on the crissum, nearly white on the anal region; these regions have no spots, except on the flanks, where are a few narrow transverse bars. Wing-formula, 2, 3–4, 1. Wing, 7.00; tail, 4.45; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe, .90; culmen, .51.

_Juv._ ♂ (39,108, Remedios, Cuba, December 11, 1863; N. H. Bishop). General appearance of the adult; but back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts chestnut-rufous, uniform with the tail; these parts are, however, strongly clouded with more bluish slate, and the blackish spots are more distinct. The black zone of the tail runs more sharply across, and is narrower than in the adult. The middle area of the ear-coverts is nearly as light as the throat. The rufous beneath is less castaneous, as well as less continuous, becoming nearly white on abdomen and tibia; the slaty tinge on the jugulum is wanting. Wing-formula, 3, 2–4, –1. Wing, 6.85; tail, 4.90; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, .90; culmen, .50.