Chapter I: Preface

Since its first publication "Agriculture for Beginners" has found a welcome in thousands of schools and homes. Naturally many suggestions as to changes, additions, and other improvements have reached its authors. Naturally, too, the authors have busied themselves in devising methods to add to the effectiveness of the book. Some additions have been made almost every year since the book was published. To embody all these changes and helpful suggestions into a strictly unified volume; to add some further topics and sections; to bring all farm practices up to the ideals of to-day; to include the most recent teaching of scientific investigators--these were the objects sought in the thorough revision which has just been given the book. The authors hope and think that the remaking of the book has added to its usefulness and attractiveness.

They believe now, as they believed before, that there is no line of separation between the science of agriculture and the practical art of agriculture. They are assured by the success of this book that agriculture is eminently a teachable subject. They see no difference between teaching the child the fundamental principles of farming and teaching the same child the fundamental truths of arithmetic, geography, or grammar. They hold that a youth should be trained for the farm just as carefully as he is trained for any other occupation, and that it is unreasonable to expect him to succeed without training.

If they are right in these views, the training must begin in the public schools. This is true for two reasons:

1. It is universally admitted that aptitudes are developed, tastes acquired, and life habits formed during the years that a child is in the public school. Hence, during these important years every child intended for the farm should be taught to know and love nature, should be led to form habits of observation, and should be required to begin a study of those great laws upon which agriculture is based. A training like this goes far toward making his life-work profitable and delightful.

2. Most boys and girls reared on a farm get no educational training except that given in the public schools. If, then, the truths that unlock the doors of nature are not taught in the public schools, nature and nature's laws will always be hid in night to a majority of our bread-winners. They must still in ignorance and hopeless drudgery tear their bread from a reluctant soil.

The authors return hearty thanks to Professor Thomas F. Hunt, University of California; Professor Augustine D. Selby, Ohio Experiment Station; Professor W. F. Massey, horticulturist and agricultural writer; and Professor Franklin Sherman, Jr., State Entomologist of North Carolina, for aid in proofreading and in the preparation of some of the material.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. THE SOIL

SECTION PAGE

I. ORIGIN OF THE SOIL 1

II. TILLAGE OF THE SOIL 6

III. THE MOISTURE OF THE SOIL 9

IV. HOW THE WATER RISES IN THE SOIL 13

V. DRAINING THE SOIL 14

VI. IMPROVING THE SOIL 17

VII. MANURING THE SOIL 21

CHAPTER II. THE SOIL AND THE PLANT

VIII. ROOTS 25

IX. HOW THE PLANT FEEDS FROM THE SOIL 29

X. ROOT-TUBERCLES 30

XI. THE ROTATION OF CROPS 33

CHAPTER III. THE PLANT

XII. HOW THE PLANT FEEDS FROM THE AIR 39

XIII. THE SAP CURRENT 40

XIV. THE FLOWER AND THE SEED 42

XV. POLLINATION 46

XVI. CROSSES, HYBRIDS, AND CROSS-POLLINATION 48

XVII. PROPAGATION BY BUDS 51

XVIII. PLANT SEEDING 59

XIX. SELECTING SEED CORN 66

XX. WEEDS 69

XXI. SEED PURITY AND VITALITY 72

CHAPTER IV. HOW TO RAISE A FRUIT TREE

XXII. GRAFTING 78

XXIII. BUDDING 81

XXIV. PLANTING AND PRUNING 83

CHAPTER V. HORTICULTURE

XXV. MARKET-GARDENING 89

XXVI. FLOWER-GARDENING 108

CHAPTER VI. THE DISEASES OF PLANTS

XXVII. THE CAUSE AND NATURE OF PLANT DISEASE 122

XXVIII. YEAST AND BACTERIA 127

XXIX. PREVENTION OF PLANT DISEASE 129

XXX. SOME SPECIAL PLANT DISEASES 130

CHAPTER VII. ORCHARD, GARDEN, AND FIELD INSECTS

XXXI. INSECTS IN GENERAL 144

XXXII. ORCHARD INSECTS 152

XXXIII. GARDEN AND FIELD INSECTS 165

XXXIV. THE COTTON-BOLL WEEVIL 173