Chapter XXVI: Part 26

France, celibacy first introduced in 384, 64
difficulty in enforcing it, 76
popular desire for it, 77
constant legislation required, 79
morals of, in 4th century, 81
monasticism in 7th century, 115
state of church under the Merovingians, 118
in 8th century, 128
in 9th century, 136
in 10th century, 146, 152, 155
Council of Bourges in 1031, 179
council of Rheims in 1049, 189
heresies in 11th and 12th centuries, 207, 367-75
enforcement of celibacy in, 255
morals of clergy in 12th century, 264
persistence of priestly marriage, 270, 318, 319, 320
efforts of Maurice de Sully, 322
results of celibacy, 331
demoralization in 15th cent., 394, 399
heresy of Jean Laillier, 408
Concordat of 1516, 428
the Sorbonne refuses a conference with Melanchthon, 440
condition of church in 16th cent., 515
clerical marriage asked of Council of Trent, 533, 641
reception of Council of Trent refused, 546
character of post-Tridentine church, 559
abuse of confessional, 570, 576
case of la Cadière, 579
question of marriage reopened in 18th century, 581
corruption in 18th century, 585
the church during the Revolution, 588-95
National Council in 1797, 595
clerical marriage under the Concordat, 596-8
varying policy as to clerical marriage, 599-601
monachism in modern times, 613-6
education by monachism, 617-20
reaction against monachism, 621-3
morality of clergy in, 625
modern councils held in, 626, 633
prosecution of clerical offenders, 635-6
position of clergy in, 637

Francis, St., of Assisi, on obedience, 103
his annual visits to Purgatory, 335
his exaltation of poverty, 376

Francis de Sales, St., on choice of confessor, 578

Francis I. favors League of Schmalkalden, 438
Melanchthon submits Articles to him, 440

Franciscans, their corruption, 350, 352, 353, 376
their influence, 375
reformed by Ximenes, 402
their resistance to Henry VIII., 451
of Bavaria on abuse of confessional, 570

Fraticelli, the, 376

Frederic of Lorraine created pope, 192

Frederic I. on sons of clergy, 326
his visit to Fulda, 404

Frederic II. on Milanese heresies, 211
on children of ecclesiastics, 335

Frederic of Saxony protects married priests, 419
acts as sponsor to child of priest, 422
still considers himself a Catholic, 423

Frères de la Sainte-Croix, 617-8

Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes, 617, 619-20

Frérots, the, 376

Fressanges, Mdlle., case of, 600

Freysingen, Council of, in 1440, 396

Frideswide, St., treatment of her remains, 484

Friesland, enforcement of celibacy in, 254

Fringe, John, case of, 318

Fritzlar, Council of, in 1246, 337

Froude, Mr., on Henry VIII. and the Six Articles, 468

Fructuosus, St., of Braga, his rule, 115

Fuero Juzgo, clerical celibacy in, 121

Fuess, Wolfgang, his marriage, 422

Fulbert of Chartres on military bishops, 152

Fulbert of Paris and Heloise, 269

Fulda, Abbey of, its strictness, 404

Future life, unknown to early Jews, 21
doctrine of, introduced, 24

Gaeidhil, conversion of the, 159

Gall, St., his labors, 126

Galli, castration of, 50

Gallicia, Council of, on discipline, 308
first nunnery in 1129, 307

Gangra, Council of, in 362, 61

Gardiner, Bishop, celebrates mass for Edward VI., 477
sits in judgment on married bishops, 479
scandals concerning him, 486

Gaudin, Abbé, defends clerical marriage, 583
his marriage, 591

Gaul (see _France_).

Gauthier of Ponthoise, 256

Gea Eurysternus, priestesses of, 50

Gebhardt of Constance, election of, 229

Gebhardt of Eichstedt created pope, 184, 191

Gebhardt of Ratisbon, 184

Gebhardt of Salzburg ordered to enforce celibacy, 227

Gebizo enforces celibacy in Dalmatia, 250

Geddes, Dr., on celibacy, 584

Gelasius I. on second marriages, 36
on marriage of nuns, 110

Gelasius of Cyzicus on Paphnutius, 57

Genebaldus of Laon, case of, 119

Genoa, civil marriage valid in, 606

Geoffrey of Chartres fails in his reforms, 265

Geoffrey of Llanthony, case of, 227

Geoffrey of Rouen enforces celibacy, 268

Geoffrey of Tuscany, his chaplains, 199

George of Saxony persecutes married priests, 419

Gerard of Angoulême, case of, 269

Gerard of Cambray on Manichæans, 208, 369

Gerard of Florence created pope, 192

Gerard of Lorsch, his inquiries, 148

Gerard of Munster assists Friesland deans, 254

Gerard of Nimeguen on clerical morality, 429

Gerard of Sabina, his reforms, 339

Gerbert of Aurillac on celibacy, 157

Germain, his charter to Bèze, 265

Germany, virtue of Teutonic tribes, 82
reforms attempted by Carloman, 128
condition of church in 10th century, 148, 154
Council of Mainz, in 1049, 189
heresies in 11th and 12th centuries, 207
enforcement of celibacy by Gregory VII., 230
triumph of schism in 11th century, 241
continuance of priestly marriage, 243
rebellion of Henry V., 244
impossibility of enforcing the canons, 247, 318
hereditary priesthood in 12th century, 326
children of ecclesiastics, 13th century, 336
testamentary provisions for, 337
condition of monachism, 15th century, 340
Marian, or Teutonic Order, 366
Waldensian heresy, 375
the Hussites, 382
Orthodox Brethren, 382
Brethren of the Cross, 382
Cardinal Branda’s reforms, 392
demoralization in 15th century, 393, 400
the Reformation, 410
demoralization in the 16th century, 429, 432
success of the Reformation, 443
morals of the monasteries, 452
reforms attempted by Charles V., 524-8
corruption of the clergy, 529-32, 542-3
demand for clerical marriage, 530-44
clerical marriage refused, 545
post-Tridentine immorality, 548-56
abuse of confessional, 570, 576
demand for clerical marriage in 18th century, 583
in 19th century, 601, 604
civil marriage, 605
monachism in Austria, 615
modern councils held in, 626-7, 633
census of ecclesiastics, 630-1

Geroch of Reichersperg on sacraments of sinful priests, 195
on disregard of canons, 317

Gerson on origin of celibacy, 29
on abuse of confessional, 350
on concubinage as a necessity, 353
on clerical immorality, 389

Gervilius of Mainz, case of, 130

Gervinus of St. Riquier, 176

Ghaerbald of Liége, his canons, 135

Gieus de Robin et de Marion, 351

Gilbert, papal legate in Ireland, 296

Gilbert of Chichester on abuse of confessional, 350

Gilbert de la Porrée, condemnation of, 315

Gildas, description of British clergy, 159

Giles Cantor, his heresy, 385

Giovanni Gualberto, St., 183

Giraldus Cambrensis on origin of celibacy, 28
on the Irish church, 297, 298
his struggle for St. David’s, 283
on married priests, 285
on dispensations, 322
he deprecates celibacy, 325
on residence of relatives, 332

Girard, Father, case of, 579

Girona, Council of, in 517, 80
in 1068, 303
in 1078, 304
in 1197, 373
in 1257, 1274, 310

Glastonbury, Abbey of, 167

Gloucester, Augustinians of, their suppression, 457
See of, created, 460

Gnesen, clerical marriage in, 251
Synod of, in 1577, 555

Gnostics, heresy of, 33, 43

Gobel of Paris, 594, 599

Godric, St., case of, 111

Godsons of bishops, wer-gild for, 162

Godstow, the last of English abbeys, 459

Golias Episcopus, 279

Gomorrhianus Liber, 188

Gonsalvo, Reginaldo, on solicitation, 569

Goodacre, Anne, case of, 512

Goslar, Manichæism at, in 1052, 207

Gotefrido of Tuscany installs Victor II., 191

Gotefrido, Archbishop of Milan, 218

Gotfrid of Wurtzburg, his will, 337

Goths, Spanish, their immorality, 120

Grace, the Pilgrimage of, 455

Gran, Synod of, in 1099, 249
in 1382, 1450, 1480, 401
in 1858, 627

Grandchildren cause ineligibility to episcopate, 87

Grandier, Urban, case of, 581

Gratian on origin of celibacy, 28
on dissolution of priestly marriage, 317
on nature of anathema, 640

Gratian of Rouen on clerical marriage, 594

Great Malvern, prior of, his offer, 454

Greece, influence of, on the Jews, 25

Greek church, its divergence from Rome, 83
its rules as to celibacy, 86
its present customs, 91
tolerated by Rome, 327, 328, 640
abuse of confessional in, 577
of Bohemia, 244

Grégoire of Blois, 598

Gregory I. on marriage, 47
his monastic reforms, 113
his enforcement of celibacy, 122
forged epistle of, 137
his conversion of England, 161
on indissolubility of marriage, 314
legend related by him, 349

Gregory II. forbids marriage of nuns, 127
his advice to Boniface, 128
on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

Gregory VI. purchases the papacy, 184
miracle at his obsequies, 187

Gregory VII. condemns the story of Paphnutius, 56
condemns the epistle of St. Ulric, 150
adopts the heresy condemned at Gangra, 61
accompanies Leo IX. to Rome, 187
his increasing influence, 191
his character and aims, 193
his activity under Nicholas II., 196
he refuses ordination to illegitimates, 205
his mission to Milan, 213
his excommunication, 219
he urges Erlembaldo to persevere, 220
his exertions in Lucca, 222
his election as pope, 223
his enforcement of celibacy, 227
his action in Dalmatia, 250
in France, 256
in Normandy, 258
in Britanny, 259
overlooks England in his reforms, 271
his efforts in Spain, 304
his death, 239
enforcement of celibacy attributed to him, 224
legends concerning him, 226
results of his theocracy, 345
his doctrine revived by the heretics, 368, 374, 379, 383

Gregory VIII. prevents abolition of celibacy, 325

Gregory IX. on Neapolitan clergy, 335

Gregory X. on corrupting influence of prelates, 351
deposes Henry of Liége, 336

Gregory XIII. complains of married priests, 554

Gregory XV. on abuse of confessional, 569

Gregory XVI. represses clerical marriage, 601

Gregory of Nazianzum on priestly marriage, 58

Gregory of Tours on nominations of bishops, 118
on enforcement of celibacy, 120

Gregory of Vercelli, case of, 190

Grey-Friars of Perth, their luxury, 509

Grillandus, case reported by, 431

Grindal, Archbishop, revives the Nicene canon, 494
on position of married clergy, 496

Grosseteste, Robert, his reforms, 292
on papal court, 342

Guala, Cardinal, constitutions of, 332

Gualo of Paris, his uncertainty, 263

Guarino of Modena, oath of chastity required by, 153

Guastalla, Council of, in 1106, 244

Guibert de Nogent, case of, 262

Guiberto of Ravenna on concubinage, 238
his death, 242

Guido, Cardinal, enforces celibacy in Austria, 251
and in Denmark, 253

Guido di Valate appointed to See of Milan, 209
penance imposed on him, 214
is driven from Milan, 216
resigns the archbishopric, 218

Gulielmus Appulus on Nicholas II., 197

Gunzo Grammaticus, 148

Gwentian code on sons of priests, 294

Gyrovagi, 109

Haarlem, Synod of, in 1564, 554

Habit, monastic, salvation insured by, 335

Hali Meidenhad, 286, 347

Halifax, Council of, in 1868, 627, 633

Hamburg, reform undertaken at, 189
Council of, in 1406, 335

Hamerer, Dr., on clerical corruption, 557

Hamilton, Patrick, the Scottish protomartyr, 506

Hamilton, Catherine, her escape, 506

Hamilton, Archbp., his character, 503, 505

Hanno of Cologne, his canonization, 201

Hardouin of Angers on morals of clergy, 394

Heads of colleges, position of their wives, 495

Helena of Adiabene, 22

Heliodorus of Trica, rigor of, 86

Helisacar, Abbot, strict rules of, 404

Heloise reforms Convent of St. Mary, 264
denies her marriage, 269

Helsen on clerical morality, 629
on abuse of confessional, 633

Helvidius, his heresy, 68

Henke, his edition of Calixtus, 583

Henrician heretics, 370

Henry II. (Emp.) on sons of priests, 155
his asceticism, 176
he enforces celibacy, 178

Henry III. (Emp.), his desire for reform, 184
urges Clement II. to reform, 185
creates Bruno of Toul pope, 187
makes Gebhardt of Eichstedt pope, 191
persecutes heretics, 207
appoints Guido di Valate, 209
his death, 192

Henry IV. (Emp.), accession of, 192
offers made to him in 1061, 200
his humiliation at Canosa, 219
he expels Altmann of Passau, 230
he protects married priests, 237
but condemns priestly marriage, 239
his triumph over the church, 241
his final overthrow, 244

Henry V. (Emp.), his successful rebellion, 244
failure of negotiations with him, 267

Henry I. (France), attempt to enforce celibacy under, 179

Henry III. (France), his edicts of pacification, 500

Henry I. (Eng.), his speculation in priestly marriage, 276, 280
he enforces celibacy, 278

Henry V. (Eng.), his persecution of Lollards, 381
he attempts a reform, 394

Henry VIII. favors League of Schmalkalden, 438
joins in suppression of monasteries, 448
assumes supremacy of the church, 450
completes suppression of monasteries, 454
is excommunicated by Paul III., 455
his plans for use of monastic property, 459
he maintains celibacy, 461, 466
negotiates with German reformers, 466
persecutes married priests, 467
is responsible for the Six Articles, 468
objects to council held at Mantua, 520
his death, 472

Henry of Lausanne, the heretic, 370

Henry III. of Liége, 336

Henry of Ravenna adheres to Cadalus, 201

Henry of Salzburg on priestly immorality, 247

Henry of Speyer, his remonstrances, 233

Hepburn, Bishop, his immorality, 502

Hera, celibacy of priestess of, 50

Heracles, Thespian, celibacy of priests of, 50

Héraudin of Châteauroux on clerical marriage, 594

Hercules, Gaditanian, chastity of priests of, 50

Hereditary tendency in Greek church, 91
in Latin church of 10th century, 105
its dangers, 225

Hereditary priesthood allowed by Alex. II., 205

Hereditary transmission, in Poland, 13th century, 252
in Friesland, 254
in Normandy, 12th century, 258
in Britanny, 12th century, 259
in France, 12th century, 265
forbidden by C. of Rheims in 1119, 267
in England, in 11th century, 272
in 12th century, 281, 282
in 13th century, 285
in Ireland, 296, 298
among Culdees, 299
in Spain, in 11th century, 304
its persistence in 12th century, 321, 322, 326
condemned by IVth Lateran Council, 327
persists in Livonia, 336
in Pomerania, in 15th century, 402
in 16th century, 505, 516
in post-Tridentine church, 549

Heresies, the, 367
encouraged by clerical immorality, 334

Heresy of sacerdotal marriage, 201
of concubinarians condemned in 1666, 558
abuse of confessional is, 568
opposition to celibacy is, 515, 603, 640
Lutheran, justified by clerical corruption, 430, 514, 516, 518,
527, 529, 548, 556 sqq.

Heretics, persecution of, in 4th century, 70
on corruption of priesthood, 352
to be condemned, not contented, 536

Herluca, her visions, 236

Hermann, Bishop of Prague, 243

Hermann von Wied of Cologne, 518

Hermann, King, condemns priestly marriage, 239

Heydeck, Baron of, his marriage, 434

High Commission, Court of, 490

Hilarion introduces monachism in Palestine, 97

Hildebert of Le Mans, his efforts at reform, 264

Hildebrand (see _Gregory VII._).

Hildebrandine doctrine as to sinful priests, 224
its treatment at Cambray, 236
is enforced in 12th century, 246
becomes obsolete in 12th century, 248, 275
is adopted by the heretics, 368, 374, 379, 383
is condemned in 15th century, 382
but is enforced by laity, 392

Hildesheim, Synod of, in 1652, 562

Hilles, Richard, on the Six Articles, 471

Himerius of Tarragona on celibacy, 65

Hincmar of Rheims on appellate jurisdiction of Rome, 139
endeavors to enforce the canons, 141

Hiouen-Thsang on Buddhist monachism, 95

Hippolytus of Portus on digami, 37

Hof, immorality of priests of, 428

Holland, reception of C. of Trent in, 553

Homicide, unchastity punished as, 169

Honorius (Emp.) on residence of women, 55
he persecutes Jovinian, 70
his edict of 420, 77, 79

Honorius I. reproves Scottish clergy, 161

Honorius II. enforces celibacy in England, 279
morality of Rome under, 341

Honorius III. endeavors to reform the Scottish church, 301
confirms Order of St. James, 364

Honorius II. (antipope), his election, 200

Honorius of Autun on sacraments of sinful priests, 195

Hooper, Bishop, on effect of the Six Articles, 471
his visitation of Gloucester, 476

Horn, Bishop, on position of married clergy, 496

Horne on married clerks, 291

Hosius, Bishop, on celibacy, 529

Hospitallers, the, 362, 366
suppressed in England, 458

Hostility to the church in 15th century, 394, 395

Hoya, Bishop of Munster, 548

Hubert, Abbot, marriage of, 142

Huesca, Council of, in 598, 80

Hugh of Grenoble, his asceticism, 227

Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, on clerical morals, 282

Hugh of Lyons (Die) endeavors to enforce celibacy, 256
is reproved by Gregory VII., 258
his efforts in Britanny, 259

Hugh, Archbishop of Rouen, character of, 155

Hugh of Rouen on priestly marriage, 318

he controverts heresy, 371

Hugo of Constance, Zwingli’s demand on, 421

Hugo of Silva Candida at Council of Girona, 303

Hugo, Cardinal, his speech at Lyons, 342

Huguenots, priestly marriage among, 498
toleration of their marriages, 499

Humbert of Silva Candida on Greek errors, 191
on simony, 201

Humphrey, Lawrence, on Richard Smith, 474
on position of married clergy, 496

Hungary, introduction of celibacy in, 248
clerical immorality in 15th cent., 401
discussion of celibacy in 18th cent., 584
effort for clerical marriage in 1866, 603
National Synod of, in 1822, 626

Huss, John, on sacraments of sinful priests, 196
his heresy, 382
causes of its success, 395

Hutten, Ulric von, 415

Hyde, Council of, in 975, 170

Hydroparastitæ, 44

Hypatia, murder of, 106

Ibas of Edessa, case of, 82

Iceland, rights of illegitimates in, 197

Idelette de Bure, 498

Ignatius, St., on abstinence from marriage, 32

Illegitimates ineligible to priesthood in Coptic church, 93
in Latin church, 205

Illegitimacy of children of ecclesiastics, 86
of Anglican clergy, 494, 496

Immorality arising from vows of celibacy, 41
less reprehensible than marriage, 145, 201, 627
favors shown to, 320

Immorality of church (see _Morals_).

Immunity caused by appellate power of Rome, 139
by forms of ecclesiastical procedure, 140
for adultery by priests, 447

Impostures of relics and miracles, 458

Ina, King, Dooms of, 162

Incest caused by celibacy, 138, 278, 331, 555, 628
common in Ireland, 297, 298
price of absolution for, 428
diminished by marriage, 182
clerical marriage held to be, 628

Indelibility of priesthood, 314

India, influence of, on the Jews, 23

Indians, relations of priests with, 563
their hatred of Christianity, 564

Indulgences in Manichæism, 44
marketable value of, 356
sale of, 397
opposition to, 417

Infallibility decreed by Vatican Council, 608

Infanticide resulting from vows of continence, 42, 100, 137
tradition as to, 124

Infessura, his character of Sixtus IV., 344

Influence of celibacy on civilization, 225, 357
political, of modern monachism, 617-18

Injunctions of Queen Elizabeth, 489

Innocent of Rhodez, 118

Innocent I. on priestly marriage of widows, 39
makes no reference to Nicene canon, 55
condemns the Bonosiacs, 68
condemns Vigilantius, 72
enforces celibacy in Calabria, 76
on marriage of nuns, 104

Innocent II. dissolves marriage of priests, 315
his enforcement of celibacy, 246

Innocent III. enforces celibacy 251, 252, 286, 327, 332
reforms convent of S. Agatha, 265
on hereditary benefices, 266, 286, 298
condemns Bossaert d’Avesnes, 323
decisions rendered by him, 324
on digamy, 349
confirms Order of St. James, 364
converts heretics of Bosnia, 369
his hesitation as to the mendicant orders, 375

Innocent IV. enforces celibacy in Sweden, 253
his judgment for d’Avesnes, 323
permits hereditary priesthood, 336
promotes Henry of Liége, 336
his enmity to Grosseteste, 342

Innocent VIII., his character, 345
orders visitation of English monasteries, 399

Inquisition, the, denounces priestly marriage, 556
condemns heresy of concubinarians, 558
abuse of confessional confided to, 568
its decrees on solicitation, 575
its modern procedure in such cases, 633
its tenderness to clerical delinquents, 570
case of Father Mena, 579
its merciful treatment of nuns, 588
its condemnation of Panzini, 602
it defines celibacy a matter of faith, 603, 642
its justification by the church, 618

Insabbatati, 373

_Insermenté_ clergy, 590

Interdict laid on Milan, in 1074, 219

_Interim_, recognition of marriage in the, 441

Investitures, question of, 218

Ipswich, injunctions of, by Q. Elizabeth, 491

Ireland, character of its early church, 76, 159
enforcement of celibacy in, 295
monasticism of its church, 297
corruption introduced by the English, 298
priestly marriage in 16th century, 299
suppression of monasteries in, 461
morality of clergy in, 625
modern Councils of, 626, 633

Isabella of Castile supports Ximenes, 403

Isidor of Pelusium on neglect of celibacy, 86

Isidor, St., of Seville on monastic impostors, 115

Isidorian forgeries, relaxation of canon in, 136

Isis, vow of continence made by, 50

Italy, enforcement of celibacy in 384, 69
resistance to celibacy, 76
morals in 4th century, 81
St. Benedict of Nursia, 111
monachism reformed by Gregory I., 113
state of church in 6th century, 122
in 8th century, 127
Charlemagne and the Roman clergy, 135
state of church in 10th century, 144
Ratherius of Verona, 146, 150
Atto of Vercelli, 147, 152
Guarino of Modena and Alberic of Marsico, 153
Silvester II., 157
state of church in 11th century, 180
San Giovanni Gualberto, 183
Henry III. and the papacy, 184
St. Peter Damiani, 185
vain attempts at reform, 190
Damiani and Hildebrand, 192
Council of Melfi, in 1059, 197
schism of the Lombard clergy, 200
the antipope Cadalus, 201
failure of the reform, 204
the reform in Milan, 207-221
troubles in various cities, 222
Synod of Melfi, 242
Calabria, priestly marriage in 12th century, 320
Greek church in South, 328
children of ecclesiastics, 335
privileges accorded to concubines, 339
morality of papal court, 341
Savonarola, 386, 398
demoralization in 15th cent., 393, 399
in 16th century, 430, 549-52
clerical marriage proposed in 18th century, 583
corruption in 18th century, 586-8
case of Panzini, 602
civil marriage, 605
followed by clerical marriage, 606
suppression of monastic orders, 609
Barnabite college at Monza, scandal of, 621
modern councils held in, 626-7
number of clergy in, 630
morality of clergy, 631

Ivo of Chartres on the canons, 263
he reproves immorality, 264

Izeshne sacrifice, 44

Jacobines, number of, 92

Jainas, the, 35

Jalikiah, its church independent of Rome, 302

James of Jerusalem, a Nazirite, 25
the brother of Jesus, 68

James IV. (Scotland) protects Lollards, 501

James V. (Scotland), his parliament of 1542, 503

James VI. (Scotland), his baptism, 505

Jameson, Margaret, her marriage, 509

Jane of Flanders, 323

Janizaries, celibacy required of them, 19

Jarnsida, rights of illegitimates in, 197

Jean de Rély on morals of church, 399

Jephthah, daughter of, 21

Jerome, St., on the origin of celibacy, 28
on Buddha, 34
on Manichæism, 46
on marriage, 47
on agapetæ, 54
on heresy of Bonosus, 68
of Jovinian, 70
of Vigilantius, 72
on clerical morality, 78
on observance of celibacy, 85
on early monachism, 97
on immorality of nuns, 100
on difficulty of virginity, 624

Jerome of Prague on Huss, 382

Jerusalem, effect of its capture, 326

Jesuits, they protect their erring members, 579
their influence on morality, 578
their expulsion from New Grenada, 609
they endeavor to enter France, 614
their recent growth, 615
their suppression in France in 1880, 621

Jesus Christ, Order of, 365

Jews, their relation to asceticism, 21-6
their polygamy, 38

Jodocus of Lubec as deputy of papal legates, 442

John IV. on Anglo-Saxon monachism, 163

John XII., his vices, 144

John XIII. condemns priestly marriage, 150
ejects canons of Winchester, 168

John XXII. and the Fraticelli, 377
his taxes of the penitentiary, 428

John XXIII., his crimes and deposition, 343
convokes Council of Constance, 390
his sale of dispensations, 398

John, King (Eng.), speculates on priests’ wives, 283

John of Alexandria, his strictness, 123

John the Baptist, Essenism of, 25

John of Crema, his misadventure, 279
his Scottish reforms, 300

John the Evangelist condemns the Nicolites, 34

John of Frankfort, independence of, 397

John of Jerusalem, rule of, 101

John of Leyden permits polygamy, 438

John of Liége, his murder, 336

John of Lisieux fails in his reforms, 265

John Merlaw of Fulda relaxes the rules, 404

John of Nicklaushausen, his heresy, 405

John of Oberwesel, 407

John of Pirna, 378

John of Rouen enforces celibacy, 256

John of Salisbury reforms his canons, 265

John of Saxony, his treatment of monasteries, 435

John of Schweidnitz, his death, 378

John of Utrecht reforms the nunneries, 340

Jonas, Justus, on Luther’s marriage, 425

Joseph II. (Emp.), his reforms, 583

Jovian on marriage of nuns, 100

Jovinian on Manichæism, 46
his resistance to celibacy, 69

Judah and Tamar, 21

Judhaël of Dol, his marriage, 259

Julian (Emp.) on Syrian asceticism, 50

Julian, Cardinal, legate to Ireland, 298

Julius II. approves of Savonarola, 386

Julius III. defends Savonarola, 386
grants powers to Cardinal Pole, 478
his bull of indulgence to England, 482
he reconvokes the Council of Trent, 521
on treatment of Lutherans at Trent, 521

Julius of Wurzburg argues against clerical marriage, 535

Junia the apostle, 60

Junqua, Abbé, case of, 601

Jurisdiction, appellate, effects of, 140
temporarily surrendered, 334

Jus primæ noctis 354

Jus spolii enforced by Robert the Frisian, 260

Justification by works, doctrine of, 115
in Calvinism, 498
in Scotland, 506

Justin Martyr on morals of Christians, 33
denounces second marriages, 36
approves of mutilation, 40

Justinian, legislation of, 86
regulates monachism, 108

Katherine of Arragon divorced, 450

Katz, his work on celibacy, 584

Keledeus, or Culdee, 299

Killore, John, burnt, 510

King’s College enriched by Henry VIII., 448

Kirkaldy of Grange, 503

Kirkham, Walter, of Durham, prohibits marriage, 290

Knade, James, first married priest of Reformation, 419

Knox, John, his denunciation of Catholics, 506
he justifies Beatoun’s murder, 507
his Book of Discipline, 508
his disputation with Wynrame and Arbuckle, 510
his confession of faith, 512

Koch of Wiesbaden, case of, 601

Kokkius, Doctor, on clerical morals, 396

Kolderup-Rosenvinge, his text of Cnut’s laws, 174

Kopp, Leonhard, emancipates nuns, 425

Krishna, similarity of, to Christ, 92

Kyle, Lollards of, 501

Lacordaire obtains admission of Dominicans, 614

Lactantius condemns asceticism, 48
reprobates monachism, 98

Ladak, number of monks in, 95

Ladislas II. introduces celibacy in Hungary, 248

Lætitia, Madame, patroness of charitable orders, 613

Lagréze on droit de marquette, 355

Laillier, Jean, his heresies, 408

Laity corrupted by the clergy, 265, 346, 350, 429, 430, 518, 533,
586, 629
in favor of priestly marriage, 252, 423
in favor of celibacy, 235, 465, 496
require pastors to keep concubines, 310, 353, 388
their assistance invoked by the church, 194, 232, 256, 257, 261,
559, 560
their asceticism in 11th century, 241

Lambert of Artois enforces celibacy, 262

Lambertini, Countess, case of, 631

Lanciski, Synod of, in 1197, 251

Lands of Church in German Reformation, 434, 437, 439
in England, 454, 482
in Scotland, 508
in France, 589
in Sardinia, 609
in Italy, 610

Lanfranc, moderation of his reforms, 272, 273

Langdon, case of Abbot of, 451

Langdon, Rev. W. C., on clerical morality, 632

Langlande on foreign prelates, 290
on venality of officials, 293
on the church, 444

Languedoc, Manichæism in, 208

Lanssac, his instructions at Trent, 517
on clerical marriage at Trent, 533

Lanzo of Milan, 209

Laodicea, Council of, in 352, 36, 60

Laon, case of subdeacon of, 324

La Réole, monks of, kill St. Abbo, 153

Lasteyrie on clerical corruption, 585

Lateran, first Council of, in 1123, 313
second Council of, in 1139, 315
fourth Council of, in 1215, 327, 567
fifth Council of, in 1516, 413, 428

Latimer, Bishop, concerned in bribing Cromwell, 454
on unworthy promotions, 456
his imprisonment, 469

Latin clerks in Greek church, 329

Laurentius Gallus, 349

Lausanne, clergy of, drive out their bishop, 341
popular complaints in 1533, 429
case of clerical marriage in, 601

Lawney and the Duke of Norfolk, 469

Lay communion in both elements, 44
wine withdrawn from, 45
demanded by the Hussites, 384
demands for it in 16th century, 530, 536, 641
conceded to and withdrawn from Germany, 541, 543

Lazarists, 613-4

Lead, value of, in English monasteries, 459

League of Schmalkalden founded, 438

Le Bas, number of ecclesiastics of France, 593

Lebret, Président, absolves Girard, 580

Legacies to church restricted, 63

Legitimation of priests’ children, in 1552, 476
under Elizabeth, 488
letters of, in Scotland, 506

Leibnitz, his negotiations with Bossuet, 582

Leigh, Thomas, on morals of laity, 464

Leighton, Dr., his report of monasteries, 451

Leith, Articles of, 511

Le Mans, bishop of, the son of a priest, 205
Synod of, in 1248, 350

Leo I. on priestly marriage of widows, 39
on communion in one element, 44
he enforces celibacy, 76
on virginity of nuns, 104
on disregard of vows, 105
on concubinage, 196

Leo III. dispenses St. Swithin, 165

Leo. VIII. permits ordination of priests’ sons, 148
approves statutes of St. Martin of Tours, 404

Leo IX., his entry in Rome, 187
he commences reform, 188
endeavors to reform the Greek church, 191
on priestly marriage in Lucca, 222
his death and canonization, 190

Leo X., his character, 413
he honors Savonarola, 386
is replied to by Diet of Augsburg, 416
he excommunicates Luther, 418
his efforts at reform, 428
his thanks to Henry VIII., 463

Leo XIII. denounces civil marriage, 605

Leo and Anthemius, their laws on monachism, 108

Leo the Isaurian persecutes monks, 90

Leo Marsicanus on Alberic, 153

Leo the Philosopher, legislation of, 87
forbids marriage in orders, 90
on monachism, 109

Leon, Council of, in 1114, 307

Leonistæ, the, 67

Leopold of Tuscany endeavors to reform nunneries, 573, 586

Leptines, Synod of, in 743, 131

Lerida, Council of, in 523, 80

Leslie, Norman, murders Cardinal Beatoun, 503

Levirate marriage among the Jews, 21

Levites, hereditary functions of, 22

Levitical rule of virgin marriage, 38
maintained in Milan, 210

Leyden, John of, 438

Lhassa, number of monks in, 95

Liber Gomorrhianus, 188

Libya, married bishops in, 89

Licentiousness better than marriage, 145, 201, 628

Licenses to sin, first allusion to, in 1080, 257
sale of, in Denmark, 253
condemned by Lateran Council, 327
continued in England, 278, 280, 284, 289, 293
in France, 332
in Germany, 337
in Naples, 339
condemned by Council of Bâle, 396
continued throughout 15th century, 312, 389, 401
in 16th century, 428, 432, 433, 462, 526, 528, 559

Liége, Manichæism, in 1025, 207
priestly marriage in 12th century, 247
heretics in, 371
Bishop of, on clerical corruption, 530
Council of, in 1131, 246, 314
in 1548, 526, 530

Lignana, Girolamo, his attempt to murder St. Charles, 551

Lillebonne, Council of, in 1080, 257

Lima, Councils of, in 1552-1601, 563-5

Limitation on vows in France, 613

Lincoln, case of subdeacon of, 321

Lindet of Evreux, his marriage, 591

Link, Wences., his marriage, 422

Lippomani condemns Orzechowski, 541

Lisieux, case of archdeacon of, 349
Council of, in 1055, 256

Litchfield, Saxon Bishop of, 272
visitation of diocese of, 452

Livonia, hereditary priesthood in, 336

Livres de Jostice et de Plet, 321

Llorente on abuse of confessional, 569, 572-3

Lodi, turbulence of married priests at, 202

Loi Falloux of 1850, 614, 617

Lolhard, Walter, 377

Lollards, the, 381
of Kyle, 501

Lombardo-Venitia, number of clergy in, 630

Lombardy independent of Rome, 219
submits to Rome, 221

Loménie of Sens, his marriage, 591

London, Dr., his career, 457
on false relics, 458
on permission of marriage of nuns, 466
on ejected monks, 469

London, married priests deprived in 1554, 478
enumeration of married priests in, 489
Council of, in 1075, 272
in 1102, 273
in 1108, 277
in 1126, 279
in 1129, 280
in 1200, 288
in 1237, 288
in 1268, 291

Lords, House of, delays priestly marriage, 472

Loretto, Episcopal Convention of, in 1850, 626

Lorraine, Cardinal of, his instructions at Trent, 533
endeavors to enforce chastity, 559

Lothair (Emp.) aids to enforce celibacy, 246
visits Fulda, 404

Louis-le-Débonnaire on monastic impostors, 115
his reforms, 136
prohibits phlebotomy to monks, 138

Louis-le-Gros, his charter to St. Cornelius, 270

Louis IX. arbitrates for the d’Avesnes, 323

Louis XII. and relics of St. Denis, 217

Louis XV. reforms monastic orders, 585
his arrests of brothel-haunting priests, 586

Louis-Philippe adverse to monachism, 614

Louvain, University of, urges reform, 529
Synod of, in 1556, 541
in 1574, 561

Loyola, his reformation of Spain, 517

Luanus, monasteries founded by, 160

Lucca, priestly marriage in, 222

Lucius II. on hereditary priesthood, 281

Lucius III. on sacraments of sinful priests, 195
on hereditary benefices, 322
confirms the Order of the Temple, 363
condemns the Waldenses, 373

Lucretia Borgia, 345

Ludegna, Juan, his disputation on priestly marriage, 535

Luna, Doña Agueda de, 572

Lunden, Archbishop of, on priestly marriage, 252

Lupus of Troyes on celibacy, 79

Lupus, Christian, on Paphnutius, 57
on Tridentine canons, 640

Luther, his place in the Reformation, 413
his ninety-five propositions, 417
his gradual progress, 418
he hesitates as to priestly marriage, 420
he approves of priestly marriage, 422
his marriage, 425
his opinions on marriage, 426
he opposes the Anabaptists, 438
he fraternizes with Orthodox Brethren, 385
he reprints Caraffa’s “Concilium,” 523
Sir Thomas More’s assault on him, 440

Lutheranism caused by clerical immorality, 514, 516, 518, 527, 529
its spread in Bohemia, 384

Lutherans, the, adopt the Waldenses, 375
they object to Council held at Mantua, 520
their treatment at Trent, 521
they decline further participation, 522

Luxury, uses of, 358

Lyons, Poor Men of, 373

Lyons, effect of papal court on, 342
suppression of unauthorized orders in, 622
Council of, in 583, 80
in 1274, 328, 336, 351
in 1528, 515
in 1850, 626

Lyons, Huguenot Synod of, in 1563, 38, 499

Macaulay, Lord, on Anglican clergy, 497

Macedonia, celibacy enforced in, 86

Macliaus of Britanny, case of, 119

Macon, Council of, in 581, 80, 119

Mæsse-þegnes, wer-geld of, 173

Magdeburg Centuriators, their mistake, 162
Council of, in 1403, 353
troubles of, in 1431, 395

Mahavira, legend of, 35

Mahue of S. Sulpice, case of, 592

Maiden Bradley, prior of, his morals, 458

Maillard, Olivier, his sermon, 399

Mainardo, Card., his mission to Milan, 217

Mainerio Boccardo, will of, 221

Mainz, enforcement of celibacy in, 230
revolt against Rodolf of Swabia, 236
Diet of, in 1085, 239
annates of, 412
Archbishop of, asks for clerical marriage, 539
Council of, in 888, 138
in 1049, 189
in 1075, 231
in 1225, 337
in 1261, 338, 376
in 1527, 423
in 1549, 528

Majorian, laws of, respecting nuns, 105

Malachi, St., his reforms, 296
his death, 297

Malatesta, Carlo, interferes with concubinage, 339

Mallet, Abbé, case of, 635

Malone, Malachi, on dispensations, 541

Malta, Knights of, 362, 366
suppressed in England, 458

Manasses of Rheims, his violent measures, 261

Mancio of Chalons, his indecision, 142

Manes, career of, 43

Manfredonia, Council of, in 1567, 553

Manichæism, influence of, 43
indulgences and Eucharist in, 44
revival of, in 11th century, 207
prevalent in Milan, 211
opposed by St. Bernard, 331
of Albigenses, 367

Manigold of Veringen, case of, 235

Mansfeld, married priest of, 419

Mantua, Council of, in 1053, 190
in 1067, 202
Council of Trent to be held at, 519

Mapes, Walter, his satirical verses, 289

Mar Aba prohibits priestly marriage, 92

Marcellin, Abbé, on droit de marquette, 354

Marcian (Emp.) restricts monachism, 107

Marcion, heresy of, 33

Marcus, heresy of, 33

Margaret of Flanders, case of, 323

Margaret of Parma delays reception of Council of Trent, 547

Mariana on married clergy of Spain, 303

Marian Order, 366

Marien, frère, case of, 637

Marillac, Bishop Charles de, on clerical discipline, 559

Marino, a married priest, 180

Marino of Ostia condemns priestly marriage, 149

Marisco, Adam de, 292

Marozia, her power, 144

Marquardo dei Susani on celibacy, 547

Marquette, droit de, 354

Marriage exalted by Christ, 26
in Apostolic Constitutions and Canons, 48
abstinence from, among early Christians, 32
heresies condemning, 31
orthodox condemnation of, 45
depreciation of, by Chrysostom, 86
comparative merit of, 46, 47, 318, 347
abhorrence of, by Manichæans, 43
by Albigenses, 208, 367
orthodox embarrassment concerning, 369
disregard of, in 11th century, 182
in Ireland, 295, 297, 298
Wickliffe’s view of, 381
permitted to those under vows, 100
not dissolved by monastic vows, 114
indissoluble in early church, 314
dissolved by orders and vows in 12th century, 313
effect of vows upon, 321
worse than licentiousness, 145, 201, 628
clerical, is incest, 628
sacrament of, inferior to ordination, 642
of Martin Luther, 425
of Albert of Brandenburg, 434
of converts to Calvinism, 499
in orders forbidden, 39, 77
persisted in 80
forbidden in the East, 86
custom of Greek church, 89, 90
permitted among Nestorians, 92
anathematized at Trent, 536
in Spanish military orders, 363, 364

Marriage of abbots, Hungary, 15th century, 401

Marriage of bishops, prohibited in orders, 39
in 4th century, 58
in Greek church, 87, 91
practised in Africa, 89
in Frankish Gaul, 119
in Gothic Spain, 121
in 8th century, 132
in 10th century, 154, 155
in 11th century, 181, 189, 197, 198
separated from their wives in Hungary, 249
in Ireland, 295
treatment of, under Mary, 479

Marriage of deaconesses punished, 96

Marriage of monks permitted in 4th century, 58
forbidden by Justinian, 108
and by Gregory I., 113
St. Bernard on, 316
common in 9th century, 139
in 12th century, 324, 326
in 14th century, 340
in 15th century, 401, 403
in Reformation, 420
dispensations refused them, 442

Marriage of nuns a capital crime, 100
is binding, 103, 104, 105
common in 5th century, 110
in 7th century, 115
in Merovingian France, 120
in Gothic Spain, 121
in Italy, in 8th century, 127
forbidden in 8th century, 132, 135, 137
common in 9th century, 139
in 10th century, 163, 166
in 14th century, 340
in 15th century, 403
in Reformation, 425, 435
under Henry VIII., 466
in France in 1581, 500
in French Revolution, 593

Marriage of priests in early church, 27-30, 48
restricted to single marriage, 37
and with virgins, 38
forbidden in orders, 39
forbidden in Manichæism, 45
and by Council of Elvira, 50
but not by Council of Nicæa, 54
first prohibition, in 385, 64
prohibition gradually enforced in Western church, 66-82
custom of Eastern church, 89
common in Gothic Spain, 121
common in Italy in 6th and 8th centuries, 122, 127
in Merovingian France, 119-20
prohibited in 8th century, 133-5
reappears in 9th century, 142
common in 10th century, 148, 150, 152, 155, 158
in British church, 159
in Saxon England, 167, 169, 172
in Wales, 171
universal in 11th century, 181
in southern Italy, 197
in Tuscany, 199
creates a political party in 1061, 200
becomes a heresy, 201
struggle over, in Lombardy, 210-21
persecution of, 234
penalties inflicted on, 242
in Bohemia, 245
in Germany, 247
in Hungary, 248-9
in Dalmatia, 250
in Poland, 251
in Sweden, 252
in Denmark, 253
in Friesland, 254
in France, 255, 270
in Normandy, 256
in Britanny, 259
in Flanders, 260
in England, 272-91
in Wales, 294
in Ireland, in 16th century, 299
in Scotland, 299
in Spain, 303
delay in abrogating it, 305
forbidden by Alfonso the Wise, 308
irregular, continued, 311
St. Bernard on, 316
Gratian on, 317
advocated by Alexander III., 325
condemned by Wickliffe, 379
allowed by Lollards, 381
condemned by Hussites, 384
allowed by Brethren of the Cross, 385
and by Orthodox Brethren, 385
advocated in 15th century, 405
commencement of, in Reformation, 419
demanded by Zwingli, 421
accepted by Luther, 422
favored by the people, 423
persecuted by the church, 423
recognized by the Interim, 441
dispensations granted by Paul III., 442
recognized by Transaction of Passau, 443
advocated in England in 1530, 461
commencement of, in England, 462-5
refused by Henry VIII., 461-4
a capital offence under the Six Articles, 468
permitted under Edward VI., 472
popular repugnance for, 475, 476
suppressed under Mary, 478
admitted by Elizabeth, 488
a matter of Anglican faith, 475, 490
effects of its uncertainty on Anglican clergy, 497
a matter of course in Calvinism, 498, 510
dispensations for, sale of, 522
demanded of Council of Trent, 529-33
prevalence of, 531-2
disastrous consequences to church, 535
prejudged at Trent, 534-6
asked for by German princes and prelates, 539-43
condemned as heresy at Trent, 536, 640-2
papal dispensations for, 541
refused by Pius IV., 545
in post-Tridentine church, 554
denounced by Inquisition, 556
demand for, in 18th century, 582-4
in French Revolution, 590-4
under the Concordat, 596-8
varying policy in France, 599-601
attempted revival in modern times, 601, 606
accepted by Old Catholics, 604
in the United States, 607

Marriage of subdeacon valid, 324

Marriage, civil, 605-7

Marriage with Christ by taking the veil, 104

Marriages, second, commanded by St. Paul, 96
objected to, 33
regarded as adulterous, 36
forbidden to priesthood, 37
St. Augustin on, 74
legislation against, 86, 89
in 11th century, 202, 210

Married men, admission of, to orders, 76, 79

Married nuns, divorce of, 480

Married priests, their audacious demands in 8th century, 132
their divorce, 470
numbers ejected under Queen Mary, 480
penance inflicted on, 481
not permitted to leave the church, 424, 484
enumeration of, in England, 489

Marsico, priests of, defend their concubines, 339

Marsiglio of Padua on confessional, 350

“Marthas” of Franciscans, 353

Martin I., his advice to Amandus, 126

Martin V., his election, 391
his favors to John XXIII., 344
condemns the Begghards, 377
his attempts at reform, 392

Martin, St., on marriage, 47

Martin, case of, in 1817-21, 599

Martin of Battle Abbey, 282

Martin of Camin on clerical morals, 402
tries to reform his clergy, 496

Martin, St., of Leon, his dialectics, 371

Martin of Marseilles, marriage of, 592

Martin, Dr. T., at trial of Cranmer, 190
his treatise on celibacy, 480

Martyrdom, its comparison with virginity, 46
of English monks, 450

Marullus on Innocent VIII., 345

Mary, St., of Egypt, 98

Mary of Guise, her policy, 507

Mary, Queen, her obsequies of Edward VI., 477
her death, 486

Mass, disputation on, Scotland, in 1560, 507

Masses for the dead, copied from Mazdeism, 44
maintained by Henry VIII., 454

Masses of married priests to be rejected, 194, 227, 246, 256, 274

Massieu of Beauvais, his marriage, 591

Massipia, legalized concubines, 197

Materialism of Mosaic Law, 21

Maternity, dissuasions from, 347

Mathison, John, and the Anabaptists, 438

Matilda, Countess, and married priests of Lucca, 222

Matrimony, Tridentine canons on, 534-6, 640-1

Matthew Paris on Milanese heresies, 211

Matthew of Salzburg, his attempted reforms, 518

Matthias Corvinus on priestly morals, 401

Maud of Ramsbury, 281

Mauger of Rouen, his character, 156

Mauléon, Mdlle. Desvieux de, 582

Maultrot, his answer to Gaudin, 584

Maurice of Saxony, 441, 443

Maurice de Sully, powers granted to, 322

Maurilio, St., of Rouen, 156

Mauritanian nuns, case of, 104

Maximilian II. asks for clerical marriage, 543
his requests refused, 545

Maya, mother of Buddha, 35

Mayer, Dr., on clerical corruption, 557

Mayer’s dissertation on Cath. von Bora, 425

Mazdeism, character of, 22
its Messiah, 35
its Izeshne sacrifice, 44

Meat, abstinence from, not recommended, 48
use of, forbidden by Manes, 43
and by Albigenses, 208, 367

Meaux, Bishop of, his propositions condemned, 382

Mechlin, regulation of confessionals, 574
discussion as to solicitation in, 576
clerical morals in, 628
Synods of, in 1570 and 1607, 561

Medicine, incompatibility of, with priesthood, 227

Meinhard of Trèves, misfortunes of, 248

Melanchthon on Luther’s marriage, 425
prepares the Confession of Augsburg, 436
seeks conference with Sorbonne, 440
argues with Henry VIII., 466
remonstrates with him, 470

Melchoir of Wurzburg on condition of clergy, 528

Melfi, Council of, in 1059, 197
in 1089, 242
in 1284, 329, 339
in 1597, 553

Mélisse, frère, case of, 637

Melun, Assembly of, in 1579, 556

Men of Intelligence, 385

Mena, Father, case of, 579

Menco, Abbot, on priestly marriage, 254

Mendelsham, Vicar of, his marriage, 465

Mendicant Orders, the, 375

Mendicancy of Begghards condemned, 377

Mendicancy disapproved by Wickliffe, 379
forbidden in Reformation, 420

Mendieta on Spanish colonial church, 564

Merit, comparative, of virginity and marriage, 46, 47, 318, 347,
536, 641

Merseburg, priestly marriage demanded by people of, 441

Messiah, the, of Mazdeism, 35

Methodius converts Bohemia, 244

Metz, sons of priests ordained in, 154
Council of, in 895, 138
in 1604 and 1610, 562

Mexico, Councils of, in 1555 and 1585, 563, 565-6
corruption of its church, 563-6

Michelet on abuse of confessional, 573

Milan, struggle over celibacy in, 207-221
prevalence of Manichæism in, 211
its independence of Rome, 210
its submission to Rome, 213, 221
Synod of, in 1098, 221
in 1565 and 1582, 553
reforms of St. Charles Borromeo, 550-2
Episcopal Convocation, in 1849, 626

Military bishops in 10th and 11th centuries, 153, 180

Military Orders, the, 362

Military service enforced on monks, 99

Mill, Walter, his trial, 510

Milo of Rheims, case of, 129

Minden, Dean of, miracle occurring to, 266

Mingrat, Abbé, case of, 635

Minims, corruption of, 562

Minimum age for vows, 585, 587, 611
for ordination, 624
for resident women, 626

Ministers, Calvinist, strictness of rules, 499

Minors, irrevocable engagements by, 611

Minucius, Felix, on morals of Christians, 33
on second marriages, 36

Minuto, Cardinal, his mission to Milan, 217

Mirabeau advocates clerical marriage, 590

Miracles in support of celibacy, 170, 236, 334
by married priests, 180
to enforce morality, 266
false, 458

Misnia, the Brethren of the Cross, 385
priestly marriage in, 419

Missionary work of monachism, 113

Missions, abuse of confessional in, 578

Missions Étrangères, the, 614

Mithraic worship in Rome, 43

Mixed tribunal for married priests, 257

Modena, trouble with married priests in, 222

Molanus, his negotiation with Bossuet, 582

Monachism, 94
its Buddhist prototype, 95
commencement of, 97
originally temporary, 101
rules of Greek church, 107
difficulties of the West, 109
Western, practical character of, 112
rendered irrevocable by Gregory I., 113
benefits of, 113

Monachism, disorders of, under Carlovingians, 137, 139
reforms in 10th century, 152
in Irish church, 160, 295
Anglo-Saxon, 163, 173, 176
condition of, in France, 264
in early Scottish church, 299
degrading regulations of, 332
influence of, 357
demoralization in 15th century, 340, 392, 393, 399, 403
ridiculed by Erasmus, 415
opposition to, in Reformation, 421
position of, in Reformation, 437, 439
overthrown by Wolsey, 447
effort to enforce discipline, in 1549, 526
its description by Cassander, 543
its abolition recommended, 523, 573
its influence on solicitation, 573
corruption of post-Tridentine, 562
in Spanish Colonies, 565
corruption in 18th century, 585, 586
its abolition recommended, 587
subjected to the State, in 1760, 585
its modern vicissitudes, 608-21

Monasteries, residence in, enforced in the East, 107
not necessary in the West, 115
subjected to the bishops, 134
women excluded from, 403
treatment of, in Reformation, 435
English, their immorality, 451
suppression of, by Wolsey, 448
and by Henry VIII., 454
means used for, 457
financial results of, 460
suppression of, in Austria, 584
in France, 589
in Spain, 608
in Italy, 609
in South America, 609

Monastic habit, salvation ensured by, 335

Monks, persecuted by the Iconoclasts, 90
number of, in Coptic church, 93
subjected to military service, 99
wandering, described by Augustin, 102
and by St. Benedict, 110
and by Smaragdus, 115
political influence of, 106
confined to their convents, 107
their wives must become nuns, 114
punishment of unchastity, 103, 131
custom of letting blood, 138
secular life of, in 10th century, 152
as priests in Anglo-Saxon England, 174
married priests replaced with, 275
residence of, with nuns, in Spain, 305
ordered to sleep singly, 332
ridiculed by Von Hutten, 416
fate of English, 460
ejected, held to chastity, in England, 469
unfit to be confessors, 432, 569, 572, 577, 587
marriage of (see _Marriage_).

Monluc of Valence, his marriage, 499
his description of French clergy, 515

Montanists denounce second marriages, 36

Montariol, Abbey of, and droit de marquette, 354

Monte Casino, foundation of, 111
Carloman becomes a monk there, 133
Abbey of, in 10th century, 153
preservation of, in 1866, 609

Monza, clerical marriage in 1152, 221
Barnabite college at, case of, 621

Morales, Ambrosio, case of, 40

Morality, reformed by early Christians, 32
of Puritanism, 357
of Scottish Reformers, 509
artificial standard of, 269, 347, 349, 627

Morals, clerical, described by Cyprian, 41
by Tertullian, 42
reforms at Council of Nicæa, 54
how affected by introduction of celibacy, 78
as described by Salvianus, 81
by Council of Elvira, 99
by St. Jerome, 100
of monks, described by St. Augustin, 102
by St. Benedict, 110
by St. Isidor of Seville, 115
by Smaragdus, 115
of bishops in Merovingian France, 119
of clergy in Gothic Spain, 121
in Italy, in 8th century, 127
in France, in 8th century, 128
in 9th century, 136
in Italy, in 10th century, 145, 147, 153
in England, in 10th century, 167
in 11th century, 172
in monasteries, in 11th century, 188
of bishops, in 11th century, 198
of married clergy, in 11th century, 202
in Milan, 210
in Germany, in 12th century, 247
in France, in 12th century, 264
worse than laity, 265, 346, 350, 429, 430, 518, 533, 586, 629
in England, in 12th century, 281
in 13th century, 293
in Ireland, in 14th century, 299
in Scotland, in 13th century, 301
in Spain, in 14th century, 311
in church of 12th century, 321, 326
of 13th century, 331
in monasteries in 14th century, 340
in papal court, 341
in mediæval church, 350
in military orders, 364
in Bohemian church, 383
in 15th century, 388
in 16th century, 427, 515-33
in English church of 16th century, 447
in English monasteries, 451
of clergy of Bangor, 463
in Scottish church, 501 sqq.
in German church described by Cassander and Wicelius, 542-3
after Council of Trent, 548
in Rome, in 16th century, 549
in post-Tridentine church of Italy, 550-3
in Bavaria and Bohemia, 554, 556
in the Low Countries, 557
in France, 559
in confessional, 566-77
affected by casuistry, 578
in 18th century, 585-8

Morals of monachal educators, 619-21
in the modern church, 624-37

More, Sir Thomas, his position, 445
appointed Chancellor, 449
on sheep-farming, 474

Morone, Cardinal, asked to aid in furthering clerical marriage, 541

Morrison, Sir Richard, on resumption of church lands, 483

Mortal sin, Wickliffe’s definition of, 379

Morton, Archbishop, his visitation, 399

Mosaic Law, materialism of, 21

Mothers, residence of, forbidden, 138, 331

Mount Lebanon, Synod of, in 1736, 91

Mozarabic ritual, contest over, 304

Mucius, his blind obedience, 102

Muhlberg, battle of, 441

Mulieres subintroductæ, forbidden by Council of Nicæa, 53
allowed in modern times, 626

Muncer and the Anabaptists, 438

Munster, Council of, in 1279, 575
in 1652, 558
impossibility of reform, in 16th cent., 548
proportion of clergy in, 631

Mutilation, practice of, 40

Mutilés de Russie, sect of, 41

Mylitta, 21

Mynecena, 173

Myrc, John, his Instructions, 400
on confessor and penitent, 574

Myrror of Justice on married clerks, 291

Mystic rewards of virginity, 347

Nalanda, Buddhist monastery of, 95

Namur, Synods of, in 1604 and 1639, 562
in 1698, 576
in 1742, 577

Nanno of Verona protects married priests, 151

Nantes, Council of, in 895, 138
Edict of, 500

Naples, children of ecclesiastics in, 335
position of priests’ concubines in, 339
tax on concubines in, 399
clerical marriage proposed in 18th century, 583
numbers of clergy in, 588, 631
civil marriage in, 606, 607
restrictions on monachism in 1820, 609
Council of, in 1576, 553
in 1699, 574

Napoleon I. reëstablishes religion, 595
prohibits clerical marriage, 597

Napoleon III. favors monachism, 614, 617-8

Narbonne, Council of, in 1551, 516
in 1609, 560

Nature, crimes against, 137, 332, 548

Nausea, Frederic, on priestly marriage, 423

Nazirate, the Jewish, 22

Neocæsarea, Council of, in 314, 36, 51

Neo-Platonism, influence of, 39

Nestorians, the, 91, 92

Netherlands, reception of Council of Trent, 547, 553
troubles of, caused by clerical corruption, 557
restrictions on monachism, 609

Neustria, reforms in, 132

New Grenada, corruption of church in, 563
abuse of confessional in, 572
suppression of monasteries in, 609

Nicæa, Council of, its relation to celibacy, 53
celibacy attributed to, 555

Nicæa, canon of, its enforcement, 84
renewed by Greek church, 91
enforced by Gregory I., 124
enforcement attempted in 744, 132
in 9th century, 136
in England, in 12th century, 277
by Council of Coyanza, in 1050, 303
in Anglican church, 494
applied to female relatives, 138, 331, 628
relaxation of, in 1536 and 1548, 518, 525
by Council of Trent, 538
efforts to enforce, in 17th century, 561
disregarded in modern times, 626

Nicetas Pectoratus, his defence of Greek church, 191

Nicholas de Clemanges (see _Clemanges_).

Nicholas I. enforces the rule of celibacy, 139
his relaxation of the rules, 141
on sacraments of sinful priests, 194

Nicholas II., his election, 192
his reforms, 194, 197, 199
he intervenes in Milanese troubles, 213
his canons on celibacy renewed, 227
he enforces celibacy in France, 255
his death, 200

Nicholas III., his efforts with Greek church, 328

Nicholas V., regulations of, 397

Nicholas the deacon, 34

Nicolites, heresy of, 34
priestly marriage ascribed to, 191, 201
married priests stigmatized as, 211
abjuration of, in Milan, 214
condemnation by C. of Piacenza, 221
in Germany, in 12th century, 318

Nigel of Ely, his revolt, 281

Niklaushausen, Hans of, 405

Nimptschen, escape of nuns from, 425

Nismes, residence of relatives forbidden, 332

Noailles, Cardinal, on absolution by guilty confessor, 576

Nobla Leyczon, La, 373, 374

Nomocanon of Photius, 87

Norbert, St., reforms effected by, 265

Nordhausen, Council of, in 1105, 244

Norfolk, married priests ejected in, 480

Norfolk, Duke of, suppresses the Pilgrimage of Grace, 456
introduces the Six Articles, 467

Normandy, condition of church in 10th century, 155
enforcement of celibacy in 12th century, 268, 319

North, Sir Edward, obtains the Charter-House, 451

Northmen, effect of their incursions, 139

Northumberland, Earl of, his insurrection in 1569, 496

Northumbrian priests, rules for, 168

Norway, rights of illegitimates in, 197

Nowell, Dean, on Council of Trent, 537

Nucius, Nicander, on English monasteries, 452, 458, 469

Nullity of marriage in orders introduced in 1123, 313
at Council of Trent, 536

Nunneries, disorders of, under Carlovingians, 137
in 10th century, 152
in 12th century, 264, 282, 318
in 13th century, 268
in 14th century, 340
in 15th century, 389, 393, 399
in 16th century, 451, 526, 527
abuse of confessional in, 572

Nuns, shaving of head prohibited, 104
punishment for unchastity, 131
seduction of, a capital offence, 136
their scandalous lives under Carlovingians, 137
test for their virtue, 292
their residence with monks, in Spain, 305
wives of monks must become, 324
ordered to sleep singly, 332
Lollard denunciations of them, 381
apostate, claimed by the church, 424
their emancipation, in the Reformation, 425, 427, 435
ejected, held to chastity in England, 469
their numbers in England, 471
married, divorce of, 480
their corruption by confessors, 523, 574, 586, 588
their trial by Inquisition, 588
secularized in Italy, 610
marriage of (see _Marriage_).

Nürnburg, Diet of, in 1522, 424, 431
in 1523, 69, 413, 424
secularization of Augustinians, 425
friars deprived of superintendence of nuns, 432

Nurses of priests’ children, their position, 306

Nursia, priest of, case of, 124

Oath of Knight Templars, 362
prescribed for French clergy, 589

Obedience, monachal, nature of, 102

Observances common to Catholicism and Buddhism, 35
and Mazdeism, 44

Odo of Canterbury, his indifference to celibacy, 166

Odo of Toul on relaxation of discipline, 326

Ogilby, Marion, 503

Old Catholics, schism of, 604

Olmutz, Synod of, in 1342, 338
in 1413, 383
in 1591, 555

Oral Law, development of, 24
burdens imposed by, 26

Orange, Council of, in 441, 60, 76

Ordeal, its use in ecclesiastical trials, 140