Chapter XLVIII: Appendix (2)

Committed by themselves or by their relations. The law frequently
adjudges, besides punishment to the man, that his family and
descendants shall for the future be slaves of the Government. The
descendants of captives in war are classed and treated as Government
slaves.

Footnote 11:

“The abolition of the system of _corvée_, which weighs very heavily on
the people, would be a boon of infinite benefit to the country. It is
not only that the service lawfully due is heavy, but the opportunity
for imposing vexatious and severe labour, with a view to receiving a
bribe for dispensing with it, is eagerly taken advantage of by
unscrupulous officials. A poll-tax of reasonable amount would probably
bring in a greater sum to the Royal revenues, and would bear but
lightly on the people.”—Consular Report, Siam, No. 1, (1886).

Footnote 12:

Up to August 1885, when George Washington, the second King of Siam,
died, a duplicate king reigned in Siam in conjunction with the supreme
monarch, and had much the same power as a Chow Hona has in the Shan
States.

Footnote 13:

During my various journeys I passed through or near 222 villages in
the portion of the Zimmé plain lying between the entrance of the Meh
Teng, into the Meh Ping on the north and the junction of the Meh
Hkuang with the Meh Ping on the south—including those on the various
branches of the river.

Footnote 14:

The prince at the head of the Gem City.

Footnote 15:

Page 219.

Footnote 16:

_Butea frondosa._

Footnote 17:

The province of Kiang Hsen, not the city; the latter was only
reoccupied in 1881.

Footnote 18:

The _kwun_ among the Shans has a resemblance to the _ka-la_ or
guardian angel believed in by the Karens. The Karens believe that
everything living, vegetable or animal, possesses a _ka-la_, which
still remains with the soul of the plant or animal after its body is
destroyed, and accompanies a man to his future abode of bliss or
punishment. Its place is on the head or neck of every human being. As
long as it remains seated in its place the Karen is safe from all
attacks of evil spirits; but if it is enticed away by others, or jumps
down and wanders away during the body’s sleep, then follow sickness
and death. If a man is sick or pining away, his spirit is supposed to
be wandering, and has to be enticed back with an offering of good.

Footnote 19:

Siam Repository, 1869.

Footnote 20:

The Karens sometimes bury an infant alive with its mother; and amongst
the Kakhyens, a wild tribe in the north of Burmah, if a woman dies
within seven days of childbirth, the corpse, living child, house, and
every article in the house, are burnt. The child may be adopted by a
stranger, but it must not remain in the village, and no Kakhyen will
have anything to do with it.

Footnote 21:

It is strange to find a custom in vogue many centuries ago in Egypt
still practised amongst the Shans in Indo-China. In Egypt frequently
the whole skin of the embalmed body was covered with gold-leaf; in
other cases the face, the eyelids, and sometimes only the nails.

Footnote 22:

Spirit-worship.

Footnote 23:

The Pee Song Nang, if belonging to the primitive Turanian spirits, so
generally believed in by the Shans, are neither male nor female
spirits. All such spirits, unlike the ancient Chaldean deities, have
neither husbands, wives, nor children, and are utterly devoid of any
of the good points appertaining to human beings. They know neither law
nor kindness, do not listen to prayer and supplication, and are merely
objects of dread to the people. They are sacrificed to only to keep
them in a good humour, and to prevent them wreaking their vengeance
and spite upon the people.

Footnote 24:

The length of the branch line is estimated at 160 miles, the cost at
one and a half million sterling, which is equivalent to Rs. 136,363 a
mile, taking exchange at 1s. 4¼d. The 108 miles opened in Upper Burmah
up to December 31, 1888, cost, according to the last “Administration
Report on the Railways in India,” only Rs. 50,349 per mile.

Footnote 25:

Two hundred and seventy-five British steamers and 16 British
sailing-vessels visited Bangkok in 1888, and only 17 French steamers
and no French sailing-vessels. The gross sea-borne trade of Bangkok in
the same year was valued at over four millions sterling, the imports
at £1,657,708, and the exports at £2,598,901. The import of cotton
manufactures was valued at £302,746, and cotton yarns at £40,936.

Footnote 26:

In 1888, 27,118 bullocks were exported from Bangkok, and according to
the last Consular Report, “the export of cattle overland to Burmah is
said to be about double that from Bangkok.” One hundred thousand head
of cattle—buffaloes and bullocks—have died in a single year of
cattle-disease in Burmah, and a large portion of the area of our
province would have been thrown out of cultivation if it had not been
for the supplies we were able to draw from Siam.

Footnote 27:

A superstitious belief that the ancient trade-routes must necessarily
be the best has always influenced Indian officialism. It overlooks the
important fact that routes which were well adapted for caravan traffic
may be quite unsuitable for railway communication; and also that the
character and localities of commerce have changed since the ancient
routes were opened up.

Footnote 28:

The son of the late regent was then Kalahom, or Prime Minister of
Siam, and the Kalahom’s daughter is the king’s first wedded wife, but
without the rank of queen. The present queens, right and left, are
half-sisters of the king, and full sisters of Prince Devawongse. The
Kalahom, the Kromatah or Foreign Minister—who was a half-brother of
the ex-regent—and the uncle of the king, who were the heads of the
nobles that opposed progress, have been removed by death or resigned
since my visit, and the king has no longer a pretence for delaying to
propagate measures for the improvement of his administration and the
welfare of his people.

Footnote 29:

These railways, with the exception of the branch from Maulmain, are
now being surveyed by English engineers, under Sir Andrew Clarke’s
syndicate, for the King of Siam.

Footnote 30:

China has since been able to borrow at five per cent.

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