Chapter XLI: Section 3: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in

levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.[184]

(On the appellate jurisdiction, cf. _American History and
Government_, ## 207 _a_ and 217. Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of
1789, still in force, defines that jurisdiction as follows:

"_And be it further enacted_, That a final judgment or decree in
any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which
a decision in the suit could be had, when is drawn in question
the validity of a treaty or statute of, or an authority exercised
under, the United States, and the decision is against their
validity; or when is drawn in question the validity of a statute
of, or an authority exercised under, any State, on the ground of
their being repugnant to the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the
United States, and the decision is in favor of such their validity;
or when is drawn in question the construction of any clause of the
Constitution, or of a treaty, or statute of, or commission held
under, the United States, and the decision is against the title,
right, privilege, or exemption, especially set up or claimed ...
under such clause of the said Constitution, treaty, statute, or
commission, may be re-examined, and revised or affirmed in the
Supreme Court of the United States upon a writ of error. ..."

On the establishment of "inferior courts," cf. _American History
and Government_, # 217. Such courts at present (1913) are from the
bottom up:--

1. _District Courts._ Over ninety in 1911; the law of 1789 provided
for thirteen.

2. _Circuit Courts._ Nine, each three justices. The first law,
1789, provided three circuit courts, but no special circuit judges;
a circuit court then consisted of a justice of the Supreme Court
"or circuit" and one or more judges of district courts included
within the circuit. This remained the rule with a brief attempt at
change in 1801, as described in # 240, until 1866, when separate
circuit justices were provided.

3. _Circuit Courts of Appeals._ One for each of the nine circuits,
composed of a justice of the Supreme Court and of other Federal
judges--not less than three in all, and not including any justice
from whose decision the appeal is taken. This order of courts was
instituted in 1891, to relieve the Supreme Court which was then
hopelessly overburdened with appeals from lower courts. In most
cases, now, the decision of the circuit court of appeals is final.

4. _The Supreme Court._ One Chief Justice and eight Associate
Justices. Its business now is confined very largely to those
supremely important matters specified in the Constitution and in
the law of 1789 quoted above.

There are also three special courts, somewhat outside this system:
(1) the Federal _Court of Claims_, to determine money claims
against the United States, established in 1855; (2) _Court of
Customs Appeals_, established in 1909; and (3) _the Commerce
Court_, created in 1910, to revise the work of the Interstate
Commerce Commission.)

ARTICLE IV

SECTION 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceeding of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

SECTION 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and immunities of Citizens in the several States.[185]

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

[No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.][186]

SECTION 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to[187] the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.