Chapter LI: Appendix: Poisons and Their Antidotes (1)

1028. POISONING, either from accident or design, is of such frequency and danger, that it is of the greatest importance that every person should know the proper mode of procedure in such cases, in order to render immediate assistance when within his power.

1029. Poisons are divided into two classes--_mineral_ (which include the acids) and _vegetable_.

1030. The first thing, usually, to be done, when it is ascertained that a poison has been swallowed, is to evacuate the stomach, unless vomiting takes place spontaneously. Emetics of the sulphate of zinc, (white vitriol,) or ipecacuanha, (ipecac,) or ground mustard seed, should be given.

1031. When vomiting has commenced, it should be aided by large and frequent draughts of the following drinks: flaxseed tea, gum-water, slippery-elm tea, barley water, sugar and water, or any thing of a mucilaginous or diluent character.

MINERAL POISONS.

1032. AMMONIA.--The _water of ammonia_, if taken in an over-dose, and in an undiluted state, acts as a violent corrosive poison.

1033. The best and most effectual antidote is _vinegar_. It should be administered in water, without delay. It neutralizes the ammonia, and renders it inactive. Emetics should not be given.

1034. ANTIMONY.--The _wine of antimony_ and _tartar emetic_, if taken in over-doses, cause distressing vomiting. In addition to the diluent, mucilaginous drinks, give a tea-spoonful of the sirup of poppies, paregoric, or twenty drops of laudanum, every twenty minutes, until five or six doses have been taken, or the vomiting ceases.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1025. Is it useful to know the antidotes or remedies for poison? 1029. Into how many classes are poisons divided? 1030. What is the first thing to be done when it is ascertained that poison has been swallowed? 1031. What should be taken after the vomiting has commenced? 1032. What effect has an over-dose of ammonia? 1033. The antidote? Should an emetic be given for this poison? 1034. What effect has an over-dose of the wine of antimony or tartar emetic?

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1035. The antidotes are _nutgalls_ and _oak bark_, which may be administered in infusion, or by steeping in water.

1036. ARSENIC.--When this has been taken, administer an emetic of ipecac, speedily, in mucilaginous teas, and use the stomach-pump as soon as possible.

1037. The antidote is the _hydrated peroxide of iron_. It should be kept constantly on hand at the apothecaries' shops. It may be given in any quantity, without injurious results.

1038. COPPER.--The most common cause of poisoning from this metal, is through the careless use of cooking utensils made of it, on which the _acetate of copper_ (verdigris) has been allowed to form. When this has been taken, immediately induce vomiting, give mucilaginous drinks, or the _white of eggs_, diffused in water.

1039. The antidote is the _carbonate of soda_, which should be administered without delay.

1040. LEAD.--The _acetate_ (sugar) _of lead_ is the preparation of this metal, which is liable to be taken accidentally, in poisonous doses. Induce immediate vomiting, by emetics of ground mustard seed, sulphate of zinc, and diluent drinks.

1041. The antidote is diluted _sulphuric acid_. When this acid is not to be obtained, either the sulphate of magnesia, (epsom salts,) or the sulphate of soda, (glauber's salts,) will answer every purpose.

1042. MERCURY.--The preparation of this mineral by which poisoning is commonly produced, is _corrosive sublimate_. The mode of treatment to be pursued when this poison has been swallowed, is as follows: The _whites of a dozen eggs_ should be beaten in two quarts of cold water, and a tumbler-full given every two minutes, to induce vomiting. When the whites of eggs are not to be obtained, soap and water should be mixed with wheat flour, and given in copious draughts, and the stomach-pump introduced as soon as possible. Emetics or irritating substances should not be given.

1043. NITRE--_Saltpetre._--This, in over-doses, produces violent poisonous symptoms. Vomiting should be immediately induced by large doses of mucilaginous, diluent drinks; but emetics which irritate the stomach should not be given.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1035. What is the antidote? 1036. What should immediately be done when arsenic is swallowed? 1037. What is the antidote? Can any quantity of this preparation of iron be given without injurious results? 1038. What should be given when verdigris has been taken into the stomach? 1039. What is the antidote? 1040. What should immediately be given when sugar of lead is taken? 1041. What is the antidote? 1042. Give the treatment when corrosive sublimate has been swallowed. 1043. What effect has an over-dose of saltpetre? What treatment should be adopted?

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1044. ZINC.--Poisoning is sometimes caused by the _sulphate of zinc_, (white vitriol.) When this takes place, vomiting should be induced, and aided by large draughts of mucilaginous and diluent drinks. Use the stomach-pump as soon as possible.

1045. The antidote is the _carbonate_, or _super-carbonate of soda_.

1046. NITRIC, (aqua fortis,) MURIATIC, (MARINE ACID,) OR SULPHURIC (OIL OF VITRIOL,) ACIDS, may be taken by accident, and produce poisonous effects.

1047. The antidote is _calcined magnesia_, which should be freely administered, to neutralize the acid and induce vomiting. When magnesia cannot be obtained, the _carbonate of potash_ (salæratus) may be given. _Chalk_, powdered and given in solution, or strong _soap suds_, will answer a good purpose, when the other articles are not at hand. It is of very great importance that something be given speedily, to neutralize the acid. One of the substances before mentioned should be taken freely, in diluent and mucilaginous drinks, as gum-water, milk, flaxseed, or slippery-elm tea. Emetics ought to be avoided.

1048. OXALIC ACID.--This acid resembles the sulphate of magnesia, (epsom salts,) which renders it liable to be taken, by mistake, in poisonous doses. Many accidents have occurred from this circumstance. They can easily be distinguished by tasting a small quantity. _Epsom salts_, when applied to the tongue, have a very bitter taste, while _oxalic acid_ is intensely sour.

1049. The antidote is _magnesia_, between which and the acid a chemical action takes place, producing the oxalate of magnesia, which is inert. When magnesia is not at hand, _chalk_, _lime_, or _carbonate of potash_, (salæratus,) will answer as a substitute. Give the antidote in some of the mucilaginous drinks before mentioned. No time should be lost in introducing the stomach-pump as soon as a surgeon can be obtained.

1050. LEY.--The ley obtained by the leaching of ashes may be taken by a child accidentally. The antidote is vinegar, or oil of any kind. The vinegar neutralizes the alkali by uniting with it, forming the acetate of potash. The oil unites with the alkali, and forms soap, which is less caustic than the ley. Give, at the same time, large draughts of mucilaginous drinks, as flaxseed tea, &c.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1044. What is the antidote for white vitriol? 1047. What is the antidote for aqua fortis and oil of vitriol? Should emetics be avoided? 1048. How can oxalic acid be distinguished from epsom salts? 1049. What is the antidote for an over-dose of oxalic acid? When magnesia cannot be obtained, what will answer as a substitute? 1050. What is the antidote when ley is swallowed?

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

VEGETABLE POISONS.

1051. The vegetable poisons are quite as numerous, and many of them equally as virulent, as any in the mineral kingdom. We shall describe the most common, and which, therefore, are most liable to be taken.

1052. OPIUM.--This is the article most frequently resorted to by those wishing to commit suicide, and, being used as a common medicine, is easily obtained. From this cause, also, mistakes are very liable to be made, and accidents result from it. Two of its preparations, _laudanum_ and _paregoric_, are frequently mistaken for each other; the former being given when the latter is intended.

1053. _Morphia_, in solution, or _morphine_, as it is more commonly called by the public, is a preparation of the drug under consideration, with which many cases of poisoning are produced. It is the active narcotic principle of the opium; and one grain is equal to six of this drug in its usual form.

1054. When an over-dose of opium, or any of its preparations, has been swallowed, the stomach should be evacuated as speedily as possible. To effect this, a teaspoonful of ground mustard seed, or as much tartar emetic as can be held on a five cent piece, or as much _ipecacuanha_ as can be held on a twenty-five cent piece, should be mixed in a tumbler of warm water, and one half given at once, and the remainder in twenty minutes, if the first has not, in the mean time, operated. In the interval, copious draughts of warm water, or warm sugar and water, should be drank.

1055. The use of the stomach-pump, in these cases, is of the greatest importance, and should be resorted to without delay. After most of the poison has been evacuated from the stomach, a strong infusion of _coffee_ ought to be given; or some one of the vegetable acids, such as _vinegar_, or _lemon-juice_, should be administered.

1056. The patient should be kept in motion, and salutary effects will often be produced by dashing a bucket of cold water on the head. _Artificial respiration_ ought to be established, and kept up for some time. If the extremities are cold, apply warmth and friction to them. After the poison has been evacuated from the stomach, stimulants, as warm wine and water, or warm brandy and water, should be given, to keep up and sustain vital action.

1057. STRAMONIUM--_Thorn-Apple._--This is one of the most active narcotic poisons, and, when taken in over-doses, has, in numerous instances, caused death.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1051. Are vegetable poisons as numerous and as virulent in their effects as mineral? 1052. What is said of opium and its preparations? 1054, 1055, 1056. What treatment should be adopted when an over-dose of opium or any of its preparations is taken? 1057. What is said of stramonium?

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1058. HYOSCIAMUS--_Henbane._--This article, which is used as a medicine, if taken in improper doses, acts as a virulent irritating and narcotic poison.

1059. The treatment for the two above-mentioned articles is similar to that of poisoning from over-doses of opium.

1060. CONIUM--_Hemlock._--Hemlock, improperly called, by many, _cicuta_, when taken in an over-dose, acts as a narcotic poison. It was by this narcotic that the Athenians used to destroy the lives of individuals condemned to death by their laws. Socrates is said to have been put to death by this poison. When swallowed in over-doses, the treatment is similar to that of opium, stramonium, and henbane, when over-doses are taken.

1061. BELLADONNA--_Deadly Nightshade._--CAMPHOR. ACONITE--_Monkshood_, _Wolfsbane._ BRYONIA--_Bryony._ DIGITALIS--_Foxglove._ DULCAMARA--_Bittersweet._ GAMBOGE. LOBELIA--_Indian Tobacco._ SANGUINARIA--_Bloodroot._ OIL OF SAVIN. SPIGELIA--_Pinkroot._ STRYCHNINE--_Nux vomica._ TOBACCO.--All of these, when taken in over-doses, are poisons of greater or less activity. The treatment of poisoning, by the use of any of these articles, is similar to that pursued in over-doses of opium. (See OPIUM, page 442.)

1062. In _all_ cases of poisoning, call a physician as soon as possible.

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

1058. Of henbane? 1059. What should be the treatment when an over-dose of stramonium or henbane is taken? 1060. What name is sometimes improperly given to _conium_, or hemlock? How was this narcotic poison used by the Athenians? How are the effects of an over-dose counteracted? 1061. What is the treatment when an over-dose of deadly nightshade, monkshood, foxglove, bittersweet, gamboge, lobelia, bloodroot, tobacco, &c., is taken? 1062. Should a physician be called in all cases when poison is swallowed?

-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

A.

The essential parts of every secretory apparatus are a simple membrane, apparently textureless, named the _primary_, or _basement membrane_, certain cells and blood-vessels. The serous and mucous membrane are examples.

B.

The division and description of the different membranes and tissues are not well defined and settled by anatomical writers. This is not a material defect, as a clear description of the different parts of the system can be given by adopting the arrangement of almost any writer.

C.

FAT is one of the non-nitrogenous substances. It forms the essential part of the adipose tissue. Chemical analysis shows that all fatty substances are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are lighter than water, generally fluid at the natural temperature of the body, and burn with a bright flame, forming water and carbonic acid.

CASEINE is abundantly found in milk. When dried, it constitutes cheese. Alcohol, acids, and the stomach of any of the mammalia coagulate it; and it is also soluble in water. It is found in the blood, bile, saliva, and the lens of the eye.

CHONDRINE is a variety of gelatin. It is obtained from cartilage. It is soluble in warm water, but solidifies on cooling.

LACTIC ACID is common to all the solids and fluids of the system. It is found united with potash, soda, lime, or magnesia.

D.

The word _duodenum_ is derived from the Latin, signifying "twelve," since the intestine, of which this is the name, is usually about twelve fingers' breadth in length. The _jejunum_ is also from the Latin _jejunum_, empty, since it is usually found in that condition after death, as the food seems to pass rapidly through this part of the intestine. The term _ileum_ is from the Greek, signifying "to twist," since it always appears in a contorted condition. The name _cæcum_ is derived from the fact of its being a blind or short sack, perforated by the extremity of the ileum. The name of the next division of the intestine--_colon_--is from the Greek, "to prohibit," as the contents of the alimentary canal pass slowly through this portion. The _rectum_ is named from the straight direction that it assumes in the latter part of its course.

E.

The food is forced through the alimentary canal by contractions of its muscular coat, produced by the nervous filaments of the sympathetic system, not being at all dependent on the cerebro-spinal centre. This is called the peristaltic, or vermicular motion. The great length of intestine in all animals, and especially in the herbivorous ones, is owing to the necessity of exposing the food to a large number of the lacteals, that the nourishment may all be taken from it.

F.

The different processes through which the food passes before assimilation are of considerable interest. The mastication and mixture of the saliva with the food are purely of a mechanical nature. When any solid or fluid substance is placed upon the tongue, or in contact with the inner surface of the cheeks, by an involuntary act, the salivary glands are stimulated to activity, and commence pouring the saliva into the mouth through the salivary ducts. As soon as mastication commences, the contraction of the masseter and other muscles employed in mastication stimulates the salivary glands to increased action, and a still greater quantity of saliva is secreted and forced upon the food, which is constantly being ground to a finer condition, until it is sufficiently reduced for deglutition.

Whether the salivary fluid acts any other part than simply that of a demulcent to assist the gastric juice in still further dissolving the food, is yet a matter of some doubt, although it is found that no other liquid will equally well subserve the process of digestion and promote health.

After the food is in the condition ready to be swallowed, by an apparently involuntary motion, it is placed upon the back of the tongue, which carries it backwards to the top of the pharynx, where the constrictions of the pharynx, aided by the muscles of the tongue and floor of the mouth, with a sudden and violent movement thrust it beyond the epiglottis, in order to allow the least necessary time to the closure of the glottis, after which, by the compression of the oesophagus, it is forced into the stomach.

Here it is that the true business of digestion commences. For as soon as any substance except water enters the stomach, this organ, with involuntary movements, that seem almost like instinct, commences the secretion of the gastric juice, and by long-continued contractions of its muscular coat, succeeds in effecting a most perfect mixture of the food with this juice, by which the contents of the stomach are reduced to the softest pulp.

The gastric juice, in its pure state, is a colorless, transparent fluid; "inodorous, a little saltish, and perceptibly acid. It possesses the property of coagulating albumen, and separating the whey of milk from its curd, and afterwards completely dissolving the curd. Its taste, when applied to the tongue, is similar to that of mucilaginous water, slightly acidulated with muriatic acid." The organs of its secretion are an immense number of tubes or glands, of a diameter varying from one five hundredth to one three hundredth of an inch, situated in the mucous coat of the stomach, and receiving their blood from the gastric arteries. A chemical analysis shows it to consist of water, mucilage, and the several free acids--muriatic, acetic, lactic, and butyric, together with a peculiar organic matter called _pepsin_, which acts after the manner of ferments between the temperature of 50° and 104° F.

The true process of digestion is probably owing to the action of pepsin and the acids, especially if the presence of the chloro-hydric or muriatic be admitted; since we know, by experiments out of the body, that chlorine, one of its elements, is a powerful solvent of all organic substances.

The antiseptic properties of the gastric juice, as discovered by experiments made on Alexis St. Martin, doubtless have much influence on digestion, although their true uses are probably not yet known.

As soon as the food is reduced to a state of fluidity, the pyloric orifice of the stomach is unclosed, and it is thrust onwards through the alimentary canal, receiving in the duodenum the secretions of the liver and pancreas, after which it yields to the lacteals its nutrient portion, and the residuum is expelled from the body.

There have been many hypotheses in regard to the nature of the digestive process. Some have supposed that digestion is a mere mechanical process, produced by the motion of the walls of the stomach; while others, in later times, have considered it as under the influence of a spirit separate from the individual, who took up his residence in the stomach and regulated the whole affair; while others still would make it out to be a chemical operation, and thus constitute the stomach a sort of laboratory. But to all these ridiculous hypotheses Sir John Hunter has applied the following playful language: "Some will have it that the stomach is a mill; others that it is a fermenting vat; and others that it is a stewpan; but in my view of the matter, it is neither a mill, a fermenting vat, nor a stewpan, but a stomach, _a stomach_!"

At the present day this process is regarded as a complex, and not a simple operation. It seems to be a process in which the mechanical, chemical, and vital agencies must all act in harmony and order; for if one of these be withdrawn, the function cannot be sustained for any considerable length of time; and of the chemical and mechanical parts of the process, since the former is much more important, and, as a matter of course, the vital powers are indispensable, therefore digestion may be considered as a chemical operation, directly dependent on the laws of vitality, or of life; since the proper consistency of the food depends, in a great measure, upon the character of the solvents, while the secretion of these fluids, their proper amount, together with the peculiar instinct--as it almost seems to be--necessary to direct the stomach in its many functions, are exclusively and entirely dependent on the laws and conditions of life.

G.

As food is necessary to supply the waste and promote the growth of the body, it follows that that will be the best adapted to the system which contains the same chemical elements of which the body is composed; viz., oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. These elements are found in greater or less quantity in all animal food, and in many vegetable products. Hence, that article of food which contains all these elements in a proper proportion will tend much more to the growth and strength of the body than those kinds which are deficient in one or more of them. Much experience on this point, and scientific research, seem to show that a reasonable amount of animal food in health tends to give greater strength of muscle, and a more general sense of fulness, than in ordinary cases a vegetable diet is able to do, owing to the presence of nitrogen in animal tissues. Yet there are examples of the healthiest and strongest men, who live years without a morsel of animal food; and the fact can only be accounted for, by supposing that the system has the power to make the most economical use of the little nitrogen offered to it in the food; or else that it has by some means the power to abstract it from the atmosphere, and transform it to the living animal substance.

H.

The proximate principles, which are the most important in nourishing the body, are albumen and fibrin. These constitute the greater part of all the softer animal tissues, and are also found in certain classes of vegetables, such as peas, beans, lentils, and many seeds. Hence, in many cases, a vegetable diet, especially if embracing any of those articles, would be sufficient to sustain life, even if no animal food should be eaten. But no animal can exist for a long time if permitted only to eat substances destitute of nitrogen, as in the case of a dog fed entirely on sugar, which lived but thirty days. And owing to this fact, Baron Liebig proposes to call substances used for food, containing nitrogen, "elements of nutrition," and those containing an excess of carbon, "elements of respiration;" since, according to his view, the food is necessary to support the growth of the body by replacing the effete and worn-out particles with new matter, and also to keep up the supply of fuel, in order to promote a sufficient degree of heat in the system. Accordingly, under the first division would be included all lean meats and vegetables, such as peas, &c.; while the fat of animals, vegetable oils, sugars, tubers, (as the potato,) and all other substances containing starch, would be included under the latter division.

I.

This definition of exhalants is from the theory of Haller and others. It is now believed that the fluids exude through the thin coats of the blood vessels. This process is called _exosmose_, and is the _exhalation_ of old physiologists.

J.

It is a well-established fact, in animal and vegetable physiology, that membranes possess the property of allowing fluids and gases to pass through them in either direction, and also to permit two fluids to pass in opposite directions at the same time. This property is designated _endosmose_ when a fluid passes from without a body inward; and _exosmose_ when the reverse takes place. The first is called _imbibition_. One of the most striking instances of this, in the human system, is shown in the lungs, where carbonic acid and water pass out through the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and air-cells; and the oxygen of the air enters the blood through the same membrane. By this process of imbibition, the oxygenation of the blood is much more readily and faithfully accomplished; inasmuch, as by the immense number of bronchial tubes and air-cells a larger quantity of blood is exposed to a greater portion of air, than if the blood were directly laid open to the atmosphere in a mass, or the air were immediately transmitted through it.

Since the function of respiration is to free the system of superfluous carbon and hydrogen, by union with the oxygen of the air, it follows that the greater the amount of the products to be expelled, the larger the quantity of oxygen will be required to effect this purpose, as we find to be the case with those who consume large quantities of food.

The quantity of oxygen daily consumed through the lungs by an adult is about 32.5 oz., and the carbon in the food 13.9 oz. But in order to convert this whole amount of carbon into carbonic acid, which passes off through the lungs and skin, 37 oz. of oxygen are required; the remaining 4.5 oz. being absorbed by the skin. If the supply of food remain the same, while the amount of oxygen in the inspired air is diminished, the superfluous carbon will induce disease in the system, as is the case of those persons who are limited in their supply of air of a proper quality or quantity, and, consequently, have less appetite for food than those who are abundantly supplied with air of the proper standard of health; and in children, who proportionally consume more food than adults, and who are more active, thereby causing a more rapid circulation of blood, and, consequently, the removal of more superfluous particles of matter.

In children we notice the need of air, by their disposition to be much in the open air, and often inspiring more deeply than is common in older persons. Also, if the carbon of the food does not have a requisite supply of oxygen from the air, or other sources, the body becomes emaciated, although nourishing food may be used. And on the other hand, if there be a diminished supply of food, but an abundance of atmospheric air, leanness and emaciation are sure to follow; owing to the fact that if the oxygen has no waste carbon from the body to unite with, it combines with the fat, and some other soft portions of the body, which the Author of nature seems to have provided for this very purpose; as is seen in the case of hibernating animals, who enter their places of winter abode sleek and fat, but crawl out in the spring not merely deprived of their fatty matter, but also with great diminution of all the softer parts, which have given up their share of carbon to supply animal heat. One important cause of emaciation in febrile diseases is the greater rapidity of the pulse and respiration, which consume more carbon than is afforded by the scanty supply of food that is taken, although profuse perspiration, which almost always occurs in some stages of fevers, greatly diminishes the full state of the body.

K.

The theory of Baron Liebig concerning the change which the blood experiences in color, in its passage through the lungs, meets with the approbation of many physiologists, although there are some important difficulties in the way of fully receiving it. A chemical analysis of the blood shows it to be composed of albumen and fibrin, together with some other substances, in small proportions, and always perceptible traces of iron. He attributes the change in color to the iron, as this substance enters into combination with carbon and oxygen. For, as the blood passes through the trunks of the larger vessels and capillaries, it receives the carbon from the tissues which are continually transformed, and taking up the oxygen from the arterialized blood, forms carbonic acid, which unites with the iron, forming proto-carbonate of iron. This being of a gray color, he supposes it to be that which, with the other impurities of the blood, gives the venous blood the dark blue color. Then, as the blood comes in contact with the oxygen, as it is returned and exposed to this element in the lungs, the carbonic acid leaves the iron, which has a stronger affinity for oxygen than for carbonic acid, and forms the scarlet red peroxide of iron, that gives the characteristic color to the arterial blood. After this, as the blood is sent out through the smaller arteries and capillaries, it again gathers carbon and other impurities from the system, and becomes the dark, venous blood, thus completing the whole change of color in the circulation.

L.

As already mentioned, different articles of food have been divided into the azotized and non-azotized, or those which contain nitrogen as one of their constituents, and those which are nearly destitute of it. Of these, according to Liebig, the azotized portions are simply to supply the waste that is continually going on in the body, and promote its growth in the early stages of existence, or, in other words, the nutrient portion; while the sugar, starch, &c., are mainly of use in the respiratory organs. The correctness of this view may be understood from the fact, that the inhabitants in the colder regions of the earth consume a much larger quantity of oil and fat than the residents of hotter climates; and also those dwelling in the temperate zones can eat with greater impunity a larger quantity of fat meats in the winter than in the summer, there being then so much more demand for animal heat than in the summer.

M.

The suggestion of using the bellows in asphyxia, is from the directions of that distinguished and veteran surgeon, Valentine Mott, of New York city. The directions in the first part of the paragraph are the most practical, and best adapted to the wants of the community.

GLOSSARY

AB-DUC´TOR. [L. _abduco_ to lead away.] A muscle which moves certain parts, by separating them from the axis of the body.

AB-DO´MEN. [L. _abdo_, to hide.] That part of the body which lies between the thorax and the bottom of the pelvis.

AB-DOM´IN-IS. Pertaining to the abdomen.

A-CE-TAB´U-LUM. [L. _acetum_, vinegar.] The socket for the head of the thigh-bone; an ancient vessel for holding vinegar.

A-CE´TIC. [L. _acetum_, vinegar.] Relating to acetic acid. This is always composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, in the same proportion.

A-CHIL´LIS. A term applied to the tendon of two large muscles of the leg.

A-CRO´MI-ON. [Gr. +akros+, _akros_, highest, and +ômos+, _omos_, shoulder.] A process of the scapula that joins to the clavicle.

AD-DUC´TOR. [L. _adduco_, to lead to.] A muscle which draws one part of the body toward another.

AL-BU-GIN´E-A. [L. _albus_, white.] A term applied to white textures.

AL-BU´MEN. [L. _albus_, white.] An animal substance of the same nature as the white of an egg.

A-LU´MIN-UM. [L.] The name given to the metallic base of alumina.

AL´VE-O-LAR. [L. _alveolus_, a socket] Pertaining to the sockets of the teeth.

AM-MO´NI-A. An alkali. It is composed of three equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen.

A-NAS´TO-MOSE. [Gr. +ana+, _ana_, through, and +stoma+, _stoma_, mouth.] The communication of arteries and veins with each other.

AN-A-TOM´I-CAL. Relating to the parts of the body, when dissected or separated.

A-NAT´O-MY. [Greek +ana+, _ana_, through, and +tomê+, _tomê_ a cutting.] The description of the structure of animals. The word _anatomy_ properly signifies dissection.

AN´GU-LI. [L. _angulus_, a corner.] A term applied to certain muscles on account of their form.

AN-I-MAL´CU-LÆ. [L. _animalcula_, a little animal.] Animals that are only perceptible by means of a microscope.

AN´NU-LAR. [L. _annulus_, a ring.] Having the form of a ring.

AN-TI´CUS. [L.] A term applied to certain muscles.

A-ORT´A. [Gr. +aortê+, _aortê_; from +aêr+, _aêr_, air, and +têreô+, _têreo_, to keep.] The great artery that arises from the left ventricle of the heart.

AP-O-NEU-RO´SIS. [Gr. +apo+, _apo_, from, and +neuron+, _neuron_, a nerve.] The membranous expansions of muscles and tendons. The ancients called every white tendon _neuron_, a nerve.

AP-PA-RA´TUS. [L. _apparo_, to prepare.] An assemblage of organs designed to produce certain results.

AP-PEND´IX. [L., an addition.] Something appended or added.

A´QUE-OUS. [L. _aqua_, water.] Partaking of the nature of water.

A-RACH´NOID. [Gr. +arachnê+, _arachnê_, a spider, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] Resembling a spider's web. A thin membrane that covers the brain.

AR´BOR. [L.] A tree. _Arbor vitæ._ The tree of life. A term applied to a part of the cerebellum.

AR´TE-RY. [Gr. +aêr+, _aêr_, air, and +têreô+, _têreo_, to keep; because the ancients thought that the arteries contained only air.] A tube through which blood flows from the heart.

A-RYT-E´NOID. [Gr. +arytaina+, _arutaina_, a ewer, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] The name of a cartilage of the larynx.

AS-CEND´ENS. [L.] Ascending; rising.

AS-PHYX´I-A. [Gr. +a+, _a_, not, and +sphyxis+, _sphyxis_, pulse.] Originally, want of pulse; now used for suspended respiration, or apparent death.

AS-TRAG´A-LUS. [Gr.] The name of a bone of the foot. One of the tarsal bones.

AUD-I´TION. [L. _audio_, to hear.] Hearing.

AUD-IT-O´RI-US. [L.] Pertaining to the organ of hearing.

AU´RI-CLE. [L. _auricula_, the external ear; from _auris_, the ear.] A cavity of the heart.

AU-RIC´U-LAR. [L. _auricula_.] Pertaining to the auricle.

AX-IL´LA. [L.] The armpit.

AX´IL-LA-RY. Belonging or relating to the armpit.

A-ZOTE´. [Gr. +a+, _a_, not, and +zôê+, _zoê_, life.] Nitrogen. One of the constituent elements of the atmosphere. So named because it will not sustain life.

BEN-ZO´IC. _Benzoic acid._ A peculiar vegetable acid, obtained from benzoin and some other balsams.

BI´CEPS. [L. _bis_, twice, and _caput_, a head.] A name applied to muscles with two heads at one extremity.

BI-CUS´PIDS. [L. _bis_ and _cuspis_, a point.] Teeth that have two points upon their crown.

BILE. [L. _bilis_.] A yellow, viscid fluid secreted by the liver.

BI-PEN´NI-FORM. [L. _bis_ and _penna_, a feather.] _Bipenniform muscle._ Having fibres on each side of a common tendon.

BRACH´I-AL. [L. _brachium_.] Belonging to the arm.

BRE´VIS. [L.] _Brevis_, short; _brevior_, shorter.

BRONCH´I-A, -Æ. [L.] A division of the trachea that passes to the lungs.

BRONCH´I-AL. Relating to the bronchia.

BRONCH-I´TIS. [L.] An inflammation of the bronchia.

BUC-CI-NA´TOR. [L. _buccinum_, a trumpet.] The name of a muscle of the cheek, so named because used in blowing wind instruments.

BUR´SÆ MU-CO´SA. [L. _bursa_, a purse, and _mucosa_, viscous.] Small sacs, containing a viscid fluid, situated about the joints, under tendons.

CÆ´CUM. [L.] Blind; the name given to the commencement of the colon.

CALX, CAL´CIS. [L.] The heel-bone.

CAL´CI-UM. [L.] The metallic basis of lime.

CAP´IL-LA-RY. [L. _capillus_, a hair.] Resembling a hair; small.

CAP´SU-LAR. Pertaining to a capsule.

CAP´SULE. [L. _capsula_, a little chest.] A membranous bag, enclosing a part.

CA´PUT. [L.] The head. _Caput coli._ The head of the colon.

CAR´BON. [L. _carbo_, a coal.] Pure charcoal. An elementary combustible substance.

CAR-BON´IC. Pertaining to carbon.

CAR´DI-AC. [Gr. +kardia+, _kardia_, heart.] Relating to the heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.

CAR´NE-A, -Æ. [L. _caro_, _carnis_, flesh.] Fleshy.

CA-ROT´ID. [Gr. +karos+, _karos_, lethargy.] The great arteries of the neck that convey blood to the heart. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be seated in these arteries.

CAR´PAL. [L. _carpus_, the wrist.] Relating to the wrist.

CAR´PUS, -I. [L.] The wrist.

CAR´TI-LAGE. [L. _cartilago_.] Gristle. A smooth, elastic substance, softer than bone.

CAR-TI-LAG´IN-OUS. Pertaining to cartilage.

CAU-CA´SIAN. One of the races of men.

CA´VA. [L.] Hollow. _Vena cava._ A name given to the two great veins of the body.

CEL´LU-LAR. [L. _cellula_, a little cell.] Composed of cells.

CER-E-BEL´LUM. [L.] The hinder and lower part of the brain, or the little brain.

CER´E-BRAL. Pertaining to the brain.

CER´E-BRUM. [L.] The front and large part of the brain. The term is sometimes applied to the whole contents of the cranium.

CER´E-BRO-SPI´NAL. Relating to the brain and spine.

CER´VIX. [L.] The neck.

CER´VI-CAL. Relating to the neck.

CHEST. [Sax.] The thorax; the trunk of the body from the neck to the abdomen.

CHLO´RINE. [Gr. +chloros+, _chloros_, green.] _Chlorine gas_, so named from its color.

CHOR´DA, -Æ. [L.] A cord. An assemblage of fibres.

CHO´ROID. [Gr. +chorion+, _chorion_.] A term applied to several parts of the body that resemble the skin.

CHYLE. [Gr. +chulos+, _chulos_, juice.] A nutritive fluid, of a whitish appearance, which is extracted from food by the action of the digestive organs.

CHYL-I-FI-CA´TION. [_chyle_ and L. _facio_, to make.] The process by which chyle is formed.

CHYME. [Gr. +chumos+, _chumos_, juice.] A kind of grayish pulp formed from the food in the stomach.

CHYM-I-FI-CA´TION. [_chyme_ and L. _facio_, to make.] The process by which chyme is formed.

CIL´IA-RY. [L. _cilia_, eyelashes.] Belonging to the eyelids.

CIN-E-RI´TIOUS. [L. _cinis_, ashes.] Having the color of ashes.

CLAV´I-CLE. [L. _clavicula_, from _clavis_, a key.] The collar-bone; so called from its resemblance in shape to an ancient key.

CLEI´DO. A term applied to some muscles that are attached to the clavicle.

CO-AG´U-LUM. [L.] A coagulated mass, a clot of blood.

COC´CYX. [Gr.] An assemblage of bones joined to the sacrum.

COCH´LE-A. [Gr. +kochlô+, _kochlo_, to twist; or L. _cochlea_, a screw.] A cavity of the ear resembling in form a snail shell.

CO´LON. [Gr.] A portion of the large intestine.

CO-LUM´NA, -Æ.[L.] A column or pillar.

COM-MU´NIS. [L.] A name applied to certain muscles.

COM-PLEX´US. [L. _complector_, to embrace.] The name of a muscle that embraces many attachments.

COM-PRESS´OR. [L. _con_, together, and _premo_, _pressus_, to press.] A term applied to some muscles, that compress the parts to which they are attached.

CON´DYLE. [Gr. +kondulos+, _kondulos_, a knuckle, a protuberance.] A prominence on the end of a bone.

CON-JUNC-TI´VA. [L. _con_, together, and _jungo_, to join.] The membrane that covers the anterior part of the globe of the eye.

COP´PER. A metal of a pale, red color, tinged with yellow.

COR-A´COID. [Gr. +korax+, _korax_, a crow, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] A process of the scapula shaped like the beak of a crow.

CO´RI-ON. [Gr. +chorion+, _chorion_, skin.] The true skin.

CORN´E-A. [L. _cornu_, a horn.] The transparent membrane in the fore part of the eye.

COS´TA. [L. _costa_, a coast, side, or rib.] A rib.

CRIB´RI-FORM. [L. _cribrum_, a sieve, and _forma_, form.] A plate of the ethmoid bone, through which the olfactory nerve passes to the nose.

CRI´COID. [Gr. +krikos+, _krikos_, a ring, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] A name given to a cartilage of the larynx, from its form.

CRYS´TAL-LINE. [L. _crystallinus_, consisting of crystal.] _Crystalline lens._ One of the humors of the eye. It is convex, white, firm, and transparent.

CU´BI-TUS, -I. [L. _cubitus_, the elbow.] One of the bones of the forearm, also called the _ulna_.

CU´BOID. [Gr. +kubos+, _kubos_, a cube, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] Having nearly the form of a cube.

CU-NE´I-FORM. [L. _cuneus_, a wedge.] The name of bones in the wrist and foot.

CUS´PID. [L. _cuspis_, a point.] Having one point.

CU-TA´NE-OUS. [L. _cutis_, skin.] Belonging to the skin.

CU´TI-CLE. [L. _cutis_.] The external layer of the skin.

CU´TIS VE´RA. [L. _cutis_, and _vera_, true.] The internal layer of the skin; the true skin.

DEL´TOID. [Gr. +delta+, _delta_, the Greek letter +Delta+, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] The name of a muscle, that resembles in form the Greek letter +Delta+.

DENS. [L.] A tooth.

DENT´AL. [L. _dens_, tooth.] Pertaining to the teeth.

DE-PRESS´OR. [L.] The name of a muscle that draws down the part to which it is attached.

DERM´OID. [Gr. +derma+, _derma_, the skin, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] Resembling skin.

DE-SCEND´ENS. [L. _de_ and _scando_, to climb.] Descending, falling.

DI´A-PHRAGM. [Gr. +diaphragma+, _diaphragma_, a partition.] The midriff; a muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.

DI-AR-RHOE´A. [Gr. +diarreô+, _diarrheo_, to flow through.] A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines.

DI-AS´TO-LE. [Gr. +diastellô+, _diastello_, to put asunder.] The dilatation of the heart and arteries when the blood enters them.

DI-GES´TION. [L. _digestio_.] The process of dissolving food in the stomach, and preparing it for circulation and nourishment.

DIG-I-TO´RUM. [L. _digitus_, a finger.] A term applied to certain muscles of the extremities.

DOR´SAL. [L. _dorsum_, the back.] Pertaining to the back.

DU-O-DE´NUM. [L. _duodenus_, of twelve fingers' breadth.] The first portion of the small intestine.

DU´RA MA´TER. [L. _durus_, hard, and _mater_, mother.] The outermost membrane of the brain.

DYS´EN-TER-Y. [Gr. +dys+, _dûs_, bad, and +enteria+, _enteria_, intestines.] A discharge of blood and mucus from the intestines attended with tenesmus.

DYS-PEP´SI-A. [Gr. +dys+, _dûs_, bad, and +peptô+, _pepto_, to digest.] Indigestion, or difficulty of digestion.

EN-AM´EL. [Fr.] The smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or visible part of a tooth.

EP-I-DERM´IS. [Gr. +epi+, _epi_, upon, and +derma+, _derma_, the skin.] The scarf-skin; the cuticle.

EP-I-GLOT´TIS. [Gr. +epi+, _epi_, upon, and +glôtta+, _glôtta_, the tongue.] One of the cartilages of the glottis.

EU-STA´CHI-AN TUBE. A channel from the fauces to the middle ear, named from Eustachius, who first described it.

EX´CRE-MENT. [L. _excerno_, to separate.] Matter excreted and ejected; alvine discharges.

EX-CRE-MEN-TI´TIAL. Pertaining to excrement.

EX´CRE-TO-RY. A little duct or vessel, destined to receive secreted fluids, and to excrete or discharge them; also, a secretory vessel.

EX-HA´LANT. [L. _exhalo_, to send forth vapor.] Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating.

EX-TENS´OR. [L.] A name applied to a muscle that serves to extend any part of the body; opposed to _Flexor_.

FA´CIAL. [L. _facies_, face.] Pertaining to the face.

FALX. [L. _falx_, a scythe.] A process of the dura mater shaped like a scythe.

FAS´CI-A. [L. _fascia_, a band.] A tendinous expansion or aponeurosis.

FAS-CIC´U-LUS, -LI. [L. _fascis_, a bundle.] A little bundle.

FAUX, -CES. [L.] The top of the throat.

FEM´O-RAL. Pertaining to the femur.

FEM´O-RIS. A term applied to muscles that are attached to the femur.

FE´MUR. [L.] The thigh-bone.

FE-NES´TRA, -UM. [L. _fenestra_, a window.] A term applied to some openings into the internal ear.

FI´BRE. [L. _fibra_.] An organic filament, or thread, which enters into the composition of every animal and vegetable texture.

FI´BRIN. A peculiar organic substance found in animals and vegetables; it is a solid substance, tough, elastic, and composed of thready fibres.

FI´BROUS. Composed or consisting of fibres.

FI´BRO-CAR´TI-LAGE. An organic tissue, partaking of the nature of fibrous tissue and that of cartilage.

FIB´U-LA. [L., a clasp.] The outer and lesser bone of the leg.

FIB´U-LAR. Belonging to the fibula.

FIL´A-MENT. [L. _filamenta_, threads.] A fine thread, of which flesh, nerves, skin, &c., are composed.

FLEC´TION. [L. _flectio_.] The act of bending.

FOL´LI-CLE. [L. _folliculus_, a small bag.] A gland; a little bag in animal bodies.

FORE´ARM. The part of the upper extremity between the elbow and hand.

FOS´SA. [L., a ditch.] A cavity in a bone, with a large aperture.

FRÆ´NUM. [L., a bridle.] _Frænum linguæ._ The bridle of the tongue.

FUNC´TION. [L. _fungor_, to perform.] The action of an organ or system of organs.

FUN´GI-FORM. [L. _fungus_ and _forma_.] Having terminations like the head of a fungus, or a mushroom.

GAN´GLI-ON, -A. [Gr.] An enlargement in the course of a nerve.

GAS´TRIC. [Gr. +gastêr+, _gastêr_, the stomach.] Belonging to the stomach.

GAS-TROC-NE´MI-US. [Gr. +gastêr+, _gastêr_, the stomach, and +knêmê+, _knêmê_, the leg.] The name of large muscles of the leg.

GEL´A-TIN. [L. _gelo_, to congeal.] A concrete animal substance, transparent and soluble in water.

GLE´NOID. [Gr. +glênê+, _glênê_, a cavity.] A term applied to some articulate cavities of bones.

GLOS´SA. [Gr.] The tongue. Names compounded with this word are applied to muscles of the tongue.

GLOS´SO-PHA-RYN´GI-AL. Relating to the tongue and pharynx.

GLOT´TIS. [Gr.] The narrow opening at the upper part of the larynx.

GLU´TE-US. [Gr.] A name given to muscles of the hip.

HEM´OR-RHAGE. [Gr. +haima+, _haima_, blood and +rêgnuô+, _rêgnuo_, to burst.] A discharge of blood from an artery or vein.

HU´MER-US. [L.] The bone of the arm.

HY´A-LOID. [Gr.] A transparent membrane of the eye.

HY´DRO-GEN. [Gr. +hydôr+, water, and +gennaô+, to generate.] A gas which constitutes one of the elements of water.

HY´GI-ENE. [Gr. +hugieinon+, _hugieînon_, health.] The part of medicine which treats of the preservation of health.

HY´OID. [Gr. +u+ and +eidos+, _eîdos_, shape.] A bone of the tongue resembling the Greek letter upsilon in shape.

HY-OID´E-US. Pertaining to the hyoid bone.

HY´PO-GLOS´SAL. Under the tongue. The name of a nerve of the tongue.

IL´E-UM. [Gr. +eilô+, _eilô_, to wind.] A portion of the small intestines.

IL´I-AC. [From the above.] The flank; pertaining to the small intestine.

IL´I-UM. The haunch-bone.

IN-CI´SOR. [L. _incido_, to cut.] A front tooth that cuts or divides.

IN´DEX. [L. _indico_, to show.] The fore-finger; the pointing finger.

IN-NOM-I-NA´TA. [L. _in_, not, and _nomen_, name.] Parts which have no proper name.

IN-OS´CU-LATE. [L. _in_ and _osculatus_, from _osculor_, to kiss.] To unite, as two vessels at their extremities.

IN´TER. [L.] Between.

IN-TER-COST´AL. [L. _inter_, between, and _costa_, a rib.] Between the ribs.

IN-TER-NO´DI-I. [L. _inter_, between, and _nodus_, knot.] A term applied to some muscles of the forearm.

IN-TER-STI´TIAL. [L. _inter_, between, and _sto_, to stand.] Pertaining to or containing interstices.

IN-TES´TINES. [L. _intus_, within.] The canal that extends from the stomach to the anus.

I´RIS. [L., the rainbow.] The colored circle that surrounds the pupil of the eye.

I´VO-RY. A hard, solid, fine-grained substance of a fine white color; the tusk of an elephant.

JE-JU´NUM. [L., empty.] A portion of the small intestine.

JU´GU-LAR. [L. _jugulum_, the neck.] Relating to the throat. The great veins of the neck.

LA´BI-UM, LA´BI-I. [L.] The lips.

LAB´Y-RINTH. [Gr.] The internal ear, so named from its many windings.

LACH´RY-MAL. [L. _lachryma_, a tear.] Pertaining to tears.

LAC´TE-AL. [L., _lac_, milk.] A small vessel or tube of animal bodies for conveying chyle from the intestine to the thoracic duct.

LAM´I-NA, -Æ. [L.] A plate, or thin coat lying over another.

LAR´YNX. [Gr. +larunx+, _larunx_.] The upper part of the windpipe.

LAR-YN-GI´TIS. Inflammation of the larynx.

LA-TIS´SI-MUS, -MI. [L., superlative of _latus_, broad.] A term applied to some muscles.

LE-VA´TOR. [L. _levo_, to raise.] A name applied to a muscle that raises some part.

LIG´A-MENT. [L. _ligo_, to bind.] A strong, compact substance serving to bind one bone to another.

LIN´E-A, -Æ. [L.] A line.

LIN´GUA, -Æ. [L.] A tongue.

LIV´ER. The name of one of the abdominal organs, the largest gland in the system. It is situated below the diaphragm, and secretes the bile.

LOBE. A round projecting part of an organ.

LON´GUS, LON´GI-OR. [L., long, longer.] A term applied to several muscles.

LUM´BAR. [L. _lumbus_, the loins.] Pertaining to the loins.

LYMPH. [L. _lympha_, water.] A colorless fluid in animal bodies, and contained in vessels called lymphatics.

LYM-PHAT´IC. A vessel of animal bodies that contains or conveys lymph.

MAG-NE´SI-UM. The metallic base of magnesia.

MAG´NUS, -NA, -NUM. [L., great.] A term applied to certain muscles.

MA´JOR. [L., greater.] Greater in extent or quantity.

MAN´GA-NESE. A metal of a whitish gray color.

MAR´ROW. [Sax.] A soft, oleaginous substance, contained in the cavities of bones.

MAS-SE´TER. [Gr. +massaomai+, _massaomai_, to chew.] The name of a muscle of the face.

MAS´TI-CATE, MAS-TI-CA´TION. [L. _mastico_.] To chew; the act of chewing.

MAS´TOID. [Gr. +mastos+, _mastos_, breast, and +eidos+, _eîdos_, form.] the name of a process of the temporal bone behind the ear.

MAS-TOID´E-US. A name applied to muscles that are attached to the mastoid process.

MAX-IL´LA. [L.] The jaw-bone.

MAX´IL-LA-RY. Pertaining to the jaw.

MAX´I-MUS, -UM. [L., superlative of _magnus_, great.] A term applied to several muscles.

ME-A´TUS. [L. _meo_, to go.] A passage or channel.

ME-DI-AS-TI´NUM. A membrane that separates the chest into two parts.

ME´DI-UM, -A. [L.] The space or substance through which a body passes to any point.

MED´UL-LA-RY. [L., _medulla_, marrow.] Pertaining to marrow.

ME-DUL´LA OB-LON-GA´TA. Commencement of the spinal cord.

ME-DUL´LA SPI-NA´LIS. The spinal cord.

MEM´BRA-NA. A membrane; a thin, white, flexible skin formed by fibres interwoven like net-work.

MEM´BRA-NOUS. Relating to membrane.

MES´EN-TER-Y. [Gr. +mesos+, _mesos_, the middle, and +enteron+, _enteron_, the intestine.] The membrane in the middle of the intestines, by which they are attached to the spine.

MES-EN-TER´IC. Pertaining to the mesentery.

MET-A-CAR´PAL. Relating to the metacarpus.

MET-A-CAR´PUS. [Gr. +meta+, _meta_, after, and +karpos+, _karpos_, wrist.] The part of the hand between the wrist and fingers.

MET-A-TAR´SAL. Relating to the metatarsus.

MET-A-TAR´SUS. [Gr. +meta+, _meta_, after, and +tarsos+, _tarsos_, the tarsus.] The instep. A term applied to seven bones of the foot.

MID´RIFF. [Sax. _mid_, and _hrife_, the belly.] See DIAPHRAGM.

MIN´I-MUS, -I. [L.] The smallest. A term applied to several muscles.

MI´NOR. [L.] Less, smaller. A term applied to several muscles.

MI´TRAL. [L. _mitra_, a mitre.] The name of the valves in the left side of the heart.

MO-DI´O-LUS. [L. _modus_, a measure.] A cone in the cochlea around which the membranes wind.

MO´LAR. [L. _mola_, a mill.] The name of some of the large teeth.

MOL´LIS. [L.] Soft.

MO´TOR, -ES. [L. _moveo_, to move.] A mover. A term applied to certain nerves.

MU´COUS. Pertaining to mucus.

MU´CUS. A viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane, which it serves to moisten and defend.

MUS´CLE. A bundle of fibres enclosed in a sheath.

MUS´CU-LAR. Relating to a muscle.

MY-O´DES. A term applied to certain muscles of the neck.

NA´SAL. Relating to the nose.

NA´SUS. [L., the nose.] The nostrils.

NERVE. An organ of sensation and motion in animals.

NERV´OUS. Relating to the nerves.

NEU-RI-LEM´A. [Gr. +neuron+, _neuron_, a nerve, and +lemma+, _lema_, a sheath.] The sheath or covering of a nerve.

NI´GRUM. [L.] Black.

NI´TRO-GEN. That element of the air which is called azote.

NU-TRI´TION. The art or process of promoting the growth, or repairing the waste of the system.

OC-CIP-I-TA´LIS. Pertaining to the back part of the head.

OC´CI-PUT. [L. _ob_ and _caput_, the head.] The hinder part of the head.

OC-U-LO´RUM. Of the eyes.

OC´ULUS, -I. [L.] The eye.

OE-SOPH´A-GUS. [Gr. +oiô+, _oiô_, to carry, and +phagô+, _phago_, to eat.] The name of the passage through which the food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

O-LEC´RA-NON. [Gr. +ôlene+, _ôlene_, the cubit, and +kranon+, _kranon_, the head.] The elbow; the head of the ulna.

OL-FACT´O-RY. [L. _oleo_, to smell, and _facio_, to make.] Pertaining to smelling.

O-MEN´TUM. [L.] The caul.

O´MO. [Gr. +ômos+, _ômos_, the shoulder.] Names compounded of this word are applied to muscles attached to the shoulder.

OPH-THAL´MIC. [Gr. +ophthalmos+, _ophthalmos_, the eye.] Belonging to the eye.

OP-PO´NENS. That which acts in opposition to something. The name of two muscles of the hand.

OP´TI-CUS, OP´TIC. [Gr. +optomai+, _optomai_, to see.] Relating to the eye.

OR-BIC´U-LAR. [L. _orbis_, a circle.] Circular.

OR-BIC-U-LA´RIS. A name applied to several muscles.

OR´GAN. A part of the system destined to exercise some particular function.

OR´I-GIN. Commencement; source.

OS. [L.] A bone; the mouth of any thing.

O´RIS. [L. _os_, _oris_.] Of the mouth.

OS HY-OID´ES. [Gr. See HYOID.] The name of the bone at the base of the tongue.

OS´MA-ZOME. [Gr. +osmê+, _osmê_, smell, and +zômos+, _zômos_, broth.] A principle obtained from animal fibre which gives the peculiar taste to broth.

OS´SA. [L., plural of _os_, bone.] Bones.

OS´SE-OUS. Pertaining to bones.

OS-SI-FI-CA´TION. The formation of bones in animals.

OS´SI-FY. [L. _ossa_, bones, and _facio_, to make.] To convert into bone.

OS´SIS. Of a bone.

O-VA´LE. [L.] The shape of an egg.

OX-AL´IC. Pertaining to sorrel. _Oxalic acid_ is the acid of sorrel. It is composed of two equivalents of carbon and three of oxygen.

OX´Y-GEN. A permanently elastic fluid invisible and inodorous. One of the components of atmospheric air.

PA-LA´TUM. [L.] The palate; the roof of the mouth.

PAL-PE-BRA´RUM. [L. _palpebra_, the eyelid.] Of the eyelids.

PAL´MAR. [L. _palma_, the palm.] Belonging to the hand.

PAL-MA´RIS. A term applied to some muscles attached to the palm of the hand.

PAN´CRE-AS. [Gr. +pan+, _pan_, all, and +kreas+, _kreas_, flesh.] The name of one of the digestive organs.

PAN-CRE-AT´IC. Belonging to the pancreas.

PA-PIL´LA, -Æ. [L.] Small conical prominences.

PA-RAL´Y-SIS. Abolition of function whether of intellect, sensation, or motion.

PA-REN´CHY-MA. [Gr. +parencheô+, _parengcheô_, to pour through.] The substance contained between the blood vessels of an organ.

PA-ROT´ID. [Gr. +para+, _para_, near, and +ôtos+, _ôtos_, the gen. of +ous+, _ous_, the ear.] The name of the largest salivary gland.

PA-TEL´LA, -Æ. [L.] The knee-pan.

PA-THET´I-CUS, -CI. [Gr. +pathos+, _pathos_, passion.] The name of the fourth pair of nerves.

PEC´TUS. [L.] The chest.

PEC´TO-RAL. Pertaining to the chest.

PEC-TO-RA´LIS. Belonging to the chest.

PE´DIS. [L., gen. of _pes_, the foot.] Of the foot.

PEL´I-TONGS. A term applied to masses of fat.

PEL´LI-CLE. [L., dim. of _pellis_, the skin.] A thin skin or film.

PEL´VIC. Relating to the pelvis.

PEL´VIS. [L.] The basin formed by the large bones at the lower part of the abdomen.

PEN´NI-FORM. [L. _penna_, a feather.] Having the form of a feather, or quill.

PER-I-CAR´DI-UM. [Gr. +peri+, _peri_, around, and +kardia+, _kardia_, the heart.] A membrane that encloses the heart.

PER-I-CHON´DRI-UM. [Gr. +peri+, _peri_, around, and +chondros+, _chondros_, cartilage.] A membrane that invests cartilage.

PER-I-CRA´NI-UM. [Gr. +peri+, and +kranion+, _kranion_, the cranium.] A membrane that invests the skull.

PER´MA-NENT. Durable; lasting.

PER-I-STAL´TIC. [Gr. +peristellô+, _peristello_, to involve.] A movement like the crawling of a worm.

PER-SPI-RA´TION. [L. _per_, through, and _spiro_, to breathe.] The excretion from the skin.

PHAL´ANX, -GES. [Gr. +phalanx+, _phalanx_, an army.] Three rows of small bones forming the fingers or toes.

PHA-LAN´GI-AL. Belonging to the fingers or toes.

PHA-RYN´GE-AL. Relating to the pharynx.

PHAR´YNX. [Gr. +pharunx+, _pharunx_.] The upper part of the oesophagus.

PHOS´PHOR-US. [Gr. +phôs+, _phôs_, the light, and +pherô+, _pherô_, to bear.] A combustible substance, of a yellowish color, semi-transparent, resembling wax.

PHREN´IC. [Gr. +phrên+, _phrên_, the mind.] Belonging to the diaphragm.

PHYS-I-OL´O-GY. [Gr. +phusis+, _phusis_, nature, and +logos+, _logos_, a discourse.] The science of the functions of the organs of animals and plants.

PI´A MA´TER. [L., good mother.] The name of one of the membranes of the brain.

PIG-MEN´TUM. [L.] Paint; a preparation of colors.

PIN´NA. [L., a wing.] A part of the external ear.

PLA-TYS´MA. [Gr. +platus+, _platûs_, broad.] A muscle of the neck.

PLEU´RA, -Æ. [Gr. +pleura+, _pleura_, the side.] A thin membrane that covers the inside of the thorax, and also forms the exterior coat of the lungs.

PLEU´RAL. Relating to the pleura.

PLEX´US. [L. _plecto_, to weave together.] Any union of nerves, vessels, or fibres, in the form of net-work.

PNEU-MO-GAS´TRIC. [Gr. +pneumôn+, _pneumôn_, the lungs, and +gastêr+, _gastêr_, the stomach.] Belonging to both the stomach and lungs.

POL´LI-CIS. [L.] A term applied to muscles attached to the fingers and toes.

PONS. [L.] A bridge. _Pons varolii._ A part of the brain formed by the union of the crura cerebri and cerebelli.