Chapter II: Intelligence and "end"

The question as to the extent to which Reason is diffused in the
universe--Darwin and Haeckel on Reason and Instinct--Du Prel on
Reason as a fundamental property of all matter--Carneri on the
automatism of animals--The dependence of theories on this
question on the starting-point assumed in the
argument--Difficulties of assigning a limit-line to
Reason--Schneider's criteria--Insectivorous plants--Knight,
Darwin, etc., on the movements of plants--Race-habits--So-called
reflex-action in man--From non-analogy no inference
possible--Arbitrary nature of the assumptions involved in the
two starting-points of query--Reason = Cause or Effect?--Further
criticism of the concepts of Cause and Effect--The bias of the
specialist--Attempted definition of the province of
reason--Definition of "End"--Unreliability of inference as to
the nature of ends in other individuals; in other
species--Possible inferences from the analogy of the nervous
system--Certain possible limiting assumptions as to the province
of knowledge in animal species--The Law of the Variation of
Pain and Pleasure in function--The ultimate
dilemma--Examinations of Teleological conceptions with respect
to the Tendency to Stability--Criticism of Wallace on the Origin
of Life, or of Consciousness--Summary of conclusions 307-340