Chapter LXXVIII: Appendix: Spraying Mixtures

FOR BITING INSECTS

DRY PARIS GREEN

Paris green 1 lb.
Lime or flour 4 to 16 lb.

WET PARIS GREEN

Paris green 1/4 to 2 lb.
Lime 1/4 to 1/2 lb.
Water 50 gal.

FOR SOFT-BODIED SUCKING INSECTS

KEROSENE EMULSION

Hard soap (in fine shavings) 1/2 lb.
Soft water 1 gal.
Kerosene 2 gal.

Dissolve soap in boiling water, add kerosene to the hot water, churn with spraying pump for at least ten minutes, until the mixture changes to a creamy, then to a soft, butterlike, mass. This gives three gallons of 66-per-cent oil emulsion, which may be diluted to the strength desired. To get 15-per-cent oil emulsion add ten and one-half gallons of water.

FOR FUNGOUS DISEASES

COPPER SULPHATE

Copper sulphate 1 lb.
Water 18 to 25 gal.

Use only before foliage opens, to kill wintering spores.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

Copper sulphate (bluestone) 4 to 5 lb.
Lime (good, unslaked) 5 to 6 lb.
Water 50 gal.

Dissolve the copper sulphate (bluestone) in twenty-five gallons of water. Slake the lime slowly so as to get a smooth, thick cream. Never cover the lime with too much water. After thorough slaking add twenty-five gallons of water. When the lime and the bluestone have dissolved, pour the two liquids into a third vessel. Be sure that each stream mixes with the other before either enters the vessel. Strain through a coarse cloth.

Mix fresh for each time. Use for molds and fungi generally. Apply in fine spray with a good nozzle.

BORDEAUX-PARIS-GREEN MIXTURE

Ordinary Bordeaux mixture 50 gal.
Paris green 4 oz. to 2 lb.

Use for both fungi and insects on apple, potato, etc.

BORDEAUX-ARSENATE-OF-LEAD MIXTURE

Ordinary Bordeaux mixture 50 gal.
Arsenate of lead 2 to 3 lb.

Used for fungous and insect enemies of the potato, and of the apple when bitter rot is troublesome.

COMMERCIAL LIME-SULPHUR ARSENATE OF LEAD

Commercial lime-sulphur 1-1/2 gal.
Arsenate of lead 2 to 3 lb.
Water 50 gal.

Use for spraying apples.

AMMONIACAL COPPER CARBONATE

Copper carbonate 5 oz.
Ammonia (26 deg. Baume) about 3 pt.
Water 50 gal.

Dissolve the copper carbonate in the smallest possible amount of ammonia. This solution may be kept in stock and diluted to the proper strength as needed.

Use this instead of the Bordeaux mixture after the fruit has reached half or two thirds of the mature size. It leaves no spots as does the lime-sulphur wash or the Bordeaux mixture.

SPRAYS FOR BOTH FUNGOUS AND INSECT PESTS

HOME-MADE LIME-SULPHUR WASH

Lime 20 lb.
Sulphur 15 lb.
Water 50 gal.

The lime, the sulphur, and about half of the water required are boiled together for forty-five minutes in a kettle over a fire, or in a barrel or other suitable tank by steam, strained, and then diluted to 50 gallons. This is the wash regularly used against the San Jose scale. It may be substituted for Bordeaux mixture when spraying trees in the dormant state. Commercial lime-sulphur may also be used in place of this homemade wash. Use one gallon of the commercial lime-sulphur to nine gallons of water in the dormant season.

SELF-BOILED LIME-SULPHUR WASH

The self-boiled lime-sulphur wash is a combination of lime and sulphur boiled only by the heat of the slaking lime, and is used chiefly for summer spraying on peaches, plums, cherries, etc. as a substitute for the Bordeaux mixture.

Lime 8 lb.
Sulphur 6 to 8 lb.
Water 50 gal.

The lime should be placed in a barrel and enough water poured on it to start it slaking and to keep the sulphur off the bottom of the barrel. The sulphur, which should first be worked through a sieve to break up the lumps, may then be added, and, finally, enough water to slake the lime into a paste. Considerable stirring is necessary to prevent caking on the bottom. After the violent boiling which accompanies the slaking of the lime is over, the mixture should be diluted ready for use, or at least enough cold water added to stop the cooking. From five to fifteen minutes are required for the process. If the hot mass is permitted to stand undiluted as a thick paste, a liquid is produced that is injurious to peach foliage and, in some cases, to apple foliage.

The mixture should be strained through a sieve of twenty meshes to the inch in order to remove the coarse particles of lime, but all the sulphur should be worked through the strainer.

GLOSSARY

To enable young readers to understand the technical words necessarily used in the text only popular definitions are given.

=Abdomen=: the part of an insect lying behind the thorax.

=Acid=: a chemical name given to many sour substances. Vinegar and lemon juice owe their sour taste to the acid in them.

=Adult=: a person, animal, or plant grown to full size and strength.

=Ammonia= (_ammonium_): a compound of nitrogen readily usable as a plant food. It is one of the products of decay.

=Annual=: a plant that bears seed during the first year of its existence and then dies.

=Anther=: the part of a stamen that bears the pollen.

=Atmospheric nitrogen=: nitrogen in the air. Great quantities of this valuable plant food are in the air; but, strange to say, most plants cannot use it directly from the air, but must take it in other forms, as nitrates, etc. The legumes are an exception, as they can use atmospheric nitrogen.

=Available plant food=: food in such condition that plants can use it.

=Bacteria=: a name applied to a number of kinds of very small living beings, some beneficial, some harmful, some disease-producing. They average about one twenty-thousandth of an inch in length.

=Balanced ration=: a ration made up of the proper amounts of carbohydrates, fats, and protein, as explained in text. Such a ration avoids all waste of food.

=Biennial=: a plant that produces seed during the second year of its existence and then dies.

=Blight=: a diseased condition in plants in which the whole or a part of a plant withers or dries up.

=Bluestone=: a chemical; copper sulphate. It is used to kill fungi, etc.

=Bordeaux Mixture=: a mixture invented in Bordeaux, France, to destroy disease-producing fungi.

=Bud= (noun): an undeveloped branch.

=Bud= (verb): to insert a bud from the scion upon the stock to insure better fruit.

=Bud variation=: occasionally one bud on a plant will produce a branch differing in some ways from the rest of the branches; this is bud variation. The shoot that is produced by bud variation is called a _sport_.

=Calyx=: the outermost row of leaves in a flower.

=Cambium=: the growing layer lying between the wood and the bark.

=Canon=: the shank bone above the fetlock in the fore and hind legs of a horse.

=Carbohydrates=: carbohydrates are foods free from nitrogen. They make up the largest part of all vegetables. Examples are sugar, starch, and cellulose.

=Carbolic acid=: a chemical often used to kill or prevent the growth of germs, bacteria, fungi, etc.

=Carbon=: a chemical element. Charcoal is nearly pure carbon.

=Carbon disulphide=: a chemical used to kill insects.

=Carbonic acid gas=: a gas consisting of carbon and oxygen. It is produced by breathing, and whenever carbon is burned. It is the source of the carbon in plants.

=Cereal=: the name given to grasses that are raised for the food contained in their seeds, such as corn, wheat, rice.

=Cobalt=: a poisonous chemical used to kill insects.

=Cocoon=: the case made by an insect to contain its larva or pupa.

=Commercial fertilizer=: an enriching plant food bought to improve soil.

=Compact=: a soil is said to be compact when the particles are closely packed.

=Concentrated=: when applied to food the word means that it contains much feeding value in small bulk.

=Contagious=: a disease is said to be contagious when it can be spread or carried from one individual to another.

=Cross=: the result of breeding two varieties of plant together.

=Cross pollination=: the pollination of a flower by pollen brought from a flower on some other plant.

=Croup=: the top of the hips.

=Culture=: the art of preparing ground for seed and raising crops by tillage.

=Curb disease=: a swelling on the back part of the hind leg of a horse just behind the lowest part of the hock joint. It generally causes lameness.

=Curculio=: a kind of beetle or weevil.

=Dendrolene=: a patented substance used for catching cankerworms.

=Digestion=: the act by which food is prepared by the juices of the body to be used by the blood.

=Dormant=: a word used to describe sleeping or resting bodies,--bodies not in a state of activity.

=Drainage=: the process by which an excess of water is removed from the land by ditches, terraces, or tiles.

=Element=: a substance that cannot be divided into simpler substances.

=Ensilage=: green foods preserved in a silo.

=Evaporate=: to pass off in vapor, as a fluid often does; to change from a solid or liquid state into vapor, usually by heat.

=Exhaustion=: the state in which strength, power, and force have been lost. When applied to land, the word means that land has lost its power to produce well.

=Fermentation=: a chemical change produced by bacteria, yeast, etc. A common example of fermentation is the change of cider into vinegar.

=Fertility=: the state of being fruitful. Land is said to be fertile when it produces well.

=Fertilization=: the act which follows pollination and enables a flower to produce seed.

=Fetlock=: the long-haired cushion on the back side of a horse's leg just above the hoof.

=Fiber=: any fine, slender thread or threadlike substance, as the rootlets of plants or the lint of cotton.

=Filter=: to purify a liquid, as water, by causing it to pass through some substance, as paper, cloth, screens, etc.

=Formalin=: a forty per cent solution of a chemical known as formaldehyde. Formalin is used to kill fungi, bacteria, etc.

=Formula=: a recipe for the making of a compound; for example, fertilizer or spraying compounds.

=Fungicide=: a substance used to kill or prevent the growth of fungi; for example, Bordeaux Mixture or copper sulphate.

=Fungous=: belonging to or caused by fungi.

=Fungus= (plural =fungi=): a low kind of plant life lacking in green color. Molds and toadstools are examples.

=Germ=: that from which anything springs. The term is often applied to any very small organism or living thing, particularly if it causes great effects such as disease, fermentation, etc.

=Germinate=: to sprout. A seed germinates when it begins to grow.

=Girdle=: to make a cut or groove around a limb or tree.

=Glacier=: an immense field or stream of ice formed in the region of constant snow and moving slowly down a slope or valley.

=Globule=: a small particle of matter shaped like a globe.

=Glucose=: a kind of sugar very common in plants. The sugar from grapes, honey, etc. is glucose. That from the sugar cane is not.

=Gluten=: a vegetable form of protein found in cereals.

=Graft=: to place a living branch or stem on another living stem so that it may grow there. It insures the growth of the desired kind of plant.

=Granule=: a little grain.

=Gypsum=: land plaster.

"=Head back=": to cut or prune a tree so as to form its head, that is, the place where the main trunk first gives off its branches.

=Heredity=: the resemblance of offspring to parent.

=Hibernating=: to pass the winter in a torpid or inactive state in close quarters.

=Hock=: the joint in the hind leg of quadrupeds between the leg and the shank. It corresponds to the ankle in man.

=Host=: the plant upon which a fungus or insect is preying.

=Humus=: the portion of the soil caused by the decay of animal or vegetable matter.

=Hybrid=: the result of breeding two different kinds of plants together.

=Hydrogen=: a chemical element. It is present in water and in all living things.

=Individual=: a single person, plant, animal, or thing of any kind.

=Inoculate=: to give a disease by inserting the germ that causes it in a healthy being.

=Insectivorous=: anything that eats insects.

=Kainit=: salts of potash used in making fertilizers.

=Kernel=: a single seed or grain, as a kernel of corn.

=Kerosene emulsion=: see Appendix.

=Larva= (plural =larvae=): the young or immature form of an insect.

=Larval=: belonging to larva.

=Layer=: to propagate plants by a method similar to cutting, but differing from cutting in that the young plant takes root before it is separated from the parent plant.

=Legume=: a plant belonging to the family of the pea, clover, and bean; that is, having a flower of similar structure.

=Lichen=: a kind of flowerless plant that grows on stones, trees, boards, etc.

=Loam=: an earthy mixture of clay and sand with organic matter.

=Magnesia=: an earthy white substance somewhat similar to lime.

=Magnify=: to make a thing larger in fact or in appearance; to enlarge the appearance of a thing so that the parts may be seen more easily.

=Membrane=: a thin layer or fold of animal or vegetable matter.

=Mildew=: a cobwebby growth of fungi on diseased or decaying things.

=Mold=: see mildew.

=Mulch=: a covering of straw, leaves, or like substances over the roots of plants to protect them from heat, drought, etc., and to preserve moisture.

=Nectar=: a sweetish substance in blossoms of flowers from which bees make honey.

=Nitrate=: a readily usable form of nitrogen. The most common nitrate is saltpeter.

=Nitrogen=: a chemical element, one of the most important and most expensive plant foods. It exists in fertilizers, in ammonia, in nitrates, and in organic matter.

=Nodule=: a little knot or bump.

=Nutrient=: any substance which nourishes or promotes growth.

=Organic matter=: substances made through the growth of plants or animals.

=Ovary=: the particular part of the pistil that bears the immature seed.

=Ovipositor=: the organ with which an insect deposits its eggs.

=Oxygen=: a gas present in the air and necessary to breathing.

=Particle=: any very small part of a body.

=Perennial=: living through several years. All trees are perennial.

=Petal=: a single leaf of the corolla.

=Phosphoric acid=: an important plant food occurring in bones and rock phosphates.

=Pistil=: the part of the blossom that contains the immature seeds.

=Pollen=: the powdery substance borne by the stamen of the flower. It is necessary to seed production.

=Pollination=: the act of carrying pollen from stamens to pistils. It is usually done by the wind or by insects.

=Porosity=: the state of having small openings or passages between the particles of matter.

=Potash=: an important part of plant foods. The chief source of potash is kainit, muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, wood ashes, and cotton-hull ashes.

=Propagate=: to cause plants or animals to increase in number.

=Protein=: the name of a group of substances containing nitrogen. It is one of the most important of feeding stuffs.

=Pruning=: trimming or cutting parts that are not needed or that are injurious.

=Pulverize=: to reduce to a dustlike state.

=Pupa=: an insect in the stage of its life that comes just before the adult condition.

=Purity= (of seed): seeds are pure when they contain only one kind of seed and no foreign matter.

=Ration=: a fixed daily allowance of food for an animal.

=Raupenleim=: a patented sticky substance used to catch the cankerworm.

=Resistant=: a plant is resistant to disease when it can ward off attacks of the disease; for example, some varieties of the grape are resistant to the phylloxera.

=Rotation= (of crops): a well-arranged succession of different crops on the same land.

=Scion=: a shoot, sprout, or branch taken to graft or bud upon another plant.

=Seed bed=: the layer of earth in which seeds are sown.

=Seed selection=: the careful selection of seed from particular plants with the object of keeping or increasing some desirable quality.

=Seedling=: a young plant just from the seed.

=Sepal=: one of the leaves in the calyx.

=Set=: a young plant for propagation.

=Silo=: a house or pit for packing away green food for winter use so as to exclude air and moisture.

=Sire=: father.

=Smut=: a disease of plants, particularly of cereals, which causes the plant or some part of it to become a powdery mass.

=Spike=: a lengthened flower cluster with stalkless flowers.

=Spiracle=: an air opening in the body of an insect.

=Spore=: a small body formed by a fungus to reproduce the fungus. It serves the same use as seeds do for flowering plants.

=Spray=: to apply a liquid in the form of a very fine mist by the aid of a spraying pump for the purpose of killing fungi or insects.

=Stamen=: the part of the flower that bears the pollen.

=Stamina=: endurance.

=Sterilize=: to destroy all the germs or spores in or on anything. Sterilizing is often done by heat or chemicals.

=Stigma=: the part of the pistil that receives the pollen.

=Stock=: the stem or main part of a tree or plant. In grafting or budding the scion is inserted upon the stock.

=Stover=: as used in this book the word means the dry stalks of corn from which the ears have been removed.

=Subsoil=: the soil under the topsoil.

=Sulphur=: a yellowish chemical element; brimstone.

=Taproot=: the main root of a plant, which runs directly down into the earth to a considerable depth without dividing.

=Terrace=: a ridge of earth run on a level around a slope or hillside to keep the land from washing.

=Thorax=: the middle part of the body of an insect. The thorax lies between the abdomen and the head.

=Thermometer=: an instrument for measuring heat.

=Tillage=: the act of preparing land for seed, and keeping the ground in a proper state for the growth of crops.

=Transplant=: a plant grown in a bed with a view to being removed to other soil; a technical term used by gardeners.

=Tubercle=: a small, wart-like growth on the roots of legumes.

=Udder=: the milk vessel of a cow.

=Utensil=: a vessel used for household purposes.

=Variety=: a particular kind. For example, the Winesap, Bonum, AEsop, etc., are different varieties of apples.

=Ventilate=: to open to the free passage of air.

=Virgin soil=: a soil which has never been cultivated.

=Vitality= (of seed): vitality is the ability to grow. Seed are of good vitality if a large per cent of them will sprout.

=Weathering=: the action of moisture, air, frost, etc. upon rocks.

=Weed=: a plant out of place. A wheat plant in a rose bed or a rose in the wheat field would be regarded as a weed, as would any plant growing in a place in which it is not wanted.

=Wilt= (of cotton): a disease of cotton in which the whole plant droops or wilts.

=Withers=: the ridge between the shoulder bones of a horse, at the base of the neck.

=Yeast=: a preparation containing the yeast plant used to make bread rise, etc.

INDEX

Acid phosphate, 23, 214, 225

Alfalfa, 28, 179, 187, 242, 244, 245, 246-248

Alfalfa root, 28

Animals, domestic, 261-292
why we feed, 290

Annual, 69, 112, 118, 260

Ant, 144, 150

Anther, 43

Apple, 42, 59, 76, 78, 83-85, 123
fire-blight of, 130

Apple-tree tent caterpillar, 161, 162

Arsenate of lead, 156, 157

Ashes, 207

Asparagus, 98

Babcock milk-tester, 304

Bacteria, 24, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133

Balanced ration, 294-295

Barley, 215-217

Beans, 95, 98

Bee, 286-290

Beehive, anti-robbing entrance of, 289

Beet, 95, 96
sugar-, 218-221

Beet sugar, 218

Beetle, 146, 148
cucumber, 102
potato, 170

Biennials, 70

Bird homes, 322

Birds, 318-323

Black knot, 140

Blackberry, 59

Blight, 106
eggplant, 103
pear and apple, 130
potato, 138, 209
tomato, 106

Bordeaux mixture, 127, 141, 142, 156, 209

Borer, peach, 163, 164

Breeding-cage, insect, 152

Buckwheat, 229-230

Bud variation, 58

Budding, 55, 81-82

Buds, 51, 59

Bug, 147

Bulbs, 109, 110, 111

Burbank, Luther, 80

Butter, 297, 300

Butterfly, 146, 148, 149

Cabbage, 93, 95, 96, 99

Cabbage worm, 165, 166

Caladium, 111

Cambium, 79, 131

Cankerworm, 159, 160

Canna, 116

Cantaloupes, 101

Cape jasmine, 110

Capillarity, 10

Carbohydrates, 291, 292, 295

Carbon, 39, 40, 291

Carbon disulphide, 169

Carbonic acid gas, 6, 317

Caterpillar, 147, 149, 161

Cattle, 270-275
beef type of, 272
dairy type of, 273
improving of, 274

Cauliflower, 91, 140

Celery, 100, 101

Cherries, 59, 81, 164

Chinch bug, 165, 167

Churn, the, 297, 299, 300

Churning, 299

Cleft grafting, 80

Clover, 187, 249-251

Club root, 140

Cocoon, 147, 148, 150, 151

Codling moth, 154, 156, 164

Cold-frame, 93-97, 101

Colostrum, 297

Consumption, germ of, 129

Corms, 111

Corn, 197-202
blossom of, 45
freezing of seed, 75
roots of, 27, 28
selection of seed, 66, 67, 68

Cotton, 180-188
resistant variety of, 132
Sea Island, 132, 182
short-stapled, 182

Cotton wilt, 142

Cotton-boll weevil, 173

Cotton-seed meal, 24, 225, 295

Cow
Aberdeen Angus, 272
Galloway, 274
Holstein, 275
Jersey, 273
care of, 296
the dairy, 293-296

Cowpeas, 251-254

Cream, 297, 298

Crop-rotation, 33-37

Crops, 178-237
rotation of, 20, 33, 189, 211, 217, 219, 228
value of, per acre, 179

Cross section, 26

Crosses, 49

Cross-pollination, 48

Cucumber, 73, 101

Cucumber beetle, 102

Curculio, plum, 156

Currant, 59

Cuttings, 52, 53, 54, 55, 109

Cyclamen, 115

Dahlia, 111, 112, 116

Dairy rules, 301

Dairying, 297-301

Dendrolene, 160

Diphtheria, germ of, 129

Diseases of plants, 122-143

Domestic animals, 261-292

Drainage, benefits of, 15

Dry farming, 323-326

Ducks, 282

Eggplants, 102, 103

Ensilage, 295

Farm crops, 178-237

Farm garden, 235-237

Farm tools, 313-315

Farming on dry lands, 323-330

Fats, 291, 292, 295

Feed stuffs, 238-260
digestible nutrients in, 290-292
growing, on the farm, 309-313

Feeding animals, 290
reasons for, 290, 292

Fertilization, 45

Fertilizers, 22-24

Field insects, 144-177

Figs, 51, 59

Fire-blight, 130

Flax, 226-229

Flea-beetle, 169, 172, 209

Floriculture, 89, 108

Flower, the, 42, 43

Flower box, 112

Flower gardening, 108-121

Fly, 146, 150

Formalin, 135, 136, 138

Fowls, 282-286

Fruit mold, 126, 142

Fruit rot, 122

Fruit tree, how to raise a, 76-87

Fultz, Abraham, 65

Fungi, 125, 126, 127

Garden, 235-237

Garden insects, 165-177

Gardening, market-, 89-90

Geese, 284

Geranium, 52, 54, 109, 110

Germs, 24, 127, 129, 131, 135;
_see also_ Bacteria

Girdler, 162

Girdling, 41

Glacier, 3, 4, 5

Gladiolus, 92, 111

Gooseberries, 59

Grafting, 55, 78-81
cleft, 80
root, 79
time for, 79
tongue, 79, 80

Grafting wax, 79

Grape, 51, 53, 58, 59

Grape cutting, 54

Grape phylloxera, 157, 158

Grape pollination, 52, 53

Grasses, 238-244

Grasshopper, 148, 151

Greenhouse, 91-94

Heading back, 83

Hemp, 226-229

Hens, 282-286

Heredity, 67

Hessian fly, 170

Homes, country, 330-337

Honey dew, 167

Horse, 262-270
diagrams by which to judge, 265-269
Percheron, 264
proportions of, 270
roadster, 267

Horticulture, 89-121

Host, 126

Hotbed, 91-97

How to raise a fruit tree, 76-87

Humus, 5, 20, 21, 22, 193, 207

Husker and shredder, 201

Hybrids, 49, 50, 51, 183

Insects, cage for breeding, 152
classes of, 146
eggs of, 150
eyes of, 145
field, 144, 165
garden, 144-177
general, 144
how they feed, 146, 147
orchard, 144
parts of, 145

Irish, or white, potato, 206-209
propagation of, 56, 57

Irrigation, 326-330
method of, 330

Kafir corn, 325, 326

Kainite, 214

Kerosene emulsion, 168

Land, improvement of, 17, 21, 31, 34, 244

Landscape-gardening, 89

Larva, 147, 148

Layering, 55, 57

Legumes, 31, 207, 244-260

Lettuce, 91, 93, 95

Life in the country, 330-337

Lime, 140

Lime-sulphur wash, 141, 142, 153, 154, 156

Liming land, 315-318

Louse, plant, 150, 151, 152, 167

Machines, farm, 313-315

Maize, 197

Manures, 20, 21-24

Maple sugar, 217

Market-gardening, 89, 90

Meadows, 240, 242

Melons, 101, 106

Mildew, 124
how to prevent, 126

Milk, 297
sours, how, 302

Milk-tester, Babcock, 304

Mineral matter, 291, 292

Moisture, 9

Mold, 123, 124, 125

Moonflower, 115

Morning-glory, 115

Moth, 148
codling, 154, 156, 164
mosquito, 150

Mulch, 12

Narcissus, 114

Nectar, 46, 47

Nitrate of soda, 24, 99, 211, 214

Nitrogen, 15, 23, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 188, 246

Nitrogen-gathering crops, 15, 18, 244-260

Nodules, 36

Oats, 209-215

Oat smut, 134

Onion, 103, 104

Orchard insects, 143

Osmosis, 30

Ovary, 44

Ovipositor, 157

Paris green, 165, 209

Parsnips, 94

Pasture grasses, 238-244

Peach, 42, 59, 81, 84, 85, 87, 141, 142

Peach curl, 141, 143

Peach mold, 142

Peach mummies, 142

Peach tree, how made, 86-87

Peach-tree borer, 163, 164

Peanuts, 202-203

Pear, 44, 49, 59, 81, 130

Pear fire-blight, 130

Peas, 95, 104, 251-254

Perennials, 71, 112, 116, 118, 260

Petal, 43

Phosphoric acid, 23, 24, 186, 188, 196, 216, 244, 254

Phylloxera, 157, 158

Pipette, 305

Pistil, 43, 44

Plant, the, 25, 39

Plant disease, cause of, 122
nature of, 122
prevention of, 122, 129

Plant food, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24
from air, 39
from soil, 29
kinds of, 33

Plant louse, 150, 152, 167, 168

Plant seeding, 59, 109

Planting a tree, 76-87

Plant-propagation, 51-59
by buds, 51

Plants grown from seed, 109
from bulbs, 109

Plow, right way to, 11

Plum curculio, 156, 157

Plums, 43, 59, 81, 164

Pollen, 43, 47, 48

Pollination, 45-48
by hand, 49
cross-, 49, 50
grape, 52, 53

Potash, 23, 24, 186, 188, 196, 207, 216, 244, 246, 254

Potato, sweet, 204, 205
white, or Irish, 56, 57, 206-209

Potato beetle, 170, 209

Potato blight, 138, 209

Potato scab, 136, 205, 209

Potato seed, 56, 57

Poultry, 282-286

Prevention of plant diseases, 129, 130

Propagation of plants by buds, 58
by cuttings, 52

Protein, 212, 291, 294, 295, 297

Pruning, 83, 84-87
root, 85, 86

Pupa, 147, 150, 151

Purity of seed, 72-75

Pyrethrum powder, 165

Quince, 59

Radish, 95

Raspberry, 59

Ration, balanced, 294, 295

Ratoon, 225

Red raspberry, 59

Rice, 231-232

Roads, 332, 337

Root-hairs, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32

Root-pruning, 86

Roots, 25, 26, 27, 28

Root-tubercles, 30, 37

Rose, 109, 121, 124

Rot of fruit, 122

Rotation of crops, 8, 20, 21, 33-37, 189, 211, 217, 219, 258

Rye, 213-215

San Jose scale, 152, 153

Sap current, the, 40

Scab, 136, 209

Schoolhouses, 334

Scion, 79, 81, 82

Seed, 42

Seed purity, 72-75

Seed vitality, 72-75

Seed-germination, 74

Seed-germinator, 74

Seeding, 60, 114

Seed-selection, 56, 62, 64, 66
in the field, 56, 62, 68
of corn, 66
of cotton, 60, 61
of potatoes, 56, 57
of wheat, 64, 65

Seed-selection plat, 63, 64

Selection of seed. _See_ Seed-selection

Sepal, 43

Sheep, 276-279

Silo, 295

Smuts, 134, 135

Soil, 1
bacteria in, 24
deepening of, 8
definition of, 1
drainage of, 14

Soil, how formed, 2, 3
how water rises in, 13
improving, 17
manuring of, 21
moisture of, 9
origin of, 1
particles of, magnified, 10
and plant, 25
retention of water by, 12
tillage of, 6
virgin, 17, 18

Sowing seed, 94

Soy beans, 256-260

Spiders, red, 121

Spiracles, 145

Spores, 123, 124, 125, 130, 135
prevention of, 130

Spraying, 137, 138, 139, 155, 156, 157, 209

Spraying outfit, 138, 155, 168, 171

Squanto, 21

Squash, 45, 95

Squash bug, 168

Stamen, 43-48

Starch, 40

Starchy food, 291

Stigma, 44-45

Stock, 79, 82

Strawberry, 45, 55, 59, 90

Style, 43

Subsoil, 1

Subsoiling, 10

Sugar, 40

Sugar plants, 217

Sugar-beet, 218-221

Sugar-cane, 221

Sugar-maple, 217

Sulphate of ammonia, 211

Sun-scald, 84

Sweet pea, 114, 115

Sweet potato, 56, 57, 111, 204-205

Swine, 279-282

Tent caterpillar, 162

Tile drain, 15, 16
benefits of, 14

Tillage, 6-9, 19, 28, 200

Timber, 232-235
enemies of, 233

Tobacco, 189-192

Tobacco worm, 170, 172

Tomato, 40, 105

Tongue grafting, 79, 80

Tools, 313

Topping tobacco, 191

Trap plant, 168

Tree, manuring of, 26

Truck crops, 98-107

Tubercle, 30, 32

Tull, Jethro, 6

Turkeys, 282

Turnip, 95

Twig girdler, 162

Typhoid fever, germ of, 129

Vetches, 255-257

Vitality of seed, 72-75

Vitamines, 298

Wasp, 146

Water, 10
absorption of, by plants, 10
retention of, by soil, 9
rise of, in soil, 13
saved by plants, 10
saved by soils, 12

Watermelons, 106

Wax, 79

Weathering, 4, 7

Weeds, 69, 74
annual, 69
biennial, 70
perennial, 71

Weevil, 169
cotton-boll, 173-177
plum, 156

Wheat, 192-197
selection of seed, 63
yield of, 64

Why feed animals, 290

Wilt
cotton, 142
watermelon, 107

Window box, 118

Window-garden, 119-121

Window-gardening, 119

Worn-out land, reclaiming of, 19, 244

Yeast, 127, 128