Chapter XV: ; Gondra, Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones

Americanas_.

3. Efforts at coöperation and friendship:

a. Evolution of Pan Americanism.

b. The Pan American Union:

1. Organization and purposes.

2. Control and accomplishments.

c. Pan American congresses: Washington, (1889); Mexico
City,(1902); Rio de Janiero, (1906); Buenos Aires, (1910).

d. Inter-American financial congresses: Washington, (1915);
Buenos Aires, (1916).

e. The peace and arbitration treaties.

f. Cultural inter-relations; scientific conferences,
increase of trade and travel; exchange of teachers and
college professors.

g. Proposals of an inter-American league of nations.

4. The Drago Doctrine and the Porter Doctrine.

5. Latin America at the second Hague Conference.

Readings: Hull, _The United States and Latin America at the
Hague_; Quesada, _La Doctrina Drago_ (Rev. de la Univ., B.A.,
1919).

6. The Platt Amendment:

a. Relations with Cuba; interventions.

7. Caribbean Interests of the United States:

1. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean area;
effects and influences of the Spanish-American War.

2. Strategic importance; United States as a Caribbean
power.

a. Porto Rico as a dependency.

b. Territorial government; the insular cases; the
question of citizenship.

c. The Virgin Islands.

3. Dominant position of the United States:

a. In commerce.

b. Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, Haiti,
Nicaragua.

c. The Panama Canal as a factor in the problem; status
of the Republic of Panama with respect to the United
States.

d. Naval bases of the United States; lease of the Corn
Islands.

e. Interventions of the United States.

4. Relations of the United States and Venezuela, Colombia,
Central America.

5. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United States;
problem of self-determination.

6. Contemporary tendencies.

Readings: Jones, _Caribbean Interests of the United States_;
Bonsal, _The American Mediterranean_; Westergaard, _The Danish
West Indies_, 1671-1917; De Booy and Faris, _The Virgin
Islands_.

8. The Panama Canal:

a. Treaties and plans for construction.

b. The French enterprise.

c. Relations of Columbia and the United States.

d. Secession and independence of Panama.

e. Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty.

f. Construction of Canal.

g. Possible economic and political effects.

h. The Columbian grievance against the United States;
diplomatic developments.

9. Wilson Administration:

a. Hispanic-American policy.

b. Relations with Mexico.

c. Achievements and criticism.

Required Readings: Senate Doc., No. 744, 61st Cong., 3rd
Session; _Annals of American Academy of Pol. Science_, July,
1914; Bryce, 484-520; Garcia Calderon, 298-312; Latane,
_America as a World Power_, 255-285; ----, _Diplomatic
Relations of the United States with Spanish America_; Williams,
_Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy_; _The New Pan Americanism_,
Parts I, II and III (World Peace Foundation).

Additional Readings: Flack, _Spanish American Diplomatic
Relations Preceding the War of 1898_; Chandler, _Inter-American
Acquaintances_; Moore, _Principles of American Diplomacy_,
365-419; Maurtua, _La Idea Pan Americana y la cuestion del
arbitraje_; Usher, _Pan-Americanism_; Gause and Carr, _The
Story of Panama_; Bishop, _Panama, Past and Present_.

=Chapter XI. Trade Relations of Hispanic America and the United States.=

1. Origins of trade.

2. Development of trade during the 19th century:

a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 1850.

b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession.

c. Increased European competition after Franco-Prussian
war.

3. History of trade in the 20th century.

4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United
States; with Europe.

5. Character of the trade:

a. Standard articles imported and exported.

b. Non-competitive goods and raw products.

c. Competitive goods.

6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries.

7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to
Hispanic-American habits of business.

8. Obstacles in the way of trade:

a. Lack of merchant marine.

b. Established habits and traditions of trade.

c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade:

1. Market demands.

2. Transportation problems.

3. Tariff administrations.

d. Long term credits.

e. Lack of organization to secure the trade.

9. Methods for improvement.

10. The Webb-Pomerene Act.

11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the
Panama Canal.

12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic
America.

Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Verrill, _South and Central
American Trade Conditions of Today_, 168-179; U. S. Sen. Doc.
No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, _Ethnography and
Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies_);
House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; Aughinbaugh, _Selling
Latin America_; Babson, _The Future of South America_; Bonsal,
_The American Mediterranean_; Chandler, _Inter-American
Acquaintances_; Hough, _Practical Exporting_; Shepherd,
168-179; ----, _Our South American Trade_ (Pol. Science
Quart., Dec., 1909); Filsinger, _Exporting to Latin America_;
Savay, _The Science of Foreign Trade_; Pepper, _American
Foreign Trade_; Cooper, _Understanding South America_; Wilson,
_South America as an Export Field_, (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81,
1914, Dept. of Com.); South American Supplement, London
_Times_; U. S. consular reports; reports of the Department of
Commerce and Labor (now Department of Commerce).

=Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War.=

1. Economic and political influences of the war.

2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of
the war.

3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of
belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the
situation: Germany as a menace.

4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan
Americanism: the financial congresses.

5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy
Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann
dispatches.

6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war.

7. Hispanic America in the war:

a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia,
Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay.

c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia,
Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay.

d. Services of Brazil and Cuba.

8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent
part played by Brazil.

9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase.

10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member
of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the league.

11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an
inter-American league of states.

12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America.

Readings: Martin, _Latin America and the War_, (League of
Nations, II, No. 4); Kirkpatrick, _South America and the War_;
Rowe, _Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce, and
Industry of Peru_; Ferrara, _La doctrine de Monroe y la liga de
las naciones_; Galliard, _Amerique latine et Europe
occidentale_; Wagner, _L'Allemagne et l'Amerique Latine_;
Quesada, El "peligro Aleman" en sud America; Yearbooks and
periodicals.

=Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achievements of Hispanic America.=

1. Political:

a. Political and governmental stability.

b. Politics in practice and principle.

c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections.

d. Restrictions of the ballot.

e. Professional men in politics.

f. Absence of political experience by the masses.

g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics and
political philosophy.

h. Appearance of new political issues.

i. Electoral reform: Argentina.

j. Civil Service in Hispanic America.

k. State or Church control over education.

l. Municipal government:

1. History of progress.

2. Public utilities; fire departments; police system;
water works; public sanitation; municipal ownership.

m. Social legislation.

n. Passing of the South American type of revolution.

Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141-150;
Scruggs, _The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; Vera y
Gonzalez, Elementos de historia contemporanea de America_;
Heredia, _Memorias sobre las revoluciones de Venezuela_; books
on individual countries.

2. Social and Religious:

A. Social:

1. Population:

a. Census statistics available.

b. Population and resources.

2. Social types: Spanish; immigrant; Indian, savage and
civilized; mixed races; negro.

3. Laboring classes and types: _"vaquero;" "gaucho;"
"llanero;"_ industrial laborers.

4. Labor system and laws.

a. Peonage:

1. Feudal status of labor in colonies.

2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of debt.

3. The "inquilino" and "colono"; "cholo."

4. Ignorance, wages, and living conditions.

5. Peon in government and politics.

6. Peonage in Mexico; in South America.

b. Labor regulations in general.

c. Labor organizations.

d. Dearth of labor in certain countries.

e. Strikes; radicalism; labor conditions in
Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

5. Aristocratic and professional society.

6. Language.

7. Position of woman:

a. In society.

b. Family life.

c. The matter of divorce.

8. Amusements and social customs:

a. Sports and games.

b. Carnivals and festivals.

c. Dress and etiquette.

d. Gambling and lotteries.

e. Social customs in business.

9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America.

Readings: Shepherd, 121-141; ----, _Psychology of the Latin
American_ (Jour. of Race Devel. 1919); Garcia Calderon,
283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, _Mexico and the United
States_; Bingham, _Across South America_; books on individual
countries and on travel; Bunge, _Nuestra America_; Colmo,
_America Latina_.

B. Religious:

1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church.

2. Church and State; tendency toward separation.

3. Clericalism in politics.

4. The work of the Church.

5. Toleration in Hispanic America.

6. Protestant missionary activities.

7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American morality.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, _The South Americans_
41-44, 91-108, 152-169.

Additional Readings: Speer, _South American Problems_; Brown,
_Latin America_; Neely, _South America: Its Missionary
Problem_; Planchet, _La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico_.

3. Immigration:

a. History of immigration in the 19th century:

1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial exclusion;
revolutions; greater inducements of the United States;
economic reasons.

2. Increase since 1857.

Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immigration.

3. Drift toward the Southern republics.

4. Immigration in the North American republics.

b. Political and economic effects of immigration.

c. Effects on society.

d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, English,
French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and Assyrian
immigration.

e. Favorite occupations of aliens.

f. The question of assimilation and citizenship.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, _The
South Americans_, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335.

Additional Readings: _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _British
Exploits_, 481-551; Mulhall, _The English in South America_;
Wintzer, _Die Deutschen im tropischen Amerika_.

4. Financial:

a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America.

1. Standards and values.

2. Paper currency.

3. Fluctuations.

b. Capital and Banking:

1. Number of banks.

2. Domestic and foreign control of banking.

3. Branch banks:

a. European.

b. United States.

4. Scarcity of capital.

c. Hispanic-American finance.

1. Credits, exchange, solvency.

2. Stock exchanges.

3. Bond issues.

4. Public debts.

5. Sinking funds.

6. Insurance.

7. Trusts and corporations.

d. Foreign influences upon financial policies.

e. Business enterprises:

1. Habits of business.

2. Buying and selling; advertising.

f. Tariff systems:

1. Tariff for revenue.

2. Rates: specific rather than _ad valorem_.

3. Variations and complexity.

g. Taxation:

1. On personal property.

2. On lands and real estate.

3. On industries.

4. Licenses and concessions.

h. Internal improvements and public works.

1. History of internal improvements in Latin
America.

2. Public works; postal service; parcel post.

i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary standard.

j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff
system.

Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, _Foreign
Credits_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of
Commerce); Hurley, _Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, and Peru_, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.);
Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Crosby, _Latin American
Monetary System and Exchange Conditions_; The South American
Year-Book; Consular reports; Reports of the Board of Trade
(Eng.); books on individual countries; Roper, _The Postal
Service and the Latin American Trade_.

5. Industrial:

A. The most important industries:

1. Mining:

a. Areas of ore fields.

b. Facilities.

c. Acquisition of mining properties.

d. Labor supply.

e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate,
coal, and other mines.

2. Stock-raising:

a. Areas adapted.

b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches.

c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses.

d. Wool and hides.

Readings: Whelpley, _Trade Development in Argentina_, (Sp.
Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor); _Atlas
America Latina_.

3. Rubber:

a. Areas of growth.

b. Processes employed.

c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black gold."

4. Agriculture:

a. Arable lands and climatic conditions.

b. Agriculture in connection with stock-raising.

c. Ownership of land.

d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic America.

e. The "haciendas," "fazendas;" the "chacras" and
"potreros."

f. Agricultural products: Coffee, cacao yerba,
foodstuffs.

5. Manufacturing:

a. General characteristics: domestic and factory
methods.

b. Connection with other industries.

c. Obstacles in the way.

d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery.

B. European and American capital invested in industries.

C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America.

Readings: Koebel, _The South Americans_, 132-151, 193-204;
books on individual countries; Pearson, _The Rubber Country of
the Amazon_; Gemmingen, _Die entwickelung der fabrikindustrie
im lateinischen Amerika_.

6. Commercial:

a. History of Hispanic-American commerce.

b. Exports and imports:

1. Character and value.

2. Destination.

c. Commercial enterprises.

d. Trade marks and their use.

e. Customs regulations.

f. Modern transportation and communication.

1. Development of transportation facilities.

2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas.

3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains.

4. Roads and highways.

5. Land transportation:

a. Railroads: trunk lines; short lines.

b. International and transcontinental lines.

c. Projected lines.

d. Horse cars and trolleys; subways.

e. Mileage and rates.

f. Freight rates.

g. Capital and ownership.

6. Water transportation:

a. River steamers and barges.

b. Oceanic lines.

c. Harbor facilities.

d. Rates.

g. Communication:

1. Telegraph lines.

2. Cable lines.

3. Postal service; international service.

h. The metric system of weights and measures.

i. Concessions and monopolies:

1. Procedure in obtaining them.

2. Policies of various countries in relation
thereto.

3. Attitude of the United States toward them.

Readings: Shepherd, 168-191; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
304-358; Domville-Fife, _Great States of South America; Atlas
America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to the West
Coast of South America_ (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 72, 1913. Bur.
of For. and Dom. Commerce); Gueydan, _Transportation Facilities
of Colombia and Venezuela_ (_ibid._); _Trade mark registration
in Latin America_ (Tariff series, No. 31, _ibid._); Verrill,
Aughinbaugh, and Babson; Reports of Bureau of Trade Relations
of the State Department; Report of the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce of the Commerce Department; U. S. Federal
Trade Com. Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay,
Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; _Tariff Systems of South
American countries_. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.)

7. Educational and Cultural:

A. Educational:

1. General characteristics.

2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries.

3. Educational progress.

4. Obstacles to popular education.

5. Foreign influences in education.

a. European teachers in Hispanic-America.

b. American teachers in Argentina in 1868;
educational reforms of Sarmiento.

c. Influence of United States at present.

6. Administration of schools.

7. Elementary and secondary education.

8. Higher education in Hispanic-America.

a. Universities:

1. Faculties, courses, and equipment.

2. Libraries and publications.

3. Students.

b. Scientific pursuits.

1. Observatories and other establishments for
study of geography, ethnology, and zoology.

2. Schools of medicine and surgery.

c. Industrial and technical education.

9. Urban and rural education.

10. Popular interest in education.

11. Non-official efforts for promotion of education:

a. Congresses and teachers' associations.

b. Private schools and institutions.

c. Publications and lectures.

12. Educational reforms needed.

B. Cultural achievements in general:

1. Public charity:

a. Control and sources of revenue.

b. Societies and institutions for social service.

2. Public libraries.

3. Journalism:

a. Status of the press in various countries.

b. Notable newspapers.

c. Recent development.

d. Magazines and periodicals.

4. Literature:

a. General characteristics.

b. European and particularly French influence.

c. Representative literary men and their works.

1. Novelists, essayists, poets:

Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, Gonzalvez Diaz,
San Martin, Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben Dario,
Chocano, Blanco Fombona, etc.

2. Historians:

Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros Arana,
Icazbalceta, Vicuña Mackenna, Mitre, Jose
Toribio Medina, Oliviera Lima, Zamacois, etc.

3. Jurists:

Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Ambrosio Montt,
etc.

5. Arts:

a. General characteristics.

b. Achievements in music; the drama; architecture;
painting; and sculpture.

Readings: For education: Shepherd, 192-204; ----, _Education in
South America_, (Review of Reviews, May, 1908); ----, _Higher
Education in South America_, (Columbia University Quart., Dec.,
1907); Koebel, _The South Americans_, 109-132; Brandon,
_Latin-American Universities and Special Schools_; Blakslee,
_Latin-America_, 30-46; Monroe, _An Encyclopedia of Education_
(See discussion under the names of each country); see also,
Walle, _Bolivia_, Chap. 6; Eder, _Colombia_, Chap. 16; Hirst,
_Argentina_, Chap. 14; and Wright's books on Bolivia, Chile,
and Peru; Bravo Mejia, _Organizacion de las escuelas rurales_;
Amunategui, _Discursos Parliamentarios_.

For cultural problems: Shepherd, 204-250; _La Literatura y el
Periodismo_; Garcia Calderon, _Latin-America_, 249-282; Warner,
_Library of the World's Best Literature_, Vol. 15; Blakslee,
_Latin-America_, 299-306; Koebel, _The South Americans_,
109-130; Goldberg, _Studies in Spanish American Literature_;
Umphrey, _Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday_
(Hispania, 1919); Coester, _The Literary History of Spanish
America_; Starr, _Readings from Modern Mexican Authors_;
Lamborn, _Mexican Paintings and Painters_; Zanelli Lopez,
_Mujeres Chilenos de letras_; Amunategui, La _Alborada, poetica
in Chile_.