Chapter LII: Appendix: Poisons and Their Antidotes (2)

POP-LIT-E´AL. [L. _poples_, the ham.] Pertaining to the ham or knee-joint. A name given to various parts.

POS´TI-CUS. [L.] Behind; posterior. A term applied to certain muscles.

POR´TI-O DU´RA. [L., hard portion.] The facial nerve; 8th pair.

POR´TI-O MOL´LIS. [L., soft portion.] The auditory nerve; 7th pair.

PO-TAS´SI-UM. [L.] The metallic basis of pure potash.

PRO-BOS´CIS. [Gr. +pro+, _pro_, before, and +boskô+, _boskô_, to feed.] The snout or trunk of an elephant or other animal.

PROC´ESS. A prominence or projection.

PRO-NA´TOR. [L. _pronus_, turned downward.] The muscle of the forearm that moves the palm of the hand downward.

PSO´AS. [Gr. +psoai+, _psoai_, the loins.] The name of two muscles of the leg.

PUL-MON´IC. } } PUL´MO-NA-RY. } [L. _pulmo_, the lungs.] Belonging or } relating to the lungs. PUL-MO-NA´LIS. }

PU´PIL. A little aperture in the centre of the iris, through which the rays of light pass to the retina.

PY-LOR´IC. Pertaining to the pylorus.

PY-LOR´US. [Gr. +pulôros+, _pulôros_, a gate keeper.] The lower orifice of the stomach, with which the duodenum connects.

RA´DI-US. [L., a ray, a spoke of a wheel.] The name of one of the bones of the forearm.

RA-DI-A´LIS. Radial; belonging to the radius.

RA´DI-ATE. Having lines or fibres that diverge from a point.

RA´MUS. [L.] A branch. A term applied to the projections of bones.

REC-RE-MEN-TI´TIAL. [L. _re_, again, and _cerno_, to secrete.] Consisting of superfluous matter separated from that which is valuable.

REC´TUM. The third and last portion of the intestines.

REC´TUS, -I. [L.] Straight; erect. A term applied to several muscles.

RE-SID´U-AL. Pertaining to waste matter.

RE-SID´U-UM. [L.] Waste matter. The fæces.

RES-PI-RA´TION. [L. _re_, again, and _spiro_, to breathe.] The act of breathing. Inspiring air into the lungs and expelling it again.

RE-SPI´RA-TO-RY. Pertaining to respiration; serving for respiration.

RET´I-NA. [L., _rete_, a net.] The essential organ of sight. One of the coats of the eye, formed by the expansion of the optic nerve.

RO-TUN´DUM, -A. [L.] Round; circular.

RU´GA, -Æ. [L.] A wrinkle; a fold.

SAC´CU-LUS. [L., dim. of _saccus_, a bag.] A little sac.

SA´CRAL. Pertaining to the sacrum.

SA´CRUM. [L., sacred.] The bone which forms the posterior part of the pelvis, and is a continuation of the spinal column.

SA-LI´VA. [L.] The fluid which is secreted by the salivary glands, which moistens the food and mouth.

SAL´I-VA-RY. That which belongs to the saliva.

SAN´GUIN-E-OUS. [L. _sanguis_, the blood.] Bloody; abounding with blood; plethoric.

SAR-TO´RI-US. [L. _sartor_, a tailor.] A term applied to a muscle of the thigh.

SCA´LA, -Æ. [L., a ladder.] Cavities of the cochlea.

SCA-LE´NUS. [Gr. +skalênos+, _skalênos_, unequal.] A term applied to some muscles of the neck.

SCAPH´OID. [Gr. +skaphê+, _skaphê_, a little boat.] The name applied to one of the wrist-bones.

SCAP´U-LA. [L.] The shoulder-blade.

SCAP´U-LAR. Relating to the scapula.

SCARF-SKIN. The outer, thin integument of the body; the cuticle.

SCI-AT´IC. [Gr., pertaining to the loins.] The name of the large nerve of the loins and leg.

SCLE-ROT´IC. [Gr. +sklêros+, _sklêros_, hard.] A membrane of the eye.

SE-BA´CEOUS. [L., _sebum_, tallow.] Pertaining to fat; unctuous matter.

SE-CRE´TION. The act of secerning; the act of producing from the blood substances different front the blood itself, as bile, saliva. The matter secreted, as mucus, bile, &c.

SE-CRE´TO-RY. Performing the office of secretion.

SE-CUN´DUS. Second. A term applied to certain muscles.

SEM-I-CIR´CU-LAR. Having the form of a half circle. The name of a part of the ear.

SEM-I-TEN-DI-NO´SUS. [L. _semi_, half and _tendo_, a tendon.] The name of a muscle.

SEP´TUM. [L.] A membrane that divides two cavities from each other.

SE´ROUS. Thin; watery. Pertaining to serum.

SE´RUM. [L.] The thin, transparent part of blood.

SER-RA´TUS. [L. _serro_, to saw.] A term applied to some muscles of the trunk.

SIG´MOID. [Gr.] Resembling the Greek +s+, sigma.

SI-LI´CI-UM. A term applied to one of the earths.

SI´NUS. [L., a bay.] A cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the entrance.

SKEL´E-TON. [Gr. +skellô+, _skellô_, to dry.] The aggregate of the hard parts of the body; the bones.

SO´DI-UM. The metallic base of soda

SPHINC´TER. [Gr. +sphingô+, _sphingo_, to restrict.] A muscle that contracts or shuts an orifice.

SPI´NAL CORD. A prolongation of the brain.

SPI-NA´LIS. Relating to the spine.

SPINE. A thorn. The vertebral column; back-bone.

SPI´NOUS. Belonging to the spinal column.

SPLEEN. The milt. It is situated in the abdomen, and attached to the stomach.

SPLEN´IC. Relating to the spleen.

SPLE´NI-US. The name of a muscle of the neck.

STA´PES. The name of one of the small bones of the ear.

STER´NUM. The breast-bone. The bone that forms the front of the chest from the neck to the stomach.

STOM´ACH. The principal organ of the digestive apparatus.

STRA´TUM. [L. _sterno_, to stew.] A bed; a layer.

STY´LOID. [L. _stylus_, a pencil.] An epithet applied to processes that resemble a style, a pen.

SUB-CLA´VI-AN. [L. _sub_, under, and _clavis_, a key.] Situated under the clavicle.

SUB-LI´MIS. High in place.

SUB-LIN´GUAL. [L. _sub_, under, and _lingua_, the tongue.] Situated under the tongue.

SUB-MAX´IL-LA-RY. [L. _sub_, under, and _maxilla_, the jaw-bone.] Located under the jaw.

SUL´PHUR. A simple, mineral substance, of a yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat.

SU-PE-RI-O´RIS. A term applied to certain muscles.

SU-PI-NA´TOR. [L.] A muscle that turns the palm of the hand upward.

SUT´URE. [L. _suo_, to sew.] The seam or joint that unites the bones of the skull.

SYN-O´VI-A. [Gr. +syn+, _sûn_, with, and +ôon+, _ôon_, an egg.] The fluid secreted into the cavities of joints for the purpose of lubricating them.

SYN-O´VI-AL. Pertaining to synovia.

SYS´TEM. An assemblage of organs composed of the same tissues, and intended for the same functions.

SYS-TEM´IC. Belonging to the general system.

SYS´TO-LE. [Gr. +systellô+, _sûstellô_, to contract.] The contraction of the heart and arteries for expelling the blood and carrying on the circulation.

TAR´SAL. Relating to the tarsus.

TAR´SUS. [L.] The posterior part of the foot.

TEN´DON. [Gr. +teinô+, _teino_, to stretch.] A hard, insensible cord, or bundle of fibres, by which a muscle is attached to a bone.

TEN´DI-NA, -Æ. Pertaining to a tendon.

TENS´OR. A muscle that extends a part.

TEN-TAC´U-LA, -Æ. [L. _tento_, to seize.] A filiform process or organ on the bodies of various animals.

TEN-TO´RI-UM. [L. _tendo_, to stretch.] A process of the dura mater which lies between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

TE´RES. [L. _teres_, round.] An epithet given to many organs, the fibres of which are collected in small bundles.

THO´RAX. [Gr.] That part of the skeleton that composes the bones of the chest. The cavity of the chest.

THO-RAC´IC. Relating to the chest.

THY´ROID. [Gr. +thureos+, _thureos_, a shield.] Resembling a shield. A cartilage of the larynx.

TIB´I-A. [L., a flute.] The large bone of the leg.

TIB-I-A´LIS, TIB´I-AL. Relating to the tibia.

TIS´SUE. The texture or organization of parts.

TON´SIL. [L.] A glandular body in the throat or fauces.

TRA´CHE-A. [Gr. +trachus+, _trachus_, rough.] The windpipe.

TRA´CHE-AL. Belonging to the trachea.

TRANS-VERSE´, TRANS-VER-SA´LIS. Lying in a cross direction.

TRA-PE´ZI-US. The name of a muscle, so called from its form.

TRI´CEPS. [L. _tres_, three, and _caput_, head.] Three. A name given to muscles that have three attachments at one extremity.

TRI-CUS´PID. [L. _tres_, three, and _cuspis_, point.] The triangular valves in the right side of the heart.

TROCH´LE-A. [Gr. +trochalia+, _trochalia_, a pulley.] A pulley-like cartilage, over which the tendon of a muscle of the eye passes.

TROCH-LE-A´RIS. The name of a muscle of the eye.

TRUNK. The principal part of the body, to which the limbs are articulated.

TU´BER-CLE. [L. _tuber_, a bunch.] A small push, swelling, or tumor, on animal bodies.

TU-BER-OS´I-TY. The state of being knobbed or protuberant.

TYM´PAN-UM. [L.] The middle ear.

UL´NA. [L.] A bone of the forearm.

UL´NAR, UL-NA´RIS. Relating to the ulna.

U´RIC. [Gr. +ouron+, _ouron_, urine.] An acid contained in urine, and in gouty concretions.

U-VE´A. [L. _uva_, a grape.] Resembling grapes. A thin membrane of the eye.

U´VU-LA. A soft body, suspended from the palate, near the aperture of the nostrils, over the glottis.

VAC´CINE VI´RUS. [L. _vacca_, a cow, _virus_, poison.] Pertaining to cows; derived from cows.

VALVE. Any membrane, or doubling of any membrane, which prevents fluids from flowing back in the vessels and canals of the animal body.

VAL´VU-LA, -Æ. A valve.

VAS´CU-LAR. [L. _vasculum_, a vessel.] Pertaining to vessels; abounding in vessels.

VAS´TUS. [L.] Great, vast. Applied to some large muscles.

VEINS. Vessels that convey blood to the heart.

VE´NOUS. Pertaining to veins.

VEN´TRI-CLE. [L. _venter_, the stomach.] A small cavity of the animal body.

VEN-TRIC´U-LAR. Relating to ventricles.

VER-MIC´U-LAR. [L. _vermiculus_, a little worm.] Resembling the motions of a worm.

VERM-I-FORM´IS. [L. _vermis_, a worm, and _forma_, form.] Having the form and shape of a worm.

VERT´E-BRA, -Æ. [L. _verto_, to turn.] A joint of the spinal column.

VERT´E-BRAL. Pertaining to the joints of the spinal column.

VES´I-CLE. [L. _vesica_, a bladder.] A little bladder, or a portion of the cuticle separated from the cutis vera and filled with serum.

VES´TI-BULE. [L.] A porch of a house. A cavity belonging to the ear.

VIL´LI. [L.] Fine, small fibres.

VI´RUS. [L. poison.] Foul matter of an ulcer; poison.

VI´TAL. [L. _vita_, life.] Pertaining to life.

VIT´RE-OUS. [L. _vitrum_, glass.] Belonging to glass. A humor of the eye.

VO´LAR. [L. _vola_, the hollow of the hand or foot.] Belonging to the palm of the hand.

VO´MER. [L. a ploughshare.] One of the bones of the nose.

ZYG-O-MAT´I-CUS. [Gr. +zugos+, _zugos_, a yoke.] A term applied to some muscles of the face, from their attachment.

INDEX.

A. PAGE.

ABDOMEN, 34
ABSORPTION, 181
----, Varieties of, 183
----, Cutaneous, 185
ACETABULUM, 38
ACIDS, Acetic, 28
----, Benzoic, 28
----, Muriatic, 440
----, Nitric, 440
----, Oxalic, 28, 440
----, Sulphuric, 440
AIR, Composition of the, 223
----, Influence of, on the Muscles, 90
----, Quality of the, 223, 318
----, Quantity inhaled, 222
----, Quantity exhaled, 228
----, Impure Air, the Effects of, 232
AIR VESICLES, 212
ALBUMEN, 27
ANIMAL HEAT, 252
AORTA, 159
----, Valves of the, 157
APPARATUS, 18
ARTERIES, Structure of the, 158
----, Cutaneous, 285
----, Pulmonary, 158
ATTITUDE, Effects of, on Digestion, 152
----, Effects of, on the Voice, 274
----, Effects of, in Respiration, 245
AURICLES of the Heart, 156
ASPHYXIA, from Drowning, 249
----, from Electricity, 250
----, from Hanging, 250
----, from Carbonic Gas, 251
AZOTE, 26

B.

BATHING, Necessity of, 311
----, Methods of, 313
----, Proper Time for, 316
----, Influence of, on the System, 316
----, Frequency of, 317
BEDS, 309
BILE, 122
BLOOD, Composition of, 154
----, Color of, 204
----, Quantity of, 171
----, Change of, 225
----, Impure, Effects of, 205
BONES, Anatomy of the, 29
----, Physiology of the, 48
----, Hygiene of the, 53
----, of the Head, 32
----, of the Trunk, 34
----, of the Upper Extremities, 39
----, of the Lower Extremities, 42
----, Composition of, 29
----, Ossification of, 30
----, Union of fractured, 62
----, Influence of Position on the, 55
BRAIN, 329
----, Functions of the, 346
----, Effects of Impure Blood on the, 360
----, Effects of inadequate Mental Exertion, 361
----, Effects of excessive Mental Exertion, 363
----, Directions for exercising the, 368
----, Membranes of the, 334
----, Injuries of the, 377
BRONCHIA, 212
BRONCHITIS, 214
BURNS AND SCALDS, 319
BURSÆ MUCOSÆ, 46

C.

CÆCUM, 118
CAPILLARIES, 163
CARBON, 26
CARBONIC GAS, where formed, 224
----, Effects of, when inhaled, 230
----, Effects of, on Combustion, 230
----, Effects of, on Respiration, 231
CARPUS, 41
CARTILAGE, 45
---- of the Larynx, 269
CAUL, 123
CELLULAR TISSUE, 19
CEREBELLUM, 331

CEREBRUM, 330
CHEST, 35
----, Compression of the, 56
----, Influence of the Size of the, 239
CHILBLAINS, 321
CHLORINE, 27
CHYLE, 126
CHYME, 126
CIRCULATORY ORGANS, Anatomy, 154
----, Physiology of the, 164
----, Hygiene of the, 172
CLAVICLE, 39
CLOTHING, Kind of, 301
----, Amount of, 305
----, Cleanliness of, 308
COCCYX, 38
COLDS, Treatment of, 248
COLON, 119
CONSUMPTION, how frequently produced, 247
CORNS, Treatment of, 295
CUTICLE, Structure of the, 282
----, Use of the, 293
CUTIS VERA, Structure of the, 283

D.

DEFINITIONS, General, 13
DIAPHRAGM, 73, 215
DIGESTIVE ORGANS, Anatomy of the, 113
----, Physiology of the, 124
----, Hygiene of the, 129
----, Influence of the Mind on the, 148
----, Influence of Pure Air on the, 151
----, Influence of Position on the, 152
DRINKS, how taken, 145
DROWNED PERSONS, Treatment of, 249
DUODENUM, 117

E.

EAR, Bones of, 34, 415
EPIGLOTTIS, 125, 270
EXHALANTS, 192
EXERCISE, how it should be taken, 91
----, Influence of, on the Bones, 53
----, Influence of, on Muscles, 85
----, Influence of, on the Circulation, 173
EYE, 394
EXPIRATION, how effected, 220

F.

FACE, Bones of the, 34
FASCIA, 66
FAT, 67, 195
FEMUR, 42
FIBRE, 18
FIBRIN, 27
FIBULA, 42
FILAMENT, 18
FLANNEL, Use of, 302
FLUIDS, Use of, 17
FOLLICLE, 192
FOOD, Quantity of the, 129
----, Quality of the, 134
----, Manner in which it is taken, 142
----, Condition of the system, when taken, 146
FOOT, Bones of the, 44
FROZEN LIMBS, Treatment of, 320

G.

GASTRIC JUICE, 125
GELATIN, 27
GLANDS, 193
----, Gastric, 116
----, Lachrymal, 402
----, Lymphatic, 183
----, Mesenteric, 121
----, Oil, 288
----, Perspiratory, 290
----, Salivary, 114
GLOTTIS, 271

H.

HAIR, 322
HEART, 154
----, Auricles of the, 156
----, Ventricles of the, 156
HEAT, Animal, 252
----, Hygiene of, 261
HEARING, Anatomy of the Organs of, 414
----, Physiology of the Organs of, 420
----, Hygiene of the Organs of, 422
HUMERUS, 39
HEMORRHAGE, Means of arresting, 175
HYDROGEN, 26

I.

ILEUM, 118
INTESTINES, 117
INNOMINATUM, 37

INSPIRATION, how effected, 219
IRON, 25

J.

JEJUNUM, 118
JOINTS, Structure of the, 45

L.

LACTEALS, 120, 181
LAMINÆ, 17
LARYNX, 268
LARYNGITIS, 276
LIGAMENTS, 23, 47
----, Use of, 50
----, Capsular, 40
LIGHT, Influence on the Skin, 318
LIME, 25
LIVER, 122
LUNGS, 209
LYMPH, 30
LYMPHATICS, Anatomy of the, 181
----, Physiology of the, 183
----, Hygiene of the, 188
----, Cutaneous, 287

M.

MAGNESIA, 25
MARROW, Uses of, 24

MEDIASTINUM, 211
MEDULLA OBLONGATA, 333
MEMBRANE, 19
----, Adipose, 20
----, Cellular, 19
----, Dermoid, 22, 282
----, Mucous, 21
----, Muscular, 24
----, Serous, 21
MESENTERY, 120
METACARPUS, 41
MOUTH, Structure of, 113
MUCUS, 28
MUSCLES, Anatomy of, 64
----, Physiology of, 76
----, Hygiene of, 85
----, Compression of, 93, 276
----, Exhaustion of, 87, 101
----, Effects of Pure Blood on, 89
----, Effects of Pure Air on the, 90
----, Effects of Light on the, 90
----, Influence of the Mind on, 93
----, Influence of Position on, 90
----, Intercostal, 216
----, Respiratory, 216

N.

NAILS, 324
NERVES, Cranial, 335, 350
----, Cutaneous, 286
----, Respiratory, 340, 352
----, Spinal, 341, 351
----, Sympathetic, 343, 356
NERVOUS SYSTEM, Anatomy of, 327
----, Physiology of, 346
----, Hygiene of, 358
NITROGEN, 26
NOSE, Structure, 389
NURSES, Directions for, 433
NUTRITION, 200
----, Hygiene of, 205

O.

OESOPHAGUS, 116
OIL-GLANDS, Structure of the, 288
----, Use of the, 297
OMENTUM, 123
ORGAN, 18
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC BODIES, Difference between, 14
ORIFICE, Cardiac, 116
----, Pyloric, 116
OSMAZOME, 28
OXYGEN, 26
----, Quantity at each Inspiration, 222

P.

PAPILLA, 284
PANCREAS, 122
PAROTID GLAND, 114
PATELLA, 42
PERICARDIUM, 155
PERICHONDRIUM, 31
PERICRANIUM, 31
PERIOSTEUM, 31
PELVIS, Bones of the, 37
PERSPIRATORY APPARATUS, 290
---- Use of, 298
PHALANGES, 42, 45
PHARYNX, 115
PHOSPHORUS, 26
PLEURA, 211
POISONS, and their Antidotes, 439

POTASH, 25
PRESERVATION OF HEALTH, 425

R.

RADIUS, 41
READING, Proper Position in, 275
RECTUM, 120
REMOVAL OF DISEASE, 426
RESPIRATORY ORGANS, Anatomy of, 209
----, Physiology of, 217
----, Hygiene of, 228
RETINA, 397
RIBS, 35
ROOMS, Ventilation of, 233
----, Warming of, 238

S.

SACRUM, 38
SALIVA, Its Use, 124
SCAPULA, 39
SECRETORY ORGANS, Anatomy of, 192
----, Physiology of, 193
----, Hygiene of, 197
SENSES, 378
SICK-ROOM, Ventilation of, 236
SITTING, Proper Position in, 99
SKELETON, 29
SKIN, Anatomy of the, 282
----, Physiology of the, 293
----, Hygiene of the, 301
SKULL, Structure of, 32
SLEEP, Necessity of, 92
SLEEPING-ROOMS, Ventilation of, 235
SMELL, Anatomy of the Organs of, 389
----, Physiology of the Organs of, 391
SODA, 25
SOLIDS, Arrangement of, 17
SOUND, 273
SPINAL COLUMN, Structure of, 36
----, Curvature of, 57, 60
SPINAL CORD, 36, 340
SPLEEN, 123
SPRAINS, 63
STAMMERING, how improved, 281
STERNUM, 35
STOMACH, 116
SUBLINGUAL GLAND, 115
SUBMAXILLARY GLAND, 115
SULPHUR, 26
SUTURES, 33
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, 46
SYNOVIA, 49
SYSTEM, 18

T.

TARSUS, 42
TASTE, Anatomy of the Organs of, 384
----, Physiology of the Organs of, 386
TEETH, Anatomy of the, 105
----, Physiology of the, 109
----, Hygiene of the, 110
TENDONS, 23, 65
THORACIC DUCT, 120
THORAX, 35
THROAT, Extraneous Bodies in, 281
TIBIA, 42
TISSUE, 18
----, Adipose, 20
----, Cartilaginous, 23
----, Fibrous, 22
----, Osseous, 23
----, Nervous, 24
TOUCH, Sense of, 378
----, Hygiene of the, 379
TRACHEA, 212

U.

ULNA, 40
UVEA, 396

V.

VALVES of the Heart, 157
----, Use of the, 164
----, of the Veins, 162
VEINS, 160
----, Cutaneous, 285
VENTILATION, 233
VENTRICLES of the Heart, 156
VERTEBRA, 36
VISION, Anatomy of the Organs of, 394
----, Physiology of the Organs of, 404
----, Hygiene of the Organs of, 410
VOCAL ORGANS, Anatomy of the, 268
----, Physiology of the, 272
----, Hygiene of the, 274
VOCAL CORDS, 270

W.

WATCHERS, Directions for, 136
WOUNDS, Treatment of, 178
WRITING, Proper Position when, 103

KEY TO ANATOMICAL OUTLINE PLATES.

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

In using these plates, we would suggest, that the pupil carefully examine the illustrating cuts interspersed with the text, in connection with the lesson to be recited. The similarity between these and the plates will enable the pupil to recite, and the teacher to conduct his recitation, from the latter.

Let a pupil show the situation of an organ, or part, on an anatomical outline plate, and also give its structure; while other members of the class note all omissions and misstatements. Another pupil may give the use of that organ, and if necessary, others may give an extended explanation. The third may explain the laws on which the health of the part depends, while other members of the class supply what has been omitted. After thus presenting the subject in the form Of topics, questions may be proposed promiscuously, from each paragraph, and where examples occur in the text, let other analogous ones be given.

If the physiology and hygiene of a given subject have not been studied, confine the recitation to those parts only on which the pupil is prepared. When practicable, the three departments should be united; but this can only be done when the chapter on the hygiene has been learned, while the physiology can be united with the anatomy, in all chapters upon physiology.

PLATE I.

A FRONT VIEW OF THE SKELETON.

_Bones of the Head._ 7, The sphenoid bone. 8, The frontal bone. 10, The parietal bone. 11, The os unguis. 12, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 13, The nasal bone. 14, The ethmoid bone. 15, The malar bone, (cheek-bone.) 16, The vomer. 17, The inferior maxillary bone, (the lower jaw.) _a_, Its body. _b_, Its ramus, or branch. 18, The teeth.

_Bones of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sternum. 3, 3, The ribs. 4, The sacrum. 5, The innominatum.

_Bones of the Upper Extremities._ 19, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 20, The scapula, (shoulder blade.) 21, The humerus. 22, The ulna. 23, The radius. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, The bones of the carpus (wrist.) 32, 32, 32, The five bones of the metacarpus, (the palm of the hand.) 33, 33, 33, The first range of finger-bones. 34, 34, The second range of finger-bones. 35, 35, 35, The third range of finger-bones.

_Bones of the Lower Extremities._ 36, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 37, The patella, (knee-pan.) 38, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 39, The fibula. 40, 40, 40, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 41, 41, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 42, 42, The bones of the toes.

ARTICULATIONS. (Left side of the plate.)

_Ligaments of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The common spinal ligament. 2, 2, The intervertebral ligament, (cartilage between the vertebrae.) 9, 10, 11, 12, Articulations of the ribs with the spinal column. 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, Ligaments that connect the cartilages of the ribs with the sternum.

_Ligaments of the Upper Extremities._ 25, The ligament that connects the clavicle and sternum. 27, The ligament that connects the upper rib and clavicle. 28, 29, 30, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the shoulder-joint. 35, 35, 36, Ligaments of the elbow-joint. 37, 38, 39, 40, Ligaments of the wrist. 41, 42, 43, 44, Ligaments of the fingers.

_Ligaments of the Lower Extremities._ 49, 49, Ligaments of the hip-joint. 50, 50, Ligaments of the patella. 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 56, A large bursa mucosa. 57, The ligament of the tibia and fibula. 58, 58, The interosseous ligament. 59, 59, Ligaments of the ankle-joint 60, 61, 62, Ligaments of the metatarsus. 63, 64, Ligaments of the toes.

A, The brachial artery. B, The brachial vein. C, The radial artery D, The femoral artery. E, The femoral vein. F, G, The anterior tibia artery.

PLATE II.

A BACK VIEW OF THE SKELETON.

_Bones of the Head._ 5, The occipital bone. 6, The parietal bone. 7, The temporal bone. 8, The frontal bone. 9, The sphenoid bone. 15, The malar bone. 16, The nasal bone. 17, The superior maxillary bone, (upper jaw.) 18, The inferior maxillary bone, (lower jaw.) 19, The teeth.

_Bones of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The spinal column. 2, The sacrum. 3, The coccyx. 20, The innominatum. 4, 4, The ribs.

_Bones of the Upper Extremities._ 21, The clavicle, (collar-bone.) 22, The scapula, (shoulder-blade.) 23, The humerus. 24. The ulna, 25, The radius. 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, The bones of the carpus, (wrist.) 33, 33, 33, The bones of the metacarpus, (palm of the hand.) 34, 34, 34, The first range of finger-bones. 35, 35, The second range of finger-bones. 36, 36, 36, The third range of finger-bones.

_Bones of the Lower Extremities._ 37, The femur, (thigh-bone.) 38, The patella, (knee-pan.) 39, The tibia, (shin-bone.) 40, The fibula. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, The bones of the tarsus, (instep.) 46, 46, The bones of the metatarsus, (middle of the foot.) 47, 47, Bones of the toes.

ARTICULATIONS. (Left side of the plate.)

_Ligaments of the Trunk._ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Ligaments of the spinal column. 14, 14, 15, 15, Ligaments that connect the ribs and spinal column. 11, 11, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, Ligaments that connect the sacrum and innominatum.

_Ligaments of the Upper Extremities._ 27, 28, Ligaments that connect the clavicle and scapula. 29, The capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint. 30, 30, Ligaments of the elbow. 31, 32, 33, 34, Ligaments of the carpus, (wrist.)

_Ligaments of the Lower Extremities._ 9, Tendon of the gluteus muscle. 35, The capsular ligament of the hip-joint. 36, 36, Ligaments of the knee-joint. 37, The ligament that connects the tibia and fibula. 38, The interosseous ligament. 39, 40, Ligaments of the ankle-joint.

PLATE III.

A FRONT VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.

_Muscles of the Head and Neck._ 7, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 8, The sterno-hyoideus muscle. 9, The omo-hyoideus muscle. 10, The trapezius muscle. 11, The orbicularis oculi muscle. 12, The frontal muscle. 14, The orbicularis oris muscle. 15, The elevator muscle of the nostrils. 16, The zygomatic muscle. 17, The depressor of the lower lip. 18, The depressor anguli oris muscle. 19, The triangular muscle of the nose. 20, 21, The aural muscles. 22, The masseter muscle.

_Muscles of the Trunk._ 2, 3, The external oblique muscles.

_Muscles of the Upper Extremities._ 1, The grand pectoral muscle. 3, 4, The serratus muscle. 23, The deltoid muscle. 24, The biceps brachialis muscle. 25, The coraco-brachialis muscle. 26, The anterior brachial muscle. 27, The triceps brachialis muscle. 28, The long supinator muscle. 29, The external radial muscle. 30, The pronator teres muscle. 31, The anterior radial muscle. 32, The palmaris brevis muscle. 33, The anterior ulnar muscle. 35, The palmar muscle. 36, The abductor muscle of the thumb. 37, The adductor muscle of the thumb. 38, 39, Small flexor muscles of the thumb. 40, The abductor muscle of the little finger. 41, 41, The lumbricales muscles. 61, 61, The bifurcation of the tendons of the superficial flexor muscle, in the fingers.

_Muscles of the Lower Extremities._ 42, The fascia lata muscle. 43, The sartorius muscle. 44, The rectus femoris muscle. 45, The vastus externus muscle. 46, The vastus internus muscle. 47, The internal straight muscle. 48. The pectineus muscle. 49, The adductor muscle. 50, The psoas muscle. 51, The tibialis anticus muscle. 52, The long extensor muscle of the great toe. 53, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 54, The anterior peroneal muscle. 55, The long lateral peroneal muscle. 56, 57, The gastrocnemii muscles. 58, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 69, The short extensor muscles of the toes. 60, The abductor muscle of the great toe.

The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of important fasciæ, that cover the muscles and enclose the tendons.

PLATE IV.

BACK VIEW OF THE MUSCLES.

_Muscles of the Head and Neck._ 4, The sterno-mastoideus muscle. 5, The complexus muscle. 6, The mylo-hyoideus muscle. 7, 8, The occipito-frontalis muscle. 9, The masseter muscle. 10, 11, 12, The anterior, middle, and posterior aural muscles. 13, The temporal muscle.

_Muscles of the Trunk._ 1, 1, The trapezius muscle. 2, The latissimus dorsi muscle. 3, The rhomboideus muscle. 4, The external oblique muscle.

_Muscles of the Upper Extremities._ 5, The deltoid muscle. 6, 7, The infra-spinatus muscle. 9, The triceps extensor muscle. 10, The internal brachial muscle. 11, The long supinator muscle. 12, The external radial muscle. 13, The second external radial muscle. 14, The anconeus muscle. 15, 16, The extensor digitorum communis muscle. 17, The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle. 18, The flexor carpi ulnaris. 19, 20, The extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis muscles. 21, An extensor muscle of the thumb. 22, 28, Interossii muscles.

_Muscles of the Lower Extremities._ 29, The gluteus maximus muscle. 30, The gluteus medius muscle. 31, The biceps flexor cruris muscle. 32, The semi-tendinosus muscle. 33, The semi-membranosis muscle. 34, The gracilis muscle. 35, The adductor muscle. 36, The vastus externus muscle. 37, The sartorius muscle. 38, 39, The gastrocnemii muscles. 40, The long peroneal muscle. 41, The external peroneal muscle. 42, The long flexor muscle of the great toe. 43, The long extensor muscle of the toes. 44, The short extensor muscle of the toes. 47, The short flexor muscle of the toes.

The figures and letters on the left side of the plate, indicate the position of membranous fasciæ which envelop the muscles and tendons.

PLATE V.

ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN.

Fig. 1. _The Mouth and Neck._ (A Side view.) 1, The upper lip. 2, The lower lip. 3, The upper jaw. 4, The lower jaw. 5, The tongue. 6, The hard palate, (roof of the mouth.) 7, The parotid gland. 8, The sublingual gland. T, The larynx. 10, The pharynx. 11, The oesophagus. 12, The upper portion of the spinal column. C, The spinal cord.

_The Chest and its Organs._ 9, 9, The trachea. R, The right auricle of the heart. L, The left auricle. 13, The left ventricle of the heart. 14, The right ventricle. 15, The aorta. 16, The pulmonary artery. 17, The vena cava descendens. 18, The right subclavian vein. 19, The left subclavian vein. 20, The right jugular vein. 21, The left jugular vein. 22, The right carotid artery. 23, The left carotid artery. 24, 25, 26, The upper, middle, and lower lobes of the right lung. 27, 28, The upper and lower lobes of the left lung. 29, 29, 29, The diaphragm. P, P, P, P, The pleura, that lines the cavity of the chest. S, S, The clavicles. O, O, O, O, The ribs. M, M, M, M, Muscles of the chest. 40, The thoracic duct, opening into the left subclavian vein.

_The Abdomen and its Organs._ 30, The stomach. 31, 32, The right and left lobe of the liver. F, The fissure that separates the two lobes. 33, The gall bladder. 34, 34, The duodenum. 35, The ascending colon. 36, The transverse colon. 37, The descending colon. 38, 38, 38, 38, The small intestine. 39, 39, The walls of the abdominal cavity turned down. 41, The spleen.

Fig. 2. _The Relation of the Lacteals and Thoracic Duct._ 1, 1, A section of the small intestine. 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, Mesenteric glands, through which the lacteals from the intestine pass. 3, Several lacteal vessels entering the enlarged portion and commencement of the thoracic duct. 5, 5, 5, The thoracic duct. 6, The thoracic duct opening into the left subclavian vein. 7, (See 40, Fig. 1.) 8, The right subclavian vein. 9, The vena cava descendens. 10, 11, 11, The aorta. 12, The carotid arteries. 13, 13, The jugular veins. 14, The vena azagos. 15, 15, The spinal column. 16, The diaphragm.

Fig. 3. _The Relation of the Larynx, Trachea, Bronchia, and Air-cells._ 1, 1, 1, An outline of the right lung. 2, 2, 2, An outline of the left lung. 3, The larynx. 4, The trachea. 5, The right bronchia. 6, The left bronchia. 7, 7, 7, 7, Divisions of the right bronchia. 8, 8, 8, 8, Divisions of the left bronchia. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells.

Fig. 4. _An ideal View of a lateral and vertical Section of the Larynx._ 1, 1, The superior vocal cords, (ligaments.) 2, 2, The inferior vocal cords. 3, 3, The glottis. 4, 4, The ventricles of the larynx.

PLATE VI.

HEART, ARTERIES, AND VEINS

Fig. 1. _The Heart and large Arteries._ 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The right ventricle of the heart. 3, The left auricle. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The aorta. 7, 7, The descending aorta. 8, The arteria innominata. 9, The left carotid artery. 10, The left subclavian artery. 56, The right subclavian artery.

_Arteries of the Neck and Head._ 15, The right carotid artery. 16, The left carotid artery. 17, The right temporal artery. 50, The right facial artery. 54, The left temporal artery.

_Arteries of the Upper Extremities._ 11, 11, The left brachial artery. 12, The left radial artery. 13, 13, The right brachial artery. 14, The right radial artery. 51, The right ulnar artery.

_Arteries of the Lower Extremities._ 18, The left iliac artery. 19, The right iliac artery. 20, The left femoral artery. 21, The right femoral artery. 22, The peroneal artery. 23, The left anterior tibial artery. 24, The muscular artery. 25, 25, The right and left arteria profunda. 26, The right anterior tibial artery. 27, The right peroneal artery.

_The Veins of the Neck and Head._ 28, The vena cava descendens. 29, The left subclavian vein. 30, The right subclavian vein. 31, The right jugular vein. 32, The left jugular vein. 53, The right temporal vein. 55, The left temporal vein. 49, The right facial vein.

_Veins of the Upper Extremities._ 33, The left brachial vein. 34, The left radial vein. 35, The right brachial vein. 36, The right radial vein. 51, The right ulnar vein.

_Veins of the Lower Extremities._ 37, The vena cava ascendens. 38, The left iliac vein. 39. The right iliac vein. 40, The left femoral vein. 41, The right femoral vein. 42, The left anterior tibial vein. 43, The left peroneal vein. 44, The right anterior tibial vein. 45, The right peroneal vein. 46, 46, The profunda veins. 47, The muscular veins. 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, Intercostal arteries and veins.

Fig. 2. _The Relation of the Cavities of the Heart to the large Blood-vessels._ 1, The vena cava descendens. 2, The vena cava ascendens. 3, The right auricle of the heart. 4, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. 5, The right ventricle. 6, The tricuspid valves. 7, The pulmonary artery. 8, 8, The branches of the pulmonary artery that pass to the right and left lung. 9, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. 10, The left pulmonary veins. 11, The right pulmonary veins. 12, The left auricle. 13, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. 14, The left ventricle. 15, The mitral valves. 16, 16, The aorta. 17, The semilunar valves of the aorta. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricle.

Fig. 3. _An ideal View of the Heart, Arteries, and Veins._ A, The right auricle. B, The right ventricle. C, The tricuspid valves. D, The opening between the right auricle and right ventricle. E, The left auricle. F, the left ventricle. G, The mitral valves. H, The opening between the left auricle and left ventricle. I, The septum between the right and left ventricle. K, The pulmonary artery. L, The semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery. M, M, The right pulmonary artery. N, N, The left pulmonary artery. O, O, O, O, O, O, The capillary vessels of the lungs. P, P, P, The right pulmonary vein. Q, Q, The left pulmonary vein. R, R, The aorta. S, The semilunar valves of the aorta. T, T, A branch of the aorta to the upper extremities. U, U, U, U, A branch to the lower extremities. V, V, V, V, V, V, The capillary vessels at the extremity of the branches of the aorta. W, W, The descending vena cava. X, X, X, The ascending vena cava.

In Figs. 1, 2, 3, the course of the blood through the circulatory vessels is indicated by arrows.

PLATE VII.

THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION.

Fig. 1. 1, The right auricle of the heart. 2, The left auricle. 3, The right ventricle of the heart. 4, The left ventricle. 5, The pulmonary artery. 6, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the left lung. 7, The branch of the pulmonary artery to the right lung. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Branches of the pulmonary artery in the right and left lung. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Air-cells. 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Small pulmonary veins in the right and left lung. 11, The left pulmonary vein. 12, 12, The right pulmonary vein.

Fig. 2. _An ideal View of the Pulmonary Circulation._ 1, 1, The right lung. 2, 2, The left lung. 3, The trachea. 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, The right bronchia. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, The left bronchia. 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, Air-cells, with arteries and veins passing around them. 7, The right auricle of the heart. 8, The right ventricle of the heart. 9, The tricuspid valves. 10, The pulmonary artery. 11, 11, 11, 11, The right pulmonary artery. 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, The left pulmonary artery. 13, 13, 13, 13, The right pulmonary vein. 14, 14, 14, 14, The left pulmonary vein. 15, The left auricle. 16, The left ventricle. 17, The mitral valves. 18, The septum between the right and left ventricles.

Fig. 3. _An ideal View of the Capillaries._ 1, 1, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 2, 2, A branch of the pulmonary vein. 3, 3, Capillary vessels between the artery and vein.

Fig. 4. _An ideal View of the Relations of the Bronchia, Air-cells, Pulmonary Arteries, and Veins._ 1, A bronchial tube. 2, 2, 2, Air-cells. 3, A branch of the pulmonary artery. 4, A branch of the pulmonary vein.

PLATE VIII.

THE CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVES

1, The cerebrum. 2, The cerebellum. 3, 3, The spinal cord. 4, The brachial plexus of nerves. 5, The lumbar plexus of nerves. 6, The sacral plexus of nerves. 7, The facial nerve. 8, 17, The radial nerve. 9, 9, 16, The ulnar nerve. 10, The median nerve. G, The circumvex nerve of the shoulder.

11, 11, The great sciatic nerve. 12, The external popliteal, or peroneal nerve. 13, 13, The posterior tibial nerve. 14, The external tibial nerve. 15, The muscular branch of the external peroneal nerve. 18, The muscular branch of the sciatic nerve. P, Q, The posterior tibial nerve.

The letters and other figures indicate minor nervous filaments distributed to the various muscles and the skin.

PLATE IX.

THE SKIN.

Fig. 1. _A perspiratory Tube and Gland._ 1, 1, The contorted portion of the tube that forms the gland. 2, 2, Two branches which unite to form the main duct of the gland. 3, 3, The perspiratory tube. 4, The cuticle. 5. Its colored portion. 6, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 7, 7, Fat vesicles, in which the gland is imbedded.

Fig. 2. _A Papilla of the Skin._ 1, 1, Two papillæ, formed of an artery vein, and nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2, Nerves forming a loop in the papillæ. 3, 3, Arteries of the papillæ. 4, 4, Veins of the papillæ. 5, 5, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves. 6, 6, Nerves of the skin. 8, 8, Arteries of the skin. 7, 7, Veins of the skin.

Fig. 3. _A Hair, and its Oil-Glands._ 1, 1, The hair. 2, 2, The sheath of the hair. 3, Oil-glands that surround the bulb of the hair, the ducts of which open into the sheath of the hair, (2, 2.)

Fig. 4. _A Section of the Skin._ 1, 1, The cuticle. 2, 2, Its colored portion. 3, 3, The papillary layer. 4, 4, A net-work of arteries, veins, and nerves, upon the upper surface of the cutis vera. 5, 5, 5, 5, The cutis vera, (true skin.) 6, 6, 6, Hairs that originate in the cutis vera. 7, 7, 7, Oil-glands, the ducts of which connect with the sheath of the hair. 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, Perspiratory glands and their ducts. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Nerves of the skin 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, Arteries of the skin. 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, Veins of the skin. 12, 12, 12, 12, Papillæ, or ridges of the skin.

PLATE X.

AN ANTERO-POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYE.

Fig. 1. 1, 1, The sclerotic coat. 2, 2, The cornea. 3, 3, The choroid coat. 4, 4, The retina. 5, 5, The iris. 6, 6, The posterior chamber of the eye that contains the aqueous humor. 7, 7, The anterior chamber. 8, 8, The pupil. 9, The crystalline humor. 10, 10, The vitreous humor 11, The optic nerve. 12, A representation of a pen. 13, An inverted image of the pen (12) on the retina. 14, 14, A canal surrounding the crystalline humor. 15, 15, The bevelled junction of the cornea and sclerotic coats. A, a perpendicular ray of light from the pen. B, B, oblique rays, that are refracted in passing through the humors of the eye.

Fig. 2. _A View of the External, Middle, and Internal Ear._ 1, 1, The external ear. 2, The meatus auditorius externus, (the tube that connects with the middle ear.) 3. The membrana tympani, (drum of the ear.) 8, 8, The tympanum, (middle ear.) 4, The malleus. 5, The incus. 6, The orbicularis. 7, The stapes, (stirrup-bone,) that connects with the vestibule of the internal ear. 9, 9, (4, 5, 6, 7, The small bones of the middle ear,) 10, 11, 12, The semicircular canals. 13, 13, The cochlea. 14, The auditory nerve. 15, The division of the auditory nerve to the semicircular canals. 16, The division to the cochlea. 17, 17, The Eustachian tube. 18, The chorda tympani nerve. 19, The seventh pair (facial) nerve. 20, The styloid process of the temporal bone. 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, The petrous or hard portion of the temporal bone, in which the parts of the middle and internal ear are situated.

* * * * *
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HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE

ANATOMY,

PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE

BY

MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER.

WITH ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.

NEW YORK:

CLARK, AUSTIN, AND SMITH

3 PARK ROW

TEXT BOOKS

UPON

=Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene.=

Recommended by the Hon. N. W. EDWARDS, School Sup't, Ill.

HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND HYGIENE. For District Schools. With 100 Engravings. 132 pages. By MRS. EUNICE P. CUTTER. Price 33 cts.

This work contains full directions for the _study_ and _teaching_ of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. This is a new feature. _Every teacher would profit by it._ The plan of the work can be gathered from the following _fac-simile_ of the table of contents:--

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.

Author's archaic and variable spelling is mostly preserved.

Author's punctuation style is mostly preserved.

Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_.

Passages in bold indicated by =equal signs=.

In paragraph 97, '[s]' is used to represent the integral symbol.

Greek words and letters have been transliterated and placed between +marks+.

This transcription is faithful to the original transliterations of Greek (which occur in italics), even when they seem incorrect.

Author's Greek transliterations included vowels with macrons. These macrons have been changed to circumflexes in order to display correctly in this text transcription.

The original revision questions at the bottom of each page have been set between lines that look like '-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-='.

Footnotes have been placed directly below their relevant paragraphs.

Transcriber's changes:

Title page: Was 'DESIGNER' (=DESIGNED= FOR)

Title page: Was 'Massachuetts' (In the Clerk's Office of the
District Court of the District of =Massachusetts=.)

Title page: Added '.' (No. 15 Vandewater Street, N. =Y.=)

Page 18: Added ',' (_Example._ The digestive apparatus consists of
the =teeth,= stomach, liver, &c., all of which aid in the
digestion of food.)

Page 23, Fig. 5: Added '.' (=Fig.= 5. A section of the femur,
(thigh-bone.) 1, 1, The extremities, showing a thin plate
of compact texture)

Page 24: Was 'serious' (40. How does the mucous differ from the
=serous= tissue? What is the appearance of the external
surface of this membrane?)

Page 27: Added comma (The most important compounds are _Al-bu´men_,
=_Fi´brin_,= _Gel´a-tin_)

Page 27: Was 'organ ized (57. What are proximate elements? Do they
exist already formed in =organized= bodies? Name the most
important compounds.)

Page 29: Added '.' (The earthy portion of the bones gives them
solidity and strength, while the animal part endows them
with =vitality.=)

Page 33, Fig. 7: Added '.' (=7.= 1, 1, The coronal suture at the
front and upper part of the skull, or)

Page 33, Fig. 7: Was 'cra nium' over line break. (suture at the
front and upper part of the skull, or =cranium=. 2, The
sagittal suture on the top of the skull.)

Page 35, Fig. 9: Added '.' (=Fig.= 9. 1, The first bone of the
sternum, (breast-bone.) 2. The second bone of the
sternum.)

Page 36: Added '.' (83. Describe the thorax. Explain fig. 9. 84.
Describe the =sternum.= 85. Describe the ribs.)

Page 36: Added '?' (88. Give the structure of the vertebra. Where is
the spinal cord placed? 89. What is placed between each
=vertebra?= What is its use?)

Page 37, Fig 10: Added '.' (5, The transverse =process.= 7, The
inferior articulating process.)

Page 38, Fig 12: Added '.' (2, The sacrum. 3, The =coccyx.= 4, 4,
The acetabulum. a, a, The pubic portion)

Page 38: Added '.' (In the adult? Describe the acetabulum. 93.
Describe the =sacrum.= Explain fig. 12. 94. Describe the
coccyx.)

Page 41: Was 'out side' over page break (101. The RADIUS articulates
with the bones of the carpus and forms the wrist-joint.
This bone is situated on the =outside= of the fore-arm)

Page 41, Fig. 16: Added '.' (11, 11, First range of finger-bones.
12, 12, Second range of finger-bones. 13, 13, Third range
of =finger-bones.= 14, 15, Bones of the thumb.)

Page 42: Was 'meta carpal' over line break. (and upon the other, the
first bone of the thumb. The five =metacarpal= bones
articulate with the second range of carpal bones.)

Page 42: Added '.' (101. The radius. 102. How many bones in the
carpus? How are they ranged? =103.= Describe the)

Page 42: Added '.' (103. Describe the =metacarpus.=)

Page 42: Was 'sim ilar' over line break. (109. The FIBULA is a
smaller bone than the tibia, but of =similar= shape. It is
firmly bound to the tibia, at each extremity.)

Page 43, Fig. 17: Added '.' (=Fig.= 17. 1, The shaft of the femur,
(thigh-bone.))

Page 44: Was 'a' (They articulate at one extremity with one range of
tarsal bones; =at= the other extremity, with the first
range of the toe-bones.)

Page 45, Fig. 21: Added '.' (Fig. 21 The relative position of the
bones, cartilages, and synovial =membrane.= 1, 1, The
extremities of two bones that concur to form a joint.)

Page 46: Added '.' (112. Describe the phalanges. 113-118. _Give the
anatomy of the =joints.=_ 113. What is said of the joints?
Of what are the joints composed?)

Page 46: Added '?' (112. Describe the phalanges. 113-118. _Give the
anatomy of the joints._ 113. What is said of the joints? Of
what are the joints =composed?=)

Page 52, Fig. 28: Added '.' (14, The hand. 15, The haunch-bone. 16,
The =sacrum.= 17, The hip-joint.)

Page 52, Fig. 28: Added '.' (19, The patella. 20, The =knee-joint.=
21, The fibula. 22, The tibia.)

Page 65: Added '.' (150-160. _Give the anatomy of the =muscles.=_
150. What is said of the muscles? 151. Give their
structure.)

Page 70, Fig. 39: Added '.' (Fig. =39.= A front view of the muscles
of the trunk.)

Page 70, Fig. 39: Was 'superficia' (On the left side the
=superficial= layer is seen; on the right, the deep layer.
1, The pectoralis major muscle.)

Page 72, Fig. 41: Added '.' (Fig. 41 The first, second, and part of
the third layer of muscles of the =back.= The first layer
is shown on the right, and the second on the left side.)

Page 72, Fig. 41: Added '.' (_Practical Explanation._ The muscles 1,
11, 12, draw the scapula back toward the =spine.= The
muscles 11, 12, draw the scapula upward toward the head)

Page 73, Fig. 42: Added '.' (Fig. 42. A representation of the under,
or abdominal side of the =diaphragm.= 1, 2, 3, 4, The
portion which is attached to the margin of the ribs.)

Page 74, Fig. 43: Added '.' (=Fig.= 43. A front view of the
superficial layer of muscles of the fore-arm. 5, The flexor
carpi radialis muscle.)

Page 74: Added '.' (That perform the delicate movements of the
fingers? Give the use of some of the muscles represented by
=fig.= 43. Those represented by fig. 44.)

Page 81: Added '.' (The ball and socket joints, as the shoulder, are
not limited to mere flexion and =extension.= No joint in
the system has the range of movement that is)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 9, fig. 46, and 6, =fig.=
47, bend the neck forward. The muscles 3, 4, fig. 47,
elevate the head and chin.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 26, 27, 28, fig. 46, bend
the lower limbs on the body, at the =hip.= The muscle 28,
fig. 46, draws one leg over the other)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 27, 28, =fig.= 47, extend
the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29,
30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added ',' (The muscles 27, 28, fig. =47,= extend
the lower limbs on the body, at the hip. The muscles 29,
30, 31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 27, 28, fig. 47, extend the
lower limbs on the body, at the =hip.= The muscles 29, 30,
31, fig. 46, extend the leg at the knee.)

Page 84, Fig. 47: Added '.' (The muscles 29, 30, fig. =47,= bend the
leg at the knee. The muscles 34, 36, fig. 46, bend the foot
at the ankle, and extend the toes.)

Page 88: Added '?' (What class of pupils should have recesses most
=frequently?= 179. What effect has continued muscular
contraction?)

Page 95: Added '.' (196. Give an instance of the different effects
produced by the absence and presence of the mental
=stimulus.=)

Page 97, Fig. 49: Was '(1.' (the unnatural curved spinal column, and
its relative position to the perpendicular, =1.= The lower
limbs are curved at the knee)

Page 98: Added comma. (In performing any labor, as in speaking,
reading, singing, mowing, sewing, =&c.,= there will be less
exhaustion)

Page 100, Fig. 51: Added '.' (Fig. 51. An improper position in
=sitting.=)

Page 104: Added ',' (210. What is said of the lateral and oblique
movements of the =arm,= hand, and fingers in writing? How
is this shown by experiment?)

Page 107, Fig. 55: Added '.' (_d_, _e_, The bicuspids. _f_, _g_, The
molars, (double teeth.) _h_, The wisdom =teeth.=)

Page 108, Fig. 56: Added '.' (=Fig.= 56. A side view of the body and
enamel of a front tooth.)

Page 108, Fig. 57: Added '.' (=Fig.= 57. A side view of a molar
tooth. 1, The enamel. 2, The body of the tooth.)

Page 108, Fig. 57: Added '.' (1, The enamel. 2, The body of the
=tooth.= 3, The cavity in the crown of the tooth that
contains the pulp.)

Page 115, Fig. 59: Added '.' (=Fig.= 59. A side view of the face,
oesophagus, and trachea.)

Page 118: Was 'COECUM' (249. The =CÆCUM= is the blind pouch, or
cul-de-sac, at the commencement of the large intestine.
Attached to its extremity)

Page 119: Was 'coecum' (is the mucous membrane sometimes called the
villous coat? 249. Describe the =cæcum=.)

Page 119, Fig. 61: Was 'coecum' (4, The appendix vermiformis. 5, The
=cæcum=. 6, The ascending colon. 7, The transverse
colon.)

Page 120: Was 'coecum' (half shorter than the intestine, and give it
a sacculated appearance, which is characteristic of the
=cæcum= and colon.)

Page 127: Moved up from the following box. (What is said in regard
to the bile? 266. What becomes of the chyle? =Of the
residuum?=)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (Fig. 65. An ideal view of the organs
of digestion, opened nearly the whole =length.=)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (1, The upper jaw. 2, The lower jaw. 3,
The tongue. 4, The roof of the =mouth.= 5, The oesophagus.
6, The trachea. 7, The parotid gland.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (8, The sublingual =gland.= 9, The
stomach. 10, 10, The liver. 11, The gall-cyst.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added ',' (16, The opening of the small intestine
into the large intestine. 17, 18, 19, =20,= The large
intestine. 21, The spleen.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (16, The opening of the small intestine
into the large intestine. 17, 18, 19, 20, The large
=intestine.= 21, The spleen.)

Page 128, Fig. 65: Added '.' (21, The spleen. 22, The upper part of
the spinal =column.=)

Page 129: Was 'prope' (The food that is well masticated, and has
blended with it a =proper= amount of saliva, will induce a
healthy action in the stomach.)

Page 129: Added '.' (will induce a healthy action in the =stomach.=
Well-prepared chyme is the natural stimulus of the
duodenum,)

Page 129: Added ',' (Well-prepared chyme is the natural stimulus of
the =duodenum,= liver, and pancreas; pure chyle is the
appropriate excitant of)

Page 131: Added '.' (another demand for food. What effect has
increased exercise upon the system? =278.= How are the new
particles of matter supplied? What does this induce?)

Page 143: Was 'There fore' over line break. (digested becomes mixed
with that last taken. =Therefore= the interval between
each meal should be)

Page 145: Added '.' (312. Why should they not be taken cold? Show
some of the effects of improper food upon the inferior
=animals.=)

Page 153: Added '.' (=327.= Why does the position of a person affect
digestion? 328. Into what are different kinds of aliment
separated?)

Page 154: Added ',' (333. The CIRCULATORY ORGANS are the _Heart_,
=_Ar´te-ries_,= _Veins_, and _Cap´il-la-ries_.)

Page 170, Fig. 75: Added '.' (=Fig.= 75. An ideal view of the
circulation in the lungs and system. From the right
ventricle of the heart)

Page 179: Added '.' (the proper method of arresting the flow of
blood from divided arteries. 382. The second incident.
=383.= How should "flesh wounds" be dressed?)

Page 182: Added '.' (What other vessels perform the office of
absorption? Give observation. 389. Describe the
=lymphatics.=)

Page 186, Fig. 85: Added '.' (16, 17, 18, Of the face and neck. 19,
20, Large =veins.= 21, The thoracic duct. 26, The
lymphatics of the heart.)

Page 189: Added '.' (matter formed in the system of the diseased
person, may be more readily conveyed into their =own.=)

Page 191: Was 'gen eral' over line. (every trifling and temporary
enlargement, or tumor, is a cancer. Their =general= remedy
is arsenic; and happy is the unfortunate sufferer)

Page 191: Was 'suf ferer' over line. (arsenic; and happy is the
unfortunate =sufferer= who escapes destruction in their
hands, for too frequently)

Page 191: Was 'frequent ly' over line. (happy is the unfortunate
sufferer who escapes destruction in their hands, for too
=frequently= their speedy cure is death.)