Chapter XI: Part 11

Son of Priam and Hecuba, king and queen of Troy. When an infant his mother dreamed that she saw a flaming brand in the cradle where the child lay. Hecuba, very anxious to know the meaning of the dream, decided to ask an oracle to explain it, and was informed that the child was destined to bring destruction on his native city. To escape this calamity Paris was carried away to a forest to die of hunger, but was found by shepherds who brought him up, hence he is called the shepherd-prince of Troy. He married Œnone, daughter of the river-god Kebren, but was afterwards rewarded by Venus with the love of the beautiful Helen of Sparta whom he carried off to Greece and which led to the Trojan War. The story is, that on the occasion of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, Eris the goddess of strife was the only goddess not invited to the wedding, and to show her displeasure threw among the guests a golden apple on which was written ‘For the fairest.’ The three goddesses (Juno, Pallas Athene, and Venus), each claimed the apple, and Paris was appointed to judge which of the three was the most beautiful. On appearing before Paris they each made attempts to bribe him in order to gain the verdict. Juno promised him sovereignty:

She to Paris made
Proffer of ample power, ample rule
Unquestion’d, overflowing revenue
Wherewith to embellish state, ‘from many a vale
And river-sunder’d champaign clothed with corn,
Or labour’d mine undrainable of ore.

* * * * *

Still she spake on and still she spake of power,
‘Which in all action is the end of all;
Power fitted to the season; wisdom-bred
And throned of wisdom--from all neighbour crowns
Alliance and allegiance, till thy hand
Fail from the sceptre-staff.

Pallas Athene promised him wisdom:

‘Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control,
These three alone lead life to sovereign power.
Yet not for power (power of herself
Would come uncall’d for) but to live by law,
Acting the law we live by without fear;
And, because right is right, to follow right
Were wisdom in the scorn of consequence.’

* * * * *

Again she said: ‘I woo thee not with gifts,
Sequel of guerdon could not alter me
To fairer. Judge thou me by what I am,
So shalt thou find me fairest.

* * * * *

‘Here she ceas’d,
And Paris ponder’d, and I cried, ‘O Paris,
Give it to Pallas!’ but he heard me not,
Or hearing would not hear me, woe is me!

Venus promised him the fairest woman in Greece for his wife:

Idalian Aphroditè beautiful,
Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells,
With rosy slender fingers backward drew
From her warm brows and bosom her deep hair
Ambrosial, golden round her lucid throat
And shoulder; from the violets her light foot
Shone rosy-white, and o’er her rounded form
Between the shadows of the vine-bunches
Floated the glowing sunlights, as she moved.

* * * * *

She with a subtle smile in her mild eyes,
The herald of her triumph, drawing nigh
Half-whisper’d in his ear, ‘I promise thee
The fairest and most loving wife in Greece,’
She spoke and laugh’d: I shut my sight for fear:
But when I look’d, Paris had raised his arm,
And I beheld great Herè’s angry eyes,
As she withdrew into the golden cloud,
And I was left alone within the bower;
And from that time to this I am alone,
And I shall be alone until I die.

Paris handed the apple to Venus. Subsequently during a visit to Sparta he abused the hospitality of Menelaos, for during his absence in Crete Paris eloped with Helen. To avenge this insult Menelaos laid siege to the city of Troy, and fought a single combat with Paris, whom he defeated, and who would have perished had not Venus interfered. In a succeeding battle Paris slew Achilles, the most famous of all the Greek heroes in the war, but on the fall of the city, being himself mortally wounded by a poisoned arrow of Philocteles, he sent for Œnone whom he had abandoned, but upon her arrival she found him dead, and in despair threw herself upon his body and stabbed herself.

_Œnone_;
_Death of Œnone_.

PARIS (city of).

_Locksley Hall Sixty Years After_;
_Romney’s Remorse_;
_The Dawn_.

PARMA.

An Italian town.

_The Daisy._

PARNASSUS.

The highest peak of a range of mountains in Greece, dedicated to the Muses, Apollo and Bacchus.

_In Memoriam._

PARROT.

One of a family of tropical birds, remarkable for its beautiful plumage, and its powers of imitating the human voice.

_Locksley Hall_;
_Day-Dream_;
_The Princess_.

PARTHENON.

O thou so fair in summers gone,
While yet thy fresh and virgin soul
Inform’d the pillar’d Parthenon,
The glittering Capitol;

A celebrated temple on the Acropolis at Athens, built under Pericles and dedicated +B.C.+ 438 to Athena. It is considered the finest specimen of Greek architecture extant. A gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athene stands in the midst of the Parthenon.

_Freedom._

PARTHIAN.

The last Parthian shaft of a forlorn Cupid at the King’s left breast,
and all left-handedness and under-handedness.

An arrow discharged at an enemy when retreating from him, as was the custom of the ancient Parthians.

_Becket._

PARTRIDGE.

A wild gallinaceous bird of the genus _Perdix_. It is noted as a game bird.

_Lover’s Tale._

PASSION-FLOWER.

A flower so-called from a fanciful resemblance to a crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ’s passion.

_Maud_;
_Voyage of Maeldune_.

PAUL.

Saint Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles.

_Godiva_;
_In Memoriam_;
_Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham_;
_Queen Mary_.

PAUL THE FOURTH (Pope).

_See_ =Caraffa=.

PAUL’S.

Right down by smoky Paul’s they bore,
Till, where the street grows straiter,
One fix’d for ever at the door,
And one became head-waiter.

= St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. Founded by Ethelbert. In Roman times a temple of Diana is believed to have stood on the site, as a stone altar sculptured with the image of Diana was found during the excavations for the foundations of Goldsmith’s hall, in 1830. Destroyed by fire 1087, and again in the great fire of 1666; rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren 1675-1710.

_Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue._

‘PEACE, BE STILL!’

and while I spoke
The crowd’s roar fell as at the ‘Peace be still!’

Has reference to the words of Christ in the storm on the Sea of Galilee.

_Columbus._

PAYNIM.

= Pagan.

_Balin and Balan_;
_Holy Grail_;
_Last Tournament_.

PEACH.

A tree with a delicious juicy fruit.

_Progress of Spring_;
_The Falcon_.

PEACOCK.

A large bird of the pheasant kind remarkable for the beauty of its plumage, especially that of its tail.

_Œnone_;
_Day-Dream_;
_The Princess_;
_The Daisy_;
_Maud_;
_Gareth and Lynette_;
_Queen Mary_.

PEACOCK-YEWTREE.

A yewtree clipped into the shape of a peacock.

_Enoch Arden._

PEA-HEN.

The female of the peacock.

_The Falcon._

PEELÈ.

A goddess who had her home in a great lake of fire nine miles round--Kilauēä--(_q.v._) the largest active volcano in the world.

_Kapiolani._

PELEÏAN BANQUET-HALL.

The Abominable, that uninvited came
Into the fair Peleïan banquet-hall,

The banquet-hall in which the guests at the marriage of Peleus and Thetis assembled, and where Eris the goddess of strife threw among the guests the golden apple of discord.

_Œnone._

PELEION.

unweariable fire
That always o’er the great Peleion’s head
Burn’d,

= Achilles, so-called because he was the son of Peleus.

_Achilles over the Trench._

PELEUS.

‘This was cast upon the board,
When all the full-faced presence of the Gods
Ranged in the halls of Peleus; whereupon
Rose feud, with question unto whom ’twere due;

Has reference to the marriage of Peleus with the sea-nymph Thetis, and where Eris the goddess of discord threw the golden apple among the guests, to show her resentment at not being invited.

_Œnone._

PELICAN.

I saw
The pelican on the casque of our Sir Bors
All in the middle of the rising moon:

The pelican used as a crest was a symbol of devotion to a kinsman.

_Holy Grail._

PELLAM.

King of Listengise. He gave a feast to all the knights of the Round Table and their ladies; and they all rose from the table and attacked Balin for having slain sir Galon, Pellam himself being wounded by a miraculous spear but was healed of the wound by sir Galahad.

_Balin and Balan._

PELLEAS.

A Knight of the Round Table, created to fill one of the gaps made by the quest of the Holy Grail, and lord of many Isles. Fell in love with the lady Ettarre (_q.v._) but the lady did not return his love. For some time was knight to queen Guinevere. Was slain by sir Meliagrance in defending his mistress.

_Pelleas and Ettarre._

PEMBROKE (Earl of).

Sir William Herbert, first earl Pembroke; son of sir Richard Herbert. Became a gentleman-pensioner in 1526. For having killed a mercer in a fracas escaped to France and joined the French army; returning, he married Anne, sister of Henry VIII’s sixth queen, and at once rose in royal favour. At the dissolution of the monasteries he received the Abbey of Wilton, destroyed the monastic building and built a magnificent mansion. Further grants of land were made him by Henry VIII and Edward VI. On the outbreak of the quarrel between Somerset and Warwick Pembroke sided with the latter for which he was suitably rewarded, receiving Somerset’s estates in Wiltshire. He signed the agreement for the succession of lady Jane Grey to the throne, and was with her at the Tower of London, but later he declared in favour of Mary and accompanied the Lord Mayor of London to Cheapside to read the proclamation. On the outbreak of the Wyatt rebellion--although his loyalty was regarded as suspicious--was appointed chief in command of the army to resist Wyatt’s entry into London, but his troops made such a feeble resistance that Wyatt succeeded in entering the city. He introduced into the royal presence the Spanish ambassador who came to represent Philip at the formal betrothal of the Queen, and on the arrival of Philip met him at Southampton, and was one of the four peers who gave Mary away at the wedding in Winchester Cathedral. Although a great favourite with both Mary and Philip his loyalty was regarded from time to time with such suspicion that Mary was advised to place him under arrest. Immediately upon Mary’s death, Pembroke went to Hatfield and attended Elizabeth’s first Privy Council, and zealously supported a protestant revival. Appointed Lord Steward of the royal household in 1568, he compromised his position by supporting the proposed marriage of the duke of Norfolk with Mary, queen of Scots, and was arrested, admitted sympathy with the scheme but denied the charge of disloyalty. He died in 1570, and was buried in St. Paul’s Cathedral.

_Queen Mary._

PENDRAGON.

A title--meaning ‘chief leader in war’--conferred upon several British chiefs in times of distress. Uther and Arthur were each appointed to the office to repel the Saxon invaders.

_Lancelot and Elaine._

PENDRAGONSHIP.

Has reference to the title of Pendragon (_q.v._).

_Guinevere._

PENEÏAN.

The long divine Peneïan pass,
The vast Akrokeraunian walls,

The river Peneus in Thessaly which flows through a narrow pass, and is extremely beautiful on account of the precipitous rocks on either side.

_To E. L._

PENENDEN HEATH.

but ten thousand men on Penenden Heath all calling after your worship,

Pennenden Heath. Originally a large common near Maidstone in Kent. In Saxon times the Witenagemot was held here, since which time it has been the meeting place for large and important gatherings. A large portion of the common has now been built upon, and part is now used as a public recreation ground under the control of the Maidstone Corporation.

_Queen Mary._

PENUEL.

Past Yabbok brook the livelong night,
And heaven’s mazed signs stood still
In the dim tract of Penuel.

_Clear-headed Friend._

PERCIVALE.

A Knight of the Round Table, son of Pellinore, king of Wales. In _Lancelot and Elaine_ he is called ‘the meek Sir Percivale’ and in the _Holy Grail_ is known as ‘the Pure’ and is hailed as the guardian of the Holy Grail:

And the angelic choir sang in jubilant tones:
‘Hail to thee Percival, king of the Grail!
Seemingly lost for ever,
Now thou art blest for ever.
Hail to thee Percival, king of the Grail!’

Wagner: _Epics and Romances of the Middle Ages
(Trans. by M. W. Macdowall)._

Sir Percivale accompanied sir Galahad and sir Bors in the quest of the Holy Grail and was present when it appeared, but whether he was permitted to see it with his bodily eyes is not known. Some authorities consider that sir Galahad only saw the vision, while others contend that both sir Galahad and sir Percivale beheld the holy vessel, after which Percivale withdrew into a hermitage and spent the rest of his life in prayer.

Sir Percivale
Whom Arthur and his knighthood call’d The Pure,
Has pass’d into the silent life of prayer,
Praise, fast, and alms; and leaving for the cowl
The helmet in an abbey far away
From Camelot, there, and not long after, died

_Merlin and Vivien_;
_Lancelot and Elaine_;
_Holy Grail_;
_Pelleas and Ettarre_.

PERSEPHONÈ.

In Greek mythology the daughter of Jupiter and Demeter, and queen of the lower world. As a maiden she was carried off, while plucking flowers in Enna, into the lower world by Pluto in his car, and is represented sitting on an ebony throne wearing a crown.

or the enthroned
Persephonè in Hades,

She married Pluto and became the mother of the Furies. In Italian mythology she is identified with Proserpine.

_The Princess_;
_Demeter and Persephone_.

PERSIA.

An Asiatic country.

_Alexander_;
_Lover’s Tale_.

PERSIAN GIRL.

Then stole I up, and trancedly
Gazed on the Persian girl alone,

= Anis al-Jalis, in Burton’s _Arabian Nights_.

_Recollections of the Arabian Nights._

PERU.

_Queen Mary._

PETER.

= Saint Peter, one of the twelve Apostles.

_Godiva_;
_Gareth and Lynette_;
_To E. Fitzgerald_;
_Locksley Hall Sixty Years After_;
_Queen Mary_;
_Harold_;
_Becket_.

PETER.

Then of the latest fox--where started--kill’d
In such a bottom: ‘Peter had the brush,
My Peter, first:’

A character at a meeting of the hounds.

_Aylmer’s Field._

PETER.

The Eternal Peter of the changeless chair,

= Pope of Rome.

_Queen Mary._

PETER (Peter Martyr).

Pietro Martire Vermigli, born at Florence 1550. Was an Augustinian monk, but became a convert to the reformed faith, and in consequence had to flee from Italy in 1542. Professor of Divinity at Strasburg 1542-7, and at Oxford in 1548; returned to Strasburg in 1553, and became Professor of Divinity in the following year; died at Zurich in 1562.

Peter, I’ll swear for him
He _did_ believe the bond incestuous.

_Queen Mary._

PETERBORO’.

Abbot Alfwig,
Leofric, and all the monks of Peterboro’
Strike for the king;

_Harold._

PETER CAREW.

Son of sir William Carew. In the reign of Henry VIII was sheriff of Devonshire. On the death of Edward VI he opposed the succession of lady Jane Grey and proclaimed Mary as queen in the West. Conspired against the Spanish marriage and the plot being discovered escaped to the continent. Passing through Antwerp he was arrested by lord Paget, sent back to England, and confined in the Tower. On the accession of Elizabeth he rose in favour, and was Constable of the Tower in 1572, when the duke of Norfolk was convicted for treason. The latter part of his life was spent in recovering his property in Ireland. He died in 1575, and was buried in the church at Waterford.

_Queen Mary._

PETERS.

Gentleman to lord Howard.

_Queen Mary._

PETER’S-PENCE.

An annual tribute of one penny paid to support the pope. Presented by Ina of the West-Saxons for the endowment of an English College at Rome, 725, it was confirmed by Offa, 777, and afterwards claimed by the pope as a tribute from England and collected regularly until its abolition by Henry VIII in 1534.

_Talking Oak._

PETHER.

An’ tell thim in Hiven about Molly Magee an’ her Danny O’Roon,
Till Holy St. Pether gets up wid his kays an’ opens the gate!

= St. Peter.

_Tomorrow._

PEVENSEY. PEVENSEY CASTLE.

A village in Sussex on the English Channel twelve miles from Hastings. It was in the bay of this little village that William, duke of Normandy, landed with his army on September 28, 1066. The Romans built here a castle--now in ruins--the fortress of which was of great strength. It withstood for six days the attack of the army of Rufus against Odo, bishop of Bayeux; king Stephen and Simon de Montfort besieged it unsuccessfully; but it was again successfully defended by lady Jane Pelham in 1399. The castle remained a fortress until the time of Elizabeth.

_Harold_;
_Becket_.

PEWIT.

= The lapwing.

_Will Waterproof’s Lyrical Monologue._

PHARAOH.

May Pharaoh’s darkness, folds as dense as those
Which hid the Holiest from the people’s eyes
Ere the great death, shroud this great sin from all!

_See Exodus x. 21-23._

_Aylmer’s Field._

PHAROS.

but had you stood by us,
The roar that breaks the Pharos from his base
Had left us rock.

An island near Alexandria on which a lighthouse was erected by Ptolemy I, +B.C.+ 250.

_The Princess._

PHENOMENON.

Name of a horse.

_The Brook._

PHILIBERT. PHILIBERT OF SAVOY.

Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, born 1528, succeeded 1553; died 1580.

_Queen Mary._

PHILIP.

A priest.

_Queen Mary._

PHILIP.

King of Naples and Sicily, afterwards king of Spain, son of the emperor Charles V. In 1554 married Mary, queen of England in Winchester Cathedral, and became unpopular. In the following year left England in disappointment that an expected heir was not born to him; resolved to extirpate protestantism in his dominions, and employed sword and fire with bitterness; the Netherlands however resisted the attack and succeeded in throwing off the Spanish yoke; made overtures to queen Elizabeth, but was refused and in 1559 married Isabella, daughter of the king of France. In 1588 he sent his ‘Invincible’ Armada against England, which was almost totally destroyed, the defeat of which marked the beginning of the decline of Spain. The only praise that can be accorded to this tyrant is that he gave a certain amount of encouragement to the advancement of the Arts and Sciences (1527-1598).

_Queen Mary._

PHILIP.

And following our own shadows thrice as long
As when they follow’d us from Philip’s door,
Arrived and found the sun of sweet content
Re-risen in Katie’s eyes, and all things well

Father of Katie Willows.

_The Brook._

PHILIP. PHILIP RAY.

_See_ =Enoch, Enoch Arden=.

PHILIP (de Eleemosyna).

Pope’s Almoner; called the Abbot of l’Aumône; was of the Cistercian order.

_Becket._

PHILIP (Philip Edgar, afterwards Mr. Harold).

_See_ =Eva=.

_Promise of May._

PHILIP EDGAR (afterwards Mr. Harold).

_See_ =Eva=.

_Promise of May._

PHILIP HAROLD (Philip Edgar).

_See_ =Eva=.

_Promise of May._

PHILIP HEDGAR (Edgar).

_See_ =Eva=.

_Promise of May._

PHILIPPINES.

An archipelago, lying between the China Sea in the west, and the Pacific Ocean in the east.

_Queen Mary._

PHLEGETHON.

That oft had seen the serpent-wanded power
Draw downward into Hades with his drift
Of flickering spectres, lighted from below
By the red race of fiery Phlegethon:

In Greek mythology a river of hell.

_Demeter and Persephone._

PHŒBE.

A priestess in the temple of Artemis, along with Camma. Camma’s husband Sinnatus was slain by Synorix. Camma married Synorix, and seemed to have no fear of him. Phœbe reminded her of the shyness with which she faced her first marriage, and was horrified to think that Camma should marry and ‘clasp a hand Red with the blood of Sinnatus?’ but she endured it all that she might pass to Sinnatus on the other side of Death, and tell him that he was avenged.

_The Cup._

PHOSPHOR.

Bright Phosphor, fresher for the night,
By thee the world’s great work is heard
Beginning, and the wakeful bird;
Behind thee comes the greater light:

The light-bringer or morning star.

_In Memoriam._

PHOSPHORUS.

The personification of the ‘Morning-star.’ The name of a knight--one of four brothers--who kept the passages of Castle Perilous where the lady Lyonors was held captive, and who was overthrown by sir Gareth.

_Gareth and Lynette._

PHRA-BAT.

The footstep of the Lord on a rock. _See_ =Phra-Chai=.

_To Ulysses._

PHRA-CHAI.

The shadow of the Lord. Certain obscure markings on a rock in Siam, which express the image of Buddha to the Buddhist more or less distinctly according to the faith and his moral worth.--_Poet’s Note._

_To Ulysses._

PHRYNE.

_Becket._ Where, my liege? With Phryne,
Or Lias, or thy Rosamund, or another?

Has reference to Phryne, a Greek courtesan. On account of her beauty she obtained numerous suitors who lavished gifts upon her so freely that she became exceedingly rich. She was a model to Praxiteles for his statue of Venus. Being accused of profanity she was brought before the Tribunal, and was defended by Hyperides, one of her lovers; but seeing that the eloquence of Hyperides failed to convince the judges, she exposed her person, and was immediately acquitted, and carried in triumph to the temple of Venus.

_Becket._

PIACENZA.

An old Italian city.

_The Daisy._

PICUS.

‘But who was he, that in the garden snared
Picus and Faunus, rustic Gods?

King of Latium, son of Saturn, and the Italian god of agriculture. He married the nymph Canens, and became the father of Faunus. When out hunting in the woods one day he was met by Circe, who changed him into a woodpecker, because he rejected her love and was faithful to Canens.

_Lucretius._

PIERIAN.

If the lips were touch’d with fire from off a pure Pierian altar,

A regular epithet for the muses.

_Parnassus._

PIERO.

Piero was cruelly murdered by the captain of a band of highwaymen. The reason given by his wife for such an outrage is

‘the Bandit had woo’d me in vain, and he stabb’d my Piero with this.

The bandit dragged the woman to his cave in the mountain, where she lived in hatred of her husband’s murderer, crying to the saints to avenge. On the birth of a son, however, there seemed to be a little less hatred between them. Being tracked by the police, the bandit accidentally strangled the child as he utter’d a cry. The woman’s loathing revived, she stabbed him as he slept, put the head in a cloth, and set out to receive the promised ransom.

You have set a price on his head: I may claim it without a lie.

* * * * *

For I with this dagger of his--do you doubt me? Here is his head!

_Bandit’s Death._

PIERO.

The dead lover of Elisabetta, nurse to Count Federigo degli Alberighi. Elisabeth remonstrated with the count for his extravagance towards the lady Giovanni for whom he had bought a diamond necklace, and pointing to her own said:

they are but blue beads--my Piero,
God rest his honest soul, he brought ’em for me,
Ay, but he knew I meant to marry him.

_The Falcon._

PIGEON.

A well-known bird of the genus _Columba_.

_Audley Court_;
_The Brook_;
_Gareth and Lynette_.

PIKE.

A large fresh-water fish.

_Village Wife._

PILATE.

Pontius Pilate.

_Becket._

PILGRIM’S PROGRESS.

More like the picture
Of Christian in my ‘Pilgrim’s Progress’ here
Bow’d to the dust beneath the burthen of sin.

An allegory by John Bunyan, recounting the adventures of the hero Christian in journeying from the City of Destruction to the heavenly Jerusalem. It was written by Bunyan during his imprisonment in Bedford jail, between 1660 and 1672.

_Promise of May._

PINDAR.

Fair things are slow to fade away,
Bear witness you, that yesterday
From out the Ghost of Pindar in you
Roll’d an Olympian;

The greatest lyric poet of Greece.

_To Professor Jebb._

PINE.

A cone-bearing evergreen tree.

_Leonine Elegiacs_;
_Two Voices_;
_Œnone_;
_Lotos-Eaters_;
_Amphion_;
_The Voyage_;
_Aylmer’s Field_;
_Lucretius_;
_The Princess_;
_Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington_;
_A Welcome to Her Royal Highness Marie Alexandrovna,
Duchess of Edinburgh_;
_The Daisy_;
_To Rev. F. D. Maurice_;
_The Islet_;
_The Window_;
_Maud_;
_Gareth and Lynette_;
_Lover’s Tale_;
_Voyage of Maeldune_;
_To Ulysses_;
_Progress of Spring_;
_Death of Œnone_;
_Bandit’s Death_;
_Queen Mary_;
_Becket_;
_The Cup_.

PLANE.

= a tree of the genus _Platanus_.

_Lucretius_;
_The Princess_;
_The Cup_.

PLANTAGENET.

What songs below the waning stars
The lion-heart, Plantagenet,
Sang looking thro’ his prison bars?

Refers to the songs supposed to have been composed by Richard I during his captivity.

_Margaret._

PLANTAGENET.

A line of English kings who reigned from the extinction of the Norman line to the accession of the Tudor, 1154-1485. _See_ =Geoffrey=.

_Queen Mary_;
_The Foresters_.

PLANTAIN.

A common weed, with broad, strong leaves.

_Aylmer’s Field._

PLATO.

A Greek philosopher, 427-347 +B.C.+

_Palace of Art_;
_Lucretius_;
_The Princess_;
_Sisters (Evelyn and Edith)_.

PLEIADS.

A cluster of seven stars; applied in Greek mythology to seven Greek poets.

Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades,
Or loose the bands of Orion?

_Job xxxviii. 31._

_Locksley Hall_;
_Queen Mary_.

PLOVER.

= the lapwing.

_May Queen_;
_Come not, when, etc._;
_Geraint and Enid_;
_Happy_;
_Becket_.

POET-SATYR.

Poet of the poet-satyr
Whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers;

Silenus, who was caught asleep and bound with flowers as narrated in Virgil’s _Sixth Eclogue_.

_To Virgil._

POINET (JOHN).

Bishop of Winchester; became a convert to the reformed faith, and was appointed chaplain to archbishop Cranmer in 1547. Created bishop of Rochester by Edward VI in 1550 and translated to Winchester in the following year. On the accession of Mary he was deprived and fled to Strasburg where he died in 1556.

_Cranmer._ To Strasburg, Antwerp, Frankfort, Zurich, Worms,
Geneva, Basle--our Bishops from their sees
Or fled, they say, or flying--Poinet, Barlow,
Bale, Scory, Coverdale;

_Queen Mary._

POITEVINS.

I learn but now that those poor Poitevins,

= The people of Poitou.

_Becket._

POITOU.

A province of France.

_Harold._

POLAND.

Shall I weep if a Poland fall? shall I shriek if a Hungary fail?

Has reference to the Polish insurrection against Russia in 1831. The rebellion proving a failure, Cracow, which had been hitherto an independent state was annexed to Austria, and the remainder of the kingdom of Poland was made a constitutional monarchy under the Czar of Russia.

_Maud_;
_Poland_.

POLE (Reginald).

_See_ =Reginald Pole=.

POLECAT.

An animal of the weasel kind, which has glands secreting a disagreeable odour.

_The Foresters._

POLLIO.

Chanter of the Pollio, glorying in the blissful years again to be.

Roman historian and poet; the Pollio is the fourth _Eclogue_ of Virgil, which the poet dedicated to him.

_To Virgil._

POLYTHEISM.

The doctrine of the belief in a plurality of gods each with a sphere of his own, and each a personification of some elemental power in the government of the world.

_Akbar’s Dream._

PONTHIEU.

A French province.

_Harold._

PONTIC.

_To Ulysses._

PONTIGNY.

A French village possessing a famous Cistercian monastery built in the twelfth century, and the monastery in which Becket took refuge when he fled to France in 1164.

_Becket._

PONTIUS.

That Pontius and Iscariot by my side
Show’d like fair seraphs.

= Pontius Pilate.

_St. Simeon Stylites._

PONTUS.

An ancient district of Asia Minor on the south-east coast of the Euxine or Black Sea. In Pontus a native monarchy arose soon after 400 +B.C.+ which reached its chief importance under Mithridates VI the Great, who carried on several wars with Rome. In 63 +B.C.+ after the conquest of Mithridates, Pompey made the western half a Roman province, and in 63 +A.D.+ the eastern half was also added to the Roman empire.

_The Cup._

POPLAR. POPLAR-TREE.

A tree of the genus _Populus_.

_Leonine Elegiacs_;
_Mariana_;
_Ode to Memory_;
_Amphion_;
_In Memoriam_;
_Lancelot and Elaine_;
_Sisters (Evelyn and Edith)_;
_Voyage of Maeldune_;
_Balin and Balan_;
_The Cup_.

POPPY.

A plant of the genus _Papaver_ having large showy flowers.

_Lotos-Eaters_;
_Dora_;
_The Princess_;
_Last Tournament_;
_Voyage of Maeldune_;
_Spinster’s Sweet-Arts_;
_The Tourney_.

PORTUGAL.

_Sisters (Evelyn and Edith)._

PRASÚTAGUS.

King of the Iceni, husband of queen Boädicea. On his deathbed, 60 +A.D.+, he made the emperor Nero with his two daughters joint heir of his wealth, in the hope of securing Nero’s protection for his family and the people of Iceni; but no sooner was he dead than the Romans seized the territory and treated the inhabitants with cruelty, who under Boädicea (_q.v._) rose against them but were defeated.

_Boädicea._

PRESTER JOHN.

Or clutch’d the sacred crown of Prester John
And cast it to the Moor:

A supposed king and priest who is said to have reigned over a kingdom in the interior of Asia. This idea was universal until the beginning of the fourteenth century when it was transferred to Ethiopia and the title applied to a ruler of the Abyssinian kingdom. He claimed to have been the mightiest monarch on earth, no less than seventy-two kings being his tributaries. In 1221 he was defeated by Genghis Khan, one of the tributary kings who had revolted against him.

_Columbus._

PRIVET.

A shrub, much used for hedges.

_Walking to the Mail._

PROSERPINE.

In Italian mythology the daughter of Zeus and Demeter; identified with the Greek Persephonè (_q.v._). Whilst gathering wild asphodels in the fields of Enna was seized and carried off by Pluto to the infernal regions and made queen of Hades.

she moved
Like Proserpine in Enna, gathering flowers

She married Pluto and became the mother of the Furies.

_Edwin Morris._

PROVENÇAL.

Nay, if I took and translated that hard heart into our Provençal
facilities, I could so play about it with the rhyme--

_Becket._

PROVENCE.

A province of southern France.

_Lover’s Tale_;
_Becket_.

PSYCHE.

Lady Psyche was one of the tutors at the female college founded by princess Ida, heroine of _The Princess_. She was supposed to be a person possessing a very charming manner, and was essentially feminine both in heart and manner. Her abilities as a lecturer were marked and to her abilities Cyril paid a delicate compliment when he, disguised as a girl student, gained admission into the college.

_The Princess._

PSYCHE.

The long-limb’d lad that had a Psyche too:

In Greek mythology a beautiful maiden, the youngest of three daughters of a king, represented as the personification of the Human Soul. She was loved by Cupid who carried her away to a palace where he visited her without being identified. Psyche could not however resist the curiosity of knowing who he was, and lit a lamp, when a drop of oil fell on Cupid’s shoulder, which awoke him and he fled. She then wandered from place to place in search of her lover, until she came to the palace of Venus, who, being jealous of her beauty, made her her slave, but ultimately Cupid came to her rescue, married her and bestowed on her immortality.

_The Princess._

PTARMIGAN.

and know
The ptarmigan that whitens ere his hour
Woos his own end;

A species of grouse. The colour of this bird varies, being brownish-gray in summer and white in winter.

_Last Tournament._

PUBLIUS.

Captain of a band of Roman soldiers, and guard to Synorix, from whom he received orders to capture as traitors any one who was talking with Synorix when he cried ‘Rome, Rome.’ Publius was also present in the temple at the murder of Sinnatus by Synorix, and helped to bear away the body from the temple for burial.

_The Cup._

PUMPY.

Scizzars an’ Pumpy was good uns to goä
Thruf slush an’ squad
When roäds was bad,
But hallus ud stop at the Vine-an’-the-Hop,
Fur boäth on ’em knawed as well as mysen
That beer be as good fur ’erses as men.

Name of a horse.

_Promise of May._

P. W.

Poor Philip, of all his lavish waste of words
Remains the lean P. W. on his tomb:

= Philip Willows; father of Katie Willows.

_The Brook._

PYRENEAN.

Till o’er the hills her eagles flew
Beyond the Pyrenean pines,

= The Pyrenees.

_Ode on the death of the Duke of Wellington._

PYTHAGORAS.

And once for ten long weeks I tried
Your table of Pythagoras,

= A vegetarian diet, as recommended by Pythagoras, the famous Greek philosopher, and adopted by Fitzgerald.

_To E. Fitzgerald._

QUAIL.

A bird closely allied to the partridge.

_Audley Court._

QUEEN O’ THE MAY.

The chief character in the poem entitled the _May Queen_. The poem is divided into three parts, and opens

You must wake and call me early, call me early, mother dear:
To-morrow ’ill be the happiest time of all the glad New-year;
Of all the glad New-year, mother, the maddest merriest day;
For I’m to be Queen o’ the May, mother, I’m to be Queen o’ the May.

The second portion, entitled _New Year’s Eve_, opens with a request from the girl to her mother to call her early on the first morning of the year:

If you’re waking call me early, call me early mother dear,
For I would see the sun rise upon the glad New-year.
It is the last New-year that I shall ever see.
Then you may lay me low i’ the mould and think no more of me.

Later on in the poem we find the girl lying seriously ill, but longs to live until the snowdrop comes:

There’s not a flower on all the hills: the frost is on the pane:
I only wish to live till the snowdrops come again:
I wish the snow would melt and the sun come out on high:
I long to see a flower so before the day I die.

Towards the end of the poem she charges her sister to look after her little garden:

She’ll find my garden-tools upon the granary floor:
Let her take ’em: they are hers: I shall never garden more:
But tell her, when I’m gone, to train the rosebush that I set
About the parlour-window and the box of mignonette.

The girl however lingers long enough to see not only the snowdrop but also the violet:

I thought to pass away before, and yet alive I am;
And in the fields all round I hear the bleating of the lamb.
How sadly, I remember, rose the morning of the year!
To die before the snowdrop came, and now the violet’s here.

and as the girl lies in her mother’s arms at the point of death, happy in the anticipation of meeting her mother and sister in the world beyond, the poem concludes:

O sweet and strange it seems to me, that ere this day is done
The voice, that now is speaking, may be beyond the sun--
For ever and for ever with those just souls and true--
And what is life, that we should moan? why make we such ado?

For ever and for ever, all in a blessed home--
And there to wait a little while till you and Effie come--
To lie within the light of God, as I lie upon your breast--
And the wicked cease from troubling, and the weary are at rest.

_May Queen._

QUINCE.

A tree belonging to the same tribe as the apple.

_Balin and Balan._

QUINTUS CALABER.

And read a Grecian tale re-told,
Which cast in later Grecian mould,
Quintus Calaber
Somewhat lazily handled of old;

A poet, who wrote in fourteen books a Greek poem as a continuation of Homer’s _Iliad_ in the third century.

_To the Master of Balliol._

RABBIT.

A rodent quadruped of the hare family.

_Aylmer’s Field_;
_Queen Mary_;
_Promise of May_.

RACHEL.

Fairer than Rachel by the palmy well,

Has reference to the first meeting of Jacob and Rachel at the well of Haran. _Genesis xxix._

_Aylmer’s Field._

RAGGED-ROBIN.

A common wild-flower of the campion kind, its petals having a ragged appearance, hence its name.

_Marriage of Geraint._

RAHAB.

_Pole._ The scarlet thread of Rahab saved her life;
And mine, a little letting of the blood.

Has reference to Rahab who received the spies sent by Joshua to spy out Jericho.

_Queen Mary._

RALPH.

Sir Ralph, an old knight, who evidently took part in the Crusades.

‘And that was old Sir Ralph’s at Ascalon,’

It was near Ascalon that the Crusaders in 1099 under Godfrey de Bouillon defeated a superior army sent by the sultan of Egypt to capture Jerusalem. A statue of Sir Ralph in orange scarf and silken sash evidently adorned princess Ida’s college, but when prince Arac and princess Ida were wedded, the knight was disrobed of his feminine attire, and was seen once more standing in the armour that befitted his sex and profession.

_The Princess._

RALPH.

Ralph, a knight, and lover of Edith Montfort. He took part in a tournament, won it, and was crowned by his lady-love, and won the admiration of his king.

_The Tourney._

RALPH. RALPH BAGENHALL.

Sir Ralph Bagenhall; the only member of the House of Commons who protested against reconciliation with Rome in 1556, for which he was committed to the Tower.

_Queen Mary._

RAM.

= A male sheep.

_Last Tournament._

RANDULF.

_Grim._ And one of the De Brocs is with them, Robert,
The apostate monk that was with Randulf here.

The brother of Robert de Broc.

_Becket._

RAPHAËL.

What fame? I am not Raphaël, Titian--no
Not even a Sir Joshua, some will cry.

The celebrated painter, sculptor and architect.

_Romney’s Remorse._

RAT.

A rodent quadruped of the genus _Mus_.

_The Foresters_;
_Walking to the Mail_;
_Maud_;
_Merlin and Vivien_;
_Pelleas and Ettarre_;
_Owd Roä_;
_Queen Mary_;
_The Falcon_;
_Promise of May_.

RAVEN.

A large bird of the crow family.

_Boädicea_;
_Maud_;
_Guinevere_;
_Rizpah_;
_Battle of Brunanburh_;
_Merlin and the Gleam_;
_Harold_;
_The Foresters_.

RAY (Philip).

_See_ =Enoch, Enoch Arden=.

RAYMOND OF POITOU.

Have we not heard
Raymond of Poitou, thine own uncle--

Raymond I, prince of Antioch.

_Becket._

REDCAP.

A bird of the goldfinch family, having a conical crest of red feathers on the top of its head.

_Gardener’s Daughter._

REDHATS.

But the King hath bought half the College of Redhats.

= Cardinals.

_Becket._

RED SEA.

An inland sea between Africa and Asia.

_To the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava._

REFORM.

Name of a horse.

_The Brook._

REGGIO.

An Italian seaport.

_The Daisy._

REGINALD. REGINALD FITZURSE.

Eldest son of Richard Fitzurse and the principal actor in the murder of Thomas Becket. For some years he resided at Williton in Somerset. After the murder he escaped with his fellow-murderers to Saltwood castle, and finally to Knaresborough the home of de Morville, where they remained for about a year, after which Fitzurse went to Rome to receive sentence by the pope and was sent to expiate his sins at Jerusalem.

_Becket._

REGINALD POLE.

Cardinal archbishop of Canterbury, son of sir Richard Pole. Appointed to various benefices by Henry VIII and upon the death of Wolsey refused the archbishoprick of York. Being attainted of treason he fled to Italy and settled for some years in Padua; opposed the royal divorce and was deprived of all his preferments. In 1536 he was summoned to Rome by the pope who appointed him a cardinal, and sent him to the French king, Francis I, to stir him to war against England; was one of the legates sent to open the Council of Trent, 1545. On the accession of Mary he was appointed papal legate to England, to arrange with queen Mary as to the best means of bringing the kingdom again in subjection to the papal see, and upon his arrival in England was created archbishop of Canterbury. In 1557 his legation was cancelled and he was summoned to Rome on the charge of heresy, but falling ill, died on the same day as queen Mary, November 17, 1558, and was buried in St. Thomas’ Chapel, Canterbury.

_Queen Mary._

RENARD (Simon).

_See_ =Simon, Simon Renard=.

REVEILLÉE.

The beat of drum, or bugle blast, about break of day, to give notice that it is time for soldiers to rise.

_In Memoriam._

REVENGE, THE.

The ship commanded by sir Richard Grenville (_q.v._) in lord Howard’s squadron which was attacked by the Spanish fleet off the Azores in August 1591.

_The Revenge._

RHINE.

The principal river of Germany.

_In Memoriam._

RHODOPE.

The Rhodope, that built the pyramid,

Has reference to Rhodopis, a courtesan of ancient Greece who lived about 600 +B.C.+ There is a Greek legend that she built the third pyramid, but in reality it was the work of Nitocris.

A statelier pyramis to her I’ll rear
Than Rhodope’s of Memphis ever was:

Shakespeare: _I Henry VI. Act i. Scene vi._

_The Princess._

RICHARD (the first, Cœur de Lion).

King of England, third son of Henry II. In 1189 took the vow of a crusader and in the following year proceeded to the East with Philip Augustus of France, leaving the bishop of Ely to carry on the government at home. Richard displayed valour against Saladin whom he defeated near Cæsarea, but having concluded a peace set out for England. His vessel being shipwrecked on the coast of Italy, he made his way in disguise through the dominions of his natural enemy Leopold of Austria, but being recognized was arrested and handed over to the emperor, Henry VI, who confined him in a castle in the Tyrol, bound with chains. At length he was ransomed by his subjects for 150,000 marks and arrived in England in 1104. He found his dominions in great confusion owing to the intrigue of Philip of France and John his brother, but rapidly made himself master of the castles which held out for John--who submitted and was pardoned--was in 1194 crowned a second time. He is supposed about this time to have visited Robin Hood in Sherwood Forest. On May 12, 1194, he left England and invaded France with a large army, and while besieging the castle of Chaluz in Aquitaine was wounded. He died on April 6, 1199, and was buried in the Abbey Church of Fontevraud.

_The Foresters._

RICHARD (the Third).

King of England, son of Richard, duke of York. On the death of Edward IV he assumed the title of Protector, and on July 6, 1483, was crowned king. Shortly afterwards the two princes were murdered in the Tower, there being strong suspicion that Richard himself was concerned in their murder. Disgusted with his cruelty and the usurpation of the crown, Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, who was in Brittany, was invited to invade England, and landing at Milford Haven marched to Bosworth in Leicestershire where Richard was defeated and slain, Henry being crowned king on the field.

_Queen Mary._

RICHARD (de Brito).

_See_ =De Brito=.

RICHARD. RICHARD GRENVILLE.

A gallant seaman in Elizabeth’s time; took part in the defeat of the Armada. In 1591, while commanding the _Revenge_, engaged singlehanded the entire Spanish fleet off the Azores, and, after a desperate fight of eighteen hours, surrendered and was carried wounded on board the Spanish flagship San Philip, where he died.

And the stately Spanish men to their flagship bore him then,
Where they laid him by the mast, old Sir Richard caught at last,
And they praised him to his face with their courtly foreign grace;
But he rose upon their decks, and he cried:
‘I have fought for Queen and Faith like a valiant man and true;
I have only done my duty as a man is bound to do:
With a joyful spirit I Sir Richard Grenville die!’
And he fell upon their decks, and he died.

_The Revenge._

RICHARD. RICHARD LEA. RICHARD OF THE LEA.

Sir Richard Lea, father of Maid Marian.

_The Foresters._

RICHARD.

That traitor to King Richard and the truth,

Richard II, king of England from 1377 to 1399.

_Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham._

RIDLEY (Nicholas).

Bishop of London; descended from an ancient Northumberland family; became chaplain to archbishop Cranmer in 1537 and chaplain to king Henry VIII in 1541. Appointed by Edward VI bishop of Rochester, and took part in the framing of the _Articles_ and _Homilies_. On the deprivation of Bonner, bishop of London, Ridley was appointed his successor. Visited the princess Mary at Hunsdon, but failed to shake her adherence to the Roman Catholic faith, and consequently signed the will of Edward VI settling the crown on lady Jane Grey. On Mary’s accession was deprived and sent to the Tower, thence--with Latimer and Cranmer--to Oxford, and on refusing to recant was condemned, and with Latimer (_q.v._) burnt to death opposite Balliol College, Oxford, 1555.

_Queen Mary._

RINGDOVE.

A wood-pigeon, so-called from a white ring on the neck.

_Talking Oak_;
_Queen Mary_.

ROÄ.

Name of a dog.

_Owd Roä._

ROÄVER.

Name of a dog.

_Owd Roä._

ROB.

Name of man and cat.

_Spinster’s Sweet-arts._

ROBBY.

Name of man and cat.

_Spinster’s Sweet-arts._

ROBERT.

Sir Robert, mentioned by Everard Hall, during an entertainment at Audley Court. Francis Hale, his friend, sang a song; Everard replying with one also, explaining

I found it in a volume, all of songs.
Knock’d down to me, when old Sir Robert’s pride--
His books--the more the pity, so I said--
Came to the hammer here in March--

Sir Robert was evidently a literary person.

_Audley Court._

ROBERT.

Wedded to Letty Hill, a millionaire’s daughter. She fell in love with a man who came to spend a holiday near her home, but acting under the influence of her relatives she forsook him, to marry Sir Robert.

They wedded her to sixty thousand pounds,
To lands in Kent and messuages in York,
And slight Sir Robert with his watery smile
And educated whisker.

_Edwin Morris._

ROBERT.

_Grim._ And one of the De Brocs is with them, Robert,
The apostate monk that was with Randulf here.

Robert de Broc. A monk.

_Becket._

ROBERT. ROBERT OF JUMIÉGES.

Archbishop of Canterbury, a Norman by birth. Prior of St. Ouen at Rouen, and in 1037 was appointed Abbot. Accompanied Edward the Confessor to England in 1043, who appointed him bishop of London in the following year. Opposed the earl of Godwin with the result that the earl and his family were driven into exile, but upon Godwin’s return in 1052 he fled to Walton-on-the-Naze in Essex where he embarked for Normandy. Being deprived of his See, he went to Rome to lay the matter before the pope, who ordered his reinstatement, but he did not regain possession of it. On his return from Rome he went to Jumiéges, where he died and was buried near the high altar of the Abbey Church.

_Harold._

ROBIN.

Friend and playmate of the ‘May Queen,’ who thinks she is dying, and bids farewell to her friends, of whom Robin is one.

And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret;

* * * * *

If I had lived--I cannot tell--I might have been his wife;

_May Queen._

ROBIN.

Subject of a song sung by a milkmaid, beginning

Shame upon you, Robin,
Shame upon you now.

_Queen Mary._

ROBIN. ROBIN HOOD. ROBIN OF HUNTINGDON.

A famous outlaw, who, with his companions--the most noted of whom were Little John, Will Scarlet, Much, the miller’s son, his chaplain, Friar Tuck, and his paramour Maid Marian--inhabited the forest of Sherwood in Nottingham. He is identified with Robin, earl of Huntingdon, and was born at Locksley, Nottingham, in the reign of Henry II.

‘In Locksly town, in merry Nottinghamshire,
In merry sweet Locksly town,
There bold Robin Hood was born and was bred,
Bold Robin of famous renown.’

_Sloane MS._

He was skilled in archery, and his exploits and those of his merry men, are the subject of many ballads and tales. Robin Hood’s Bay, on the east coast of Yorkshire, is said to owe its name to the tradition of Robin Hood, whose arrows shot from the tower of Whitby reached three miles distant. He robbed the rich only, being particularly fond of pillaging prelates, whom he seems to have held in decided aversion.

These byshoppes and thyse archebyshoppes
Ye shall them bete and bynde.

He gave freely to the poor, and protected the needy.

The performance of the Morrice Dance, which was so common in the fourteenth century--and to some degree still extant--has been associated with Robin Hood’s forest games, and his jovial life in the green glades of Sherwood, when Robin Hood and Maid Marian and Friar Tuck were the chief characters, which company also included the Hobby-horse and the Fool.

The merry pranks he playd, would aske an age to tell,
And the adventures strange that _Robin Hood_ befell,
When _Mansfield_ many a time for _Robin_ hath bin layd,
How he that cosned them, that him would have betrayd;
How often he hath come to _Nottingham_ disguisd,
And cunningly escapt, being set to be surprizd.
In this our spacious Isle, I thinke there is not one,
But he hath heard some talke of him and Little _John_;
And to the end of time, the Tales shall ne’er be done,
Of _Scarlock_, _George a Greene_, and _Much_, the Millers sonne,
Of _Tuck_, the merry Frier, which many a Sermon made,
In praise of _Robin Hood_, his Out-lawes, and their Trade.

Drayton: _Polyolbion. Five and twentieth Song._

He is supposed to have been intentionally bled to death at the age of eighty-seven in the Cistercian nunnery at Kirklees in Yorkshire, about the year 1247.

It is said that when Robin perceived the treachery which had been practised on him, he blew a loud blast on his bugle-horn. The call reached the ears of Little John, who hastened from the adjoining forest of Kirklees, and forced his way into the chamber where the dying chieftain lay, who, according to an old ballad, made the following request:

Give me my bent bow in my hand,
And a broad arrow I’ll let flee;
And where this arrow is taken up,
There shall my grave digg’d be.

Lay me a green sod under my head,
And another at my feet,
And lay my bent bow by my side,
Which was my music sweet,
And make my grave of gravel and green,
Which is most right and meet.

Let me have length and breadth enough,
With a green sod under my head,
That they may say, when I am dead,
‘Here lies bold Robin Hood.’

These words they readily promised him,
Which did bold Robin please,
And there they buried bold Robin Hood,
Near to the fair Kirkleys.

The bow being placed in his hand by Little John, Robin discharged it through the open window, and the arrow alighted on a spot where according to tradition he was afterwards interred. On a stone within the railings surrounding the grave is the following inscription:

‘Hear Underneath dis laitl stean
Laz Robert earl of Huntingtun
Ne’er arcir ver az his sa geud
An pipl kauld im Robin Heud
Sick utlawz as hi an iz men
Vil England nivr si agen
Obiit 24 Kal Dekembris 1247.’

Robin Hood has been made the hero of many tales and adventures by romancers and poets. The first historical allusion is found in _Piers Ploughman_, by William Langland, which, according to Skeat, cannot be older than about 1377. In 1420 Wyntown published his _Scottish Chronicle_, and at the commencement of the sixteenth century he is mentioned in Mair’s _History of Great Britain_. After the introduction of the art of printing in England by Caxton in 1477, there appeared a collection of Robin Hood Ballads entitled _Here beginneth a little geste of Robin Hood and his meiny: and of the proud Sheriff of Nottingham_, and towards the end of the same century a play by Anthony Munday, _The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon_, made its appearance. Reference is also made to him in Michael Drayton’s _Polyolbion, Song_ XXV _Lincolnshire_, published about 1622. In 1821 Joseph Ritson published his _Robin Hood Ballads_, and some years afterwards appeared Campbell’s _A Historical Sketch of Robin Hood_.

_The Foresters._

ROBIN.

Robin-redbreast, a bird with a reddish breast.

_Locksley Hall_;
_Enoch Arden_.

ROBINS.

A farm hand mentioned by an old farmer, who was fast failing, though he refused to believe so, as he had so much work to do. He said that God

‘a mowt ’a taäen young Robins--a niver mended a fence:

_Northern Farmer, Old Style._

ROCHESTER.

A city and seaport in Kent.

_Queen Mary._

ROGER.

A servant.

_Queen Mary._

ROGER. ROGER OF YORK.

Archbishop of York. With Becket was brought up at the court of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury. In 1148 he was made archdeacon of Canterbury, and six years later was created archbishop of York. On the election of Becket, Roger claimed the right of consecrating him, but his claim was rejected. He however obtained the pope’s authority to crown kings, which right was--upon Becket protesting--withdrawn. In 1170 he performed--in spite of Becket’s remonstrances and the prohibition of pope Alexander III--the coronation ceremony of Henry II’s son. Roger was suspended, and upon Becket’s return from exile crossed over to Normandy and complained to Henry that there would be no peace so long as Becket remained alive. Some authorities consider that he was mainly responsible for the murder of the archbishop, for after the murder he took an oath before the archbishop of Rouen that he was innocent of the charge, and confessed that he had not received permission from the pope to crown Henry’s son king, and was accordingly absolved. Obtained permission to carry his cross within the province of Canterbury, and at the council of Northampton in 1176 urged that the Scottish Church should be made subordinate to the See of York; which claim pope Alexander III recognized in 1180. He died in 1181 and was buried in York Minster.

_Becket._

ROGER ACTON.

Burnt--good Sir Roger Acton, my dear friend!

A Shropshire knight, executed for taking part in Oldcastle’s insurrection, 1414.

_Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham._

ROGERS (John).