Chapter XLIV: Appendix: C (1)

* * * * *

=LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS,
WITH THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE.=

1789–1793 George Washington.
John Adams.
1793–1797 George Washington.
John Adams.
1797–1801 John Adams.
Thomas Jefferson.
1801–1805 Thomas Jefferson.
Aaron Burr.
1805–1809 Thomas Jefferson.
George Clinton.
1809–1813 James Madison.
George Clinton.
1813–1817 James Madison.
Elbridge Gerry.
1817–1821 James Monroe.
D. D. Tompkins.
1821–1825 James Monroe.
D. D. Tompkins.
1825–1829 John Quincy Adams.
John C. Calhoun.
1829–1833 Andrew Jackson.
John C. Calhoun.
1833–1837 Andrew Jackson.
Martin Van Buren.
1837–1841 Martin Van Buren.
R. M. Johnson.
1841–1845 Wm. Henry Harrison.
John Tyler (became President, 1841).
1845–1849 James K. Polk.
George M. Dallas.
1849–1853 Zachary Taylor.
Millard Fillmore (became President,
1850).
1853–1857 Franklin Pierce.
William R. King.
1857–1861 James Buchanan.
J. C. Breckinridge.
1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln.
Hannibal Hamlin.
1865–1869 Abraham Lincoln.
Andrew Johnson (became President, 1865).
1869–1873 U. S. Grant.
Schuyler Colfax.
1873–1877 U. S. Grant.
Henry Wilson.
1877–1881 R. B. Hayes.
Wm. A. Wheeler.
1881–1885 Jas. A. Garfield.
Chester A. Arthur (became President,
1881).
1885–1889 Grover Cleveland.
T. A. Hendricks.
1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison.
L. P. Morton.
1893–1897 Grover Cleveland.
Adlai E. Stevenson.
1897–1901 Wm. McKinley.
G. A. Hobart.
1901–1905 Wm. McKinley.
Theodore Roosevelt (became President,
1901).
1905–1909 Theodore Roosevelt.
Charles W. Fairbanks.
1909–1913 William H. Taft.
James S. Sherman.

INDEX.

* * * * *

The References are to Sections, unless otherwise stated.

p. = page. (C.) = Confederate.
n. = footnote. (U.) = Union.

=Abolitionists=, in the North, 359-360;
refused right of petition, 360;
publications prohibited in the South, 360, 391;
form Liberty Party, 375.

=Aborigines=, 1.

=Acadia=, joined to Massachusetts, 60;
the French in, 98, 104;
inhabitants dispersed, 112.

=Adams, Charles Francis=, minister at London, 502, 511.

=Adams, John=, portrait p. 205, 275;
biographical note, p. 205 n.;
opposes Washington’s policy, 192;
Vice President, 255;
in first Congress, 266;
elected President, 275;
defeated by Jefferson, 281.

=Adams, John Quincy=, portrait p. 255, 333;
biographical note, p. 255 n.;
minister to Russia, 308;
commissioner at Ghent, 312;
Secretary of State, 320;
negotiates treaty with Spain, 324;
and the Monroe Doctrine, 326;
elected President, 334;
character of administration, 335;
opposition to, 336-340;
in Congress, 360.

=Adams, Samuel=, portrait p. 94, 127;
biographical note, p. 93 n.;
opposes Stamp Act, 127;
demands removal of British soldiers, 132;
organizes committees of correspondence, 138;
opposes Washington’s policy, 192;
opposes Constitutional Convention, 246.

=Agriculture=, chief occupation in 1789, 261;
Department of, established, 500.

=Aguinaldo=, Philippine leader, 673, 674.

=Alabama=, admitted, 329;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.

=_Alabama_, Confederate cruiser=, construction of, 502;
defeat of, 541.

=Alabama Claims=, 585.

=Alaska=, purchase of, p. 502 n.;
seal fisheries of, 641;
territorial government established, 676.

=Albany Congress=, in 1690, 66;
in 1754, 110.

=Albany Regency=, 342.

=Albemarle, N.C.=, founded by Virginia Dissenters, 72.
See _Carolinas_.

=Alien and Sedition laws=, 277.

=Allen, Ethan=, takes Fort Ticonderoga, 145.

=Amendments= to the Constitution, ten, adopted, p. 198 n. 2;
twelfth, 281;
thirteenth, 546, p. 435 n., 568;
fourteenth, 571;
fifteenth, 583.

=America=, discovered by the Northmen, 4;
discovered by Columbus, 5, 7;
origin of name, 10.

=American flag.= See _Flag_.

=American party.= See _Know-Nothing_.

=American Policy=, 332.

=Amnesty Act=, 584.

=Anarchists=, 625.

=Anderson, Major Robert=, (U.), at Fort Sumter, 441, 442, 452.

=André, John=, meeting with Arnold, 217;
arrest, 218;
execution, 220.

=Andrew, John A.=, war governor of Massachusetts, 462.

=Andros, Sir Edmund=, portrait p. 50, 59;
biographical note, p. 50 n.;
royal governor of New England, 59;
governor of New York, 65;
in New Jersey, 68.

=Annexation=, of Texas, 375;
of Hawaii, 672.

=Antietam= (or Sharpsburg), battle of, 505;
official returns, p. 401 n. 1.

=Anti-Masons=, formation of party, 361, p. 284 n. 2.

=Anti-Monopoly Party=, in campaign of 1884, 617.

=Anti-slavery movement=, in colonial times, 327;
development of, 359, 360, 390-392;
Liberty Party formed, 375;
in Kansas, 413, 414.
See _Abolitionists_, _Slavery_, and _Fugitive Slave Law_.

=Appomattox Courthouse=, Lee’s surrender at, 551.

=Arbitration=, of the fisheries question, 641;
of the Venezuelan dispute, 651.

=Archdale, John=, governor and proprietor of North Carolina, 76.

=Arkansas=, organized as a territory, 328;
secedes, 453;
readmitted, 574.

=Arlington, Lord=, received grant of Virginia, 43.

=Armstrong, General=, Secretary of War in War of 1812, 305, 306, 310;
succeeded by Monroe, 311.

=Army, Continental=, established, 143, 144;
reorganized, 176;
mutiny in, 222.

=Army, United States=, in War of 1812, 300;
in Mexican War, 386;
in 1865, 555;
in Spanish War, 669, 670.

=Arnold, Benedict=, portrait p. 113, 151;
biographical note, p. 113 n.;
leads expedition into Canada, 151;
at Valcour’s Island, 161;
at Saratoga, 181;
at Fort Stanwix, 182;
his treason, 215-217;
aids Cornwallis in the South, 229.

=Arthur, Chester A.=, portrait p. 480, 609;
biographical note, p. 480 n.;
elected Vice President, 607;
becomes President, 609;
events of his administration, 610-617.

=Articles of Confederation=, framed, 239-241;
weaknesses of, 242;
abandoned, 248.

=Ashburton Treaty=, 372.

=Assistance, Writs of=, 129.

=Assumption of state debts=, 266.

=Atlanta=, capture of, 536, p. 428 n. 1.

=Atlantic cable=, laying of, 447.

=Australian ballot system=, introduced, 621.

=Bacon’s rebellion=, 44.

=Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de=, portrait p. 14, 11;
biographical note, p. 14 n.;
discovers the “South Sea” (Pacific Ocean), 11.

=Ball’s Bluff=, battle of, 468.

=Baltimore, Lord.= See _Calvert_.

=Baltimore, Md.=, founded, p. 39 n.;
population in 1800, 262;
riot in, 462.

=Bancroft, George=, 449.

=Bank, United States=, established, 266;
fails of re-charter, 317;
reëstablished, 317;
opposed by Jackson, 361-366;
later history, 364;
opposed by Tyler, 372, 373.
See _Banks_.

=Banks, Nathaniel P.=, in Congress, 416;
in the Civil War, 491, 493.

=Banks=, state, 317, 364-366;
“pet,” 364;
“wild cat,” 365;
national, established in 1863, 457;
banking legislation in 1900, 677.

=Barbary States=, war with, 285.

=Barn-burners=, 389.

=Battle above the Clouds= (Lookout Mountain), 521.

=Battle of the Crater= (Petersburg), 532.

=Bayard, James A.=, supports Jefferson, 281;
at St. Petersburg, 308;
at Ghent, 312.

=Beauregard=, General, (C.), portrait p. 366, 467;
biographical note, p. 366 n.;
fires on Sumter, 452;
at Bull Run, 467;
succeeds A. S. Johnston, 478;
succeeded by Bragg, 481.

=Belknap, W. W.=, impeachment of, 590.

=Bell, John=, nominated for the Presidency, 435.

=Bellomont, Earl of=, royal governor of New York, 66.

=Bemis Heights=, battle of, 181.

=Bennington=, battle of, 179.

=Benton, Thomas H.=, portrait p. 275, 355;
biographical note, p. 275 n. 2;
opposes Foote’s Resolutions, 355;
on Polk’s administration, 378;
proposed as commander in the Mexican War, 379.

=Bering, Vitus=, Russian explorer, 9.

=Bering Sea fisheries=, 641.

=Berkeley, Lord=, received grant of New Jersey, 67;
sells to Quakers, 68.

=Berkeley, Sir William=, royal governor of Virginia, 42-45;
receives grant of the Carolinas, 73.

=Berlin Decree=, Napoleon’s, 292.

=Bienville, Sieur de.= See _Le Moyne_.

=Black, Jeremiah S.=, 441.

=Black Hawk War=, p. 289 n. 1.

=Blaine, James G.=, portrait p. 486, 619;
biographical note, p. 486 n.;
Secretary of State for Garfield, 608;
candidate for the Presidency, 619;
Secretary of State for Harrison, 629, 632, 639-641.

=Blair, Rev. James=, founder of College of William and Mary, 45.

=Bland-Allison Silver Bill=, 604, 627.

=Blockade=, of the port of Boston, 136;
in War of 1812, 292-294;
of Southern ports, 455, 465, 474, 529, 540.

=Bonds=, government, 456, 457, 596, 627, 677;
confederate, 458, 529.

=_Bonne Homme Richard_ and _Serapis_=, battle of, 211.

=Boone, Daniel=, portrait p. 154, 201;
biographical note, p. 153 n.

=Booth, John Wilkes=, 552.

=Border States in the Civil War=, 453, 463, 474.

=Boston, Mass.=, founded, 38;
siege of, 150;
in 1800, 262;
great fire, 587.

=Boston Massacre=, 132.

=Boston Port Bill=, 136;
effect on the colonies, 138.

=Boston “Tea Party,”= 135.

=Boundary Disputes=, 93, 258, 272, 372, 377, 378, 586.

=Braddock’s defeat=, 111.

=Bradford, William=, second governor of Plymouth, 34;
writings of, 84.

=Bradstreet, Mrs. Anne=, 84.

=Bragg, Gen. Braxton=, (C.), portrait p. 379, 480;
biographical note, p. 379 n.;
succeeds Beauregard, 481;
his raid into Kentucky, 481;
at Stone River, 482;
in the Chattanooga campaign, 518-521.

=Brandywine=, battle of the, 186.

=Brant, Joseph=, Mohawk chief, at Oriskany, 182;
education and travels, 204.

=Breckinridge, John C.=, elected Vice President, 417;
candidate for the Presidency, 435.

=Brewster, William=, Pilgrim elder, 32.

=Brock, Gen. Isaac=, Canadian leader, 302;
falls at Queenstown, 303.

=Brooks, Preston S.=, his assault on Sumner, 415.

=Brown, Gen. Jacob=, at battle of Ogdensburg, 303;
given command in Canada, 309.

=Brown, John=, portrait p. 337, 432;
biographical note, p. 336 n.;
in Kansas, 413;
raid on Harper’s Ferry, 432.

=Brownists=, 32.

=Bryan, William J.=, portrait p. 513, 655;
biographical note, p. 512 n. 2;
candidate of Democratic and Populist parties, 655, 678.

=Bryant, William Cullen=, 350.

=Buchanan, James=, portrait p. 330, 424;
biographical note, p. 325 n.;
candidate for Presidential nomination in 1852, 404;
and the Ostend Manifesto, 408;
elected President, 417;
character of his administration, 423;
attitude toward Kansas, 424;
and the Mormons, 426;
and secession, 440, 450.

=Buckner, Gen. Simon B.=, 655.

=Buell, Gen. D. C.=, commands Department of Ohio, 476;
at Shiloh, 478;
drives Bragg from Kentucky, 481.

=Buena Vista=, battle of, 383.

=Bull Run= (or Manassas), first battle of, 467;
official returns, p. 367 n.;
second battle of, 504.

=Bunker Hill=, battle of, 147.

=Burgesses=, Virginia House of, 27, 28, 43, 45, 95.

=Burgoyne, Gen. John=, portrait p. 138, 180;
biographical note, p. 135 n.;
joins British army in America, 146;
checked by Schuyler, 178;
surrenders at Saratoga, 181.

=Burke, Edmund=, opposes taxing the colonies, 126;
opposes “Five Acts,” 137.

=Burns, Anthony=, fugitive slave, p. 311 n.

=Burnside, Gen. A. E.=, portrait p. 402, 506;
biographical note, p. 401 n. 2;
captures Roanoke Island, 487;
supersedes McClellan, 505;
defeated at Fredericksburg, 506;
superseded by Hooker, 506;
at Knoxville, 519.

=Burr, Aaron=, intrigues for the Presidency, 281;
in election of 1804, 288;
his conspiracy and trial, 289, 290;
kills Hamilton in a duel, 289.

=Butler, Gen. Benjamin F.=, portrait p. 425, 533;
biographical note, p. 425 n.;
at New Orleans, 488;
commands Army of the James, 530;
at Bermuda Hundred, 533;
nominated for the Presidency, 617.

=Cabinet=, President’s, organization of, 266, p. 197 n.

=Cable.= See _Atlantic Cable_.

=Cabot, John=, licensed by Henry VII. of England, 8;
accounts of voyages unsatisfactory, 8.

=Cabot, Sebastian=, portrait p. 12, 9;
biographical note, p. 11 n. 1.

=Calhoun, John C.=, portrait p. 227, 300;
biographical note, p. 226 n.;
member of “War-Hawk” party, 299;
attitude toward internal improvements, 318, 338;
Secretary of War, 320;
Vice President, 333;
attitude toward protective tariff, 316, 340;
his “Exposition,” 341;
alienation from Jackson, 352;
and nullification, 358;
Secretary of State for Tyler, 374;
supports annexation of Texas, 374;
advocates right of secession, 395;
death of, 400.

=California=, question of acquisition, 378;
influence on slavery question, 393;
gold discovered, 394.

=Calvert, Cecilius=, second Lord Baltimore, portrait p.38, 40;
founds Maryland, 39.

=Calvert, Charles=, Governor of Maryland, 40;
becomes third Lord Baltimore, 40.

=Calvert, George=, first Lord Baltimore, portrait p. 37, 39;
biographical note, p. 37 n.;
secures charter for Maryland, 39.

=Calvert, Leonard=, his difficulties in Maryland, 40.

=Camden=, battle of, 214.

=Cameron, Simon=, Secretary of War, 451;
succeeded by Stanton, 475;
Minister to Russia, 475.

=Canada=, secured by Great Britain, 115;
Arnold’s expedition into, 151;
in the War of 1812, 300-302, 309;
revolution in, 370;
fishery troubles with, 586.

=Canals.= See _Internal Improvements_ and _Erie Canal_.

=Canning, George=, British Minister, and the Monroe Doctrine, 325.

=Carleton, Sir Guy=, expedition, 161.

=Carolinas=, the, Albemarle founded, 72;
granted to Clarendon and Berkeley, 73;
Clarendon settled, 73;
Charleston founded, 75;
surrender charters, 92.
See _North Carolina_ and _South Carolina_.

=Carpet Baggers=, 575.

=Carteret, Philip=, first governor of New Jersey, 67.

=Carteret, Sir George=, receives grant of New Jersey, 67.

=Cartier, Jacques=, French explorer, portrait p. 18, 14;
biographical note, p. 18 n. 1;
discovers St. Lawrence, 14.

=Carver, John=, first governor of Plymouth, 34.

=Cass, Lewis=, candidate for the Presidency in 1848, 389;
in Buchanan’s Cabinet, 423.

=Catholics=, in Maryland, 39-41;
in Canada, 136.

=Caucus=, nomination by, 332, 345.

=Centennial Exposition=, 595.

=Cerro Gordo=, battle of, 384.

=Cervera, Admiral=, at Santiago de Cuba, 668, 669.

=Chambersburg, Pa.=, burning of, 533.

=Champlain, Samuel de=, French explorer, portrait p. 19, 15;
biographical note, p. 20 n.;
establishes permanent colony at Quebec, 16.

=Chancellorsville=, battle of, 523.

=Channing, William Ellery=, 350.

=Charles I.=, defied by Virginia Burgesses, 28;
grants patent for Maryland, 39.

=Charles II.=, grants Virginia to Arlington and Culpepper, 43;
recalls Berkeley, 44;
conquers New Amsterdam, 56;
interferes in Massachusetts, 56, 58;
makes grant to Penn, 69;
and the Carolinas, 73.

=Charleston, S.C.=, settled, 75, 76;
population in 1800, 262.

=Charlestown, Mass.=, founded, 38.

=Charter Oak=, 59.

=Charters=, of the Virginia Company, 21, 22, 26;
of the Dutch Company, 30;
of Plymouth, 35;
of Massachusetts, 37, 38, 47, 58, 60;
of Connecticut, 56, 59, 60, 92;
of Rhode Island, 49, 59, 60, 92;
of the Carolinas, 92.

=Chase, Salmon P.=, portrait p. 340, 436;
biographical note, p. 340 n.;
anti-slavery leader, 400;
candidate for Presidential nomination, 436;
in Lincoln’s Cabinet, 451, 545;
appointed Chief Justice, 545.

=Chase, Samuel=, impeachment of, 291.

=Chatham, Earl of.= See _Pitt_.

=Chattanooga=, battles of, 518-522;
estimated forces, p. 414 n. 1.

=Cherokee Indians=, in Tennessee, 203;
in Georgia, 339.

=Cherry Valley Massacre=, 205.

=_Chesapeake_ and _Leopard_=, battle of, 293.

=_Chesapeake_ and _Shannon_=, battle of, 304 (p. 233).

=Chicago=, the great fire, 587;
World’s Fair at, 652.

=Chickamauga=, battle of, 518;
official returns, p. 411 n.

=Chile=, difficulty with, 640.

=China=, Boxer uprising in, 680.

=Chinese immigration.= See _Immigration_.

=Chippewa=, battle of, 309.

=Churubusco=, battle of, 384.

=Cities=, in 1800, 262;
in 1860–1870, 703.

=Civil Rights Bill=, p. 454 n.

=Civil Service Reform=, Jefferson’s attitude toward, 284;
association formed, 592;
attitude of Hayes, p. 473 n.;
the Republicans and, 608;
Pendleton Bill, 616;
extended by Cleveland, 620;
McKinley’s attitude toward, 656.

=Civil War=, beginnings of, 450-474;
first war proclamation, 453;
seat of, 459-461;
foreign difficulties, 464, 472, 473, 502, 511;
campaigns of 1861, 466-471;
campaigns of 1862, 475-513;
opposition to, in the North, 512, 513, 526, 542, 543, 547;
campaigns of 1863, 514-529;
campaigns of 1864, 530-546;
efforts for peace, 547;
campaigns of 1865, 547-551;
magnitude of, 555-560;
lessons of, 560.

=Claiborne, William=, opposes Lord Baltimore in Maryland, 40;
commissioner in Virginia, 42.

=Clarendon, Earl of=, receives grant of the Carolinas, 73.

=Clark, George Rogers=, portrait p. 158, 208;
biographical note, p. 158 n.;
his conquest of the Northwest, 209.

=Clark, William=, explores Louisiana territory, 287.

=Clay, Henry=, portrait, early portrait (1847), 330, 395;
biographical note, p. 252 n.;
advocates war with England in 1812, 299;
commissioner at Ghent, 312;
frames second Missouri Compromise, 330;
candidate for the Presidency, 333;
Secretary of State, 334, 335;
frames compromise tariff in 1833, 358;
supports the Bank, 361;
and the surplus, 363;
Whig candidate for the Presidency in 1844, 375;
and the Texas question, 374;
frames Compromise of 1850, 395;
and the Panama canal, 401;
death of, 404.

=Clayton, John M.=, Secretary of State for Taylor, 401;
negotiates treaty with England, 401.

=Clayton-Bulwer Treaty=, 401.

=Clemens, Samuel L.=, 708.

=Cleveland, Grover=, portrait p. 489, 621;
biographical note, p. 487 n.;
elected President, 619;
character of his administration, 620;
extends Civil Service regulations, 620;
defeated by Harrison, 628;
second election, 643;
character of second administration, 644;
intercedes for the Cubans, 659.

=Cliff-dwellers=, 2;
illustration of dwellings, p. 4.

=Clinton, George=, 288.

=Clinton, Sir Henry=, joins British army in America, 146;
failure of first Southern expedition, 162;
in New York, 185;
in command of British, 195;
evacuates Philadelphia, 195;
at Monmouth, 196;
second campaign in the South, 197, 213, 214.

=Cobb, Howell=, 444, 450.

=Coinage.= See _Currency_.

=Cold Harbor=, battle of, 531;
official returns, p. 424 n. 1.

=Colleges=, William and Mary founded, 45;
Harvard founded, 46.

=Colonial Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Colonial Spirit= in the states, 263.

=Colonies, American=, at end of the 17th century, 77-90;
development of, 91-116.

=Colonization=, theory of, 19, 20;
American Society of, 327.

=Columbia, S.C.=, burning of, 548, p. 437 n.

=Columbia River=, discovery of, 323.

=Columbian Exposition=, 652.

=Columbus, Christopher=, portrait p. 7, 5;
biographical note, p. 7 n. 1;
his theories, 5;
Toscanelli’s map, 5 (p. 8);
his motives and difficulties, 6;
voyages, 7;
results of his discoveries, 7.

=Commerce=, in the colonies, 81, 87, 117;
during the Napoleonic régime, 292;
of the United States, 336;
during the Civil War, 455;
interstate, 623.

=Committee of Safety=, 138.

=Committees of Correspondence=, 138.

=Compromises=, in the Constitution, 252;
first and second Missouri, 329-331;
tariff, 358;
of 1850, 395-398;
Crittenden’s, 443.

=Concord=, battle of, 143.

=Confederacy, New England.= See _New England_.

=Confederacy, Southern=, established, 444;
constitution of, 444;
bonds of, 458, 529;
recognized by Great Britain, 464.

=Confederation=, articles of, government under, 238-243.

=Congress=, Colonial, 66, 110, 127;
provincial, 140;
First Continental, 139;
Second Continental, 144.
See _Congress of the United States_.

=Congress of the United States=, established under the Constitution, 253;
proceedings of first, 266;
in the Civil War, 500;
and Andrew Johnson, 567, 577-580;
reconstruction policy of, 571.

=Conkling, Roscoe=, 609.

=Connecticut=, settlements in, 50, 51;
adopts a written constitution, 51;
joins New England Confederacy, 53;
charter of, 56, 59, 60;
in 1700, 77.

=Conscription=, in the North, 526;
in the South, 527.

=Constitution=, conventions called, 244, 245;
obstacles to, 248-251;
compromises in, 252;
characteristics of, 255;
ratification of, 254;
amendments to, p. 198 n. 2, 281, 546, 508, 571, 572, 583;
“compact” theory of, 279, 356;
and slavery, 418-420;
text of, Appendix B, pp. 548-562.

=Constitution of the Confederate States=, 444.

=_Constitution_ and _Guerrière_=, battle of, 304.

=Continental Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Conventions=, constitutional, 244-252;
state, 254, 358, 440;
Hartford, 315;
first nominating, 332, 345;
Southern, 434, 435.

=Conway Cabal=, 193.

=Coode, John=, leads revolt in Maryland, 41.

=Cooper, James Fenimore=, 350.

=Cooper, Peter=, 596.

=Copyright law=, international, 643.

=Corinth=, taking of, 479.

=Cornwallis, Lord=, portrait p. 163, 214;
biographical note, p. 163 n.;
in New Jersey, 168;
at the Brandywine, 186;
moves to the South, 213;
at Guilford Courthouse, 227;
retreats to Yorktown, 229;
surrenders, 233.

=Coronado, Francisco Vasquez=, Spanish explorer, 13.

=Corporations and trusts=, 617, 623, 707, 709.

=Correspondence, Committees of=, 138.

=Cortereal, Gaspar=, Portuguese explorer, 9.

=Cortez, Hernando=, Spanish explorer, conquers Mexico, 2, 13.

=Cotton gin=, invented, p. 224 n.;
makes slavery profitable, 327.

=Cowpens=, battle of, 225.

=Crawford, William H.=, Secretary of the Treasury, 320;
nominated for the Presidency, 333;
framer of Tenure of Office Act in 1820, 351.

=Crédit Mobilier=, 590.

=Creek Indians=, 3;
defeated by Jackson, 307;
in Alabama, 307;
in Georgia, 339.

=Crittenden, Senator=, proposes compromise on slavery, 443.

=Cromwell, Oliver=, and Maryland, 40;
attitude of Massachusetts, 54;
menaces New Netherlands, 64.

=Crown Point=, taken by English, 112.

=Cuba=, and the South, 402, 407;
and the Ostend Manifesto, 408;
Virginius affair, 594;
and War with Spain, 658-670;
independence of, 671, 695.

=Culpepper, Lord=, receives grant of Virginia, 43.

=Currency=, paper, 174, 221, 364, 456, 458, 529, 596, 605;
gold and silver, 366, 456, 604, 605, 634, 635, 643, 646-648, 655, 677.

=Curtis, B. R.=, and Dred Scott decision, 418, 419.

=Curtis, Gen. S. R.=, (U.), at battle of Pea Ridge, 480.

=Curtis, George William=, abolitionist, 421;
head of Civil Service Commission, 592;
supports Cleveland, 619.

=Cushing, Caleb=, portrait p. 317, 405;
biographical note, p. 317 n.;
in Pierce’s Cabinet, 405.

=Custer, Gen. George A.=, portrait p. 467, 594;
biographical note, p. 467 n.

=Dale, Sir Thomas=, royal governor, 27.

=Dana, Charles A.=, at Grant’s headquarters, 477.

=Dare, Virginia=, first white child born in America, p. 22 n.

=Davenport, John=, founder of New Haven, 51.

=Davis, Jefferson=, portrait p. 345, 444;
biographical note, p. 345 n.;
in the Mexican War, 383;
pro-slavery leader, 400;
in Pierce’s Cabinet, 405;
frames resolutions on slavery, 433;
opposes Crittenden’s compromise, 443;
elected President of the Confederacy, 444;
interference in military affairs, 535, p. 427 n. 2;
capture and imprisonment, 565.

=Debt=, national, 266, 364, 627.

=Debts=, state, assumption of, 266.

=Decatur, Lieut. Stephen=, portrait p. 215, 285;
biographical note, p. 215 n. 1;
defeats Barbary pirates, 285;
in War of 1812, 304.

=Declaration of Colonial Rights=, 139.

=Declaration of Independence=, R. H. Lee’s resolutions, 164;
framed by Jefferson, 164;
signed, 164; purport of, 165;
text of, Appendix A, pp. 543-547.

=De Kalb=, offers services to Americans, 175.

=Delaware, Lord=, royal governor of Virginia, 27.

=Delaware=, settled by Swedes, 63;
granted to Penn, 69, 70;
becomes a separate province, 71.

=Democratic party=, rise of, 344, p. 284 n. 1;
discredited by Van Buren, 370;
supports annexation of Texas, 375;
divides on slavery question, 389;
favors Compromise of 1850, 404;
in election of 1856, 417;
divides on “Squatter sovereignty,” 435;
in election of 1860, 435, 436;
in the Civil War, 439, 513, 543;
in election of 1872, 588;
in 1876, 597;
elects Cleveland, 619, 643;
in 1896, 655.

=Democratic-Republican party=, led by Jefferson, 268;
favors war with France, 271;
in election of 1796, 275;
in election of 1800, 281, 283;
theories compared with Jackson’s, 344.

=D’Estaing, Count=, in charge of French fleet, 197;
at Newport, 197;
retires to West Indies, 197.

=Dewey, Admiral George=, portrait p. 519, 666;
biographical note, p. 519 n.;
his victory at Manila Bay, 666;
created admiral, p. 519 n.

=Dickinson, John=, portrait p. 97, 131;
biographical note, p. 97 n. 1;
author of “Farmer’s Letters,” 131, p. 97 n. 2;
in the Constitutional Convention, 246.

=Dingley Tariff=, 657.

=Dinwiddie=, royal governor of Virginia, 106, 108;
sends Washington to the West, 106.

=Dix, John A.=, 441.

=Donelson, Fort=, construction of, 461, 476;
capture of, 477.

=Dorchester Heights=, taking of, 149.

=Dorr’s Rebellion=, 373.

=Douglas, Stephen A.=, portrait p. 333, 428;
biographical note, p. 333 n. 1;
pro-slavery sympathies, 400;
proposes Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 411;
advocates “Popular sovereignty,” 411;
opposes Lecompton Constitution, 425;
debates with Lincoln, 428-431;
his “Freeport Doctrine,” 430, 433;
nominated for the Presidency, 435;
supports the Union, 438, 453.

=Draft riots=, 526.

=Drake, Francis=, English explorer, portrait p. 20, 17;
biographical note, p. 21 n. 1;
his voyage round the world, 17.

=Dred Scott Decision=, 418-420.

=Dunmore’s War, Lord=, 202.

=Duquesne, Fort= (now Pittsburg), founded, 108;
taken by Washington, 113.

=Dutch in America=, send out Hudson, 29;
settle New York, 29, 30;
found New Amsterdam (New York City), 30;
troubles of, 55, 61-64;
lose New Netherlands, 64.

=Duties.= See _Tariff_.

=Eads, James B.=, 612.

=Early, Gen. J. A.=, (C.), menaces Washington, D.C., 533;
defeated by Sheridan, 533, 550.

=Eaton, Theophilus=, founder of New Haven, 51.

=Edmunds, George F.=, 614.

=Education=, in the colonies, 82, 87;
and the Ordinance of 1787, 256;
during the nineteenth century, 708.
See _Colleges_.

=Edwards, Jonathan=, portrait p. 77, 103;
biographical note, p. 77 n.;
writings, 263.

=El Caney=, battle of, 667.

=Elections=, Presidential. See _Presidential Elections_.

=Electoral College=, 597.

=Electoral Commission=, chooses Hayes, 599.

=Electoral Count Act=, 622.

=Eliot, John=, apostle to the Indians, 57.

=Emancipation=, advocated in Virginia in 1829–1830, 359;
desired by radical Republicans, 501;
proclamation, 508.

=Embargo=, 293, 294, 298.

=Emerson, Ralph Waldo=, 350.

=Endicott, John=, leads colonists to Salem, portrait p. 34, 37.

=English, William H.=, 607.

=English discoveries and explorers=, 8, 9, 17, 18.

=Era of good feeling=, 321.

=Ericson, Leif.= See _Leif_.

=Ericcson, John=, portrait p. 384, 486;
biographical note, p. 383 n.;
invents the _Monitor_, 486.

=Erie Canal=, construction of, 319.

=Eutaw Springs=, battle of, 228.

=Evarts, William M.=, 436.

=Expansion policy.= See _Imperialism_.

=Exports=, of the Middle Colonies, 85;
of the South, 87, 455;
in 1901, 706.

=Fabian policy=, 192.

=Fair Oaks= (or Seven Pines), battle of, 495;
official returns, p. 392 n. 1.

=Faneuil Hall=, Boston, 138.

“=Farmer’s Letters=,” 131, p. 97 n. 2.

=Farragut, Admiral D. G.=, portrait p. 385, 488;
biographical note, p. 385 n.;
at New Orleans, 488, 489;
at Mobile, 540.

=Federal Election Bill=, defeated, 629.

=Federalist, The=, 254.

=Federalist Party=, led by Hamilton, 267;
in election of 1796, 275;
passes Alien and Sedition Laws, 277;
in election of 1800, 281;
in election of 1804, 288;
opposes the War of 1812, 300, 313-315;
decline of, 315.

=Fendall, Josias=, leads revolt in Maryland, 41.

=Ferdinand and Isabella=, 6.

=Field, Cyrus W.=, portrait p. 348, 447;
biographical note, p. 348 n.;
and the Atlantic cable, 447, p. 348 n.

=Fifteenth Amendment=, 583.

“=Fifty-four Forty=,” 376.

=Filibustering=, 402, p. 313 n., 407, 409.

=Fillmore, Millard=, portrait p. 310, 396;
biographical note, p. 310 n.;
elected Vice President, 389;
succeeds Taylor, 396.

=Finances=, in 1789, 261;
reformed by Hamilton, 266, 267;
under Jefferson, 285;
at beginning of War of 1812, 300;
under Jackson, 361-366;
during Civil War, 456-458, 529;
during Grant’s administration, 589;
in 1893, 645-649;
reform of, 677.

=First Continental Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Fisher, Fort=, fall of, 539.

=Fisheries=, importance in New England, 46, 81;
disputes over, 312, 586, 641.

=Five Acts of 1774=, 136.

=Five Forks=, battle of, 550.

=Five Nations=, 3.

=Flag, American=, first raised, p. 140 n. 2.

=Fletcher, Benjamin=, royal governor of New York, 66.

=Florida=, discovery of, 13;
taken by the English, 115;
Jackson in, 324;
acquired by the United States, 324;
Seminole War in, p. 289 n.;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.

=Floyd, John B.=, 450.

=Foote, Senator=, resolutions on sale of public lands, 355.

=Foote, Rear Admiral A. H.=, takes Fort Henry, 477.

=Force Bill=, of 1832, 358;
of 1870–1871, 584;
name given the Federal Election Bill, 629.

=Fourteenth Amendment=, 571, 572, p. 454 n.

=Franchise.= See _Suffrage_.

=Franklin, Benjamin=, portrait p.125, 165;
biographical note, p. 124 n.;
his efforts for union, 110;
signs Declaration of Independence, 164;
commissioner at Paris, 175;
in the Constitutional Convention, 246;
his writings, 263.

=Franklin=, battle of, 536;
official returns, p. 428 n. 2.

=Frayser’s Farm=, battle of, 498.

=Fredericksburg=, battle of, 506;
official returns, p. 402 n.

=Freedmen’s Bureau=, p. 454 n.

=Freeman’s Farm=, battle of, 181.

=Freeport Doctrine=, 430, 433.

=Free Soil Party=, in election of 1848, 389.

=Frémont, John C.=, portrait p. 325, 417;
biographical note, p. 324 n.;
first Republican nominee for the Presidency, 417;
in command in Missouri, 470;
succeeded by Halleck, 471;
in West Virginia, 491;
defeated by Stonewall Jackson, 493.

=French and Indian War=, 110-115.

=French=, discoveries and claims, 9, p. 11 n. 2, 14-16, 19, 20, 98-100;
wars with, 101-116, 276;
in the Revolutionary War, 175, 194, 197, 230-232, 235;
in Mexico, 561.

=Friends.= See _Quakers_.

=Frobisher, Martin=, English explorer, 17.

=Frontenac, Count=, terrorizes the English colonies, 101.

=Fugitive Slave Law=, first enacted, 327;
not carried out, 391;
in the Compromise of 1850, 398;
frustrated, 398, p. 311 n.

=Fulton, Robert=, portrait p. 223, 296;
biographical note, p. 223 n.;
invents the steamboat, p. 223 n.

=Gadsden Purchase=, p. 307 n.

=Gage, Gen. Thomas=, royal governor of Massachusetts, 140;
sends troops to Concord, 141;
recalled, 147.

=Gaines’s Mill=, battle of, 497.

=Gallatin, Robert=, portrait p. 212, 283;
biographical note, p. 213 n. 2;
in Jefferson’s cabinet, 284;
ambassador to Russia, 308;
commissioner at Ghent, 312.

=Gama, Vasco da=, Portuguese explorer, 9.

=Garfield, James A.=, portrait p. 478, 608;
biographical note, p. 478 n.;
elected President, 607;
assassinated, 609.

=Garrison, William Lloyd=, portrait p. 269, 350;
biographical note, p. 269 n. 1;
leader of the abolitionists, 350;
establishes _The Liberator_, 359.

=Gates, Gen. Horatio=, portrait p. 148, 193;
biographical note, p. 147 n.;
with Washington in New Jersey, 169;
loses Ticonderoga, 178;
intrigues against Washington, 169, 192, 193;
supersedes Schuyler, 180;
at Saratoga, 181;
in the South, 214.

=Geary Act=, p. 491 n.

=Genet, Edmond Charles=, French minister, 271;
seeks to involve the United States in war, 271.

=Georgia=, colonization of, 97;
and the Indians, 339, 354;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.

=George I.=, and Governor Spotswood, 96.

=George II.=, Georgia named for, 97.

=George III.=, portrait, p. 88;
biographical note, p. 89 n. 2;
character of, 119;
abandons American struggle, 234.

=Germans in America=, 95, 97.

=Germantown=, battle of, 187.

=Gerry, Elbridge=, and the X. Y. Z. affair, 276.

=Gettysburg=, battle of, 525;
official returns, p. 418 n. 2.

=Ghent=, treaty of, 312.

=Giddings, Joshua R.=, anti-slavery champion, 374.

=Gilbert, Sir Humphrey=, English explorer, 17.

=Gladstone, William E.=, speech on the Civil War, 511.

=Gold=, discovered in California, 394.
See _Currency_.

=Goldsboro, N.C.=, battle of, 548.

=Gourges, Dominic de=, French explorer, 15.

=Granges=, 596.

=Grant, Ulysses S.=, portrait, p. 375;
biographical note, p. 373 n.;
takes Cairo, 476;
takes Fort Donelson, 477;
complaints against, 477;
at Shiloh, 478, p. 378 n. 2;
at Vicksburg, 514-517;
at Chattanooga, 520, 521;
general in chief, 522;
his strategy, 530;
in Virginia, 531-533;
receives surrender of Lee, 551;
elected President, 580;
re-elected, 588;
political difficulties, 590;
later life, p. 468 n.

=Grasse, Commodore de=, aids in the Yorktown campaign, 231.

=Gray, Robert=, discovers the Columbia River, 323.

=Great Britain=, makes peace with America, 234, 235;
and the Monroe Doctrine, 326;
and the Oregon question, 376, 586;
attitude of, in the Civil War, 464, 472, 473, 502, 510, 511;
and the Venezuelan dispute, 651.

=Greeley, Horace=, portrait p. 462, 588;
biographical note, p. 462 n.;
editorial on emancipation, 501;
opposes Lincoln’s policy, 501, 542;
nominated for the Presidency, 588.

=Greenback party=, 596.

=Greene, Gen. Nathanael=, portrait p. 115, 154;
biographical note, p. 115 n. 1;
at the Brandywine, 186;
at Germantown, 187;
recommended by Washington for command in the South, 214;
given command in the South, 223;
recovers the South, 228.

=Greenland=, discovered by the Scandinavians, 4.

=Grenville, Lord=, his scheme of taxation, 125.

=Guam=, Caroline Islands, ceded by Spain to the United States, 671;
territorial government established, 676.

=Guilford Court House=, battle of, 227.

=Habeas Corpus, Writ of=, suspended by Andros, 59;
in Virginia, 95;
secured by Ordinance of 1787, 256;
suspended by Lincoln, 512.

=Halleck, Gen. Henry W.=, portrait p. 398, 503;
biographical note, p. 398 n. 1;
supersedes Frémont in Missouri, 471;
in command in the West, 476;
complains of Grant, 477;
general in chief, 503;
superseded by Grant, 522.

=Hamilton, Alexander=, portrait p. 182, 246;
biographical note, p. 182 n.;
at Yorktown, 233;
in the Constitutional Convention, 246;
leader of the Federalists, 267;
opposed to Jefferson, 268;
intrigues for Pinckney, 275;
supports Jefferson for the Presidency, 281;
duel with Burr, and death, 289.

=Hamilton, Colonel=, British commander at Detroit, 208;
surrenders to George Rogers Clark, 209.

=Hancock, John=, portrait p. 104, 141;
biographical note, p. 103 n.;
first president of the Continental Congress, 192.

=Hancock, Gen. W. S.=, portrait p. 477, 607;
biographical note, p. 477 n.;
nominated for the Presidency, 607.

=Harper’s Ferry=, scene of John Brown’s raid, 432;
taken by Stonewall Jackson, 505.

=Harrison, Benjamin=, portrait p. 496, 630;
biographical note, p. 493 n. 1;
elected President, 628;
character of his administration, 629;
defeated by Cleveland, 643.

=Harrison, Gen. William Henry=, portrait p. 290, 371;
biographical note, p. 290 n.;
at Tippecanoe, 299;
wins battle of the Thames, 305;
candidate for the Presidency in 1836, 368;
elected President in 1840, 371;
death of, 372.

=Hartford Convention=, 315.

=Harvard, John=, founds university at Cambridge, 46.

=Harvey, Sir John=, royal governor of Virginia, 28, p. 29 n. 1.

=Haverhill, Mass.=, sacked by French and Indians, 101.

=Hawaii=, revolution in, 650;
annexation of, 672;
territorial government established, 676.

=Hawthorne, Nathaniel=, 350.

=Hayes, Rutherford B.=, portrait p. 470, 598;
biographical note, p. 469 n.;
nominated for the Presidency, 597;
dispute over election, 598;
character and events of his administration, 600-605;
supports Civil Service reform, p. 473 n.

=Hayne, Robert Y.=, portrait p. 276, 355;
biographical note, p. 276 n.;
debate with Webster, 355.

=Hay-Pauncefote Treaty=, 680.

=Helper, H. R.=, author of _The Impending Crisis of the South_, 422.

=Hendricks, Thomas A.=, 597, 619, p. 490 n.

=Henry, Fort=, building of, 461, 476;
fall of, 477.

=Henry, Patrick=, portrait p. 96, 129;
biographical note, p. 94 n. 2;
opposes Stamp Act, 127;
opposes the Constitutional Convention, 246, 254.

=Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas=, at Oriskany, 182, p. 140 n. 1.

=Hessians=, 152, 169, 174, 179.

=Hobart, Garret A.=, 655 (p. 513).

=Hobson, Lieut. R. P.=, at Santiago, 668.

=Holy Alliance=, 325.

=Hood, Gen. J. B.=, (C.), portrait p. 428, 536;
biographical note, p. 427 n. 3;
supersedes Johnston, 535;
at Nashville, 536.

=Hooker, Gen. Joseph=, (U.), portrait p. 415, 523;
biographical note, p. 414 n. 2;
at Williamsburg, 492;
at Fredericksburg, 506;
succeeds Burnside, 506;
at Chattanooga, 519-521;
at Chancellorsville, 523;
superseded by Meade, 524.

=Hooker, Rev. Thomas=, framer of the Connecticut Constitution, 51;
his writings, 84.

=Horseshoe=, battle of the, 307.

=Houston, Gen. Samuel=, portrait p. 293, 374;
biographical note, p. 293 n.;
Texan leader, 374.

=Howe, Admiral Lord=, reënforces General Howe, 153;
at Newport, 197.

=Howe, Elias=, 449.

=Howe, Gen. William=, portrait p. 110, 147;
biographical note, p. 110 n.;
at Bunker Hill, 147;
in command of British forces, 147;
evacuates Boston, 150;
in New York, 154;
in New Jersey, 168, 169;
fails to support Burgoyne, 183;
moves on Philadelphia, 185-187;
succeeded by Clinton, 195.

=Hudson, Henry=, portrait p. 30, 29;
biographical note, p. 29 n. 2;
discovers Hudson River, 29.

=Huguenots=, persecuted in France, 15;
found colony in Florida, 15;
their colony destroyed, 15;
in New Netherlands, 62;
in North Carolina, 76.

=Hull, Captain Isaac=, portrait p. 231, 304;
biographical note, p. 230 n. 2;
his victory over the _Guerrière_, 304.

=Hull, Gen. William=, surrenders Detroit, 302.

=Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne=, 48.

=Hutchinson, Governor=, portrait p. 98, 132;
biographical note, p. 98 n.;
withdraws troops from Boston, 132.

=Iberville.= See _Le Moyne_.

=Illinois=, admitted, 329.

=Immigration=, to West, 346;
Chinese, 603, 624, p. 491 n.;
1830–1900, 704.

=Impeachment=, of Justice Chase, 291;
of President Johnson, 579;
of Belknap, 590.

=Imperialism=, opposition to, 675.

=Impressment=, of American sailors, 272, 292, 312.

=Income tax=, exacted in Civil War, 457;
defeated, 649.

=Independent Treasury system=, established, 369.

=Indians=, early tribes, 1-3;
origin of name, 2, 7;
in New York, 98;
allied with French, 101-114;
reservations of, 116, p. 274 n., p. 289 n.;
during the Revolution, 182, 202-207;
defeated by Wayne, 270;
in War of 1812, 302, 305.

=Indian Territory=, transfer of tribes to, p. 274 n.

=Industrial disturbances.= See _Strikes_.

=Industries=, growth of, during War of 1812, 316;
during Civil War, 454, 529;
in the South, 617;
suspended during panic of 1803, 645;
magnitude of, in the United States, 702.

=Internal improvements=, by the States, 317, 318, 364;
Calhoun’s attitude toward, 318, 338;
Madison’s attitude toward, 318;
favored by John Quincy Adams, 338;
liberality of the Fifty-first Congress toward, 637.

=Internal revenue.= See _Revenue_.

=International Copyright Law=, passed, 643.

=Interstate Commerce Act=, 623.

=Inventions=, 449, 709.

=Iroquois Indians=, 3.

=Irving, Washington=, 350.

=Italy=, difficulty with, 639.

=Jackson, Andrew=, portrait p. 238, 311;
biographical note, p. 238 n.;
at battle of the Horseshoe, 307;
at New Orleans, 311;
invades Florida, 324, p. 248 n. 2;
candidate for the Presidency in 1824, 333;
elected President in 1828, 342;
character of his epoch, 343-350;
his character, 353;
and the nullification episode, 358;
and the Bank, 361-366;
issues “Specie Circular,” 366;
his policy toward France, 367.

=Jackson, Gen. Thomas J.= (“Stonewall”), portrait p. 390, 493;
biographical note, p. 390 n.;
exploits in Virginia, 493;
killed at Chancellorsville, 523.

=James I.=, encourages colonization, 21;
charters Virginia Company, 26.

=Jamestown, Va.=, settled and named, 23;
saved by Capt. John Smith, 24.

=Japan=, opened to commerce, 410.

=Jay, John=, portrait p. 202, 272;
biographical note, p. 201 n.;
negotiates treaty with England, 272.

=Jefferson, Thomas=, portrait p. 123, 164;
biographical note, p. 123 n.;
drafts Declaration of Independence, 164;
his views on the Constitution, 253;
leader of Democratic-Republicans, 268;
Vice President, 275;
author of “Kentucky Resolutions,” 279;
elected President, 281;
first inaugural address, 284, p. 213 n. 1;
his character and policy, 268, 282, 296, 297;
compared with Jackson, 344.

=Johnson, Andrew=, portrait p. 447, 564;
biographical note, p. 446 n.;
military governor of Tennessee, 477;
elected Vice President, 543;
becomes President, 562;
his policy of reconstruction, 564, 566, 567;
and Congress, 567, 577-580;
impeachment of, 579.

=Johnson, Sir John=, 182, 204.

=Johnston, Gen. A. S.=, (C.), portrait p. 377, 478;
biographical note, p. 377 n.;
in Utah, 427;
in Kentucky, 476;
killed at Shiloh, 478.

=Johnston, Gen. J. E.=, (C.), portrait p. 389, 492;
biographical note, p. 388 n.;
evacuates Yorktown, 492;
at Vicksburg, 517;
and Sherman, 534;
superseded by Hood, 535;
reinstated, 548;
surrender of, 551.

=Joliet, Louis=, French explorer, 98.

=Jones, John Paul=, portrait p. 160, 211;
biographical note, p. 159 n.;
defeats the _Serapis_, 211;
effects of the victory, 212.

=Kansas=, struggle in, 413, 414, 424, 425;
admission of, 425.

=Kansas-Nebraska Bill=, 411.

=Kaskaskia=, taken by George Rogers Clark, 209.

=_Kearsarge_ and _Alabama_=, battle of, 541.

=Kentucky=, settled, 200;
admitted, p. 192 n.;
in Civil War, 463, 481.

=Kentucky Resolutions=, 279.

=Kieft=, governor of New Netherlands, 61.

=King, Rufus=, 288.

=King George’s War=, 105.

=King Philip’s War=, 57.

=King’s Mountain=, battle of, 224.

=King William’s War=, 101.

=Kitchen Cabinet=, 352.

=Know-Nothing= (or American) party, 406.

=Kossuth, Louis=, Hungarian patriot, 403.

=Ku-Klux-Klan=, 576, 584.

=Lafayette, Marquis de=, portrait p. 132, 175;
biographical note, p. 133 n.;
joins American army, 175;
in the South, 229, 232;
makes tour of the United States, p. 256 n.

=La Salle, Robert de=, portrait p. 74, 99;
biographical note, p. 74 n.;
explores the Mississippi, 99.

=Laud, Archbishop=, persecutes the Puritans, 38;
passes laws against Massachusetts, 47.

=Laudonnière, René de=, French explorer, founds colony in Florida, 15.

=Lawrence, Capt. James=, portrait p. 233, 305;
biographical note, p. 233 n. 1;
defeated by the _Shannon_, 304.

=Lecompton Constitution=, 424, 425.

=Lee, Fort=, capture of, 158.

=Lee, Gen. Charles=, his disobedience and capture, 167;
his treachery, 183, 184;
at Monmouth, 196;
dismissed, 196.

=Lee, Gen. Robert E.=, (C.), portrait p. 393, 496;
biographical note, p. 392 n. 2;
in western Virginia, 466;
given command of Confederate forces, 496;
in the Seven Days’ Battles, 497, 498;
at Antietam, 505;
at Gettysburg, 525;
and Grant in Virginia, 530-533;
surrender of, 551.

=Lee, Richard Henry=, portrait p. 122, 164;
biographical note, p. 122 n.;
offers resolutions of independence, 164.

=Leif=, son of Eric the Red, discovers America, 4;
in Iceland and Greenland, 4.

=Leisler’s Insurrection=, 66.

=Le Moyne, Jean Baptiste= (Sieur de Bienville), portrait p. 79, 106;
biographical note, p. 79 n.;
founder of New Orleans, 104.

=Le Moyne, Pierre= (Sieur d’Iberville), establishes French settlement in
Mississippi, 104.

=Leon, Ponce de=, Spanish discoverer, portrait p. 16, 13;
biographical note, p. 16 n.;
discovers Florida, 13.

=Lewis and Clark=, explore the Northwest, 287, 323.

=Lewis, William B.=, 352.

=Lexington=, battle of, 143.

=Liberal Republicans=, 588.

=Liberty party=, in campaign of 1844, 375;
in election of 1848, 389.

=Lincoln, Abraham=, portrait, p. 352;
biographical note, p. 333 n. 2;
in Congress, 379;
debates with Douglas, 428-431;
candidate for the Presidency, 436;
elected, 439;
his views on slavery, 445, 501;
his Cabinet, 441, 443;
first call for troops, 453;
strategic plans, 469;
circular letter, 499;
reply to Greeley, p. 396 n.;
his firmness toward Great Britain, 511;
opposition to, 542;
reëlected, 544;
changes in Cabinet, 545;
his efforts for peace, 547;
policy toward the South, 554, 563;
assassination of, 552.

=Literature, American=, in the 17th century, 84;
in the 19th century, 350, 708.

=Livingston, R. R.=, negotiates purchase of Louisiana, 286.

=Locke’s Constitutions=, 75.

=Lodge, Henry Cabot=, 629.

=Logan, Gen. John A.=, 619.

=London Company=, formed, 22;
founds Jamestown, 23.

=Longfellow, Henry W.=, 350.

=Long Island=, battle of, 155.

=Longstreet, Gen. James=, (C.), portrait p. 417, 525;
biographical note, p. 417 n.;
in the Peninsula campaign, 496, 497;
at Bull Run, 504;
at Chickamauga, 518;
at Gettysburg, 525.

=Lookout Mountain=, battle of, 521.

=Lopez, Narciso=, filibuster, 402, p. 313 n.

=Louisburg=, erected, 104;
captured and restored, 105;
surrender of, 118.

=Louisiana=, early history of, 286;
purchase of, 286, 287;
map of purchase, 287;
western boundary fixed, 324;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.

=Lovejoy, E. P.=, abolitionist martyr, 360.

=Low, Seth=, 687.

=Lowell, James Russell=, 350.

=Lundy’s Lane=, battle of, 309.

=Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel=, portrait p. 368, 470;
biographical note, p. 368 n.;
in Missouri, 470.

=Macdonough, Commodore Thos.=, portrait p. 236, 309;
his victory on Lake Champlain, 309.

=Macon’s Bill, No. 2=, 298.

=Madison, James=, portrait p. 183, 247;
biographical note, p. 183 n.;
in the Constitutional Convention, 247;
in first United States Congress, 266;
author of Virginia Resolutions, 279;
in Jefferson’s Cabinet, 284;
becomes President, 298;
declares war against Great Britain, 299;
vetoes internal improvements bill, 318, 319;
and West Florida, 324.

=Magellan (da Magalhaens)=, =Fernando=, Portuguese explorer,
portrait p. 15, 12;
biographical note, p. 15 n.;
voyage of, 12.

=_Maine_=, battleship, destruction of, 661.

=Maine=, failure of first settlement, 23;
joined to Massachusetts, 52, 58, 60;
in 1700, 77;
admitted, 329;
prohibition law, p. 314 n.

=Malvern Hill=, battle of, 498.

=Manassas= (or Bull Run), first battle of, 467;
second battle of, 504.

=Manila Bay=, battle of, 666.

=Manufacturing=, in the colonies, 81;
after War of 1812, 316;
from 1870 to 1900, 706.

=Marcy, William L.=, 408.

=Marion, Gen. Francis=, 214, 223.

=Marquette, Père=, French missionary, 98.

=Marshall, James W.=, discovers gold in California, 394.

=Marshall, John=, portrait p. 213, 284;
biographical note, p. 214 n. 1;
envoy to France, 276;
Secretary of State, 280;
Chief Justice, 284;
conducts Burr trial, 290;
delivers celebrated opinions, 327;
opposed by Jackson, 353.

=Maryland=, settlement of, 39, 40;
charter granted to First Lord Baltimore, 39;
rule of the Calverts, 39, 40;
becomes a royal province, 41;
in 1700, 77;
in Civil War, 462, 463.

=Mason, Capt. John=, defeats Indians in Connecticut, 50;
plants colonies in New Hampshire, 52.

=Mason, James M.=, Confederate commissioner, 472.

=Mason and Dixon Line=, 93.

=Massachusetts=, settled by Puritans, 37, 38;
charters of, 37, 47, 58, 60, 136;
legislature formed, 46;
troubles with the Crown, 47;
internal troubles, 48;
and the New England Confederacy, 53-56;
under Andros, 59;
in 1700, 77;
resists taxation, 127-139;
in the Revolution, 140-150;
in 1800, 260;
in the War of 1812, 300, 313-315;
in Civil War, 462.

=Massachusetts Bill=, 136.

=Massasoit=, 57.

=Mather, Cotton=, portrait p. 63, 83;
biographical note, p. 63 n.;
and the witchcraft delusion, 83;
his writings, 84.

=Mather, Increase=, 84.

=Maximilian=, in Mexico, 561.

=McAllister, Fort=, taken, 538.

=McClellan, Gen. George B.=, (U.), portrait p. 387, 490;
biographical note, p. 387 n.;
early successes, 466;
general in chief, 467, 477, 490;
authority limited, 490;
Peninsula Campaign, 492-498;
restored to command, 505;
superseded by Burnside, 505;
candidate for the Presidency, 543.

=McDowell, Gen. Irvin=, at Bull Run, 467;
protects city of Washington, 492, 493.

=McKinley, William=, portrait p. 515, 658;
biographical note, p. 512 n. 1;
frames tariff, 630;
elected President, 655;
character of administration, 656;
efforts in behalf of Cuba, 663;
proclaims war with Spain, 663;
reëlected, 679;
assassination of, 683.

=McKinley Tariff=, 630.

=Meade, Gen. George G.=, (U.), portrait p. 416, 524;
biographical note, p. 416 n. 1;
succeeds Hooker, 524;
at Gettysburg, 525;
commands Army of the Potomac, 530.

=Memphis=, taking of, 479.

=Menendez=, Spanish explorer, founds St. Augustine, Fla., 15.

=_Merrimac_=, Confederate ironclad, 485, 486.

=Mexican War=, 377-387;
political results, 379.

=Mexico=, her claims on Texas, 377;
relinquishes claim to Mexico and California, 387;
the French in, 561.

=Mexico, city of=, captured, 385.

=Miles, Gen. Nelson A.=, portrait p. 523, 670;
biographical note, p. 523 n.;
in Porto Rico, 670.

=Mills Bill=, 627.

=Mims, Fort=, massacre, 307.

=Minnesota=, admitted, p. 332 n.

=Minuit, Peter=, governor of New Netherlands, 30;
founds settlement for Swedes, 63.

=Minutemen=, 140;
at Lexington and Concord, 143.

=Missionary Ridge=, battle of, 521.

=Mississippi=, settlement of, 104, 259;
secedes, 440;
readmitted, 574.

=Mississippi River=, discovery of, 13;
explored by La Salle, 99;
navigation of, 258, 286;
in Civil War, 479, 488, 517.

=Missouri=, admission of, 328-331;
in the Civil War, 470, 471.

=Missouri Compromise=, first, 329;
second, 330;
results of, 331;
and California, 393;
and the Dred Scott Decision, 418.

=Mobile=, taking of, 540.

=Modoc Indians=, 593.

=Molino del Rey=, battle of, 385.

=Money.= See _Currency_.

=_Monitor_ and _Merrimac_=, battle of, 486.

=Monmouth=, battle of, 196.

=Monocacy=, battle of, 533.

=Monroe, James=, portrait p. 246, 321;
biographical note, p. 245 n.;
envoy to France, 286;
Secretary of War, 311;
President, 319;
character of his administration, 321;
his famous “Doctrine,” 325, 326.

=Monroe Doctrine=, promulgated, 326;
extended by Cleveland, 651.

=Montcalm, Marquis de=, portrait p. 83, 113;
biographical note, p. 82 n. 2;
defeated at Quebec, 114.

=Monterey=, Mexico, taken by Taylor, 381.

=Montgomery, General=, takes Montreal, 151.

=Morgan, Gen. Daniel=, portrait p. 171, 226;
biographical note, p. 169 n.;
defeated at Montreal, 151;
in the South, 223;
at battle of Cowpens, 225;
his race with Cornwallis, 226.

=Mormons=, 426, 614.

=Morrill Grant=, 500.

=Morse, Samuel F. B.=, perfects the telegraph, 449.

=Morton, Levi P.=, 628.

=Morton, Thomas=, of Merrymount, 35.

=Moultrie, Gen. William=, portrait p. 120, 162;
biographical note, p. 120 n.;
defeats Clinton at Charleston, S.C., 162.

“=Mugwumps=,” 618.

=Murfreesborough= (or Stone River), battle of, 482.

=Napoleon I.=, agrees to sell Louisiana, 286, 287;
Berlin Decree, 292;
Milan Decree, 292;
accepts Macon’s Bill, 298.

=Narvaez, Panfilo de=, Spanish explorer, 13.

=Nashville=, battle of, 536;
official returns, p. 429 n.

=National debt.= See _Debt_.

=Navigation Acts=, in Virginia, 43;
extended, 117.

=Navy=, in Revolutionary War, 210;
reduced by Jefferson, 285;
weakness of, in 1812, 304, p. 230 n. 1;
substitution of ironclads, 484-486;
increase of, under Arthur, 610;
work in Spanish War, 666, 668, 669.

=Negroes=, first brought to America, 27;
legislation for, 584;
condition of, 696, 705.

=Nevada=, admitted, 546.

=New Amsterdam= (New York City), founded, 30;
taken by English, 64.

=New England=, confederation of, 53-56;
in 1700, 77-84;
in War of 1812, 313-315;
and the tariff of 1828, 340;
and the anti-slavery movement, 350, 398;
opposes sale of Western lands, 355.

=Newfoundland=, early settlement in, 9, 14, 17.

=New France=, 98, p. 73 n. 2.

=New Hampshire=, colonies in, 52;
incorporated with Massachusetts, 52, p. 45 n.;
becomes a royal province, 58;
separated from Massachusetts, 60;
in 1700, 77.

=New Jersey=, settlement of, 67;
sold to Quakers, 68;
disturbances in, 68;
becomes a royal colony, 68;
in 1700, 77.

=New Mexico=, ceded by Mexico, 387;
and the Gadsden purchase, p. 307 n.

=New Netherland=, settled by Dutch, 29, 30;
disturbances in, 55, 61, 62;
Council established, 62;
taken by English, 64;
named New York, 64.
See _New York_.

=New Orleans=, battle of, 311;
capture of, 488;
Butler in, 489.

=Newport=, R.I., archæological remains at, p. 6 n. 1;
founded, 49;
attack on, 197.

=New York=, settlement of, 29, 30;
naming of, 64;
early English government, 65;
in 1700, 77.

=New York City=, population of, 262, 347, 447, 690;
capital of the United States, p. 196 n.;
draft riots in, 526;
corruption in, 406, 592, 654, 687.

=Nicolls, Colonel=, royal governor of New York, 64.

=Nominating conventions.= See _Conventions_.

=Non-intercourse Act=, 293.

=North, Lord=, English Prime Minister, 137.

=North Carolina=, colonized by Raleigh, 18;
settled, 72-76;
troubles with governors, 76;
in 1700, 77;
surrenders charter, 92;
secedes, 453;
readmitted, 574.

=Northmen=, first discoverers of America, 4.

=Northwest Territory=, ordinance for governing, 256.

=Nova Scotia=, early settlements in, 16;
in French wars, 104.

=Nullification=, in the Kentucky Resolutions, 279;
theory expounded by Calhoun, 341;
doctrine advanced by Hayne, 355;
opposed by Jackson, 357;
ordinance passed by South Carolina, 358;
repealed, 358.

=Oglethorpe, James=, portrait p. 72, 97;
biographical note, p. 72 n. 2;
settles Georgia, 97.

=Ohio=, the French in, 106;
admitted, p. 192 n.

=Oklahoma Territory=, opened to settlement, 631.

=Olney, Richard=, 651.

=Orders in Council=, 293;
revoked, 301.

=Oregon=, controversy over, 323, 376;
admitted, p. 332 n.

=_Oregon_=, battleship, p. 521 n. 2.

=Orinoco River=, discovered by Columbus, 7.

=Oriskany=, battle of, 182.

=Ostend Manifesto=, 408.

=Otis, James=, portrait p. 95, 128;
biographical note, p. 94 n. 1;
on disunion in the colonies, 120;
opposes the Stamp Act, 127.

=Pacific Ocean=, discovery of, 11;
named 11.

=Palma, Thomas Estrada=, first President of Cuba, 695.

=Palmer, Gen. John M.=, 655.

=Palmerston, Lord=, 473, 510.

=Palo Alto=, battle of, 380.

=Panama Congress=, 337.

=Pan-American Congress=, 632;
exposition, 682.

=Panics=, financial, of 1817, p. 243 n.;
of 1837, 369;
of 1873, 589;
of 1893, 645.

=Parker, Theodore=, portrait, p. 270;
biographical note, p. 269 n. 2;
abolition orator, 421.

=Parliament=, interferes in Maryland, 40;
in Virginia, 42;
power of, 124, 125, 128.

=Parties=, political, beginnings of, 345.
See under the names of the parties.

=Patroons=, estates of, 30;
difficulties with, 62;
form an aristocracy, 78, 85.

=Pea Ridge=, battle of, 480.

=Pemberton, Gen. J. C.=, (C.), at Vicksburg, 517.

=Pendleton Bill=, 616.

=Peninsula Campaign=, 492-498.

=Penn, William=, portrait p. 55, 68;
biographical note, p. 55 n.;
acquires lands in New Jersey, 68;
secures grant from Charles II., 69;
founds Philadelphia, 69.

=Pensions=, Cleveland’s attitude toward, 626;
Dependent Pension Bill, 626, 636.

=People’s Party.= See _Populist_.

=Pequot War=, 50.

=Persecution=, in Massachusetts, 48, 56;
of witches, 83.

=Perry, Commodore M. C.=, secures treaty with Japan, 410.

=Perry, Captain Oliver H.=, portrait p. 234, 305;
biographical note, p. 233 n. 2;
his victory on Lake Erie, 305.

=Petersburg=, attack on, 532.

=Philadelphia=, founded, 69;
taken by the British, 185;
population in 1800, 262;
temporary capital of the United States, p. 196 n. 1.

=Philippine Islands=, purchased by the United States, 671;
revolution in, 673, 687.

=Phillips, Wendell=, portrait p. 282, 360;
biographical note, p. 282 n.;
abolition orator, 360, 421.

=Phips, Sir William=, 101.

=Pickering, Timothy=, 280.

=Pickett, Gen. George E.=, portrait p. 418, 525;
biographical note, p. 418 n. 1;
at Gettysburg, 525.

=Pierce, Franklin=, portrait p. 316, 404;
biographical note, p. 315 n.;
elected President, 404;
favors the South, 405.

=Pilgrims=, persecuted in England, 32;
flee to Holland, 32;
settle at Plymouth, 33-35.

=Pinckney, Charles C.=, portrait p. 207, 276;
biographical note, p. 206 n.;
envoy to France, 276;
candidate for Vice Presidency, 281;
candidate for the Presidency, 288.

=Pinckney, Thomas=, 275.

=Pinkney, William=, 292.

=Pitt, William=, Earl of Chatham, portrait p. 84, 114;
biographical note, p. 83 n.;
his policy during French and Indian War, 110, 113, 114;
opposes taxing the colonies, 137.

=Pitt, William=, the Younger, portrait p. 220, 292;
and the “Rule of 1756,” 292.

=Pittsburg Landing= (or Shiloh), battle of, 478;
official returns, p. 378 n. 1.

=Pizarro, Francesco=, Spanish explorer, 2, 13.

=Plattsburg=, battle of, 309.

=Plymouth=, founded by Pilgrims, 34;
incorporated with Massachusetts, 60.

=Plymouth Company=, formed, 22;
failure of Maine Colony, 23;
issues patent to Pilgrims, 35;
issues patent to Puritans, 37;
breaking up of, 47.

=Pocahontas=, portrait p. 27, 25;
biographical note, p. 27 n.

=Poe, Edgar Allan=, 350 (p. 270), 449.

=Political Parties.= See _Parties_.

=Polk, James K.=, portrait p. 297, 378;
biographical note, p. 294 n.;
elected President, 375;
declares war on Mexico, 377;
character of his administration, 378.

=Polygamy=, 426, 614, 681.

=Pontiac=, conspiracy of, 116.

=Pope, Gen. John=, portrait p. 399, 504;
biographical note, p. 398 n. 2;
commands army of Virginia, 503;
at second battle of Bull Run, 504.

=Popular Sovereignty.= See _Squatter Sovereignty_.

=Population=, in 1700, 77;
rapid increase of, 91;
in 1789 and 1800, 257;
movement of, 259, 346, 581;
in 1830, 346;
of the West in 1870, 581;
from 1870 to 1900, 703.

=Populist= (or People’s) =party=, rise of, 642;
platform of, 642;
in election of 1896, 655 (p. 513).

=Porter, Admiral=, at Vicksburg, 517.

=Porter, Gen. Fitz John=, at Gaines’s Mill, 497;
at second battle of Bull Run, 504, p. 399 n.

=Port Hudson=, fall of, 517.

=Porto Rico=, taken by the United States, 670;
ceded by Spain, 671.

=Port Republic=, battle of, 493.

=Port Royal=, taken by the English, 101.

=Portuguese=, explorations and discoveries, 6, 9.

=Powhatan=, 25.

=President of the United States=, powers of, 252;
method of election, 275, 281.

=Presidential election=, of 1789, 255;
of 1796, 275;
of 1800, 281;
of 1804, 288;
of 1824, 333;
of 1828, 342;
of 1840, 371;
of 1844, 375;
of 1848, 389;
of 1852, 404;
of 1856, 417;
of 1860, 435-439;
of 1864, 542-544;
of 1868, 580;
of 1872, 588;
of 1876, 597;
of 1880, 607;
of 1884, 618, 619;
of 1888, 628;
of 1892, 642, 643;
of 1896, 655;
of 1900, 678.

=Presidential Succession Act=, 622.

=Presidents and Vice Presidents=, list of, Appendix C.

=Press=, freedom of, 278.

=Princeton=, battle of, 172.

=Privateers=, fitted out by Genet, 271.

=Proctor, Colonel H. A.=, 305.

=Providence, R.I.=, founded, 49.

=Provincial Congress.= See _Congress_.

=Public lands=, ceded by the states, 241;
Foote’s resolutions on sales of, 355;
sale affected by “Specie Circular,” 366.

=Pueblo Indians=, 2, 13.

=Putnam, Gen. Israel=, biographical note, p. 115 n. 2;
at battle of Long Island, 154, 155;
at Saratoga, 181.

=Quakers=, in Maryland, 40;
in Massachusetts, 55;
acquire New Jersey, 68;
settle Pennsylvania, 69.

=Quebec=, founded, 16;
expeditions against, 102;
fall of, 114.

=Quebec Act=, 136.

=Queen Anne’s War=, 102.

=Queenstown Heights=, battle of, 303.

=Quincy, Josiah=, 313.

=Quo warranto=, writs of, 68.

=Railroads=, 402, 448, 581, 589, 623, 653, 693.

=Raisin River=, battle of, p. 234 n.

=Raleigh, Sir Walter=, portrait p. 21, 18;
biographical note, p. 21 n. 2;
his expeditions and colonies, 18.

=Randolph, John=, portrait p. 253, 331;
biographical note, p. 253 n.;
in Chase trial, 291;
opposes Tariff of 1816, 316;
attacks Jackson and Clay, p. 257 n.

=Ratification=, of the Articles of Confederation, 241;
of the Constitution, 254.

=Reciprocity=, McKinley’s attitude toward, 683;
with Cuba, 687.

=Reconstruction=, various policies of, 563-573;
effects of, 574-576;
policy of Congress discredited, 597, 601.

=Reed, Thomas B.=, modifies rules of the House, 633.

=Reid, Whitelaw=, 643.

=Religion=, in the colonies, 32-34, 38, 39, 40, 48, 49, 51, 54;
and the Ordinance of 1787, 256.

=Representation=, demanded by the colonies, 123;
of slaves, 249.

=Representative government=, first in America, 27;
the colonies, 36, 38, 46, 53.

=Republican party=, formation of, 416;
platform of, 416;
in campaign of 1856, 417;
in campaign of 1860, 436-439;
in the Civil War, 501, 513, 542;
controls reconstruction, 570-573;
elects Grant, 580;
division of, in 1872, 588;
factions in, 608;
elects Harrison, 628;
in campaign of 1896, 655.

=Republicans=, National, p. 284 n. 1.

=Resaca de la Palma=, battle of, 380.

=Resumption of specie payments=, 605.

=Returning boards=, 598, 599.

=Revenue=, system established in colonies, 117;
internal revenue, 266, 273, 285, 627;
in Civil War, 457, 458.

=Revere, Paul=, 142.

=Revolution=, American, causes of, 117-139;
the war, 140-237.

“=Revolution of 1801=,” 283.