Chapter VI: The Inquisition and the Index.724 (3)

[Footnote 65: The ordinance was entitled, _Ordnung wic sich pfarrer und prediger zu Statt und Land Bern, in leer und leben, halten sollen, mit wyterem bericht von Christo, und den Sacramenten, beschlossen im Synodo daselbst versamlet am 9 tag Januarij_--_Anno 1532_. The doctrinal decisions of the Synod are to be found in Müller, _Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 31 _ff._]

[Footnote 66: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 364.]

[Footnote 67: Froment married (1529) Marie Dentière, who had been abbess of a convent in Tournai, and had been expelled for her Evangelical opinions. She was a learned lady, a friend of the Queen of Navarre, who sometimes preached, according to the nun Jeanne de Jussie, and made many converts. She wrote a piquant epistle to the Queen of Navarre, exposing the intrigues which drove Calvin, Farel, and Coraut from Geneva. A portion of this very rare _Epistle_ is printed by Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 295 _ff._]

[Footnote 68: Froment, _Les Actes et gestes marveilleux de la cité de Genève_ (ed. of 1854 by G. Revillod), pp. 9 and 12-15.]

[Footnote 69: The authorities of Freiburg in a letter to Geneva actually called this Dominican monk a "Lutheran preacher"; cf. their letter given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iii. 15 _f._]

[Footnote 70: _Ibid._ iii. 38, _f._]

[Footnote 71: The text of the decree is given in Herminjard, iii. 41 _n._]

[Footnote 72: Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 53; Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. 48-51.]

[Footnote 73: For the affair of Werly, see the letter of the Evangelicals of Geneva to the Council of Bern, given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., and the notes of the editor (iii. 46 _ff._).]

[Footnote 74: After the defeat of his party by the combined efforts of Freiburg and Bern, the Bishop had quitted Geneva on August 1st, 1527; he returned there on July 1st, 1533, but left again after a fortnight's residence (July 14th, 1533), disgusted, he said, at an act of iconoclasm.]

[Footnote 75: The priests of Geneva were notoriously turbulent. We read of at least five riots which they headed. The canons were worse. Pierre Werly had attempted the assassination of Farel on October 3rd, 1532 (Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 50); he had taken an active part in the riots caused by the placards in 1532.]

[Footnote 76: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 38.]

[Footnote 77: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 74, 75, 247 (where Canus is called Alexander de Molendino). Froment, who had been compelled to quit Geneva, had returned to the town along with Alexandre Canus immediately after the departure of the Bishop on the 14th of July 1533.]

[Footnote 78: Furbiti permitted himself to use strong language. Even the Romanist chronicler, the nun Jeanne de Jussie, records that Furbiti "touched to the quick the Lutheran dogs," and said that "all those who belonged to that cursed sect were licentious, gluttons, lascivious, ambitious, homicides, and bandits, who loved nothing but sensuality, and lived as the brutes, reverencing neither God nor their superiors" (_Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p 79).]

[Footnote 79: _Caffard_ need not be taken to mean _hypocrite_: it was commonly used to denote a mendicant friar.]

[Footnote 80: The letter is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 119 _f._]

[Footnote 81: The MS. chronicle of Michel Roset is the source for the statement about the order to burn translations of the Scripture.]

[Footnote 82: Furbiti was released in April 1536 at the request of Francis I. of France. He was exchanged for Antoine Saunier, a Swiss Evangelical in prison in France. Such exchanges were not uncommon between the Protestant cantons and France.--Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 396 _f._

A full account of the conferences between Farel and Furbiti is given in _Lettres certaines d'aucuns grandz troubles et tumultes nuz à Genève, avec la disputation faicte l'an 1534_, etc. (Basel, 1588). The booklet is very rare.]

[Footnote 83: Adjoining the house of Baudichon, with one building between them, was a large mansion occupied by the Seigneur de Thorens, a strong partisan of the Reformation. He was a Savoyard, expelled from his country because of his religious principles. He acquired citizenship in Bern. The Bernese, on the eve of their embassy, which reached Geneva on Jan. 4th, had bought this house, and placed M. de Thorens therein, intending it to be a place where the Evangelicals could meet in safety under the protection of Bern. It is probable that in time of special danger the Evangelicals met there for public worship. When the Council of Freiburg objected to Farel's preaching, the Council of Geneva replied that the services were held in the house of the deputies of Bern. Cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 459, _f._, 489 _f._; Jeanne de Jussie, _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 91, 106, 107 (where the poor nun describes the various ceremonies of the Reformed cult with all the venom and coarseness of sixteenth century Romanism); Baum, _Procès de Baudichon de la Maisonneuve accusé d'héresie a Lyon, 1534_ (Geneva, 1873), pp. 110, 111; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 126 _f._, iii. 196-98.]

[Footnote 84: The poison was placed in some spinach soup, and the popular story was that Farel escaped because he did not like the food; that Froment had seated himself at table to take his share, when news was brought to him that his wife and children had arrived at Geneva--he rose from the table at once to go to meet them, and left the soup untasted. Poor Viret was the only one who took his share, and became very ill immediately afterwards. The prisoner's confession, lately exhumed from the Geneva archives, tells another tale. The woman said that she stuffed a small bone with the poison, and placed it in Viret's bowl; but was afraid to do the same to Farel's because his soup was too clear. Cf. extracts quoted in Doumergue's _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 133, 134 _n._]

[Footnote 85: The _Theses_ are given in Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, iii. 357.]

[Footnote 86: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294, 295 _n._]

[Footnote 87: _Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 118.]

[Footnote 88: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 294 _n._]

[Footnote 89: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 144-146: "Nous avons les dieux des Prebstres, en voullés vous? et les iectoynt apres cielx" (p. 145).]

[Footnote 90: The minute is given in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 424; and the letter of the two Councils written for the information of the Councils of Bern at p. 332.]

[Footnote 91: Froment, _Actes et Gestes_, etc. pp. 142-144.]

[Footnote 92: The fullest contemporary account of these matters is to be found in _Un opuscule inédit de Farel; Le Resumé des actes de la Dispute de Rive de 1535_, published in the 22nd vol. of the _Mémoires et Documents publiées par la Société d'Histoire et Archæologie de Genève_. It has been reprinted separately.]

[Footnote 93: The words used by the spokesman of the secular clergy, among whom were the canons of the cathedral, were: "_sua non esse sustinere talia, cum nec sint sufficientes nec sciant_."]

[Footnote 94: The minute of Council is quoted in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 147, 148.]

[Footnote 95: For these relations, cf. Durrant, _Les Relations politiques de Genève avec Berne et les Suisses, de 1536 à 1564_ (1894).]

[Footnote 96: The devout Romanist, Soeur Jeanne de Jussie, testifies, with mediæval frankness, to the dissolute lives of the Romish clergy: "_Il est bien vray que les Prelats et gens d'Église pour ce temps ne gardoient pas bien leurs voeus et estat, mais gaudissoient dissolument des biens de l'Église tenant femmes en lubricité et adultère, et quasi tout le peuple estoit infect de cest abominable et detestable péché: dont est à scavoir que les péchéz du monde abondoient en toutes sortes de gens, qui incitoient l'ire de Dieu à y mettre sa punition divine_" (_Le Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 35; cf. minutes of the Council of Geneva at p. 241). Even the nuns of Geneva, with the exception of the nuns of St. Clara, to whom Jeanne de Jussie belonged, were notorious for their conduct; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 349 _n._]

[Footnote 97: Cf. Wildermuth's letter to the _Council of the Two Hundred_ in Bern, telling that Farel was in prison at Payerne: "Would that I had twenty Bernese with me, and with the help of God we would not have permitted what has happened" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 344).]

[Footnote 98: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 42.]

[Footnote 99: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 35.]

[Footnote 100: Cordier, Corderius, Cordery, was a well-known name in Scottish parish schools a century ago, where his exercises were used in almost every Latin class. He became a convert of the Reformed faith, and did his best to spread Evangelical doctrines by means of the sentences to be turned into Latin. He followed his great pupil to Geneva, and died there in his eighty-eighth year.]

[Footnote 101: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 126.]

[Footnote 102: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xlix. p. 121.]

[Footnote 103: I owe this inference to my brother, Professor Lindsay of St. Andrews; he adds that Plautus was greatly studied in the time of Calvin's youth in France.]

[Footnote 104: Cf. his letter to Francis Daniel, where he speaks about the publication of the Commentary; says that he has issued it at his own expense; that some of the Paris lecturers, to help its sale, had made it a book on which they lectured, and hopes _quod publico etiam bono forte cessurum sit_ (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ii. 417).]

[Footnote 105: In a letter to Francis Daniel, of date Oct. 27th, 1553, Calvin calls Gerard "our Friend"; and in another, written about the end of the same month, he describes with a minuteness of detail impossible for anyone who was not in the inner circle, the comedy acted by the students of the College of Navarre, which was a satire directed against Marguerite, the Queen of Navarre, and Gerard Roussel, and the affair of the connection of the University of Paris and the Queen's poem, entitled _le Miroir de l'âme pécheresse_; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 103-11.]

[Footnote 106: Lang, _Die Bekehrung Johannes Calvins_ (1897); Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. i. 344, _ff._; Müller, "Calvins Bekehrung" (_Nachrichten der Gött. Gel._ for 1905, pp. 206 _ff._); Wernle, "Noch einmal die Bekehrung Calvins" (_Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte_, xxvii. 84 _ff._ (1906)).]

[Footnote 107: For the history of this Discourse written by Calvin and pronounced by Cop, see E. Doumergue, _Jean Calvin; Les hommes et les choses de son temps_ (Lausanne, 1899), i. 331 _ff._; A. Lang, _Die Bekehrung J. Calvins_ (Leipzig, 1897), p. 46. _ff._ For accounts of the attempts to arrest Nicolas Cop and Calvin, see the letter of Francis I. to the _Parlement_ of Paris in Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 114-118, and the editor's notes, also p. 418.]

[Footnote 108: "Magister Gulielmus Farellus proponit sicuti sit necessaria illa lectura quam initiavit _ille Gallus_ in Sancto Petro. Supplicat advideri de illo retinendo et sibi alimentando. Super quo fuit advisum quod advideatur de ipsum substinendo" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 87 _n._).]

[Footnote 109: For the Disputation at Lausanne, see Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 86 _f._ (Letter from Calvin to F. Daniel, Oct. 13th, 1536); _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. p. 876 f.; Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, vol. iv.; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 214 _f._]

[Footnote 110: The ten _Theses_ are printed in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. 701.]

[Footnote 111: Their names were Jean Mimard, regent of the school in Vevey; Jacques Drogy, vicar of Morges; Jean Michod, dean of Vevey; Jean Berilly, vicar of Prévessin; and a Dominican monk, de Monbouson.]

[Footnote 112: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxvii. 879-81.]

[Footnote 113: Wherever Farel went he had instituted what was called the "congregation": once a week in church, members of the audience were invited to ask questions, which the preacher answered. These "congregations" were an institution all over Romance Switzerland. The custom prevailed in Geneva when Calvin came there, and it was continued.]

[Footnote 114: Bonnet, _Lettres françaises de Calvin_, ii. 574.]

[Footnote 115: "Il seroyt bien à désirer que la communication de la Saincte Cène de Jésucrist fust tous les dimenches pour le moins en usage, quant l'Église est assemblée en multitude" (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. 7); cf. the first edition of the _Institutio_ (1536): "Singulis, ad minimum, hebdomadibus proponenda erat christianorum coetui mensa Domini."]

[Footnote 116: Calvin says: "_C'est une chose bien expédiente à l'édification de l'esglise, de chanter aulcungs pseaumes en forme d'oraysons publicqs._" The translations of the Psalms by Clement Marot, which were afterwards used in the Church of Geneva, were not published till 1541, and the _pseaumes_ may have been religious canticles such as were used in the Reformed Church of Neuchâtel from 1533; but it ought to be remembered that translations of the Psalms of David did exist in France before Marot's; cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iv. 163 _n._]

[Footnote 117: "Et comment ne souhaiterions-nous pas voir notre siècle ramené à l'image de cette église primitive, puisqu'alors Christ recevait un plus pur hommage, et que l'éclat de son nom était plus au loin répandu?... Puisse cette extension de la foi, puisse cette pureté du culte, aujourd'hui que reparaît la lumière de l'Évangile, nous être aussi accordées par celui qui est béni au-dessus de toutes choses! Aujourd'hui, je le répète, que reparait la lumière de l'Évangile, qui se répand enfin de nouveau dans le monde, et y éclaire de ses divins rayons un grand nombre d'esprits; de telle sorte que, sans parler de bien d'autres avantages, depuis le temps de Constantine, où l'Église primitive peu à peu dégénérée perdit tout a fait son caracter, il n'y a eu dans aucune autre epoque plus de connaissance des langues.... "--Lefèvre d'Étaples, _aux Lecteurs chrétiens de Meaux_ (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 93).]

[Footnote 118: The prevailing idea was that the Evangelical pastors were the servants of the community, and therefore of the Councils which represented it. J. J. Watteville, the celebrated Advoyer or President of Bern, and a strong and generous supporter of the Reformation, was accustomed to say: "Nothing prevents me dismissing a servant when he displeases me; why should not a town send its pastor away if it likes?" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, vii. 354 _n._).]

[Footnote 119: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. ix. 116.]

[Footnote 120: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. viii. 280, 281, ix. 117, vi. 183; Ruchat, _Histoire de la Réformation de la Suisse_, ii. 520, _f._; Farel, _Summaire_, edition of 1867, pp. 78 _ff._]

[Footnote 121: Matt. xviii. 15-17.]

[Footnote 122: The action of the people of the four parishes which made the district of Thyez illustrates a condition of mind not easily sympathised with by us, and it shows what the commonalty of the sixteenth century thought of the powers of the Councils which ruled their city republics. The district belonged to Geneva, and was under the rule of the Council of that city. The inhabitants had been permitted to retain the Romanist religion. They were, nevertheless, excommunicated by their Bishop for clinging to Geneva with loyalty. They were honest Roman Catholics; they could not bear the thought of living under excommunication, and longed for absolution; the Bishop would not grant it; so the _people applied to the Council of Geneva to absolve them_, which the Council did by a minute which runs as follows: "(April 4th, 1535) Sur ce qu'est proposé par nostre chastelain de Thyez, que ceux de Thyez font doubte soy présenter en l'esglise à ces Pasques prochaines (April 16th), à cause d'aucunes lettres d'excommuniement qui sont esté contre aucuns exécutées, par quoi volentier ils desirent avoir remède de absolution.... Est esté résolu que l'on escrive une patente aux vicaires du dict mandement (district), que nous les tenons pour absols." This was enough. The people went cheerfully to their Easter services (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 26 _n._).]

[Footnote 123: Cf. the letter of the Council of Bern to the Council of Lausanne: "(July 1541): Concernant minas contra ministrum Verbi, lasciviam vitæ civium, bacchanalia, ebrietates, commessationes, contemptum Evangelii, rythmos impudicos, etc., ceux de Lausanne sont vertement réprimandés. On leur remontre leur négligence à châtier les vices. Il leur est ordonné de punir, dans le terme d'un mois, les bacchantes et aussi celui qui a menacé le prédicant et l'a interpellé dans la rue. Il est également ordonné aux ambassadeurs qui seront envoyés pour les appels, de faire de sévères remonstrances devant le Conseil et les Bourgeois, et de les menacer en les exhortant à s'amender" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, vii. 145).]

[Footnote 124: This first Catechism has been republished and edited under the title, _Le Catéchisme français de Calvin, publié en 1537, réimprimé pour la première fois d'après un exemplaire nouvellement retrouvé et suivi de plus ancienne Confession de foi de l'Église de Genève, avec deux notices, l'une historique, l'autre bibliographique_, par Albert Rilliet et Théophile Dufour, 1878. The curious bibliographical history of the book is given in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. p. 230; and at greater length in the preface to the reprint.]

[Footnote 125: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_, p. 111.]

[Footnote 126: The question is carefully discussed by Rilliet in his _Le Catéchisme français de Calvin_, and by Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 237-39.]

[Footnote 127: The letter from Bern (dated Nov. 28th) was read to the recalcitrants, who gave way and accepted the Confession on Jan. 4th, 1538 (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, iv. 340 _n._).]

[Footnote 128: _Actes et Gestes merveilleux_, p. 215, _f._]

[Footnote 129: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 403, 404, 407; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 278.]

[Footnote 130: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc, iv. 413.]

[Footnote 131: On April 8th it was reported that Coraut had said in a sermon that Geneva was a realm of tipplers, and that the town was governed by drunkards (from all accounts a true statement of fact, but scarcely suitable for a sermon), and had been brought before the Council in consequence.]

[Footnote 132: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 413-16, 420-22.]

[Footnote 133: Calvin says that he wished the matter to be regularly brought before the people and discussed: "_Concio etiam a nobis habeatur de ceremoniarum libertate, deinde ad conformitatem populum adhortemur, propositis ejus rationibus. Demum liberum ecclesiæ judicium permittatur._" Cf. the memorandum presented to the Synod of Zurich by Calvin and Farel, _ibid._ v. 3; _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 191.]

[Footnote 134: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 423, 425, 426, 427, v. 3, 24.]

[Footnote 135: It is worth mentioning that while the three letters from Bern were brought before the Council of the Two Hundred, the decisions of the Lausanne Synod were produced at the General Council. Did the Council wish to give their decision a semblance of ecclesiastical authority?]

[Footnote 136: Bonnet, _Les Lettres françaises de Calvin_, ii. 575, 576.]

[Footnote 137: "A ceste cause, vous instantement, très-acertes et en fraternelle affection prions, admonestons et requérons que ... la rigueur que tenés aux dits Farel et Calvin admodérer, pour l'amour de nous et pour éviter scandale, contemplans que ce qu'avons à vous et à eulx escript pour la conformité des cérimonies de l'Esglise, est procédé de bonne affection et par mode de requeste, et non pas pour vous, ne eulx, constraindre à ces choses, que sont indifferentes en l'Esglise, comme le pain de la Cène et aultres" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 428).]

[Footnote 138: For the letter of Bern to Geneva, and the answer of Geneva, cf. Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. iv. 427-430.]

[Footnote 139: _Ibid._ iv. 165 _n._]

[Footnote 140: The memoir presented to the Synod of Zurich has been printed by Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 3-6, and in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 190-192. The conclusion prays Bern to drive from their territory ribald and obscene songs and catches, that the people of Geneva may not cite their example as an excuse.]

[Footnote 141: "Wir habent ouch durch Etlich unsere vorordneten uffs ernstlichest mit ihnen reden lassen sich etlicher ungeschigter scherpffe zemaassen und sich by disem unerbuwenem volgk Cristenlicher sennffmütigkeit zu beflyssen" (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 193).]

[Footnote 142: The minute of the Council of Bern says: "The Genevans had refused to receive Calvin and Farel. If my lords need preachers, they will keep them in mind" (Herminjard, _Correspondance_, v. 20 _n._).]

[Footnote 143: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. v. 139; _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. ii. 181.]

[Footnote 144: Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii 681 _ff._]

[Footnote 145: _Registres du Conseil_, xxxiv. f., 483, 485, 490 (quoted in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, ii. 700).]

[Footnote 146: Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva, 1866-93), vi. 365.]

[Footnote 147: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxix. (xi.) 114.]

[Footnote 148: _Ibid._ p. 54.]

[Footnote 149: _Ibid._ p. 170.]

[Footnote 150: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. vii. 77.]

[Footnote 151: _Registres du Conseil_, xxxv. f., 324 (quoted in Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, etc. ii. 710).]

[Footnote 152: For the wonderful influence of Calvin on the French Reformation and its causes, cf. below, pp. 153 ff.]

[Footnote 153: _Articles_ of 1537 in the _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 5-14; _Ordinances_ of 1541; _ibid._ pp. 15-30; _Ordinances_ of 1561; _ibid._ pp. 91-124; _Institution_, IV. cc. i.-xii.]

[Footnote 154: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. 121, 122.]

[Footnote 155: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 375.]

[Footnote 156: On the one side of the stone is inscribed:

Le xxvii Octobre MDLIII
Mourut sur le bucher à Champel
MICHEL SERVET
de Villeneuve d'Aragon, né le xxix Septembre MDXI.

and on the other:

Fils respectueux et reconnaissants de Calvin notre grand
réformateur, mais condamnant une erreur qui fut celle de son siècle
et fermement attachés à la liberté de conscience selon les vrais
principes de la Reformation et de l'Évangile, nous avons élevé ce
monument expiatoire. Le xxvii Octobre MCMIII.
]

[Footnote 157: Like Jacques Bernard, the Franciscan monk, who was one of the pastors in Geneva after the banishment of Calvin and Farel, who, "cum esset inter Evangelii exordia, hostiliter repugnavit, donee Christum aliquando in uxoris forma contemplatus est."]

[Footnote 158: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 17-20, 45-48, 55-58, 93-99, 116-118.]

[Footnote 159: _Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii. i. (x. i.) 65-90.]

[Footnote 160: _Mémoires d'un protestant condamné aux galères de France pour cause de religion, écrits par lui-même_ (1757, repub. 1865), pp. 404-407.]

[Footnote 161: SOURCES: Théodore de Bèze (Beza), _Histoire Ecclésiastique des églises réformées au Royaume de France_ (ed. by G. Baum and E. Cunitz, Paris, 1883-89); J. Crespin, _Histoire des martyrs persécutez et mis à mort pour la vérité_ (ed. by Benoist, Toulouse, 1885-87); Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_, 9 vols. (Geneva, 1878-91); Calvin's _Letters_, _Corpus Reformatorum_, vols. XXXVIII. ii.-XLVIII. (Brunswick, 1872, etc.); Bonnet, _Lettres de Jean Calvin_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1854).

LATER BOOKS: E. Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, 3 vols. (published Lausanne, 1899-1905); H. M. Baird, _History of the Rise of the Huguenots_ (London, 1880), and _Theodore Beza_ (New York, 1899); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, V. i. pp. 339 ff.; ii. 183 ff.; VI. i. ii.; Hamilton, "Paris under the Valois Kings" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, 1886, pp. 260-70).]

[Footnote 162: Marguerite was born at Angoulême on April 11th, 1492; married the feeble Duke of Alençon in 1509; was a widow in 1525; married Henri d'Albret, King of Navarre, in 1527; died in 1549. Her only child was Jeanne d'Albret, the heroic mother of Henry of Navarre, who became Henri IV. of France. When she was the Duchess of Alençon, her court at Bourges was a centre for the Humanists and Reformers of France; when she became the Queen of Navarre, her castle at Nérac was a haven for all persecuted Protestants. The literature about Marguerite is very extensive: it is perhaps sufficient to mention--Génin, _Lettres de Marguerite d'Angoulême, reine de Navarre_ (published by the _Société de l'Histoire de France_, 1841-42); _Les idées religieuses de Marguerite de Navarre, d'auprès son oeuvre poétique_; A. Lefranc, _Les dernieres poésies de Marguerite de Navarre_ (Paris, 1896); Becker, "Marguerite de Navarre, duchesse d'Alençon et Guillaume Briçonnet, évêque de Meaux, d'aprés leur correspondance manuscrite, 1521-24" (in the _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme française_, xlix. Paris, 1890); Darmesteter, _Margaret of Angoulême, Queen of Navarre_ (London, 1886); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, v. i.; Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc., vol. i., which contains sixteen letters written by her, and twelve addressed to her.]

[Footnote 163: Louise de Savoie, _Journal_, 1476-1522 (in Michaud et Poujoulat, _Collection_, etc. v.).]

[Footnote 164: Lefranc, "Marguerite de Navarre et le platonisme de la Renaissance" (vols. lviii. lix. _Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes_, 1897-98).]

[Footnote 165: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, etc. i. 67.]

[Footnote 166: _Heptameron_, Preface.]

[Footnote 167: _Ibid._, Nouvelle xxxiii.]

[Footnote 168: Briçonnet belonged to an illustrious family. He was born in 1470, destined for the Church, was Archdeacon of Rheims, Bishop of Lodève in 1504, 1507 got the rich Abbey of St. Germain-des-Près at Paris, and became Bishop of Meaux in 1516. He at once began to reform his diocese; compelled his curés to reside in their parishes; divided the diocese into thirty-two districts, and sent to each of them a preacher for part of the year.]

[Footnote 169: Cf. K. H. Graf, "Jacobus Faber Stapulensis," in the _Zeitschrift für die historische theologie_ for 1852, 1-86; Doumergue, _Jean Calvin_, i. 79-112; Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 3 _n._]

[Footnote 170: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 78, 84, 85 _n._]

[Footnote 171: It does not seem to be generally known that Lefèvre travelled to Germany in search of manuscripts of some of the earlier mystical writers, and that he published in 1513 the first printed edition of Hildegard of Bingen's _Liber Quoscivias_ (Peltzer, _Deutsche Mystik und deutsche Kunst_ (Strassburg, 1899), p. 35), under the title _Liber trium virorum et trium spiritualium virginum_ (Paris, 1513).]

[Footnote 172: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 37 _n._, 47, 48 _n._, 63 and _n._, 64, etc.]

[Footnote 173: _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris sous le règne de François I. 1515-1536_ (Paris, 1854), p. 104.]

[Footnote 174: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 153 _ff._]

[Footnote 175: _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc. p. 169.]

[Footnote 176: Herminjard, _Correspondance_, i. 84, 105; cf. 85 _n._]

[Footnote 177: The depredations of those bands of brigands are frequently referred to in the _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, pp. 119, 159, 166, 176, 185, 201, 249, 257, 402, 196.]

[Footnote 178: Cf. _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc. p. 276.]

[Footnote 179: _Journal d'un Bourgeois_, etc.: "Fut sonné par deux trompettes et crié au Palays sur la pierre de marbre, que s'il y avoit personne qui sceut enseigner celuy ou ceulx qui avoient fisché les dictz placars, en révélant en certitude, il leur seroit donné cent escus par la cour" (p. 442).]

[Footnote 180: _Ibid._ pp. 442-444. The Dauphin, the Dukes of Orléans and Angoulême, and a young German, Prince de Vendôme, carried the four batons supporting "un beau ciel" over the Host.]

[Footnote 181: _Bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français_ for 1858, pp. 166 _ff._]

[Footnote 182: H. M. Bower, _The Fourteen of Meaux_ (London, 1894).]

[Footnote 183: Cf. above, pp. 92 ff. What follows on Calvin's influence on the Reformation in France has been borrowed largely from M. Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903-4) V. i. pp. 381-383, ii. pp. 183-187, etc.; only a Frenchman can describe it and him sympathetically.]

[Footnote 184: The Venetian Ambassador at the Court of France, writing in 1561 to the Doge, says, "Your Serenity will hardly believe the influence and the great power which the principal minister of Geneva, by name Calvin, a Frenchman and a native of Picardy, possesses in this kingdom. He is a man of extraordinary authority, who by his mode of life, his doctrines and his writings, rises superior to all the rest" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 323).]

[Footnote 185: Calvin did not lack imagination. The sanctified imagination has never made grander or loftier flight than in the thought of the _Purpose of God_ moving slowly down through the Ages, making for redemption and for the establishment of the Kingdom, which is the master-idea in the _Christian Institution_. It was de Bèze (Beza), not Calvin, who was the father of the seventeenth century doctrine of predestination,--a conception which differed from Calvin's as widely as the skeleton differs from the man instinct with life and action.]

[Footnote 186: Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903) V. i. 383.]

[Footnote 187: "Calvin fut un très grand écrivain. Je dirais même que ce fut le plus grand écrivain du 16^{e} siècle si j'estimais plus que je ne fais le _style_ proprement dit.... Encore est-il qu'il me faut bien reconnaître que le style de Calvin est de tous les styles du 16^{e} siècle celui qui a le plus de _style_.... Reste qu'il parle l'admirable prose, si claire, limpide et facile, du 15^{e} siècle, avec ce quelque chose de plus ferme, de plus nourri et de plus viril que l'étude des classiques donne à ceux qui ne poussent pas jusqu'à l'imitation servile et à l'admirature des menus jolis détails. Reste qu'il parle la langue du 15^{e} siècle avec quelques qualités déjà du 17^{e}. C'est précisément ce qu'il a fait, et il est un des bons, sinon des sublimes, fondateurs de la prose française" (Emile Faguet, _Scizième Siècle: Études Litéraires_, pp. 188-89, Paris, 1898).]

[Footnote 188: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 366.]

[Footnote 189: _La Catéchisme français_, p. 132. _Opera_, v. 319.]

[Footnote 190: The term was adopted from the edicts, "ladite religion prétenduë réformée," with the qualifying adjectives left out.]

[Footnote 191: Henri Lemonnier, _Histoire de France_, etc. (Paris, 1903) V. ii. 187.]

[Footnote 192: SOURCES in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: _Lettres inédites de Diane de Poitiers, publiées avec une introduction et des notes par_ G. Guiffrey (Paris, 1866); _Mémoires de Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes_, 1530-73 (published in the _Collection_ of _Michaud and Poujoulat_, viii.); _Mémoires de François de Guise_ (in the same collection, vi.); _Lettres de Catherine de Médicis_ and _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_ (in the _Collection des Documents inédits de l'Histoire de France_); _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_ (in the publications of the _Société de l'Histoire de France_); _Les Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme_ (edit. by L. Lalanne for the _Société de l'Histoire de France_, important for the persons and morals of the times); C. Weiss, _La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de Conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II. 1540-50_ (Paris, 1889). Layard, _Dispatches of Michele Suriano and Marcantonio Barbaro, Venetian Ambassadors at the Court of France_ (Lymington, 1891, pub. by the _Huguenot Society of London_). Teulet, _Relations politique de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_ (Paris, 1862); and _Papiers d'État relatifs a l'Histoire de l'Écosse (Bannatyne Club_, Paris, 1851); _Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle_ (Brussels, 1877-96); _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_ (London, 1890, etc.)

LATER BOOKS in addition to those mentioned on p. 136: A. de Ruble, _Le Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis_ (Paris, 1889); A. W. Whitehead, _Gaspard Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905); the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de l'histoire du protestantisme français_, edited by Weiss, is a mine of information on all matters connected with the Reformation in France. A. de Ruble, _Antoine de Bourbon et Jeanne d'Albret_ (Paris, 1881-82), and _Le Colloque de Poissy_ (Paris, 1889); F. Decrue, _Anne de Montmorency_ (Paris, 1885-89).]

[Footnote 193: The _Parlements_ were the highest judicial courts in France. By far the most important was the _Parlement_ of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over Picardie, Champagne, l'Ile-de-France, l'Orléanais, Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Poitou, Aunis, Berri, La Bourbonnais, Auvergne, and La Marche--almost the half of France. The other _Parlements_ in the time of Henry II. were those of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Dauphiné, Provence, Languedoc, Guyenne, and, up to 1559, Chambéry and Turin. The _Parlements_ are frequently mentioned under the names of the towns in which they met; thus the _Parlement_ of Normandy is called the _Parlement_ of Rouen; that of Provence, the _Parlement_ of Aix; that of Languedoc, the _Parlement_ of Toulouse.]

[Footnote 194: Weiss, _La Chambre ardente, étude sur la liberté de conscience en France, sous François I. et Henri II., 1540-50_ (Paris, 1889), is very valuable from the collection of documents which it contains. Crespin's _Histoire des martyrs_, etc., when tested by the official documents now accessible, has been found to be almost invariably correct, and without exaggeration. Weiss, "Une Semaine de la Chambre ardente" (1-8 Oct. 1549), in the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de la société de l'histoire du protestantisme français_ for 1899; and _Des cinq escoliers sortis de Lausanne brulez a Lyon_ (Geneva, 1878).]

[Footnote 195: _Institutio Christianæ Religionis_, IV. iii. iv.]

[Footnote 196: Athanase Coquerel fils, _Précis de l'histoire de l'église réformée de Paris_ (Paris, 1862)--valuable for the numerous official documents in the appendix.]

[Footnote 197: Antoine de Chandieu, _Histoire des persécutions et martyrs de l'Église de Paris, depuis l'an 1537_ (Lyons, 1563).]

[Footnote 198: _Oeuvres complètes de Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de Brantôme_, edited by L. Lalanne for the _Société de l'Histoire de France_ (11 vols., Paris, 1864-82), ix. 161-62.]

[Footnote 199: It is more probable that only twelve Churches were represented--Paris, Saint-Lô, Rouen, Dieppe, Angers, Orléans, Tours, Poitiers, Saintes, Marennes, Châtellerault, and Saint-Jean-d'Angely. H. Dieterlen, _La Synode générale de Paris, 1559_ (Montauban, 1873): this was published as a thesis for the Theological Faculty (Protestant) of Montauban.]

[Footnote 200: The Confession will be found in Schaff, _The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 356 ff.; Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche_ (1903), p. 221; the various texts are discussed at p. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 201: The Consistories sometimes condescended to details. In the calmer days after the Edict of Nantes, the pastor and Consistory of Montauban thought that the arrangement of Madame de Mornay's hair was _trop mondaine_: Madame argued with them in a spirited way; cf. _Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay_ (_Société de l'Histoire de France_, Paris, 1868-69), i. 270-310.]

[Footnote 202: _Bulletin de la Société de l'hist. du protestantisme français_, 1854, p. 24.]

[Footnote 203: Hauser, "La Réforme et les classes populaires en France au XVI^{e} siècle" in the _Revue d'hist. mod. et contemp._ i. (1899-1900).]

[Footnote 204: The best book on Renée is Rodocanchi, _Renée de France, duchesse de Ferrare_ (1896).]

[Footnote 205: For the Chatillou brothers, see Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905).]

[Footnote 206: The singing of Clement Marot's version of the Psalms was not distinctively Protestant. The first edition of the translation, including thirty Psalms, appeared in Paris in 1541 and in Geneva in 1542. The Geneva edition had an appendix, entitled _La maniére d'administrer les sacrements selon la coutume de l'Église ancienne et comme on l'observe à Genève_, and was undoubtedly a Protestant book; but the Paris edition contained instead rhymed versions of the Lord's Prayer, of the Apostles' Creed, and of the angel's salutation to the Virgin. The book was a great favourite with Francis I., who is said to have sung some of the Psalms on his deathbed. It was very popular at the Court of Henri II., where it became fashionable for the courtiers to select a favourite Psalm, which the King permitted them to call "their own." Henri's "own" was Ps. xlii., _Comme un cerf altéré bramc après l'eau courante_. He was a great huntsman. Catherine de Medici's was Ps. vi. The Psalm-singing at the Pré-aux-Clercs, however, was regarded as a manifestation against the Court, and d'Andelot was imprisoned for his persistent attendance.]

[Footnote 207: The family of Guise, who played such a leading part in French history from the reign of Henry II. on to the downfall of the League, became French in the person of Claude, the fifth son of René, Duke of Lorraine, who inherited the lands of his father which were situated in France. Francis I. had loaded him with honours and lands. The family had always been devoted to the Papacy, and had profited by their devotion. The brother of Claude, Jean, had been made a Cardinal when he was twenty, and had accumulated in his own person an immense number of benefices. These descended to his nephews, Charles, who was first Cardinal of Guise and then Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis, who was Cardinal of Guise. The accumulated benefices enjoyed by Charles amounted to over 300,000 livres. The Guises did not serve the Roman Church for nothing.]

[Footnote 208: The street Marais-Saint-Germain was called _petite Genève_, because it was supposed to be largely inhabited by Protestants. It was selected because of its remoteness from the centre of Paris, and because it was partly under the jurisdiction of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and of the University--two corporations excessively jealous of the infringements of their rights of police. Cf. Athanase Cocquerel fils, "Histoire d'une rue de Paris," in the _Bulletin historique et littéraire de la Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français_ for 1866, pp. 185, 208.]

[Footnote 209: _Les Mémoires du prince de Condé_ (The Hague,1743); Duc d'Aumale, _Histoire des Princes de Condé pendant les xvi^{me} et xvii^{me} siècles_, i. 57 (Paris, 1863-64; Eng. trans., London, 1872); Armstrong, _The French Wars of Religion_ (London, 1892).]

[Footnote 210: _Le Chansounier Huguenot du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1871), pp. 204, 245.]

[Footnote 211: Buchot, _Catherine de Médicis_ (Paris, 1899); Edith Sichel, _Catherine de' Medici and the French Reformation_ (London, 1905).]

[Footnote 212: Catherine's children were--Francis II., 1544-60; Elizabeth (married to Philip II. of Spain in 1559), 1545-68; Claude (m. to Charles III.), Duke of Lorraine (1558), 1547-75; Louis, Duke of Orléans, 1548-50; Charles IX., 1550-74; Henri III. (first Duke of Orléans, then Duke of Anjou), 1551-89; Francis (Duke of Alençon, then Duke of Anjou), 1554-84; Marguerite (married Henri IV.), 1552-1615; and twins who died in the year of their birth, Victorie and Jeanne, b. 1556.]

[Footnote 213: Some say that Catherine either invented or made fashionable the modern ladies' side-saddle; during the Middle Ages ladies rode astride, or on pillion, or seated sideways on horseback with their feet on a board which was suspended from the front and rear of the saddle.]

[Footnote 214: G. Picot, _Histoire des États Généraux_, ii. (Paris, 1872).]

[Footnote 215: Jeanne d'Albret wrote remonstrating strongly; cf. _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_, pp. 233 _f._]

[Footnote 216: For the Colloquy of Poissy, cf. Ruble, "Le Colloque de Poissy" (in _Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France_), vol. xvi., (Paris, 1889); Kliptfel, _Le Collogue de Poissy_ (Paris and Metz, 1867).]

[Footnote 217: Lavisse, "Le Massacre, fait à Vassy" in _Grandes Scènes historiques du xvi^{e} siècle_ (Paris, 1886).]

[Footnote 218: _Lettres d'Antoine de Bourbon et de Jeanne d'Albret_ (Paris, 1877), pp. 305 _ff._ (Letter to Catherine de' Medici); pp. 322 _ff._ (letters to Protestants outside La Rochelle). In her letter to Catherine Jeanne demands for the Protestants liberty of worship and all the rights and privileges of ordinary citizens: if these are not granted there must be war.]

[Footnote 219: For the attempted assassination of Coligny, cf. Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 258, _ff._; _Bulletin de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_, xxxvi. 105; _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de Paris_, etc. xiv. 38.]

[Footnote 220: For the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, cf. Bonnardot, _Registres des Délibérations du Bureau de la Ville de Paris (1568-1572)_, vii. (Paris, 1893); _Mémoires de Madame du Plessis-Mornay_, publ. by the _Société de l'histoire de la France_ (1868); _Mémoires et Correspondance de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (1824), ii.; Bordier, _Saint Barthélemy et la critique moderne_; Whitehead, _Gaspard de Coligny, Admiral of France_ (London, 1905), pp. 253, _ff._; Froude, _History of England_ (London, 1887), ix.-x.; Mariéjol, _Histoire de France_, etc., VI. i. 114, _ff._]

[Footnote 221: The existence of this medal has been unblushingly denied by some Roman Catholic controversialists. It is described and figured in the Jesuit Bonani's _Numismata Pontificum_ (Rome, 1689), i. 336. Two commemorative medals were struck in France, and on the reverse of one of them Charles IX. is represented as Hercules with a club in the one hand and a torch in the other slaying the seven-headed Hydra. They are figured in the _Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du Protestantisme Français_ for 1855, pp. 139, 140.]

[Footnote 222: La Ferrière, _Catherine de Médicis et les Politiques_ (Paris, 1894).]

[Footnote 223: Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris, 1875-84); Michelet, _Histoire de France_, vols. xi. and xii; Jackson, _The Last of the Valois_ (London, 1888).]

[Footnote 224: _Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant; contenant les raisons de leurs débats et questions en ces présens troubles au royaume de France 1594_; this rare pamphlet is printed in the _Satyre Menippée, de la vertu du Catholicon d'Espagne_, Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709, iii. 367 _ff._ _Mémoires de la Ligue, contenant les événemens les plus remarquables depuis 1576 jusqu' à la paix accordée entre le roi de France et le roi d'Espagne en 1598_ (Amsterdam, 1758); Pierre de l'Estoile, _Journal de Henri III._ (Paris 1875-84), and _Journal du règne de Henri IV._ (The Hague, 1741); Robiquet, _Paris et la Ligue_ (Paris, 1886); Victor de Chalambert, _Histoire de la Ligue_ (Paris, 1854); Maury, "La Commune de Paris de 1588" (in _Rev. des Deux Mondes_, Sept. 1, 1871).]

[Footnote 225: The scenes on the Day of the Barricades are described in a contemporary paper printed in _Satyre Menippée_ (ed. of 1709), iii. 39 _ff._]

[Footnote 226: Brown, "The Assassination of the Guises as described by the Venetian Ambassador" (_Eng. Hist. Review_, x. 304).]

[Footnote 227: _Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu' à la Revolution_ (Paris, 1904), VI. i. 298, _f._, by H. Mariéjol.]

[Footnote 228: They argued: "Je vous demande, voudriez-vous bailler une fille pudique, honneste, belle, verteuse et modeste, à un homme desbauché, et abandonné à tous vices, sous ombre qu'il vous diroit qu'il s'amenderoit, et qu'il n'y retournoit estant marié, que vous luy osteriez vostre fille? Je crois que tout bon pere de famille ne se mettroit en ce hazard, ou feroit un tour d'homme sans cervelle. Or c'est l'Eglise Catholique, Apostolique et Romaine qui est une pucelle, belle et honneste en cette France qui n'a jamais eu pour Roy un hérétique, mais tons bons Catholiques et assidez à Jesus-Christ son espoux. Voudriez-vous done bailler cette Eglise que les François ont tant fidélement servie et honourée sous leur Rois Catholiques, aujourd'huy la prostituer entre les mains d'un hérétique, relaps et excommunie?"--"Dialogue d'entre le Maheustre et le Manant" (_Satyre Menippée_, iii. 387.)]

[Footnote 229: SOURCES: _Recueil des Lettres Missives de Henri IV._ (_Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1843-72), 8 vols.; Alberi, _Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti_ (Florence, 1860, etc.); Charles, Duc de Mayenne, _Correspondance_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1860); Sir H. Upton, _Correspondence_ (_Roxburgh Club_, London, 1847); Du Plessis-Mornay, _Mémoires_, 4 vols. (Amsterdam, 1624-52); Madame Du Plessis-Mornay, _Mémoires sur la Vie de Du Plessis-Mornay_ (Paris, 1868-69, _Soc. Hist. de France_); Maréchal de Bassompierre, _Journal de marie 1579-1640_, 4 vols. (Paris, 1870-77, _Soc. Hist. de France_); _Satyre Menippée_, 3 vols. (Ratisbon (Amsterdam), 1709); Bénoit, _Histoire de l'édit de Nantes_.

LATER BOOKS: Baird, _The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre_ (London, 1887); Jackson, _The First of the Bourbons_, 2 vols. (London, 1890); Lavisse, _Histoire de France_, VI. i. ii. (Paris, 1904-5).]

[Footnote 230: SOURCES: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation and other ecclesiastical transactions in and about the Low-Countries_ (English translation in 4 vols. fol., London, 1720: the original in Dutch was published in 1671); Brieger, _Aleander und Luther_ (Gotha, 1894); Kalkoff, _Die Despatchen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle, 1897); Poullet Piot, _Correspondance du Cardinal Granvelle_, 12 vols. (Brussels, 1878-97); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal Granvelle_, 9 vols. (Paris, 1841-52); Gachard, _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays Bas_, 5 vols. (Brussels, 1848-79); _Correspondance de Marguerite d'Autriche avec Philippe II._, 1554-68 (Brussels, 1867-87); _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, 6 vols. (Brussels, 1847-57); van Prinsterer, _Archives ou correspondance inédite de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau_, in two series, 9 and 5 vols. (Utrecht, 1841-61); Renon de France, _Histoire des troubles des Pays-Bas_, 3 vols. (Brussels, 1886-92); _Mémoires anonymes sur les troubles des Pays-Bas, 1565-80_ (in the _Collection, dcs Mémoires sur l'histoire de Belgique_).

LATER BOOKS: Armstrong, _Charles V._ (London, 1902); Motley, _The Rise of the Dutch Republic_ (London, 1865); Putnam, _William the Silent_ (New York, 1895); Harrison, _William the Silent_ (London, 1897); _Cambridge Modern History_, III. vi. vii. (Cambridge, 1904).]

[Footnote 231: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 49; cf. _Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, p. 185.]

[Footnote 232: A collection of their _chansons d'amour, jeux-partis, pastourelles, and fabliaux_ will be found in Scheler's _Trouvères Belges_ (Bruxelles, 1876).]

[Footnote 233: _Correspondance de Philippe II. sur les affaires des Pays-Bas_, i. 321, 327, 379; _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, ii._ 161, 168.]

[Footnote 234: Van der Meersch, _Recherches sur la vie et les travaux des imprimeurs belges et hollandaís_, pp. 142-144; cf. Walther, _Die deutsche Bibelüberseztungen des Mittelalters_, p. 652.]

[Footnote 235: Aleander, writing to the Cardinal de' Medici (Sept. 8th, 1520), attributes the spread of Lutheranism in the Netherlands to the teaching of Erasmus and of the Prior of the Augustinians at Antwerp.--Brieger, _Aleander und Luther, 1521; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen_ (Gotha, 1884), p. 249.]

[Footnote 236: Kalkoff, _Die Depeschen des nuntius Aleander_ (Halle a S. 1897), p. 20.]

[Footnote 237: Brieger, _Aleander und Luther; Die vervollständigten Aleander-Depeschen_, pp. 249, 252, 262.]

[Footnote 238: Graphæus' appeal to the Chancellor of the Court of Brabant is printed in full in Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries_ (London. 1720), i. 42.]

[Footnote 239: Wackernagel, _Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ällesten Zeit bis an zu Anfang des xvii. Jahrhunderts_, iii. 3.]

[Footnote 240: Brandt, _History of the Reformation in the Low Countries_ (London, 1720), p. 51.]

[Footnote 241: The history of the struggle with the Anabaptists of the Netherlands is related at length by S. Blaupot ten Cate in _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Friesland_ (Leeuwarden, 1839); _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Groningen_ (Oberijssel, 1842); _Geschiedenis der Doopsgezinden in Holland en Gelderland_ (Amsterdam, 1847). A summary of the history of the Anabaptists is given in Heath's _Anabaptism_ (London, 1895), which is much more accurate than the usual accounts.]

[Footnote 242: Cf. _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._, IV. iii. 2685 (_Halket to Tuller_).]

[Footnote 243: Cf. below, pp. 432 _f._]

[Footnote 244: Cf. i. 96 _ff._]

[Footnote 245: Several references to the Anabaptists of the Low Countries are to be found in the _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ Hackett, writing to Cromwell, says that "divers places are affected by this new sect of 'rebaptisement,'" vii. p. 136. He tells about the shiploads of emigrants (pp. 165, 166), and says that they were so sympathised with, that it was difficult to enlist soldiers to fight against them; that the Regent had sent 10,000 ducats to help the Bishop of Münster to crush them (p. 167); and a wild report was current that Henry VIII. had sent money to the Anabaptists of Münster in revenge for the Pope's refusing his divorce (p. 185).]

[Footnote 246: The Royal Academy of Belgium has published (Brussels, 1877-96) the _Correspondance du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 12 volumes, and in the _Collection de documents inêdits sur l'Histoire de France_ there are the _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_ in 9 vols., edited by C. Weiss (Paris, 1841-52). These volumes reveal the inner history of the revolt in the Netherlands. The documents which refer to the revolt in the _Papiers d'État_ begin with p. 588 of vol. v. They show how, from the very first, Philip II. urged the extirpation of heresy as the most important work to be undertaken by his Government; cf. _Papiers d'État_, v. 591.]

[Footnote 247: "Philip struck the keynote of his reign on the occasion of his first public appearance as King by presiding over one of the most splendid _auto-da-fés_ that had ever been seen in Spain (Valladolid, Oct. 18th, 1559)." _Cambridge Modern History_, iii. 482. It is a singular commentary on sixteenth century Romanism, that to burn a large number of fellow-men was called "an act of faith."]

[Footnote 248: _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle_, v. pp. 558, 591.]

[Footnote 249: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_ (Letters from the Regent to Philip II.), i. 382-86.]

[Footnote 250: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, etc. ii. 42_f._, 106-110, 170.]

[Footnote 251: He wrote to Philip about their excesses as early as Dec. 29th, 1555, Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, i. 282, and about the exasperation of the Netherlanders in consequence (_ibid._ i. 291).]

[Footnote 252: In a letter to the Regent (March 16th, 1566), William declared that the heads of the policy of Philip which he most strongly disapproved of were: _l'entretènement du concile de Trente, favoriser les inquisiteurs ou leur office et exécuter sans nulle dissimulation les placars. Correspondance_, etc. ii. 129.]

[Footnote 253: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 150.]

[Footnote 254: Brandt, _The History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 160.]

[Footnote 255: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii. 434 _ff._]

[Footnote 256: At meals they sang:

"_Par ce pain, par ce sel, et par cette besace,
Jamais les Gueux ne changeront pour chose que l'on fasse."_

William of Orange wrote to the Regent that he was met in Antwerp by crowds, shouting _Vive les Gueux_ (_Correspondance_, ii. 136, etc.).]

[Footnote 257: Brandt's _History of the Reformation ... in the Low Countries_ (London, 1720), i. 172.]

[Footnote 258: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, ii. 136 _ff._]

[Footnote 259: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 191.]

[Footnote 260: For this and earlier disturbances at Antwerp, cf. _Correspondance de Philippe II._, etc. i. 321, 327, 379.]

[Footnote 261: Brandt, _History of the Reformation_, etc. i. 261, 266. The executions were latterly accompanied by additional atrocious cruelty. "It being perceived with what constancy and alacrity many persons went to the fire, and how they opened their mouths to make a free confession of their faith, and that the wooden balls or gags were wont to slip out, a dreadful machine was invented to hinder it for the future: they prepared two little irons, between which the tongue was screwed, which being seared at the tip with a glowing iron, would swell to such a degree as to become immovable and incapable of being drawn back; thus fastened, the tongue would wriggle about with the pain of burning, and yield a hollow sound" (i. 275).]

[Footnote 262: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne_, iii. 17.]

[Footnote 263: Cf. William's letters, _Correspondance_, etc. iii. 47-73.]

[Footnote 264: Groen van Prinsterer, _Archives ou Correspondance inédite de la Orange-Nassau_ (Utrecht, 1841-61).]

[Footnote 265: The small principality of Orange-Chalons was situated in the south of France on the river Rhone, its south-west corner being about ten miles north of the city of Avignon. Henry of Nassau, the uncle of our William of Orange, had married Claude, the sister of Philibert, the last male of the House of Orange-Chalons; and Philibert had bequeathed his principality to his nephew René, the son of Henry and Claude. The principality was of no great value compared with the other possessions of the House of Nassau, but as it was under no overlord, its possessor took rank among the _sovereign_ princes of Europe.]

[Footnote 266: Putnam, _William the Silent, the Prince of Orange, the moderate man of the Sixteenth Century_, 2 vols., New York, 1895.]

[Footnote 267: Gachard, _Correspondance de Guillaume le Taciturne, Prince d'Orange_, ii. 110.]

[Footnote 268: It is said that William's reticence on hearing this news, which moved him so much, gained him the name of "The Silent" (_le taciturne_): it is more probable that the soubriquet was given to him by Cardinal de Granvelle.]

[Footnote 269: Maurice succeeded his father as Stadtholder, and became Prince of Orange in 1618 on the death of his elder brother, Philip William, who was kidnapped from Louvain and brought up as a Roman Catholic by Philip II. William was married four times:

_a._ In 1550, to Anne of Egmont, only child of Maximilian of Buren. Her son was Philip William; she died in March 1558.

_b._ In 1561, to Anne, daughter of the Elector Maurice of Saxony, and granddaughter of Philip of Hesse. She early developed symptoms of incipient insanity, which came to a height when she deserted her husband in 1567 and went to live a disreputable life in Cologne. She became insane, and her family seized her and imprisoned her until she died in 1573. She was the mother of Maurice.

_c._ In 1571, Charlotte de Bourbon, daughter of the Due de Montpensier. She had been a nun, had embraced the Reformed faith, and fled to Germany. The marriage was a singularly happy one. She was scarcely recovered from childbirth when William was almost killed by Jaureguy, and the shock, combined with her incessant toil in nursing her husband, was too much for her strength; she died in 1582 (May 5th).

_d._ In 1583, to Louise de Coligny, daughter of the celebrated Admiral Coligny. She had lost both her parents in the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew. She was a wonderful and charming woman, beloved by her stepchildren and adored by her adopted country; she survived her husband forty years.]

[Footnote 270: Lindsay, _The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries_, 2nd ed. (London, 1903), pp. 198, 204_f._, 259, 330 _n._, 339.]

[Footnote 271: Müller, _Die Bekenntnisschriften der reformirten Kirche_ (Leipzig, 1903), p. 233; Schaff, _The Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_, 383.]

[Footnote 272: _Ibid._ p. 682.]