Chapter II: Introduction: =I. The Political Situation in Europe at Opening of the 16th Century.=

1. The National States: England, France, Spain and Portugal.

2. The Holy Roman Empire.

3. The city states of Italy.

4. Other European States.

Readings: Hayes, _A Political and Social History of Modern
Europe_, Vol. I, 3-25.

=II. Scientific and intellectual progress.=

1. Medieval travels; the crusades.

2. The Renaissance.

3. Invention of the compass and improvement of the astrolabe.

4. Improvement and increase of maps.

Readings: Cheyney, _European Background of American History_,
41-59.

=III. European Commerce at the Opening of the 16th Century.=

1. Trade and trade routes between Europe and the Far East.

2. The Mediterranean and the Italian cities.

3. Conquests of the Ottoman Turks; closing of old routes.

4. Decline of the Italian cities.

5. Need of new routes; Battle of the Nile, 1516.

Readings: Cheyney, 3-40; Shepherd, _Historical Atlas_, 98-99,
107-110; Hayes, I, 27-49.

=IV. The Commercial Revolution.=

1. The geographic position of Spain and Portugal.

2. The circumnavigation of Africa: Prince Henry the Navigator;
Diaz; Vasco da Gama.

3. The Western passage; sought by Spain.

4. The commercial revolution; effects.

5. Creation of trade companies; new methods of commerce.

6. Expansion and colonization; motives.

Readings: Bourne, _Spain in America_, 104-132; Cheyney,
123-146; Hayes, I, 27-69.

=V. Spain and Portugal at the Opening of the 16th Century.=

A. Background of Spanish history.

Spanish Society:

1. Geographic influences in Spanish history.

2. The evolution of the Spanish nationality:

a. The earliest historic inhabitants of the Iberian
peninsula.

b. The invasions: Phoenician; Carthaginian; Roman;
Visigothic; Vandal; Moorish.

c. Immigration of Jews and Berbers.

d. Contact and conflict with the Moors, 710-1492.

e. Expulsion of the Moors and the Jews.

f. Establishment of union and central government.

3. The individualism of the people.

4. Militarist spirit engendered by long wars.

5. Evolution of types.

6. Governmental system:

a. The king and his powers.

b. The executive and advisory councils.

c. The Spanish Cortes.

d. Legal codes and other systems of law.

e. Administrative machinery.

f. Local and municipal government.

g. System of taxation.

h. Efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella to unify Spain and
centralize powers of government.

7. The Church and morals:

a. The Spanish clergy.

b. Inquisition.

c. Influences of Moors and Jews upon church and faith.

8. Industries and agriculture; attitude toward labor: The
_Mesta_; wheat, vine, and olive culture.

9. Condition of social classes.
10. Intellectual development in Spain:

a. Formative influences on languages and literature.

b. Contributions of the Moors.

c. Ecclesiastical and philosophical writings.

11. Motives of colonization.

Required Readings: Chapman, _The History of Spain_, 1-286;
Hume, _Spain, its Greatness and Decay_, 1479-1788, 1-64; _The
Spanish People_, 144-404; Cheyney, 79-114; Ellis, _The Soul of
Spain_, 29-105.

Additional Readings: Lea, _History of the Inquisition in
Spain_; ----, _The Moriscos of Spain_; ----, _History of
Sarcedotal Celibacy_, 80-85; 300-311; Milman, _History of the
Jews_, Vol. III, 264-309; Altamira, _Historia de España y de la
Civilizacion española_; Colmeiro, _Derecho administrativo
español_; Plunkett, _Isabel of Castile_; Sempere, _Histoire des
Cortes d' Espagne_; Lowery, _The Spanish Settlements in the
United States_, Vol. I, 79-101; Walton, _Civil Law in Spain and
Spanish America_; Lane-Poole, _The Story of the Moors in
Spain_; Scott, _History of the Moorish Empire in Europe_;
Danvila y Collado, _El Poder Civil en España_; Lafuente and
Valera, _Historia general de España_; Salazar, _Monarchia de
España_, Vol. I; Sacristian y Martinez, _Municipalidades de
Castilla y Leon_; Merriman, _The Rise of the Spanish Empire in
the Old World and in the New_, Vols. I and II.

B. Background of Portuguese history.

Portuguese society:

1. General characteristics.

2. Influence of climate in Portugal.

3. Position as European power in the 16th Century.

4. Portugal as a national state.

5. Political institutions.

6. Motives of colonization.

Required Readings: Cheyney, 60-74; Stephens, _The Story of
Portugal_.

Additional Readings: Busk, _History of Spain and Portugal_;
Martins, _The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator_; ----,
_Historia de Portugal_; Jayne, _Vasco da Gama and His
Successors_; Major, _Life of Prince Henry the Navigator_;
Hakluyt Society Publications.

=Chapter I. The Period of Discovery.=

A. Tracing the coast line by Spanish navigators.

1. The achievement of Columbus.

2. Achievements of: Hojeda, Cosa, Vespucci, Pinzon, Piñeda,
Bastidas, Grijalva, Balboa, Magellan and Elcano, Guevara, and
Saavedra.

Readings: Shepherd, _Historical Atlas_, 106-111; Morris,
_History of Colonization_, I, 230-243; Bourne, _Spain in
America_, 67-174; Payne, _European Colonies_, 35-53; ----,
_History of America_, Vol. I; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in
America_; Koebel, _South America_; Thacher, _Columbus_;
Vignaud, _Historie critique de la grande entreprise de
Christopher Colomb_; Guillemard, _Magellan_; Bancroft, _Central
Mexico_, Vol. I; Brittain, _Discovery and Exploration_, 56-296;
Benzoni, _History of the New World_ (Hakluyt Society Pub.);
Zahm, _Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdelena_; ----, _Along
the Andes and Down the Amazon_.

B. Internal exploration and settlement.

1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; Almagro;
Orellana; Ursúa; Mendoza; Ayolas; Irala, and others.

2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil.

3. Settlement of the West Indies.

4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America.

5. Settlement of Spanish South America.

Readings: To those of Section A, add _Cambridge Modern
History_, I, ch. xv.; Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_; Bancroft,
_History of Mexico_; MacNutt, _Fernando Cortes and the Conquest
of Mexico_; Solis, _Historia de la Conquista de Mexico_;
Bandelier, _Contributions to the History of the Southwestern
Portions of the United States_; De Lannoy and Van der Linden,
_Historie de L'Expansion Coloniale des Peuples Europeens_
(Portugal et Espagne); Bolton, _Spanish Exploration in the
Southwest_; Daenell, _Die Spanier in Nord Amerika_; Altamira,
_The Share of Spain in the History of the Pacific Ocean_,
(_Pacific Ocean in History_, 34-75); Groat, _Historia de la
Nueva Granada_; Wright, _The Early History of Cuba_;
Amunategui, _Descubrimientos_; _Conquista de Chile_; Ojeda,
_Los Conquistadores de Chile_ (2v.)

C. Relations of Spain and Portugal in 16th Century.

1. Rivalry for trade supremacy.

2. Appeal to the Pope.

Line of Demarcation, 1493.

3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494.

4. Boundary commissions and disputes.

5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529.

6. Mid-century relations.

7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580.

8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims of
monopoly.

9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the
ownership of territory.

Required Readings: Shepherd, _Latin America_, 9-19; Chapman,
229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; ----, _Essays in Historical
Criticism_, 193-217; Keller, _Colonization_, 175-176; 197-200;
Merriman, II, 219-239.

Additional Readings: Altamira, _Historia de España_.

=Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System.=

A. Imperial Control.

1. Early methods of colonization.

Spanish inexperience; government aid and activities;
private enterprize; rapid evolution of a system.

2. The _capitulation_; that of Columbus compared with later
ones.

3. The _Casa de Contratacion_.

4. The Council of the Indies:

a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of administration;
accomplishments.

b. Notable members.

5. Control of emigration:

a. Laws of restriction.

b. Inducements offered approved immigrants.

6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies; Spanish
mercantilism.

7. Interference in colonial affairs.

8. Means of control; special commissions; the _visitador_; the
_residencia_; recall.

9. Difficulties of administration:

a. Distance between colonies and home government.

b. Defective means of communication.

10. Decline of the system; changes effected in the 18th
Century; red tape and routine.

11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with the
systems of other colonizing countries.

12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 19-26; Bourne, 220-242; Morris,
244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, _History of
Central America_, I, 285 _et seq._; Roscher, _The Spanish
Colonial System_; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule in
America_; _Cambridge Modern History_, Vol X, 244 et. seq.;
Robertson, _Rise of the Spanish American Republics_,
Introduction.

Additional Readings: Root, _Spain and Its Colonies_; Zimmerman,
_Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens_; Leroy-Beaulieu,
_De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes_, 1-40; Puente y
Olea, _Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa de Contratacion_;
Colmeiro, _Historia de la Economia Politica en España_, Vol.
II; Cappa, _Estudios Criticos Acerca de la dominacion española
en America_; _Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reinos de las
Indias_, (a collection of legislation respecting the colonies
made first in 1681).

B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies.

1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive,
legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government.

2. Office of _Viceroy_ in Spanish America.

a. History of the office.

b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of the
government; dignity of office; perquisites and reward.

3. Offices of _Adelantado_; _gobernador_; _captain-general_;
minor officials.

4. The _Audiencia_; _presidencia_.

5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects.

6. Local government: the _alcalde_; the _cabildo_;
_ayuntamiento_.

7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies: the _Cabildo
abierto_.

8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers.

9. Conduct of government.

10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to
enforcement or non-enforcement of laws--"Se obedece pero no se
ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to evade imperial
restrictions.

11. Relations of officials with the home government.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 25-29; Moses, _Establishment of
Spanish Rule_; ----, _Spanish Dependencies of South America_,
263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, _The Viceroy of New Spain_,
100-248; Bourne, 202-242; ----, _A Trained Colonial Civil
Service_, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 528 _et seq._);
Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; Hill, _Office of
Adelantado_, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII);
Roscher, _The Spanish Colonial System_; Humboldt, _Political
Essay on New Spain_; Cunningham, _The Audiencia in the Spanish
Colonies_; ----, _Institutional Background of
Spanish-American History_ (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918).

Additional Readings: Bancroft, _Central America_, Vol. I,