Chapter XVI: Introduction (6)

Kiko´li The ground floor rooms forming the first terrace.
Tupu´bi The roofed recess at the end of the first terrace.
Ah´pabi } A terrace roof.
Ih´pobi }
Tupat´ca ih´pobi The third terrace, used in common as a loitering
place.
Tumtco´kobi "The place of the flat stone;" small rooms in
which "piki," or paper-bread, is baked. "Tuma,"
the piki stone, and "tcok" describing its flat
position.
Tupa´tca "Where you sit overhead;" the third story.
O´mi Ah´pabi The second story; a doorway always opens from it
upon the roof of the "kiko´li."
Kitcobi "The highest place;" the fourth story.
Tuhkwa A wall.
Puce An outer corner.
Apaphucua An inside corner.
Lestabi The main roof timbers.
Wina´kwapi Smaller cross poles. "Winahoya," a small pole, and
"Kwapi," in place.
Kaha´b kwapi The willow covering.
Süibi kwapi The brush covering.
Si´hü kwapi The grass covering.
Kiam´ balawi The mud plaster of roof covering,
"Balatle´lewini," to spread.
Tcukat´cvewata Dry earth covering the roof. "Tcuka," earth,
"katuto," to sit, and "at´cvewata," one laid
above another.
Kiami An entire roof.
Kwo´pku The fireplace.
Kwi´tcki "Smoke-house," an inside chimney-hood.
Sibvu´tütük´mula A series of bottomless jars piled above each
other, and luted together as a chimney-top.
Sibvu´ A bottomless earthen vessel serving as a chimney
pot.
Bok´ci Any small hole in a wall, or roof, smaller than
a doorway.
Hi´tci An opening, such as a doorway. This term is also
applied to a gap in a cliff.
Hi´tci Kalau´wata A door frame.
Tûñañ´îata A lintel; literally, "that holds the sides in
place."
Wuwûk´pi "The place step;" the door sill.
Niñuh´pi A handhold; the small pole in a doorway below the
lintel.
Pana´ptca ütc´pi bok´ci
A window; literally, "glass covered opening."
Ut´cpi A cover.
Ahpa´bütc´pi } A door. "Apab," inside; wina, a pole.
Wina´ütc´pi }
O´wa ütc´ppî "Stone cover," a stone slab.
Tüi´ka A projection in the wall of a room suggesting a
partition, such as shown in Pl. LXXXV. The same
term is applied to a projecting cliff in a mesa.
Kiam´i An entire roof. The main beams, cross poles, and
roof layers have the same names as in the kiva,
given later.
W[)i]na´kü´i Projecting poles; rafters extending beyond the
walls.
Bal´kakini "Spread out;" the floor.
O´tcokpü´h "Leveled with stones;" a raised level for the
foundation.
Ba´lkakini tü´wi "Floor ledge;" the floor of one room raised above
that of an adjoining one.
Hako´la "Lower place;" the floor of a lower room. Sand
dunes in a valley are called "Hakolpi."
Ko´ltci A shelf.
Owako´ltci A stone shelf.
Ta´pü kü´ita A support for a shelf.
Wina´koltci A hewn plank shelf.
Kokiüni A wooden peg in a wall.
Tületa A shelf hanging from the ceiling.
Tület´haipi The cords for suspending a shelf.
Tükûlci A niche in the wall.
Tükûli A stone mortar.
Ma´ta The complete mealing apparatus for grinding corn.
Owa´mata The trough or outer frame of stone slabs.
Mata´ki The metate or grinding slab.
Kakom´ta mata´ki The coarsest grinding slab.
Tala´kî mata´ki The next finer slab; from "talaki" to parch
crushed corn in a vessel at the fire.
Piñ´nyümta mata´ki The slab of finest texture; from "pin," fine.
Ma´ta ü´tci The upright partition stones separating the
metates. The rubbing stones have the same names
as the metates.
Hawi´wita A stone stairway.
Tütü´beñ hawi´wita A stairway pecked into a cliff face.
Sa´ka A ladder.
Wina´hawi´pi Steps of wood.
Ki´cka The covered way.
Hitcu´yî´wa "Opening to pass through;" a narrow passage
between
houses.
Ki´sombi "Place closed with houses;" courts and spaces
between house groups.
Bavwa´kwapi A gutter pipe inserted in the roof coping.

In kiva nomenclature the various parts of the roof have the same names as the corresponding features of the dwellings. These are described on pp. 148-151.

Le´stabi The main roof timbers.
Wina´kwapi The smaller cross poles.
Kaha´b kwapi The willow covering.
Süibi kwapi The brush covering.
Si´hü kwapi The grass covering.
Tcuka´tcve wata The dry earth layer of the roof.
Kiam´ba´lawi The layer of mud plaster on the roof.
Kiami An entire roof.

The following terms are used to specially designate various features of the kivas:

Tüpat´caiata, Both of these terms are used to designate
lestabi } the kiva hatchway beams upon which the
Lesta´bkwapi, } hatchway walls rest.
Süna´cabi le´stabi The main beams in the roof, nearest to the
hatchway.
[)E]p´eoka le´stabi The main beams next to the central ones.
Püep´eoka le´stabi The main beams next in order, and all the beams
intervening between the "epeoka" and the end
beams are so designated.
Kala´beoka lestabi The beams at the ends of a kiva.
Mata´owa "Stone placed with hands."
Hüzrüowa "Hard stone."
Both of these latter terms are applied to
corner foundation stones.
Kwa´kü üt´cpi Moveable mat of reeds or sticks for covering
hatchway opening, Fig. 29.
"Kwaku," wild hay; "utepi," a stopper.
Tüpat´caiata The raised hatchway; "the sitting place,"
Fig. 95.
Tüpat´caiata tü´kwa The walls of the hatchway.
Kipat´ctjua´ta The kiva doorway; the opening into the hatchway,
Fig. 28.
Apa´pho´ya Small niches in the wall. "Apap," from "apabi,"
inside, and "hoya," small.
Si´papüh An archaic term. The etymology of this word is
not known.
Kw[)o]p´kota The fireplace. "Kwuhi," coals or embers;
"küaiti," head.
K[)o]i´tci Pegs for drying fuel, fixed under the hatchway.
"Ko-hu," wood; Fig. 28.
Kokü´ina Pegs in the walls.
Sa´ka A ladder. This term is applied to any ladder.
Figs. 45-47.
Sa´kaleta Ladder rungs; "Leta," from "lestabi;" see above.
Tüvwibi The platform elevation or upper level of the
floor. "Tu-vwi," a ledge; Fig. 24.
Tüvwi Stone ledges around the sides, for seats. The
same term is used to designate any ledge,
as that of a mesa, etc.
Katcin´ Kibü "Katcina," house. The niche in a ledge at the
end of the kiva.
Kwi´sa The planks set into the floor, to which the
lower beam of a blanket loom is fastened.
Kaintup´ha } Terms applied to the main floor; they both mean
Kiva´kani } "the large space."
Tapü´wü´tci Hewn planks a foot wide and 6 to 8 feet long,
set into the floor.
Wina´wü´tci A plank.
Owa´pühü´imiata "Stone spread out;" the flagged floor; also
designates the slabs covering the hatchway.
Yau´wiopi. Stones with holes pecked in the ends for holding
the loom beam while the warp is being
adjusted; also used as seats; see p. 132.

The accompanying diagram is an ideal section of a Tusayan four-story house, and gives the native names for the various rooms and terraces.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

The modern villages of Tusayan and Cibola differ more widely in arrangement and in the relation they bear to the surrounding topography than did their predecessors even of historic times.

Many of the older pueblos of both groups appear to have belonged to the valley types--villages of considerable size, located in open plains or on the slopes of low-lying foothills. A comparison of the plans in Chapters II and III will illustrate these differences. In Tusayan the necessity of defense has driven the builders to inaccessible sites, so that now all the occupied villages of the province are found on mesa summits. The inhabitants of the valley pueblos of Cibola, although compelled at one time to build their houses upon the almost inaccessible summit of Tâaaiyalana mesa, occupied this site only temporarily, and soon established a large valley pueblo, the size and large population of which afforded that defensive efficiency which the Tusayan obtained only by building on mesa promontories. This has resulted in some adherence on the part of the Tusayan to the village plans of their ancestors, while at Zuni the great house clusters, forming the largest pueblo occupied in modern times, show a wide departure from the primitive types. In both provinces the architecture is distinguished from that of other portions of the pueblo region by greater irregularity of plan and by less skillfully executed constructional details; each group, however, happens to contain a notable exception to this general carelessness.

In Cibola the pueblo of Kin-tiel, built with a continuous defensive outer wall, occupies architecturally a somewhat anomalous position, notwithstanding its traditional connection with the group, and the Fire House occupies much the same relation in reference to Tusayan. The latter, however, does not break in upon the unity of the group, since the Tusayan, to a much greater extent than the Zuñi, are made up of remnants of various bands of builders. In Cibola, however, some of the Indians state that their ancestors, before reaching Zuñi, built a number of pueblos, whose ruins are distinguished from those illustrated in the present paper by the presence of circular kivas, this form of ceremonial room being, apparently, wholly absent from the Cibolan pueblos here discussed.

The people of Cibola and of Tusayan belong to distinct linguistic stocks, but their arts are very closely related, the differences being no greater than would result from the slightly different conditions that have operated within the last few generations. Zuñi, perhaps, came more directly under early Spanish influence than Tusayan.

Churches were established, as has been seen, in both provinces, but it is doubtful whether their presence produced any lasting impression on the people. In Tusayan the sway of the Spaniards was very brief. At some of the pueblos the churches seem to have been built outside of the village proper where ample space was available within the pueblo; but such an encroachment on the original inclosed courts seems never to have been attempted. Zuñi is an apparent exception; but all the house clusters east of the church have probably been built later than the church itself, the church court of the present village being a much larger area than would be reserved for the usual pueblo court. These early churches were, as a rule, built of adobe, even when occurring in stone pueblos. The only exception noticed is at Ketchipauan, where it was built of the characteristic Indian smoothly chinked masonry. The Spaniards usually intruded their own construction, even to the composition of the bricks, which are nearly always made of straw adobe.

At Tusayan there is no evidence that a church or mission house ever formed part of the villages on the mesa summits. Their plans are complete in themselves, and probably represent closely the first pueblos built on these sites. These summits have been extensively occupied only in comparatively recent times, although one or more small clusters may have been built here at an early date as outlooks over the fields in the valleys below.

It is to be noted that some of the ruins connected traditionally and historically with Tusayan and Cibola differ in no particular from stone pueblos widely scattered over the southwestern plateaus which have been from time to time invested with a halo of romantic antiquity, and regarded as remarkable achievements in civilization by a vanished but once powerful race. These deserted stone houses, occurring in the midst of desert solitudes, appealed strongly to the imaginations of early explorers, and their stimulated fancy connected the remains with "Aztecs" and other mysterious peoples. That this early implanted bias has caused the invention of many ingenious theories concerning the origin and disappearance of the builders of the ancient pueblos, is amply attested in the conclusions reached by many of the writers on this subject.

In connection with the architectural examination of some of these remains many traditions have been obtained from the present tribes, clearly indicating that some of the village ruins, and even cliff dwellings, have been built and occupied by ancestors of the present Pueblo Indians, sometimes at a date well within the historic period.

The migrations of the Tusayan clans, as described in the legends collected by Mr. Stephen, were slow and tedious. While they pursued their wanderings and awaited the favorable omens of the gods they halted many times and planted. They speak traditionally of stopping at certain places on their routes during a certain number of "plantings," always building the characteristic stone pueblos and then again taking up the march.

When these Indians are questioned as to whence they came, their replies are various and conflicting; but this is due to the fact that the members of one clan came, after a long series of wanderings, from the north, for instance, while those of other gentes may have come last from the east. The tribe to-day seems to be made up of a collection or a confederacy of many enfeebled remnants of independent phratries and groups once more numerous and powerful. Some clans traditionally referred to as having been important are now represented by few survivors, and bid fair soon to become extinct. So the members of each phratry have their own store of traditions, relating to the wanderings of their own ancestors, which differ from those of other clans, and refer to villages successively built and occupied by them. In the case of others of the pueblos, the occupation of cliff dwellings and cave lodges is known to have occurred within historic times.

Both architectural and traditional evidence are in accord in establishing a continuity of descent from the ancient Pueblos to those of the present day. Many of the communities are now made up of the more or less scattered but interrelated remnants of gentes which in former times occupied villages, the remains of which are to-day looked upon as the early homes of "Aztec colonies," etc.

The adaptation, of this architecture to the peculiar environment indicates that it has long been practiced under the same conditions that now prevail. Nearly all of the ancient pueblos were built of the sandstone found in natural quarries at the bases of hundreds of cliffs throughout these table-lands. This stone readily breaks into small pieces of regular form, suitable for use in the simple masonry of the pueblos without receiving any artificial treatment. The walls themselves give an exaggerated idea of finish, owing to the care and neatness with which the component stones are placed. Some of the illustrations in the last chapter, from photographs, show clearly that the material of the walls was much ruder than the appearance of the finished masonry would suggest, and that this finish depended on the careful selection and arrangement of the fragments. This is even more noticeable in the Chaco ruins, in which the walls were wrought to a high degrees of surface finish. The core of the wall was laid up with the larger and more irregular stones, and was afterwards brought to a smooth face by carefully filling in and chinking the joints with smaller stones and fragments, sometimes not more than a quarter of an inch thick; this method is still roughly followed by both Tusayan and Cibolan builders.

Although many details of construction and arrangement display remarkable adaptation to the physical character of the country, yet the influence of such environment would not alone suffice to produce this architectural type. In order to develop the results found, another element was necessary. This element was the necessity for defense. The pueblo population was probably subjected to the more or less continuous influence of this defensive motive throughout the period of their occupation of this territory. A strong independent race of people, who had to fear no invasion by stronger foes, would necessarily have been influenced more by the physical environment and would have progressed further in the art of building, but the motive for building rectangular rooms--the initial point of departure in the development of pueblo architecture--would not have been brought into action. The crowding of many habitations upon a small cliff ledge or other restricted site, resulting in the rectangular form of rooms, was most likely due to the conditions imposed by this necessity for defense.

The general outlines of the development of this architecture wherein the ancient builders were stimulated to the best use of the exceptional materials about them, both by the difficult conditions of their semi-desert environment and by constant necessity for protection against their neighbors, can be traced in its various stages of growth from the primitive conical lodge to its culmination in the large communal village of many-storied terraced buildings which we find to have been in use at the time of the Spanish discovery, and which still survives in Zuñi, perhaps its most striking modern example. Yet the various steps have resulted from a simple and direct use of the material immediately at hand, while methods gradually improved as frequent experiments taught the builders more fully to utilize local facilities. In all cases the material was derived from the nearest available source, and often variations in the quality of the finished work are due to variations in the quality of the stone near by. The results accomplished attest the patient and persistent industry of the ancient builders, but the work does not display great skill in construction or in preparation of material. The same desert environment that furnished such an abundance of material for the ancient builders, also, from its difficult and inhospitable character and the constant variations in the water supply, compelled the frequent employment of this material. This was an important factor in bringing about the attained degree of advancement in the building art. At the present day constant local changes occur in the water sources of these arid table-lands, while the general character of the climate remains unaltered.

The distinguishing characteristics of Pueblo architecture may be regarded as the product of a defensive motive and of an arid environment that furnished an abundance of suitable building material, and at the same time the climatic conditions that compelled its frequent employment.

The decline of the defensive motive within the last few years has greatly affected the more recent architecture. Even after the long practice of the system has rendered it somewhat fixed, comparative security from attack has caused many of the Pueblo Indians to recognize the inconvenience of dwellings grouped in large clusters on sites difficult of access, while the sources of their subsistence are necessarily sparsely scattered over large areas. This is noticeable in the building of small, detached houses at a distance from the main villages, the greater convenience to crops, flocks and water outweighing the defensive motive. In Cibola particularly, a marked tendency in this direction has shown itself within a score of years; Ojo Caliente, the newest of the farming pueblos, is perhaps the most striking example within the two provinces. The greater security of the pueblos as the country comes more fully into the hands of Americans, has also resulted in the more careless construction in modern examples as compared with the ancient.

There is no doubt that, as time shall go on, the system of building many-storied clusters of rectangular rooms will gradually be abandoned by these people. In the absence of the defensive motive a more convenient system, employing scattered small houses, located near springs and fields, will gradually take its place, thus returning to a mode of building that probably prevailed in the evolution of the pueblo prior to the clustering of many rooms into large defensive villages. Pl. LXXXIII illustrates a building of the type described located on the outskirts of Zuñi, across the river from the main pueblo.

The cultural distinctions between the Pueblo Indians and neighboring tribes gradually become less clearly defined as investigation progresses. Mr. Cushing's study of the Zuñi social, political, and religious systems has clearly established their essential identity in grade of culture with those of other tribes. In many of the arts, too, such as weaving, ceramics, etc., these people in no degree surpass many tribes who build ruder dwellings.

In architecture, though, they have progressed far beyond their neighbors; many of the devices employed attest the essentially primitive character of the art, and demonstrate that the apparent distinction in grade of culture is mainly due to the exceptional condition of the environment.

INDEX

Acoma, arrival of the Asanyumu at 30
direction of kivas of 116
kiva trap-doors at 207
Adobe, use in Tusayan 54, 78
use in Zuñi attributed to foreign influence 139
necessity for protecting against rain 156
used in Spanish churches 224
Adobe balls used in garden walls 146
Adobe bricks, in Hawikut church 81
use modern in Zuñi 138
Adobe mortar, in Tâaaiyalana structures 90
Cibola and Tusayan use of, compared 137
Adobe walls on stone foundation at Moenkopi 78
Áikoka. See Acoma 30
Aiyáhokwi, the descendants of the Asa at Zuñi 30
Alleyway, Hawikuh 81
Altar, conformity of, to direction of kiva 116
Andiron, Shumopavi 176
Annular doorway 192, 193
Apache, inroads upon Tusayan by the 25, 26, 35
exposure of southern Cibola to the 96
Architectural nomenclature 220, 223
Architecture, comparison of constructional details
of Tusayan and Cibola 100-223
adaption to defense 226, 227
adaption to environment 225, 226, 227, 228
Art, textile and fictile, degree of Pueblo advancement in 227
Arts of Cibola and Tusayan closely related 224
Asa, migrations of the 30, 31
language of the 37
houses of, Hano 61
Asanyumu. See Asa.
Awatubi, survey of 14
Spanish mission established at 22
when and by whom built 29
settlement of the Asa at 30
attacked by the Walpi 34
description of ruins of 49, 50
possession of sheep by the 50
clay tubes used as roof drains at 155
fragments of passage wall at 181
Aztecs, ruined structures attributed to the 225

Badger people leave Walpi 31 Baho, use of, in kiva consecratory ceremonies 119-120, 129, 130 Balcony, notched and terraced 187 Banded masonry 145 Bandelier, A. F., description of chimney 173 explorations of 197 on ancient stone inclosures 216 Bat house, description of ruin of 52 Bátni, the first pueblo of the Snake people of Tusayan 18 Bedsteads not used by Pueblos 214 Beams, Tusayan kivas, taken from Spanish church at Shumopavi 76 for supporting upper walls 144 modern finish of 149 construction of steps upon 162 for supporting passageway wall 181 Chaco pueblos, how squared 184 Bear people, settlement in Tusayan of the 20, 26 removal to Walpi of the 21, 27 movements of 27, 30, 31, 38 Bear-skin-rope people, settlement in Tusayan of the 26, 27 Benches or ledges of masonry, Zuñi rooms 110 Tusayan kivas 121, 123, 125 Mashongnavi mungkiva 127 around rooms of pueblo houses 213 Bins for storage in Tusayan rooms 109, 209, 210 Blankets formerly used to cover doorways 182, 188, 189, 194 Blue Jay people, settlement in Tusayan of the 26, 27 Bond stones used in pueblo walls 144, 198 Boss, or andiron, Shumopavi 176 Boundary line, Hano and Sichumovi 36 Boundary mark, Shumopavi and Oraibi 28 Boxes for plumes 210 Bricks of adobe modern in Zuñi 138 Brush, use of, in roof construction 150 Brush shelters 217-219 Burial custom of K'iakima natives 86 Burial inclosures at K'iakima 147 Burial place of Zuñi 148 Burrowing Owl people, settlement in Tusayan of the 26 Buttress, formerly of Halona, existing in Zuñi 88, 89 Buttress projections, Zuñi 111 Tusayan rooms 109, 110 girders supported by 144 chimney supported by 172, 173 support of passageway roofs by 181

Cages for eagles at Zuñi 214
Canyon de Chelly, proposed study of ruins of 14
Tusayan, tradition concerning villages of 19
early occupancy of, by the Bear people at Tusayan 20
occupied by the Asa 30
use of whitewash in cliff houses of 74, 145
circular kivas of 117, 133
finish of roofs of houses of 150, 151
doorway described and figured 190
cliff dwellings of 217
Casa Blanca, traces of whitewashing at 145
Castañeda's account of Cibolan milling 211, 212
Cattle introduced into Tusayan 22
Cave lodges occupied in historic times 225
Cave used by inhabitants of Kwaituki 57
Ceiling plan of Shupaulovi kiva 123, 125, 126
Ceilings, retention of original appearance of rooms
through nonrenovation of 89
Cellars not used in Tusayan and Cibola 143
Ceremonial chamber. See Kiva.
Ceremonial paraphernalia of Tusayan taken by the Navajo 50
Ceremonies connected with Tusayan house-building 100-104, 168
Ceremonies accompanying kiva construction 115, 118
Ceremonies performed at placing of Zuñi ladders 160
Chaco ruins, character of 14, 70
compared with Kin-tiel 92
finish of masonry of 140, 226
upper story partitions of, supported by beams 144
finish of woodwork of 149, 184
symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of 195
loop-holes in walls of 198
Chairs, lack of in Pueblo houses 212
Chalowe, description of 83
Charred roof timbers of Tusayan kiva 120
Chimney. See Fireplace.
Chimney-hoods, how constructed 169-175
Chimneys, traces of in K'iakima 85
remains of, at Matsaki 86
Tusayan 102
Zuñi 111
described and figured 167-180
Chukubi pueblo, built by the Squash people 25
description 58, 59
fragments of passage wall at 181
Church, Shumopavi, established by Spanish monks 75, 76
Hawikuh 81, 138
Ketchipauan, remains of 81, 82
in court of Zuñi 98, 138, 148
See Mission.
Churches established in Zuñi and Tusayan 224
Cibola, ruins and inhabited villages of 80-99
architecture of compared with that of Tusayan 100-223
See Zuñi.
Circular doorway of Kin-tiel described 192
Circular kivas, antiquity of 116
traditional references to 135
absent in Cibolan pueblos 224
Circular room at Oraibi Wash 54-55
Circular rooms at Kin-tiel 93
Circular wall of kiva near Sikyatki 117
Clay surface of pueblo roofs 151
Clay tubes used as roof drains 155
Cliff dwellings, Moen-kopi 54
use of whitewash in 74
absence of chimneys in 168
developed from temporary shelters 217
occupied in historic times 225
Climatic conditions, effect of, upon pueblo architecture 140, 227
Clustering of Tâaaiyalana ruins 89-90
Cochití claimed to be a former Tewa pueblo 37
Communal village, development of pueblo architecture
from conical lodge to 226
Consecration of kivas 129
Contours represented on plans, interval of 45
Cooking, pueblo method of 164
Cooking pits and ovens described 162-166, 176-177
Cooking stones of Tusayan, flames of 104
Copings of walls described 151-152
Coping of hatchways 203
Coping. See Roof-coping.
Cords, used for suspending chimney 170
Corner stones of Tusayan kivas 119
Corrals, Payupki 59
Sichumovi 62-63
Hawikuh 81
Ketchipauan 81
modern, at K'iakima 85
how constructed 146
described in detail 214-217
Cotton cultivated by the Tusayan 33
Courts, Mishiptonga 52
Kwaituki 56
Chukubi 59
Sichumovi 62
Walpi 63
Mashongnavi 68
Shupaulovi 71
Shumopavi 74
Hawikuh 81
Ketchipauan 81
Matsaki 86
Tâaaiyalana 90
Kin-tiel 92
Pescado 95
Zuñi 98
Covered way, how developed 76
Covered passages and gateways described 180-182
Coyote people, settlement in Tusayan of the 26
Coyote kiva, direction of the 116
Crossbars used in fastening wooden doors 183
Crosspieces of ladders 159
Cruzate, visit to Awatubi of 49
Culture of pueblo tribes, degree of 227
Cushing, Frank H., identifies K'iakima
as scene of death of Estevanico 86
excavations at Halona 88, 193
opinion concerning western wall of Halona 89
opinion concerning distribution of Tâaaiyalana ruins 89-90
on the former occupancy of Kin-tiel 92
Haloua identified as one of the Seven Cities of Cibola 97
on Zuñi tradition concerning stone-close 192

Dais of kivas 121, 122, 123
Dance ceremony in kiva consecration 130
Dance rock, Tusayan, reference to snake dance of 65
Débris, how indicated in plans of ruins 45
an indication of original height of walls 90
Decoration, house openings 145-146
Kiva roof timbers 119, 120
ladder crosspieces 159
roof beams 123, 124
wall of Mashongnavi house 146
wooden chair 213
Zuñi window sashes 196
Deer horns used as pegs in Zuñi 111
Defense, wall for, at Bat House 52
a motive for selection of dwelling site 56
architecture relied upon for 58
method of, of Payupki 59, 60
not a factor in selection of Mashongnavi site 67
features of, at Ojo Calient 69
wall for, at Pueblo Bonito 70
features of, at Tusayan and Zuñi compared 76
sites chosen for, inconvenient to sources of subsistence 77
use of Kelchipauan church for, by natives 82
the motive of occupation of Tâaaiyalana mesa 90
provision for, at Kin-tie 92, 93
provisions for, in Ketchipauan church 96
motive for, dying out in Zuñi 96-97
efficiency of, at Zuñi 97
not a motive in selection of site of Zuñi 97
gateways arranged for 180, 182
loopholes for 198
adaptation of architecture to 225
Doors to ground floor rooms of Zuñi 143
Doors of various lands described 183-194
Doorway, Walpi kiva, closed with cottonwood slab 64
Kin-tiel 93
position of, in Tusayan 103
stepped form in Tusayan 109
how sealed against intrusion 110
window and chimney in one 121
annular 193
Doorways, closed with masonry 183, 187, 188, 189
why made small 197
Drainage of roof, relations of certain roof openings to 203-204
Drains of roofs described 153-156
Drains. See roof drains.

Eagle cages of Zuñi 214 Eagle people, migration legend of the 28 Earth used in pueblo roof construction 150 Eaves, lack of, in Tusayan houses 102 Echo Cave fireplace described 168 Entrances, uniformity of direction of, in Zuñi kivas 116 Environment, adaptation, of architecture to 225, 226, 227, 228 Estevanico's death, at K'iakima 86 Estufa. See Kiva.

Families occupying Oraibi 105-108 Farming outlook, Matsaki used as 86 near Kin-tiel 93 Farming pueblos, Cibola 14 Moen-kopi 77 Nutria 94, 95 Pescado 95-96 Ojo Caliente 96 Zuñi 198 Fastenings of doors 186 Feathers, use of, in house-building ceremonies 101, 102 Feather wand or baho used in kiva-building ceremonials 119, 120, 129, 130 Fences of corrals and gardens 215, 217 Fetiches, where placed during kiva ceremonial 122 Tusayan kivas 130, 131 Fire gens, Tebugkihu constructed by the 57 Fire-house or Tebugkihu, Tusayan 20, 57, 100, 142, 224 Fire people of Tusayan, migration of the 20 Fireplaces 102, 109, 121, 125, 163, 167-180 Floor, Mashongnavi house 109 stone flags, Tusayan kiva 121 sandstone slabs, Shupaulovi kiva 123 Floors in pueblo buildings, various kinds described 121, 135, 148-151 Folk-tale of the Zuñi, describing stone-close 193 Food sacrifices in Tusayan house building 101, 102 Fortress houses the highest type of Pueblo construction 77 Frames of trap-doors, method of making 206 Framing of windows, method of 196-198 Fuel, how stored in Tusayan 103 Fuel used in kivas 121 Fuel of kivas, where stored 124 Furniture of the Pueblos described 208-214

Gardens and corrals of the Pueblos 214-217 Gardens and garden walls 215-217 Garden walls, how constructed 146 Gateway at Awatubi 49 Gateway jambs at Kin-tiel, finish of 181 Gateways, probable existence in Kin-tiel of 93 Gateways and covered passages described 180-182 Gateways of corrals 214 Genesis myth of the Tusayan 16 Gentes of Tusayan, grouping of houses by 24 land apportionment by 29 list of traditionary 38 localization of 104-108 Girders supporting upper walls 144 Tusayan houses supported by piers 151 Glass used in modern Pueblo windows 193 Glazing of Pueblo windows 196, 197 Goat kiva of Walpi, height of 119 Gourd used as roof drain 154, 155 Grass, use of, in roof construction 150 Graves, probable existence of, in Kin-tiel 93 Gravestones at K'iakima 85, 86, 147 Greasewood, the ordinary kiva fuel 121 Grinding stones. See Metate; Milling. Ground plan, Mashongnavi room 108 Shupaulovi kiva 125 Ground plans of Zuñi and Tusayan compared 76 of mesa villages influenced by prevailing winds 182 Guyave or piki oven 173, 175 Gyarzobi or Paroquet kiva, roof timbers of 120 Gypsum used as whitewash 73, 74, 172

Hairdressing among the Tusayan 37 Halona, description of 88, 89 remains of the nucleus of Zuñi 97, 98 walls of the nucleus of modern Zuñi 138 stone-close at, described 193 "Halving" of timbers in kiva trap-frames 206 Hampassawan, description of 83-85 Hand-holds cut in faces of cliffs 191 Hand-holds in frames of trap-doors 192 Hano, Asa group occupy site of 30 description of 61, 62 direction of kivas of 115 kiva, ownership of 134 kivas, list of 136 rude transom over roof beam in 187 sealed openings in 199 Hano people, length of time spent in Tusayan by the 35 received by the Tusayan 36 trouble between the Walpi and 37 Hanomuh, the inhabitants of Hano 17 definition of 36 Hano traditions regarding settlement in Tusayan 35 Harvest time, how determined in Zuñi 148 Hatchways to pueblo houses 110, 120, 121, 124, 127 Hawikuh, description of 80, 81 Hawikuh church, durability of masonry of 138 Hemenway Southwestern Archeological Expedition, excavations at Halona 193 High-house people, a Navajo clan 30 Hinged sashes not in use in Zuñi 196 Hinges of Pueblo doors 184 Hodge, F. Webb, on stone-close of Halona 193 Holmes, William H., on ruins of the San Juan 147 Homólobi, the early home of the Sun and Water peoples 29 legend of Water people concerning 31 Hopituh, the native name of the Tusayan 17 Hopituh marriage within phratries and gentes 24 Horn House, description of ruin of 50, 51 Horn people migration legend 18 early settlement in Tusayan of the 19 House-building rites of Tusayan 100-104 House clusters in Zuñi, arrangement of 98 Hungo Pavie, finish of roofs in 150

Interior arrangement of pueblos 108-111 Interior of Zuñi house described 110 Irrigation of gardens near Walpi 217

Jackson, W. H., on ruins of the San Juan 147 photographs of pueblo ruins by 147 describes fireplace of Echo Cave 168 Jar of large size used for storage 210 Jars used in chimney construction 180 Jeditoh group of ruins 52, 53 Jemez oven-opening described 165

Kaékibi, an ancient pueblo 30
Kaiwáika. See Laguna 30
Kápung. See Santa Clara 37
Katchina kiva of Oraibi 135
Katchina people depart from Oraibi
for eastern Tusayan villages 26, 27
Katchinkihu, occurrence of, in ruined kiva near Sikyatki 117
described 121, 123
Shupaulovi kiva 126
Mashonguavi mungkiva 127
Kótite. See Cochití.
Ketchipauan church built of stone 224
Ketchipauan, description of 81-83
Kiáini. See High-house people 30
K'iakima, description of 85, 86
upright stone slabs at 147
Kikoli rooms occupied in winter 103, 104, 131
Kin-tiel, description of 91-94
compared with Nutria 94
compared with Pescado 96
plan of, prearranged 100
compared with Oraibi 114
occurrence of upright stone slab at 147-148
beams of ruins of 149
upper room of, paved with stone 151
fireplace in room of 163, 168
defensive gateway at 181
Kin-tiel, finish of gateway jambs at 181
circular doorway at, described 192, 193
openings at, of uniform height 194
site of 224
Kisákobi, description of pueblo of 21
Kishoni, or uncovered shade 217-218
"Kisi" construction 217-219
Kitdauwi--the house song of Tusayan 118-119
Kiva, study of construction of 14
remains of, at Payupki 60
Mashongnavi 66
of Moen-kopi 78
origin of the name 111
ancient form of 116, 117
native explanation of position of 118
duties of mungwi, or chief of the 133
ownership of 133-134
motive for building 134-135
significance of structural plan of 135
measurements of 136
hatchways of 201-202, 205-207
openings of, at Acoma 207
See Mungkiva.
Kivas, excavated, at Awatubi 50
Hano 61
Sichumovi 62
Walpi 63, 64, 65
Shupaulovi 72
Shumopavi 74
Kin-tiel and Cibola compared 93
Zuñi, where located during Spanish occupancy 99
in Tusayan 111-137
typical plans of 118-129
dimensions of 118, 136
of, measurements of 118, 136
annually repaired by women 129
uses of 130
nomenclature of 130, 223-223
Tusayan, list of 136
nonuse of chimneys in 178
Zuñi, stone window-frames of 197
Kwaituki, description of ruin of 56-57
Kwálakwai, Hano tradition related by 35
Kwetcap tutwi, the second pueblo of the
snake people of Tusayan 18

Ladders, arrangement in Tusayan kiva 121 withdrawal of rungs to prevent use of 113 significance of position of, in kivas 135 described 156-162 second-story terrace of Tusayan reached principally by 182 openings for, in roofs 205 Laguna, arrival of the Asanyumu at 30 Lalénkobáki, a female society of Tusayan 134 Land apportionment by gentes in Tusayan 29 Language of the Asa and Hano of Tusayan 37 Languages of Tusayan, tradition regarding difference in 36 Las Animas ruins, trap-door frames in 206 Latches of doors 186-187 Latch strings used on Zuñi doors 183 Lathing or wattling of kiva walls 126 Ledges of masonry in kivas 121 Ledges or benches around rooms 213 Lenbaki, society of Tusayan 18 Light, method of introducing, in inner rooms 207 Lighting, method of, in crowded portions of Zuñi 99 Lintels of old windows embedded in masonry 200 Lizard people move from Walpi 31, 38 Lock and key of wood, how made 187 Loom appurtenances 212 Loom posts of kivas 128-129, 132 Loophole-like openings in pueblo buildings 127, 198

Mamzrántiki, an Oraibi society of women 134 Mandan ladder described and figured 158 Maricopa, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the 32 Marriage of the Hopituh within phratries and gentes 24 Mashongnavi, origin of name of 26 settlement of Paroquet and Katchina peoples in 27 settlementof the Water people at 32 description of ruins of 48 age of masonry at 66 description of 66-70 ground plan of room of 108 direction of kivas of 115 description of dais of kiva at 122 list of kivas at 136 wall decoration at 146 notched ladder of 157-158 pi-gummi ovens at 163-164 shrines of 167 chimney hoods of 170-171 second-story fireplace at 174 doorway with transom at 190 corrals of rude stonework at 214 See Old Mashongnavi. Masonry, ancient, at Nutria 94 Ojo Caliente carelessly constructed 96 exterior, of kivas 114 Masonry of Pueblo Bonito, skill shown in 195 Mat close for kiva hatchways 127, 128 Matsaki, description of 86 sun symbol at 148 Meal, votive, used in pueblo house-building 101 Mealing trough. See Milling. Metate used as roof-drain 154, 155 Metates, or grinding stones, how arranged in pueblo houses 109, 110, 210, 211 Migration, effect of, upon pueblo architecture 15 Migration of the Tusayan 17 Migration of Tusayan Water people 31, 32 Migration of the Horn people 18, 19 Migration of the Bear people of Tusayan 20 Migration of the Asanynmu of Tusayan 30 Milling troughs of Pueblo households 109, 210, 212 Mindeleff, Cosmos, acknowledgments to 14, 15 on traditional history of Tusayan 16-41 Mindeleff, Victor, paper on pueblo architecture 3-228 Mishiptonga, description of ruin of 52-53 Mission buildings of Shumopavi 27, 75-76 Mission house at Walpi, timbers of, used in Walpi kiva 119 Missions of Tusayan 22, 49 Moen-kopi surveyed and studied 14 description of ruins of 53-54 description of village of 77 Mole people, settlement in Tusayan of the 27 Montezuma Canyon ruins, use of large stone blocks in 147 Monument marking boundary of Oraibi and Shumopavi 28 Morgan, L. H., Mandan ladder described by 158 on trap-door frames in Las Animas ruins 205 Mormon and Pueblo building compared 148 Mormons, effect of the, upon development of Moen-kopi 77 establishment of woolen mill at Moen-kopi by the 78 fort built by, at Moen-kopi 184 lock and key contrivance of 187 Mortar of adobe mud 137 Mortars used in Pueblo households 212 Mortised door in Zuñi house 110, 186 Mummy cave, Arizona, ruin in 64 finish of roofs in ruins of 150 Mungkiva, Mashongnavi 127 of Shupaulovi 113, 122 Tusayan 134

Nambé, Tewa pueblo 37 Navajo, Asa of Tusayan live among 30 huts of, closed with blankets 189 method of sheep-herding compared with Pueblo 214 Nelson, E. W., graves unearthed by 86 collection of stone-closes by 193 Niches, use of, in kivas 121, 122 Niches formed in old window openings 110, 200, 208-209 Nomenclature of Tusayan structural details 220-223 Númi. See Nambé. Notched logs used as ladders 157-158 Nutria, compared with Kin-tiel 91 description of 91-95 Nuvayauma, old Mashongnavi tradition related by 47-48 Nuvwatikyuobi kiva 120

Oak mound kiva, Tusayan, decadence of membership of 135
Ohke. See San Juan.
Ojo Caliente, a modern village 54, 96-97
chinked walls of 142
Old Mashongnavi, tradition concerning occupation of 47-48
Openings, splayed, in Ketchipauan church 82
walls of Tâaaiyalana structures 90
Kin-tiel walls 92, 93
oblique Zuñi 98, 207-208
to kivas 113-114
in wall of Zuñi kiva 114
in lee walls 182
Openings of Pueblo houses banded with whitewash 145-146
Oraibi, retirement of Sikyátki inhabitants to 24
departure of Ketchina and Paroquet peoples from 27
settlement by the Bears of 27
traditions regarding first settlement of 27
settlement of the Water people at 33
affray between the Walpi and 35
description of 76-77
families occupying 105-108
direction of kivas of 115-116
rare use of plastering on outer walls of 144
Oraibi, notched ladders described and figured 157-158
stone steps at, figured 161
corral walls at, laid without mortar 147
distribution of gentes of 104-105
kiva for women 134
list of kivas of 137
kiva, hatchway of 201
corrals at, large size of 214
Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary stone 28
Oraibi wash, ruins on the 54-56
Orientation of kivas 115-116
Ovens at Pescado 95
upon roofs 151
various kinds described 162-166
in Zuñi 164-165
Oven-shaped structures described and figured 167
Oven-surface imbedded with pottery scales 139

Paintings on kiva walls 131 Palát Kivabi, the pristine habitat of the Squash and Sun people of Tusayan 25, 29 Paneled doors in modern pueblos 184-186 Parallelogramic form of Tusayan buildings 102-118 Paroquet people, settlement in Shumopavi of the 37 Partitions in Ketchipauan church 82 Partitions of upper story supported by beams 144 Passageways, Shupaulovi 72 Shumopavi 74 rarity of, at Oraibi 76 description of 180-182 Paving Shupaulovi kiva 126 Paving stones of kiva floor, how finished 125 Payupki, tradition concerning pueblo of 40 migration legend 40 description of 59-60 finish of masonry of 143 fragments of passage wall at 181 Peaches planted by the Asa people 30 Pegs, deer horns used as, in Zuñi 111 Pegs for suspending kiva fuel 121 Peña Blanca formerly inhabited by the Hano 35 Peñasco Blanco, occurrence of upright stone slab at 148 method of roof construction at 150 Pescado compared with Kin-tiel 91 description of 95-96 corral walls at, how constructed 147 outside steps at 160 ovens at, described and figured 165-166 fragment of stone close in steps of 193 stone inclosure in court of 214 Pestles or crushers used with Pueblo mortars 212 Petroglyph, or sun-symbol at Matsaki 86 Ketchipauan church 82 legend of the Tusayan concerning 32 Phratries, Tusayan 24, 38 Pictograph on Oraibi-Shumopavi boundary monument 28 Piers of masonry for supporting girders 151 Piers. See Buttresses. Pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi 163 Piki or guyave oven 173-175 Piki stone, process of making 175 Pima, myth of the Water people of Tusayan concerning the 32 opinion of the, as to ancient stone inclosures 216 Pinawa, description of 86, 88 Pine invariably used for kiva ladders 135 Pink clay used in house decorations 146 Pits for cooking 163 Plan of villages, traditional mention of 104 Plans and descriptions, Tusayan ruins 45-60 inhabited villages 61-79 Cibolan ruins 80 Zuñi villages 94-99 Plan of pueblo houses not usually prearranged 100-162 Planting time, how determined in Zuñi 148 Plaster, frequent renewal of, at Shumopavi 73 Plastering, renovation of rooms by frequent 89 on outer walls in Ojo Caliente 96 custom formerly observed in 102 on floor in Mashongnavi 109 kiva walls 115 Shupaulovi kiva, condition of 124-125 Shupaulovi kiva 126 on walls 140 on masonry 144 chimney hoods 169, 172 side hole of door for fastening 183-184 Platform in floor of Tusayan kiva 121 Platform at head of steps 161-162 Plaza. See Court. Plume boxes 210 Plume stick, baho, or feather wand, used in Kiva consecratory ceremonials 119-120, 129, 130 Plume-stick shrines at Mashongnavi 167 Pojoaque, a Tewa pueblo 37 Pokwádi. See Pojoaque 37 Polaka, Hano tradition given by 35 Poles for suspension of blankets, etc. 110, 189, 208, 214 Ponobi kiva of Oraibi, wall lathing of 126 Population, enlargement of pueblos necessitated by increase of 70 Porch posts 81, 82 Posówe, a former Tewa pueblo 37 Posts of porch, remains of, at Hawikuh and Ketchipauan 81, 82 Posts sunk in floor forming part of loom 212 Pots used in chimney construction 179-180 Pottery fragments, Horn House ruin 51 Kwaituki 57 ruin on Oraibi wash 55 used in mud-plastered walls 139 Pottery of Payupki, character of 60 Poultry house of Sichumovi 167 Prayer plume, or baho, used in kiva consecratory ceremonials 119, 120, 129, 130 Props used for fastening wooden doors 183 Pueblo Bonito, additions to 70 the largest yet examined 92 finish of roof of 150 stairway described 160 symmetry of arrangement of outer openings of 195 skill shown in masonry of 195 Pueblo buildings, mode of additions to 70, 97, 98, 102, 148-149 Pueblo construction in Tusayan and Cibola, details of 137-223 Pueblo Grande. See Kin-tiel. Pueblo openings, carelessness in placing 196 Pueblo remains, area occupied by 13 Pueblo revolt of 1680 89 Pueblos of Tusayan and Cibola compared 80 Pueblos, inhabited 61-79, 94-99 Pyramidal form of pueblo house rows 61

Rabbit-skin robes used to cover doorways 182, 194 Racks for suspending clothes 208, 214 Rawhide thong used in pueblo construction to fasten lock 186, 187, 214 Rectangular kivas, antiquity of 116 Rectangular rooms, how developed 226 Rectangular type of architecture 72 Reeds used for kiva lathing 126 Repair of houses infrequent in Tusayan 73 Reservoirs, pueblo 82-83, 91, 92, 97 Reservoir site as affecting selection of dwelling site 51-52 Revolt of the Pueblos in 1680 23 Rites and methods of Tusayan kiva building 118-137 Rites of house-building at Tusayan 100-104 Rito de los Frijoles, chimney of, described 173 Roof construction, pueblo buildings 120, 149 Roof-coping of Tusayan houses 102 Roof-drains, pueblo buildings 102, 153-156 Roof-openings, pueblo buildings 61, 63, 77, 98, 169, 178, 201-208 Roofs, pueblo buildings 63, 102, 119, 148-151 Roof timbers of kivas 119 Rooms, arrangement of, into rows in Tusayan 49 confused arrangement of, in Walpi 63 Tâaaiyalana ruins, arrangement of 90 circular, at Kin-tiel 93 Tusayan, smaller than in Zuñi 108 names of, in Tusayan 223 Rows of houses forming Shumopavi 74 Ruins, method of survey of 45 Ruins, Tusayan 45-60 between Horn House and Bat House 51 Oraibi wash 54-56 Cibola 80 Tâaaiyalana 89 Rungs of ladders, how attached 158, 159

Sacrifices of food in Tusayan house-building 101, 102 Sandals of yucca found in Canyon de Chelly 133 Sandstone used in pueblo construction, how quarried 225 San Felipe, return of Payupki to 41 San Juan, a Tewa pueblo 37 Santa Clara doubtfully identified with Kápung 37 Santo Domingo, settlement of the Asanyumu 30 Sash of rude construction in window openings 196 Sealing of doorways of pueblo buildings 110, 183-184, 198-201 Seats of stone in Tusayan kivas 132 Selenite used in pueblo windows 196, 197 Semisubterranean kivas of Tusayan 113 Seven cities of Cibola. See Cibola. Sheep, introduced into Tusayan 22 possessed by the Awatubi 50 introduction of, among the Pueblos 214 Shitáimu pueblo 28, 48, 49 Shelters in pueblo fields 60, 198, 217-219 Shelves, pueblo buildings 109, 173, 209 Shrine, Matsaki 86 court of Shupaulovi 71 court of Shumopavi 75 Tâaaiyalana 90 Shrines, pueblo 72, 148, 167 Shumopavi, Spanish mission established at 22 by whom built 27 removal of portion of Bear people from 27 description of 73-76 kivas of 113, 114, 137 primitive andiron at 176 piki stone at 176 fireplace and chimney of 176, 177 ground cooking-pit of 178 Shumopavi-Oraibi boundary stone 28 Shumopavi people, removal of, to mesa site 23 Shupaulovi, settlement of Paroquet and Ketchina peoples in 27 when established 29 settlement of Bear people at 30 settlement of the water people at 32 description of 71-73 mungkiva of, described 113 direction of kivas of 115 description of dais of kiva of 123 ground and ceiling plans of kiva of 125 list of kivas of 136 description of chimney-hood at 171, 172 passageway at, described 181 Sichumovi, settled by peoples from Walpi 31 derivation of term 38 description of 62, 63 direction of kivas of 115 ownership of kiva of 134 list of kivas of 136 poultry-house of 167 fireplace and mantel of 173 piki stone at 175 Sikyatki, ruin of 20, 21 pueblo of 24 ancient kiva near 117 Sikyátki people dispute with the Walpi 24 slaughtered by the Walpi 25 Sills of doors 110, 186, 194 Sióki. See Zuñi 30 Sipapuh, Tusayan kivas 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 130, 131, 135 Sites of pueblo buildings, why selected 63, 66, 90, 97, 112, 223 Slabs of stone in pueblo architecture 147 Slavery among the Tusayan 41 Smallpox prevalent in Tusayan 38, 134 Smoke escape through roof-opening and transoms 189, 204, 206, 207 Snake dance, relation of dance-rock to 65 Snake people, the first occupants of the Tusayan region 17 construction of modern Walpi by the 23 Snow, use of, as water supply by the Zuñi 91 Spaniards, early visit of, to Tusayan 21, 22 Spanish authority, effect of, upon purity of Zuñi kiva type 112 Spanish beams in Tusayan kivas 119, 123, 124, 125, 126 Spanish churches at pueblos, Hawikuk 81, 82, 138 Spanish influence in Zuñi and Tusayan 169, 180, 196, 213, 224 Spanish missions established in Tusayan 22 Spider people, settlement in Tusayan of the 27 Splash-stones described and figured 155, 156 Splayed openings in Ketchipauan church 82 Squash people, settlement in Tusayan of the 25 Stakes used in construction of stone walls 147 Stephen, A. M., material on traditional history of Tusayan collected by 16-41 opinion on Walpi architectural features 72 acknowledgments to 100 on distribution of Oraibi gentes 104, 105 on orientation of Tusayan kivas 115 discovery of ancient kiva type near Sikyatki 117 typical kiva measurements by 122 on wattling or lathing of kiva walls 126 on significance of structural plan of kiva 135 collection of primitive andirons or bosses by 176 Steps and ladders described 156-162 Steps cut in faces of cliffs 191 Steps or foot-holes of Walpi trail 65 Steps to kivas 114 Stone, size, character, and finish of, in pueblo ruins 55, 58, 60, 138 means of obtaining, in Zuñi 139 effect of use of, in chimney hoods 172 corrals 214 flags used to floor Tusayan kiva 121 inclosures in Southern Arizona 216 roof drains, curious forms of 154 shelters, possible remains of, at Payupki 60 slabs formerly used to close doorways 188 Stone-close anciently used 192, 193 Stone wedges used in pueblo wall finish 140, 142 Stonework, Shumopavi 75 at Oraibi 144 Mormon and Pueblos compared 148 Stone steps, Pescado 95 Tusayan 157 Stools used by the Pueblos 212, 213 Storage facilities of pueblo dwellings 57, 62, 103, 109, 143, 144, 182, 209 Straw adobe made by Spaniards 138, 224 Structural features of kivas similar 129 Subterranean character of kivas 63, 72, 112, 113 Sullivan, Jeremiah, Payupki tradition obtained by 40 Sunflower stalks used in chimney construction 170 Sun people of Tusayan 29 Supplies, how taken to Walpi mesa 65 Survey of Tusayan and Cibola, methods of 44-45

Tâaaiyalana, relation of K'iakima to 85 stone inclosures at base of 85 description of ruins of 89-91 flight of Zuñis to, during Pueblo revolt 89 mesa of, temporarily occupied 223 Tables not used in Pueblo houses 212, 214 Talla Hogan. See Awatubi 49-50 Taos formerly partly inhabited by the Tewa 37 Tceewáge. See Peña Blanca. Tcosobi or Jay kiva, roof timbers of 120 Tebowúki, an early pueblo of the fire people of Tusayan 20 Tebugkihu or fire-house, description of 57 fragments of passage-wall at 181 Terraced doorways 190-191 Terraced gardens 217 Terraced roofs of Tusayan, names of 104 Terrace cooking-pits and fireplaces 174-177 Terrace rooms, half open, not seen in ancient pueblos 187 Terraces, Sichumovi form of 62 Oraibi, formed by natural causes 76 Zuñi 97, 98, 144 ancient pueblos, how reached 156 Tusayan names of 223 Tusayan, order of settlement of, by various peoples 29 Tesuque, a Tewa pueblo 37 Tetsógi. See Tesuque. Tewa conflict with the Ute 36 Tewa, language of the 37 Tewa. See Hano. Timbers for roof, kind used in kiva-building 19 Time for planting and harvesting, how determined in Zuñi 148 Tiponi of Tusayan explained 131 Topography, houses of Walpi constructed to conform to 64 of Shupaulovi 71 Tradition, historical value of 15 Tradition, Tusayan 16-41 Hano 35 regarding Hano and Tusayan languages 36 concerning Payupki pueblo 40 concerning occupancy of Old Mashongnavi 47-48 of foundation of Walpi 63 concerning circular kivas 135 Zuñi concerning stone-close 92-193 concerning early occupancy of former pueblos by existing tribes 225 Traditionary gentes of Tusayan, list of 38 Trails, Walpi 65, 66 Tâaaiyalana 89 Transoms over pueblo doorways 187-189 Transportation to Walpi mesa, Indian method 66 Trapdoors, Sichumovi 63 kivas, no means of fastening 113 frames furnished with hand-holds 192 Tupubi defined 176 Túpkabi. See Canyon de Chelly. Tusayan, survey of 15 traditional history of 16-41 ruins and inhabited villages of 42-79 house-building rites 100-104 houses of, owned by women 101 kivas in 111-137 list of kivas of 136 Tusayan and Cibola architecture compared by constructional details 100-223 details of 137-223 Tusayan. See Hopituh. Tuwahlki, or watch-house 217 Tuwii. See Santo Domingo 30 Twigs, use of, in roof construction 150

Ute, conflict with, by the Tewa of Hano 36
inroads of, upon Tusayan 25, 26, 35

Vargas, Don Diego, visit to Tusayan of 35 Vocabulary of Tusayan architectural terms 220-223