Chapter VI: The Inquisition and the Index.724 (4)

[Footnote 273: SOURCES:--_Calendar of the State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots, 1547-1603_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.); _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, ii. (1814); _Register of the Great Seal of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1886); _Register of the Privy Council of Scotland_, i. (Edinburgh, 1877); Labanoff, _Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart_ (Paris, 1839), and _Lettres, instructions et mémoires de Marie Stuart_ (London, 1844); Pollen, _Papal Negotiations with Mary Queen of Scots_ (Scottish Historical Society, Edinburgh, 1901); Teulet, _Papiers d'état ... relatifs à l'histoire de l'Écosse_ (Bannatyne Club, 1851), and _Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse_ (Paris, 1862); Lesley, _History of Scotland_ (Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1888); John Knox, _Works_ (edited by D. Laing, Edinburgh, 1846-55); _The Book of the Universal Kirk_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1839); _Gude and Godlie Ballatis_ (edited by Mitchell for Scottish Text Society, Edinburgh, 1897); (Dunlop), _A Collection of Confessions of Faith_, etc. ii. (Edinburgh, 1722); Calderwood, _History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842-49); Row, _History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1842); Spottiswoode, _History of the Church and State of Scotland_ (Spottiswoode Society, Edinburgh, 1851); Scott, _Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ_ (Edinburgh, 1866-71); Sir David Lindsay, _Poetical Works_ (edited by David Laing, Edinburgh, 1879); _The Book of Common Order of the Church of Scotland_ (edited by Sprott and Leishman, Edinburgh, 1868); _Rotuli Scotiæ; Calvin's Letters_ (_Corpus Reformatorum_, xxxviii.-xlviii.).

LATER BOOKS: D. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots from her birth until her flight into England_ (London, 1897), _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), and _The Story of the Scottish Covenants_ (Edinburgh, 1904); P. Hume Brown, _John Knox_ (London, 1895), and _George Buchanan_ (Edinburgh, 1890); MacCrie, _Life of Knox_ (Edinburgh, 1840); Grub, _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1861); Cunningham, _The Church History of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1882); Lorimer, _Life of Patrick Hamilton_ (Edinburgh, 1857), _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875).]

[Footnote 274: Cf. _Cambridge Modern History_ (Cambridge, 1903), ii. 551-58.]

[Footnote 275: _Rotuli Scotiæ_, i. 808, 815, 816, 822, 825, 828, 829, 849, 851, 859, 877, 881, 886, 891, 896, ii. 8, 20, 45, 100.]

[Footnote 276: Wyntoun, _Orygynale Cronykil_, ix. c. xxvi. 2773, 2774.]

[Footnote 277: For a collection of these references, cf. _The Scottish Historical Review_ for April 1904, pp. 266 _ff._ Purveys revision of Wiclifs _New Testament_ was translated by Murdoch Nisbet into Scots. It is being published by the Scottish Text Society, _The New Testament in Scots_, i. 1901, ii. 1903. The translation was made about 1520.]

[Footnote 278: Row, _History of Kirk of Scotland from the year 1558 to August 1637_ (Edinburgh, 1842), p. 6.]

[Footnote 279: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 295.]

[Footnote 280: Hay Fleming, _The Scottish Reformation_, p. 12.]

[Footnote 281: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 341.]

[Footnote 282: Luther says so himself; cf. letter to Lange of April 13th, 1519; De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Sendschreiben_, etc. (Berlin, 1825-28) i. 255; and Herminjard, _Correspondance des Réformateurs dans les pays de langue française_ (Geneva and Paris, 1866-97), i. 47, 48.]

[Footnote 283: These theses were translated from the Latin into the vernacular by John Firth, and published under the title of _Patrick's Places_. They are printed in Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, and by Knox in his _History of the Reformation in Scotland; The Works of John Knox collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 19, _ff._ For Patrick Hamilton, cf. Lorimer, _Patrick Hamilton, the first Preacher and Martyr of the Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1857).]

[Footnote 284: Buchanan, _Rerum Scoticarum Historia_, xiv. (p. 277 in Ruddiman's edition).]

[Footnote 285: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 371, ii. 443.]

[Footnote 286: _The Works of John Knox, collected and edited by David Laing_ (Edinburgh, 1846-64), i. 218.]

[Footnote 287: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 125-45.]

[Footnote 288: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 192.]

[Footnote 289: Dr. Hay Fleming has settled the vexed question of the date of Knox's birth in his article in the _Bookman_ for Sept. 1905, p. 193; cf. _Athenæum_, Nov. 5th and Dec. 3rd, 1904.]

[Footnote 290: _Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 349.]

[Footnote 291: Calderwood, _The History of the Kirk of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1843-49) i. 280-81.]

[Footnote 292: Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875), pp. 98 ff. The rubric is to be found in _The Two Liturgies with other Documents set forth by Authority in the reign of King Edward the Sixth_ (Cambridge, 1842), p. 283. The volume is one of the Parker Society's publications.]

[Footnote 293: The questions will be found in the volumes, _Original Letters_, published by the Parker Society (Cambridge, 1847), p. 745; and in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iii. 221.]

[Footnote 294: Calvin to Knox (April 23rd, 1561); Calvin to Goodman (April 23rd, 1561); _The Works of John Knox_ etc. vi. 124, 125; cf. Calvini Opera (Amsterdam, 1667), ix. _Epistolæ et Responsa_, p. 150.]

[Footnote 295: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 251; D. Hay Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 6.]

[Footnote 296: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 273.]

[Footnote 297: For the Covenants of the Scottish Church, cf. D. Hay Fleming, _The Story of the Scottish Covenants in Outline_ (Edinburgh, 1904).]

[Footnote 298: Cecil, writing to Throckmorton in Paris (July 9th, 1559), says that in Scotland "they deliver the parish churches of altars, and receive the service of the Church of England according to King Edward's book" (_Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign, 1558-59_, p. 367).]

[Footnote 299: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 275.]

[Footnote 300: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 300.]

[Footnote 301: _Ibid._ etc. i. 301-12.]

[Footnote 302: _Ibid._ etc. i. 313.]

[Footnote 303: The correspondence will be found in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 267, _ff._, iv. 251 _ff._]

[Footnote 304: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. iv. 349.]

[Footnote 305: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, on the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, pp. 73, 77; _1558-59_, pp. 306, 310.]

[Footnote 306: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. v. 5.]

[Footnote 307: This summary has been taken from Dr. Hay Fleming's admirable little book, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Edinburgh, 1904), p. 44.]

[Footnote 308: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 319.]

[Footnote 309: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1558-59_, pp. 245, 259; _1559-60_, p. 182. The whole of Dr. Mundt's correspondence is interesting, and shows that after the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis continual incidents occurred showing that the Romanists were regaining the hope of repressing the whole Protestant movement.]

[Footnote 310: _Ibid. 1559-60_. p. 68: "All good men hope that England, warned by the dangers of others, will take care, by dissimulation and art, that the nation near to itself, whose cause is the same as her own, shall not be first deserted and then overwhelmed" (_Dr. Mundt to Cecil_, Oct. 29th, 1559).]

[Footnote 311: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1559-60_, p. 84.]

[Footnote 312: _Ibid. 1558-59_, p. 365, _Cecil to Croft_, July 8th, 1559.]

[Footnote 313: _Ibid. 1559-60_, p. 79.]

[Footnote 314: _Ibid._ p. 352.]

[Footnote 315: Cf. his pathetic letter offering to resign. _Ibid._ p. 186 _n._]

[Footnote 316: The Duke of Châtellerault (Earl of Arran) was next in succession after Mary and her offspring; cf. a curious note on him and his doings, _ibid._ p. 24 _n._ For the Treaty, cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 403, and _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 45 _ff._]

[Footnote 317: _Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1560-61_, pp. 172-78.]

[Footnote 318: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 309, 313, 314.]

[Footnote 319: "Matters of religion to be passed over in silence" (_Calendar of State Papers_, etc. p. 178).]

[Footnote 320: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. i. 344.]

[Footnote 321: _Ibid._ i. 382.]

[Footnote 322: _Ibid._ ii. 61.]

[Footnote 323: Cf. _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 456-62.]

[Footnote 324: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 88.]

[Footnote 325: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 461.]

[Footnote 326: Spottiswoode, _History of the Church of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1847), i. 325.]

[Footnote 327: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 89.]

[Footnote 328: _Ibid._ ii. 95; (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith_, etc. (Edinburgh, 1722) ii. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 329: _Act. Parl. Scot._ ii. 526-35.]

[Footnote 330: Lesley, _De Rebus Gestis Scotorum_ (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh), p. 537.]

[Footnote 331: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 472, in a letter from Randolph to Cecil of Aug. 25th.]

[Footnote 332: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 128.]

[Footnote 333: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 471, 472.]

[Footnote 334: The Scots Confession is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions of Faith, Catechisms, Directories, Books of Discipline, etc., of Public Authority in the Church of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1722), ii. 13, _ff._, where the Scots and the Latin versions are printed in parallel columns; in Schaff's _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ (London, 1877), pp. 437 _ff._; and the Latin version alone in Niemeyer, _Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis Reformatis publicatarum_ (Leipzig, 1840), pp. 340, _ff._ For a statement of its characteristics, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_ (Baird Lecture for 1899, Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 99, _ff._]

[Footnote 335: As Edward Irving, cf. _Collected Writings_ (London, 1864), i. 601, _ff._]

[Footnote 336: (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. pp. 15-18.]

[Footnote 337: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 477, 478.]

[Footnote 338: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 121.]

[Footnote 339: _Calendar of State Papers_, etc. i. 465, _Maitland to Cecil_ (August 18th).]

[Footnote 340: _Ibid._ i. 467, _Randolph to Cecil_ (August 19th).]

[Footnote 341: _Ibid._ i. 479, _Maitland to Cecil_ (September 13th).]

[Footnote 342: For a description of the _First Book of Discipline_, cf. Mitchell, _The Scottish Reformation_, etc. pp. 144 _ff._ The document itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. ii. 515 _ff._]

[Footnote 343: For the _Book of Common Order_, cf. Mitchell's _Scottish reformation_, pp. 133, _ff._ The Book itself is to be found in (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, ii. 383, _ff._ It has been published with learned preface and notes by Sprott and Leishman (Edinburgh, 1868).]

[Footnote 344: Bonar's _Catechisms of the Scottish Reformation_ (London, 1866); (Dunlop's) _Collection of Confessions_, etc. ii. 139-382.]

[Footnote 345: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 95.]

[Footnote 346: _Ibid._ vi. 78, _Knox to Mrs. Anna Locke_ (Sept. 2nd, 1559).]

[Footnote 347: _The Works of John Knox_, vi. 88, _Knox to Gregory Railton_ (Oct. 23rd, 1559).]

[Footnote 348: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 507, 536.]

[Footnote 349: Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_ (London, 1897), pp. 23, 24, and 210, 211.]

[Footnote 350: _Ibid._ pp. 25, 212.]

[Footnote 351: Mariéjol, _Histoire de France depuis les Origines jusqu' à la Revolution_, vi. i. 18 (Paris, 1904).]

[Footnote 352: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 543.]

[Footnote 353:

"Das Leben geliebt und die Krone geküsst,
Und den Frauen das Herz gegeben,
Und zuletzt einen Kuss auf das blut'ge Gerüst--
Das ist ein Stuartleben."
]

[Footnote 354: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 551.]

[Footnote 355: _Ibid._ i. 547.]

[Footnote 356: That is the impression which his letters give me. Cf. _Calendar_, etc. pp. 565-609.]

[Footnote 357: "If there be not in her a proud mind, a crafty wit, and an indurate heart gainst God and His truth, my judgment faileth me" (_The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 286).]

[Footnote 358: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. vi. 132, _Letter from Knox to Cecil_ (Oct. 7th, 1561).]

[Footnote 359: _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_, i. 565.]

[Footnote 360: For summary of evidence, cf. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_, pp. 267-68.]

[Footnote 361: For summary of evidence, cf. Hay Fleming, _Mary Queen of Scots_, pp. 51-53, 263.]

[Footnote 362: _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. 388.]

[Footnote 363: Accounts of the five interviews are to be found in _The Works of John Knox_, etc. ii. _281 ff., 331 ff., 371 ff., 387 ff., 403 ff._]

[Footnote 364: SOURCES: Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana historiam ecclesiasticam sæculi_ 16 _illustrantia_ (Freiburg, 1861); _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ (19 vols., London, 1860-1903); _Calendar of Venetian State Papers, 1520-26, 1527-33, 1534-54, 1555-56, 1557-58, 1558-80; Calendar of Spanish State Papers_ (London, 1886); Furnivall, _Ballads from Manuscripts_ (Ballad Society, London, 1868-72); Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London, 1896); Erasmus, _Opera Omnia_, ed. Le Clerc (Leyden, 1703-6); Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus from the earliest letters to his fifty-first year, arranged in order of time_ (London, 1901-4); Pocock, _Records of the Reformation_ (Oxford, 1870); Theiner, _Vetera Monumenta Hibernorum et Scotorum historiam illustrantia_ (Rome, 1864); Wilkins, _Concilia; Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, (Camden Society, London, 1846); Holinshed, _Chronicles_ (London, 1809); _London Chronicle in the times of Henry VII. and Henry VIII._ (_Camden Miscellany_, vol. iv., London, 1859); Wright, _Suppression of the Monasteries_ (Camden Society, London, 1843); Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (London, 1846); Ehses, _Römische Dokumente zur Geschichte des Heinrichs VIII. von England, 1527-34_ (Paderborn, 1893); _Zurich Letters_, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846-47); _Works of Archbishop Cranmer_, 2 vols. (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844-46).

LATER BOOKS: Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1878, etc.); Fronde, _History of England_ (London, 1856-70; by no means superseded, as many would have us believe); Brewer, _The Reign of Henry VIII._ (London, 1884); Gairdner, _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_ (London, 1902); Pollard, _Henry VIII._ (London, 1905), _Thomas Cranmer_ (_Heroes of the Reformation Series_, New York and London, 1904); Stubbs, _Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Mediæval and Modern History_, Lectures XI. and XII. (Oxford, 1900); _Cambridge Modern History_, II. xiii.]

[Footnote 365: _Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII._ i. p. 295. There was a sudden rise in the price of wood all over Europe about that date, and it is alleged to be one of the causes why the poorer classes in Germany were obliged to give up the earlier almost universal use of the steam bath. In the fifteenth century, masters gave their workmen not _Trinkgelt_, but _Badgelt_. Nichols, _The Epistles of Erasmus_, i. 40.]

[Footnote 366: _Letters and Papers_, etc. i. p. 373.]

[Footnote 367: _Ibid._ II. i. 777: The Oxford bookseller (1520) John Dorne had two copies in his stock of books [_Oxford Historical Society, Collectanea_ (Oxford, 1885), p. 155].]

[Footnote 368: _Letters and Papers_, i. p. 373.]

[Footnote 369: Jacobs, _The Lutheran Movement in England_, p. 3.]

[Footnote 370: Bale, _Select Works_, p. 171.]

[Footnote 371: _Erasmi Colloquia_ (Amsterdam, 1662), _Peregrinatio Religionis ergo_ p. 376; _Viclerita quispiam, opinor_.]

[Footnote 372: _Letters and Papers_, etc. v. p. 140.]

[Footnote 373: _Ibid._ vi. p. 144.]

[Footnote 374: _Ibid._ II. ii. p. 1319.]

[Footnote 375: _Thomas Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (New York and London, 1904), p. 91.]

[Footnote 376: _Dictionary of National Biography_, art. "Wycliffe," lxiii, 218.]

[Footnote 377: _Letters and Papers_, etc. II. i. p. 1.]

[Footnote 378: _Ibid._ etc. I. p. 961, II. i. pp. 350, 354, 355.]

[Footnote 379: _Ibid._ I. p. 379.]

[Footnote 380: _Ibid._ III. p. 215.]

[Footnote 381: _Letters and Papers_, etc. III. p. 467.]

[Footnote 382: _Oxford Historical Society, Collectanea_ (Oxford, 1885), p. 164.]

[Footnote 383: _Letters and Papers_ etc. III p. 284.]

[Footnote 384: _Ibid._ etc. III. i. p. 293.]

[Footnote 385: _Ibid._ III. p. 449.]

[Footnote 386: _Letters and Papers_, etc. III. i. p. 485.]

[Footnote 387: _Ibid._ IV., Preface, p. 170: "Some are of opinion that it (the Holy See) should not continue in Rome, lest the French King should make a patriarch in his kingdom and deny obedience to the said See, and the King of England and all other Christian princes do the same."]

[Footnote 388: _Spanish Calendar_, i. 267.]

[Footnote 389: Pocock's _Records of the Reformation_, i. 1; _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2576.]

[Footnote 390: _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, ii. 8.]

[Footnote 391: _Ibid._, Preface, xiii.]

[Footnote 392: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2579. A General Council had pronounced against such a dispensation; _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2365.]

[Footnote 393: _Calendar of Venetian State Papers, 1527-33_, p. 300.]

[Footnote 394: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. ii. p. 1369; _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, III. ii. 482, 109.]

[Footnote 395: _Ibid._ etc. IV. ii. p. 2113; Laemmer, _Monumenta Vaticana_, p. 29.]

[Footnote 396: _Ibid._ etc. IV. iii. p. 2261.]

[Footnote 397: For the case of Mary Tudor, cf. _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2619, cf. IV. i. p. 325; and for that of Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV., cf. IV. ii. p. 1826.]

[Footnote 398: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2987, 3023, 3189.]

[Footnote 399: _Calendar of Spanish State Papers_, ii. 379.]

[Footnote 400: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2047, 2055.]

[Footnote 401: The two statutes of _Præmunire_ (1353, 1393) will be found in Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London, 1896), pp. 103, 122. They forbid subjects taking plaints cognisable in the King's courts to courts outside the realm, and the second statute makes pointed reference to the papal courts.]

[Footnote 402: Paris and Orleans, _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. p. 2845; Bourges and Bologna, _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2895; Padua, _ibid._ IV. iii. pp. 2921, 2923 (it is said that the Lutherans in the city strongly opposed the King); Pavia, _ibid._ IV. iii. p. 2988; Ferrara, _ibid._ IV. iii. 2990.]

[Footnote 403: A list of the matters to be brought before this Parliament is given in _Letters and Papers_, etc. IV. iii. pp. 2689 _ff._]

[Footnote 404: _Ibid._ IV. iii. pp. 2929, 2991.]

[Footnote 405: _Ibid._ IV. iii. p. 3661 (December 25th, 1530).]

[Footnote 406: _Letters and Papers_, etc. V. 71.]

[Footnote 407: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 47. Chapuys thought that the declaration made the King "Pope of England."]

[Footnote 408: Cf. Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, p. 176. Chapuys declares that "Churchmen will be of less account than shoemakers, who have the power of assembling and making their own statutes" (_Letters and Papers_, etc. V. 467; cf. VI. 121).]

[Footnote 409: _Ibid._ p. 178; the suspensory clause is on p. 184. _Letters and Papers_, etc. V. pp. 343, 413.]

[Footnote 410: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 71.]

[Footnote 411: _Ibid._ etc. V. p. 415.]

[Footnote 412: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 195; the important clause is on p. 198.]

[Footnote 413: _Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. pp. 145, 148; cf. 218.]

[Footnote 414: _Ibid._ etc. VI. p. 35.]

[Footnote 415: _Ibid._ VI. p. 153.]

[Footnote 416: _Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. pp. 145, 148; cf. 218.]

[Footnote 417: _Ibid._ etc. VI. p. 35.]

[Footnote 418: _Ibid._ VI. p. 231.]

[Footnote 419: _Ibid._ VI. p. 246.]

[Footnote 420: _Ibid._. VI. p. 413.]

[Footnote 421: Gee and Hardy, _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, p. 201.]

[Footnote 422: _Ibid._ p. 209.]

[Footnote 423: _Ibid._ pp. 232, 244.]

[Footnote 424: _Ibid._ p. 243.]

[Footnote 425: _Ibid._ p. 247.]

[Footnote 426: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 251.]

[Footnote 427: _Ibid._ p. 256.]

[Footnote 428: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XI. p. 445.]

[Footnote 429: _Ibid._ XI. pp. 30, 445.]

[Footnote 430: The two sets of _Injunctions_ are printed in Gee and Hardy's _Documents illustrative of the History of the English Church_, pp. 269, 275.]

[Footnote 431: The list of members is given in _Letters and Papers_, etc. XII. ii. p. 163.]

[Footnote 432: _Letters and Papers_, XII. ii. p. 165 (_Foxe of Hereford to Bucer_).]

[Footnote 433: _Ibid._ etc. XII. ii. p. 122.]

[Footnote 434: _Ibid._ XII. ii. pp. 118, 122, 162.]

[Footnote 435: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 228.]

[Footnote 436: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 228.]

[Footnote 437: _Ibid._ XII. ii. 252, 296.]

[Footnote 438: _Ibid._ XII. ii. p. 384.]

[Footnote 439: Cranmer's _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1846), pp. 83-114, contains _Corrections of the Institution of a Christian Man_ (the _Bishops' Book_) _by Henry VIII., with Archbishop Cranmer's Annotations_.]

[Footnote 440: As late as Jan. 1533 we find him writing: "Let us agitate for the use of Scripture in the mother-tongue, and for learning in the Universities.... I never altered a syllable of God's Word myself, nor would, against my conscience" (_Letters and Papers_, etc. VI. p. 184).]

[Footnote 441: Cf. Tyndale's answer to Sir Thomas More's animadversions, _Works_ (Day's edition), p. 118.]

[Footnote 442: Cf. Pollard's excellent and trenchant note, _Cranmer and the English Reformation_ (New York and London, 1904), p. 110; Gairdner, _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century, from the Accession of Henry VIII. to the Death of Mary_ (London, 1902), pp. 190-91.]

[Footnote 443: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XII. ii. 174.]

[Footnote 444: _National Dictionary of Biography_, art. "Rogers."]

[Footnote 445: The excellence of Tyndale's version is shown by the fact that many of his renderings have been adopted in the Revised Version.]

[Footnote 446: Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1878, etc.), ii. 77.]

[Footnote 447: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IX. p. 69.]

[Footnote 448: _Ibid._ IX. 119.]

[Footnote 449: _Ibid._ X. p. 234; cf. De Wette, _Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe_, etc. iv. p. 668.]

[Footnote 450: _Ibid._ IX. p. 72; cf. p. 70.]

[Footnote 451: _Ibid._ IX. p. 208.]

[Footnote 452: _Ibid._ IX. pp. 74, 75, 166, 311.]

[Footnote 453: _Letters and Papers_, etc. IX. pp. 344-48.]

[Footnote 454: _Ibid._ X. p. 38.]

[Footnote 455: These articles have been printed with a good historical introduction by Professor Mentz of Jena, _Die Wittenberger Artikel von 1536_ (Leipzig, 1905).]

[Footnote 456: _Letters and Papers_, etc. X. p. 98; cf. 58, 97, 108.]

[Footnote 457: _Ibid._ IX. p. 346.]

[Footnote 458: _Ibid._ X. p. 15.]

[Footnote 459: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 257.]

[Footnote 460: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIII. ii. pp. 36, 78, 147, 155. In _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 153, there is an _official_ account of the English Reformation under Henry VIII., in which there is the following (p. 155): "Touching images set in the churches, as books of the unlearned, though they are not necessary, but rather give occasion to Jews, Turks, and Saracens to think we are idolaters, the King tolerates them, except those about which idolatry has been committed.... Our Lady of Worcester, when her garments were taken off, was found to be the similitude of a bishop, like a giant, almost ten feet long;... the roods at Boxelegh and other places, which moved their eyes and lips when certain keys and strings were bent or pulled in secret places--images of this sort the King has caused to be voided and committed other as it was convenient, following the example of King Hezekiah, who destroyed the brazen serpent. Shrines, copses, and reliquaries, so called, have been found to be feigned things, as the blood of Christ was but a piece of red silk enclosed in a thick glass of crystalline, and in another place oil coloured of _sanguis draconis_, instead of the milk of Our Lady a piece of chalk or ceruse. Our Lady's girdle, the verges of Moses and Aaron, etc., and more of the Holy Cross than three cars may carry, the King has therefore caused to be taken away and the abusive pieces burnt, and the doubtful sort hidden away honestly for fear of idolatry."]

[Footnote 461: _Ibid._ XIII. i. 283-84, _Nicholas Partridge to Bullinger_ (April 12th).]

[Footnote 462: _The Act for the Dissolution of the Greater Monasteries_ is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 281.]

[Footnote 463: _Ibid._ XIII. ii. p. 49.]

[Footnote 464: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIII. ii. p. 459. "In oppido Calistrensi" is probably "at Coldstream"; Beaton had been made a Cardinal to be ready to make the publication.]

[Footnote 465: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XI. p. 305.]

[Footnote 466: _Ibid._ XI. pp. 238, 272, 355, 356, 477, 504, 507.]

[Footnote 467: _Ibid._ XI. 238.]

[Footnote 468: _Ibid._ XI. 477.]

[Footnote 469: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 344.]

[Footnote 470: _Ibid._ XIV. i. pp. 191, 192, 537.]

[Footnote 471: _Ibid._ XIV. i. p. 489.]

[Footnote 472: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. p. 475.]

[Footnote 473: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 303.]

[Footnote 474: _Letters and Papers_, etc. XIV. i. pp. 349, 438.]

[Footnote 475: SOURCES in addition to those given on p. 313: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_ (this Calendar is for the most part merely an index to documents which must be read in the Record Office); _Correspondance politique d'Odet de Selve: Commission des Archives Politiques_, (Paris, 1888); _Literary Remains of Edward VI._ (Roxburgh Club, London, 1857); _Narratives of the Reformation_ (Camden Society, London, 1860); Wriothesley, _Chronicle_ (Camden Society, London, 1875); Weiss, _Papiers d'État du Cardinal de Granvelle (Collection de Documents inédits_, Paris, 1841-52); Furnivall, _Ballads from Manuscripts_ (Ballad Society, London, 1868); _Four Supplications of the Commons_, and Thomas Starkey, _England under Henry VIII._ (Early English Text Society, 1871); Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials and Life of Cranmer_ (Oxford edition, 26 vols. 1820, etc.); _Liturgies of Edward VI._ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844); _Stow Annals_ (London, 1631).

LATER BOOKS in addition to those given on p. 313: Pollard, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900); Burnet, _History of the Reformation_ (Oxford edition, 1865); Dixon, _History of the Church of England_ (London, 1893); Gasquet and Bishop, _Edward VI. and the Book of Common Prayer_ (London, 1890). _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. xiv.]

[Footnote 476: Pollard, _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 474.]

[Footnote 477: These _Injunctions_, and the _Articles of Inquiry_ which interprets them, are printed in Strype, _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, etc. (Oxford, 1822) II. i. pp. 74-83.]

[Footnote 478: Cranmer, _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society Cambridge, 1846), p. 128.]

[Footnote 479: _English Historical Review_ for 1904 (January), pp. 98 _ff._]

[Footnote 480: This Act, entitled _Act against Revilers, and for receiving in both Kinds_, is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 322.]

[Footnote 481: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 328.]

[Footnote 482: _Ecclesiastical Memorials_, etc. II. i. p. 133. It is printed in _The Two Liturgies, with other Documents set forth by Authority in the Reign of King Edward the Sixth_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1844), p. 1.]

[Footnote 483: The book is printed in _The Two Liturgies_, etc., of the Parker Society, pp. 9 _ff._]

[Footnote 484: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 358 _ff._]

[Footnote 485: Mr. Pollard (_Cambridge Modern History_, ii. pp. 478, 479) thinks that the influence of these foreign divines on the English Reformation has been overrated; and he is probably correct so far as changes in worship and usages go. His idea is that the English Reformers followed the lead of Wiclif, consciously or unconsciously, rather than that of continental divines; but if the root-thought in all Reformation theology be considered, it may be doubted whether Wiclif _could_ supply what the English divines had in common with their continental contemporaries. "Wiclif, with all his desire for Reformation, was essentially a mediæval thinker." The theological question which separated every mediæval Reformer from the thinkers of the Reformation was, How the benefits won by the atoning work of Christ were to be appropriated by men? The universal mediæval answer was, By an imitation of Christ; while the universal Reformation answer was, By trust in the promises of God (for that is what is meant by Justification by Faith). In their answer to this test question, the English divines are at one with the Reformers on the Continent, and not with Wiclif.]

[Footnote 486: Pollard, _England under Protector Somerset_ (London, 1900).]

[Footnote 487: "Tulchan is a calf skin stuffed with straw to cause the cow to give milk. The Bishop served to cause the bishoprick to yeeld commoditie to my lord who procured it to him." Scott's _Apologetical Narration of the State and Government of the Kirk of Scotland since the Reformation_ (Woodrow Society, Edinburgh, 1846), p. 25.]

[Footnote 488: The book is printed in _The Two Liturgies, with other Documents_, etc. (Parker Society), p. 187.]

[Footnote 489: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 371.]

[Footnote 490: Compare _The Two Liturgies_, etc. (Parker Society) p. 283.]

[Footnote 491: _Ibid._ pp. 92, 279.]

[Footnote 492: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 269.]

[Footnote 493: _Original Letters relative to the English Reformation_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1847), ii. 566.]

[Footnote 494: _Original Letters_, etc. (Parker Society) ii. 568, _Macronius to Bullinger_ (August 28th, 1550).]

[Footnote 495: SOURCES in addition to those on pp. 351: _Epistolæ Reginaldi Poli, S. R. E. Cardinalis_, 5 vols. (Brixen, 1744-57); _Chronicle of Queen Jane and of two years of Queen Mary, and especially of the Rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyat, written by a Resident in the Tower of London_ (Camden Society, London, 1850); Garnett, _The Accession of Queen Mary; being the contemporary narrative of Antonio Guaras_, etc. (London, 1892).

LATER BOOKS: Stone, _History of Mary I., Queen of England_ (London, 1901); Ranke, _Die römischen Päpste_ (Berlin, 1854); Hume, _Visit of Philip II. (1554)_ (_English Historical Review_, 1892); Leadam, _Narrative of the Pursuit of the English Refugees in Germany under Queen Mary_ (_Transactions_ of Royal Historical Society, 1896); Wiesener, _The Youth of Queen Elizabeth, 1533-58_ (English translation, London, 1879); Zimmermann, _Kardinal Pole sein Leben und seine Schriften_ (Regensburg, 1893).]

[Footnote 496: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 373.]

[Footnote 497: The Act of Parliament is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 377.]

[Footnote 498: Philip's marriages had this peculiarity about them, that his second wife (Mary) had been betrothed to his father, and his third wife had been betrothed to his son.]

[Footnote 499: Strype, Memorials of Queen Mary's Reign, III. ii. 215.]

[Footnote 500: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 385.]

[Footnote 501: In the days of Henry VIII., Bishop Gardiner had published a book under this title, in which the papal jurisdiction in England was strongly repudiated. Someone, probably Bale, when Gardiner was aiding the Queen to restore that supremacy, had translated the book into English, and had printed at the bottom of the title-page, "A double-minded man is inconstant in all his ways."]

[Footnote 502: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 384, The Act _de hæretico comburendo_ will be found on p. 133.]

[Footnote 503: _Ibid._ p. 380.]

[Footnote 504: Bonner's Articles of Inquiry are printed in Strype's _Historical Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III. ii. p. 217.]

[Footnote 505: Gairdner's _The English Church in the Sixteenth Century_, etc. (London, 1902) p. 339.]

[Footnote 506: Strype, _Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III. i. 221, 223.]

[Footnote 507: _Ibid._ III. ii. 556.]

[Footnote 508: Strype, _Memorials, Ecclesiastical and Civil_, etc. III, i. 222, III. ii, 224.]

[Footnote 509: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth_, 1601-3; with Addenda, 1547-65 (London, 1870), p. 483.]

[Footnote 510: An account of Cranmer's trial is given in Foxe, _Acts and Monuments_ (London, 1851), iii. 656 _ff._ The process is in Cranmer's _Miscellaneous Writings and Letters_ (Parker Society), pp. 541 _ff._]

[Footnote 511: Cranmer's _Works_, ii. 447 _ff._]

[Footnote 512: _Works_, ii. pp. 445-56.]

[Footnote 513: _Miscellaneous Writings_, etc. (Parker Society) p. 563.]

[Footnote 514: Pollard, _Cranmer_, pp. 367-81.]

[Footnote 515: _Calendar of State Papers and MSS. existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, 1555-56_, p. 386.]

[Footnote 516: Pollard, _Cranmer_, p. 328.]

[Footnote 517: There are few more pathetic documents among the State Papers than those thus catalogued:

"King Philip and Queen Mary to Cardinal Pole, notifying that the Queen has been delivered of a Prince."

"Passport signed by the King and Queen for Sir Henry Sydney to go over to the King of the Romans and the King of Bohemia, to announce the Queen's happy delivery of a Prince."

There are several such notifications all ready for the birth which never took place. _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the reigns of Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth, 1547-80_ (London, 1856), p. 67.]

[Footnote 518: SOURCES: _Calendar of State Papers, Elizabeth, Foreign_ (London, 1863, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots_ (Edinburgh, 1898, etc.); _Calendar of State Papers, Hatfield MSS._ (London, 1883); _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_ (London, 1890); _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_ (London, 1892); Weiss, _Papiers d'état du Cardinal Granvelle_, vols. iv.-vi. (Paris, 1843-46); _Bullarium Romanum_, for two Bulls--the one of 1559 (i. 840) and the one deposing Elizabeth (ii. 324); _A Collection of Original Letters from the Bishops to the Privy Council, 1564_ (vol. ix. of the _Camden Miscellany_, London, 1893); _Calvin's Letters_ (vols. xxxviii.-xlviii. of the _Corpus Reformatorum_); _Zurich Letters_ (two series) (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1853); _Liturgies and occasional Forms of Prayer set forth in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1847); Dysen, _Queene Elizabeth's Proclamation_ (1618).

LATER BOOKS: Creighton, _Queen Elizabeth_ (London, 1896); Hume, _The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth_ (London, 1896); and _The great Lord Burghley_ (London, 1898); Philippson, _La contre-révolution religieuse_ (Brussels, 1884); Ruble, _Le Traité de Cateau-Cambrésis_ (Paris, 1889); Gee, _The Elizabethan Clergy_ (Oxford, 1898); and _The Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902); Tomlinson, _The Prayer-Book, Articles and Homilies_ (London, 1897); Hardwick, _History of the Articles of Religion_ (Cambridge, 1859); Lorimer, _John Knox and the Church of England_ (London, 1875); Neal, _History of the Puritans_ (London, 1754); Parker _The Ornaments Rubric_ (Oxford, 1881); Shaw, _Elizabethan Presbyterianism_ (_English Historical Review_, iii. 655); _Cambridge Modern History_, ii. 550 _ff._; Frere, _History of the English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James 1558-1625_ (London, 1904).]

[Footnote 519: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_ (London, 1892), i. p. 7.]

[Footnote 520: _Ibid._ p. 89. In the same letter the Bishop blames the instructions of the "Italian heretic friars," i.e. Peter Martyr Vermigli and Ochino; cf. p. 81.]

[Footnote 521: _Ibid._ pp. 1, 4, 5, etc.]

[Footnote 522: _Ibid._ pp. 3, 77.]

[Footnote 523: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs_, etc. Introduction, p. lv.]

[Footnote 524: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs_, etc. p. 62.]

[Footnote 525: _Ibid._ pp. 39, 67; cf. 83.]

[Footnote 526: Cf. _Device_ in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, p. 197.]

[Footnote 527: Strype, _Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion_, etc. (Oxford, 1824) I. ii. 389.]

[Footnote 528: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 416.]

[Footnote 529: Goderick's _Divers Points of Religion contrary to the Church of Rome_ is printed by Dr. Gee in the appendix to his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902), pp. 202 _ff._; the sentence quoted is on p. 205; the document is also in Dixon's _History of the Church of England_, v. 28.]

[Footnote 530: _Venetian State Papers, 1558-80_, 1.]

[Footnote 531: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 17, 25.]

[Footnote 532: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_ (London, 1856), i. 123.]

[Footnote 533: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 25.]

[Footnote 534: _Ibid._ pp. 7, 12.]

[Footnote 535: _English Historical Review_ for July 1903, pp. 517, _ff._; _Dublin Review_, Jan. 1903; _The Church Intelligencer_, Sept. 1903, pp. 134, _ff._]

[Footnote 536: Cf. Tomlinson, "Elizabethan Prayer-Book: chronological table of its enactment," in _Church Gazette_ for Oct. 1906, p. 233.]

[Footnote 537: _Dublin Review_, Jan. 1903, p. 48 _n_: "Ad quem eundem locum (House of Commons) isti convenerunt (ut communis fertur opinio) ad numerum ducentorum virorum, et non decem catholici inter illos sunt reperti."]

[Footnote 538: _Zurich Letters_, i. 10 (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1842); cf. _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-67_, p. 33: "To-morrow it (the Bill) goes to the Upper House, where the bishops and some others are ready to die rather than consent to it."]

[Footnote 539: For "Il Schifanoya" and his trustworthiness, cf. _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, Preface viii.]

[Footnote 540: _Ibid._ p. 52.]

[Footnote 541: Canon Dixon (_History of the Church of England_, v. 67) declares that the phrase "Supreme Head" was not in the Bill. He has overlooked the fact that Heath in his speech against it quotes the actual words used in the proposed Act: "I promised to move your honours to consider what this supremacy is which we go about by virtue of this Act to give to the Queen's Highness, and wherein it doth consist, as whether in spiritual government or in temporal. If in spiritual, like as the words of the Act do import, scilicet: _Supreme Head of the Church of England immediate and next under God_, then it would be considered whether this House hathe authority to grant them, and Her Highness to receive the same" (Strype, _Annals_, I. i. 405).]

[Footnote 542: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved chiefly in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-80_, pp. 37, 44, 50, 55, 66; _Parker's Correspondence_, p. 66; _Zurich Letters_, i. 33.]

[Footnote 543: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 442.]

[Footnote 544: The Acts of Henry VIII. which were revived were:--24 Hen. VIII. c. 12--_The Restraint of Appeals_, passed in 1533; 23 Hen. VIII. c. 20--_The conditional Restraint of Annates_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 19--_The Submission of the Clergy and Restraint of Appeals of 1534_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 20--_The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act; The absolute Restraint of Annates, Election of Bishops, and Letters Missive Act of 1534_; 25 Hen. VIII. c. 21--_Act forbidding Papal Dispensations and the Payment of Peter's Pence of 1534_; 26 Hen. VIII. c. 14--_Suffragan Bishops' Act of 1534_; and 28 Hen. VIII. c. 16--_Act for the Release of such as have obtained pretended Dispensations from the See of Rome._ These Acts are all, save the last mentioned, printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 178-232, 253-56.]

[Footnote 545: _Ibid._ p. 445.]

[Footnote 546: _Ibid._ p. 447.]

[Footnote 547: _Ibid._ p. 446.]

[Footnote 548: _Ibid._ p. 455.]

[Footnote 549: The Act is printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. pp. 458 _ff._]

[Footnote 550: Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 371.]

[Footnote 551: The _Device_ is printed in Strype, _Annals_, etc. I. ii. 392, and in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer Book and Ornaments_ (London, 1902), p. 195.]

[Footnote 552: Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_, pp. 76 _f._]

[Footnote 553: _Zurich Letters_, ii. 17.]

[Footnote 554: The _Journal of the House of Commons_, i. 54: "The Bill for the Order of Service and Ministers in the Church" (Feb. 15th); _The Book of Common Prayer and Ministration of Sacraments_ (Feb. 16th).]

[Footnote 555: _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 45: "a book passed by the Commons"; cf. above, p. 392; cf. also Bishop Scot's speech on the reading of the Bill which was emasculated by the Lords, in Strype's _Annals_, I. ii. 408.]

[Footnote 556: Dr. Gee rejects the idea that Guest's letter had anything to do with the Book passed by the Commons and rejected by the Lords; cf. his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments_, pp. 32 ff.; and for a criticism of Dr. Gee, Tomlinson, _The Elizabethan Prayer-Book and Ornaments; a Review_, p. 12. Guest's letter is printed by Dr. Gee in his _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. p. 152, and more accurately by Mr. Tomlinson in his tract, _Why was the First Prayer-Book of Edward VI. rejected?_]

[Footnote 557: "Il Schifanoya" reports the wrath of the Commons: They "grew angry, and would consent to nothing, but are in very great controversy" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 52); cf. p. 392.]

[Footnote 558: _Journal of the House of Commons_, i. 57.]

[Footnote 559: Professor Maitland (_English Historical Review_, July 1903, p. 527 _n._) and Father J. H. Pollen (_Dublin Review_, January 1903) think that this proclamation of the 22nd of March was never issued; but "Il Schifanoya" can hardly refer to any other.]

[Footnote 560: "On Easter Day, Her Majesty appeared in the chapel, where Mass was sung in English, according to the use of her brother, King Edward, and the communion was received in both 'kinds,' kneeling, _facendoli il sacerdote la credenza del corpo et sangue prima_; nor did he wear anything but the mere surplice (_la semplice cotta_), having divested himself of the vestments (_li paramenti_) in which he had sung Mass; and thus Her Majesty was followed by many Lords both of the Council and others. Since that day things have returned to their former state, though unless the Almighty stretch forth His arm a relapse is expected. These accursed preachers, who have come from Germany, do not fail to preach in their own fashion, both in public and in private, in such wise that they persuaded certain rogues to forcibly enter the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, in the middle of Cheapside, and force the shrine of the most Holy Sacrament, breaking the tabernacle, and throwing the most precious consecrated body of Jesus Christ to the ground. They also destroyed the altar and the images, with the pall (_palio_) and church linen (_tovalie_), breaking everything into a thousand pieces. This happened this very night, which is the third after Easter.... Many persons have taken the communion in the usual manner, and things continue as usual in the churches" (_Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, p. 57).]

[Footnote 561: The speeches of Abbot Feckenham and Bishop Scot, reprinted in Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. pp. 228 _ff._, represent the arguments used in the Lords. Scot's speech was delivered on the third reading of the Act of Uniformity, quite a month after the Westminster conference, and Feckenham's _may_ have been made at the same time; still they show the arguments of the Romanists.]

[Footnote 562: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas, 1558-67_, pp. 45, 46-48; _Zurich Letters_, i. 13_ff._; Strype's _Annals_, etc. I. i. 128-40, I. ii. 466; _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, 1558-80_, pp. 64, 65.]

[Footnote 563: "King Edward's reformation satisfieth the godly": Bullinger to Utenhovius (_Zurich Letters_, 2nd series, p. 17 _n._; Strype, _Annals_, I. i. 259).]

[Footnote 564: May 20th, Cox to Weidner: "The sincere religion of Christ is therefore established among us in all parts of the kingdom, just in the same manner as it was formerly promulgated under our Edward of blessed memory" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 28).

May 21st, Parkhurst to Bullinger: "The Book of Common Prayer, set forth in the time of King Edward, is now again in general use throughout England, and will be everywhere, in spite of the struggles and opposition of the pseudo-bishops" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 29).

May 22nd, Jewel to Bullinger: "Religion is again placed on the same footing on which it stood in King Edward's time; to which event I doubt not but that your own letters and those of your republic have powerfully contributed" (_Zurich Letters_, i. 33).

May 23rd, Grindal to Conrad Hubert: "But now at last, by the blessing of God, during the prorogation of Parliament, there has been published a proclamation to banish the Pope and his jurisdiction altogether, and to restore religion to that form which we had in the time of Edward VI." (_Zurich Letters_, ii. 19).

Dr. Gee seems to beg an important historical question when he says that these letters _must_ have been written before the writers knew that the Prayer-Book had been actually altered in more than the three points mentioned in the Act of Uniformity. Grindal, writing again to Hubert on July 14th, when he must have known everything, says: "The state of our Church (to come to that subject) is pretty much the same as when I last wrote to you, except only that what had heretofore been settled by proclamations and laws with respect to the reformation of the churches is now daily being carried into effect." Cf. Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer-Book_, etc. p. 104 _n._, for the actual differences between the Edwardine Book of 1552 and the Elizabethan Book of 1559.]

[Footnote 565: _Cambridge Modern History_, ii, 570.]

[Footnote 566: The rubric explaining kneeling at the communion had not the authority of Parliament, but only of the Privy Council, and was not included.

The rubric of 1552 regarding _ornaments_, which had the authority of Parliament and was re-enacted by the Act of Uniformity of 1559, was: "And here is to be noted that the minister at the time of communion, and at all other times in his ministration, shall use _neither alb, vestment, nor cope; but being archbishop or bishop, he shall have and wear a rochet: and being priest or deacon, he shall have and wear a surplice only._"

This is the real _ornaments_ rubric of the Elizabethan settlement, and appears to be such in the use and wont of the Church of England from 1559 to 1566, save that _copes_ were used occasionally.

The proviso in the Act of Uniformity (1559) was: "Such ornaments of the Church and of the ministers thereof shall be retained and be in use as was in this Church of England by authority of Parliament in the _second_ year of the reign of King Edward VI., until other order shall be therein taken by the authority of the Queen's Majesty, with the advice of her commissioners appointed and authorised under the Great Seal of England for causes ecclesiastical, or of the metropolitan of this realm."

The ornaments in use in the second year of Edward VI. are stated in the rubrics of the first Prayer-Book of King Edward (1549):

"Upon the day, and at the time appointed for the ministration of the Holy Communion, the Priest that shall execute the holy ministry shall put upon him the vesture appointed for that ministration, that is to say: a white Albe plain, with a vestment or Cope. And where there be many Priests or Deacons, there so many shall be ready to help the Priest in the ministration as shall be requisite: and shall have upon them likewise the vestures appointed for their ministry, that is to say, Albes with tunicles." At the end there is another rubric: "Upon Wednesdays and Fridays, the English Litany shall be said or sung in all places after such form as is appointed by the King's Majesty's Injunctions; or as is or shall be otherwise appointed by His Highness. And though there be none to communicate with the Priest, yet these days (after the Litany ended) the Priest shall put upon him a plain Albe or surplice, with a cope, and say all things at the Altar appointed to be said at the celebration of the Lord's Supper, until after the offertory."]

[Footnote 567: _Parker's Correspondence_, p. 65.]

[Footnote 568: The rubric is: "And here it is to be noted that the minister at the time of communion and at all other times in his ministrations, shall use such ornaments in the church as were in use by authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI., according to the Act of Parliament set in the beginning of this Book."]

[Footnote 569: Dr. Gee (_Elizabethan Ornaments_, etc. p. 131) thinks that there can be no reasonable doubt that the rubric was recorded on the authority of the Privy Council. "The Privy Council had certainly inserted the Black Rubric in 1552, as their published Acts attest, but all the records of the Privy Council from 13th May 1559 until 28th May 1562 have disappeared." The precedent cited is scarcely a parallel case. The Black Rubric was an explanation; the Rubric of 1559 is almost a contradiction in terms of the Act which restores the Prayer-Book of 1552. If I may venture to express an opinion, it seems to me most likely that the rubric was added by the Queen herself, and that she inserted it in order to be able to "hedge." It is too often forgotten that the danger which overshadowed the earlier years of Elizabeth was the issue of a papal Bull proclaiming her a heretic and a bastard, and inviting Henry II. of France to undertake its execution. The Emperor would never permit such a Bull if Elizabeth could show reasonable pretext that she and her kingdom held by the Lutheran type of Protestantism. An excommunication pronounced in such a case would have invalidated his own position, which he owed to the votes of Lutheran Electors. In the middle of the sixteenth century the difference between the different sections of Christianity was always estimated in the _popular_ mind by differences in public worship, and especially in the celebration of the Lord's Supper. All over Germany the Protestant was distinguished from the Romanist by the fact that he partook of the communion in both "kinds." Elizabeth had definitely ranged herself on the Protestant side from Easter Day 1559; and a more or less ornate ritual could never explain away the significance of this fact. The great difference between the Lutherans and the Calvinists to the popular mind was that the former retained and the latter discarded most of the old ceremonial. Luther says expressly: "Da lassen wyr die Messgewand, altar, liechter noch bleyben" (Daniel, _Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiæ, Lutheranæ_, p. 105); and crosses, vestments, lights, and an altar appear in regular Lutheran fashion whenever the Queen wished to place herself and her land under the shield of the Augsburg Peace. This rubric was a remarkably good card to play in the diplomatic game.]

[Footnote 570: _XXXth Injunction of 1559:_ "Item, Her Majesty being desirous to have the prelacy and clergy of this realm to be had as well in outward reverence, as otherwise regarded for the worthiness of their ministries, and thinking it necessary to have them known to the people in all places and assemblies, _both in the church_ and without, and thereby to receive the honour and estimation due to the special messengers and ministers of Almighty God, wills and commands that all archbishops and bishops, and all other that be called or admitted to preaching or ministry of the sacraments, or that be admitted into any vocation ecclesiastical, or into any society of learning in either of the Universities or elsewhere, shall use and wear such seemly habits, garments, and such square caps as were most commonly and orderly received _in the latter year of the reign of King Edward VI._; not meaning thereby to attribute any holiness or special worthiness to the said garments, but as St. Paul writeth: '_Omnia decenter et secundum ordinem fiant_' (1 Cor. xiv. cap.)." Cf. Gee's _Elizabethan Prayer Booke and Ornaments_ (London, 1902); Tomlinson, _The Prayer Book, Articles and Homilies_ (London, 1897); Parker, _The Ornaments Rubric_ (Oxford, 1881).]

[Footnote 571: The _Advertisements_ are printed in Gee and Hardy; _Documents_, etc. p. 467; the _Injunctions_, at p. 417.]

[Footnote 572: _Copes_ were used in the cathedrals and sometimes in collegiate churches in the years between 1559 and 1566, when it was desired to add some magnificence to the service; but it ought to be remembered that the _cope_ was never a sacrificial vestment. It was originally the _cappa_ of the earlier Middle Ages--the mediæval greatcoat. Large churches were cold places, the clergy naturally wore their greatcoats when officiating, and the homely garment grew in magnificence. It never had a doctrinal significance like the _chasuble_ or _casula_.]

[Footnote 573: _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_, p. 89.]

[Footnote 574: Machyn's _Diary_ (Camden Society, London, 1844), p. 108.]

[Footnote 575: Peacock's _Church Furniture_, p. 87.]

[Footnote 576: _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, 1558-67_, p. 105: "The crucifixes and vestments that were burnt a month ago publicly are now set up again in the royal chapel, as they soon will be all over the kingdom, unless, which God forbid, there is another change next week. They are doing it out of sheer fear to pacify the Catholics; but as forced favours are no sign of affection, they often do more harm than good." Cf. _Zurich Letters_, i. 63, etc.]

[Footnote 577: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. pp. 76, 79.]

[Footnote 578: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth_, i. 130.]

[Footnote 579: The _Injunctions_ are printed in Gee and Hardy, _Documents_, etc. p. 417.]

[Footnote 580: _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth_, i. pp. 180, 183, 187.]

[Footnote 581: For the history of these Articles, see Hardwick, _A History of the Articles of Religion; to which is added a Series of Documents from A.D. 1536 to A.D. 1615_, etc. (Cambridge, 1859).]

[Footnote 582: _Calendar of Letters and State Papers relating to English Affairs, preserved principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 190.]

[Footnote 583: The _Consensus Tigurinus_ (1549) dates the disappearance.]

[Footnote 584: The _Zurich Letters, 1558-79, First Series_ (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1842), pp. 123, 127, 135, 100, 139. Bishop Jewel, writing to Peter Martyr (p. 100), says: "_As to matters of doctrine, we have pared everything away to the very quick, and do not differ from your doctrine by a nail's breadth_" (Feb. 7th, 1562); and Bishop Horn, writing to Bullinger (Dec. 13th, 1563, _i.e._ _after_ the Queen's alterations), says,: "_We have throughout England the same ecclesiastical doctrine as yourselves_" (_ibid._ p. 135).]