Chapter XXVII: Part 27

Ordericus Vitalis, 156, 176

Order of widows, apostolic, 96

Orders, military, the, 362
mendicant, the, 375

Orders, religious, their abolition recommended, 523, 587
unauthorized, suppressed in France, 621

Orders, holy, in Wickliffe’s reforms, 379

Ordination dissolves marriage, 313, 536
indelible under Wickliffe, 379
in modern France, 600-1
minimum age for, 624
sacrament of, attacked by Luther, 418
superior to marriage, 314, 642

Oriesis, St., rule of, 101

Origen, asceticism condemned by, 33
his self-mutilation, 40

Origenism, influence of, 86

Original sin, Council of Trent on, 640

Orihuella, Council of, in 1600, 557, 562, 574

Orleans, Council of, in 511, 80
in 533, 60, 80
in 538, 69, 80
in 541 and 549, 80

Ormanetto, Niccolo, his mission to Bavaria, 536

Orthodox Brethren, the, 375, 385

Orzechowski, Stanislas, case of, 540

Osber, Council of, in 1062, 201

Osbern, his life of St. Dunstan, 166

Osiander on virginity of the Virgin, 69

Osius of Cordova, influence of, 51

Osnabruck, Synods of, in 1625, 1628, 556, 558

Osorius on marriage of military orders, 365

Ossory, Council of, in 1320, 299

Oswald, St., his reforms, 169

Oswalde’s Law, charter of, 169

Otfrid of Watten, his troubles, 260

Othlonus, his temptations, 188

Otho I. deposes John XII., 144
condemns priestly marriage, 150
on sons of priests, 229

Otho IV., his league with John of England, 283

Otho of Constance, case of, 229

Otto of Ostia, his mission to Constance, 229

Otto, Cardinal, constitutions of, 288, 291

Ottoboni, constitutions of, 291
in Scotland, 301

Oxford, Council of, in 1222, 288
University of, on Wickliffe, 379
reform proposed by, 394
See of, created, 460

Paccanaristes, 613

Pachomius, rule of, 101

Paderborn, Synod of, in 1548, 528
proportion of clergy in, 631

Pagan priests, restrictions on, 49-50

Paleario, Aonio, on Council of Trent, 520

Palencia, Council of, in 1129, 308
in 1388, 311

Palermo, civil marriage valid in, 606

Palestine, monachism introduced in, 97

Panzini on condemnation of marriage, 47
on the suppression of religious orders, 610
on clerical morality, 632
is condemned as a heretic, 602, 642

Papacy, degradation of, in 10th cent., 144
in 11th century, 176
released from subjection, 192
election limited to Roman clergy, 200
distrust inspired by, 395
restrictions on it in England, 417, 517
opposition to it in England, 444
supremacy abolished in England, 450
restored in England, 482
dependent on celibacy, 536

Papal Court, its immorality, 341, 345
its rapacity, 412, 416
its repugnance for C. of Trent, 519, 522
it hesitates as to celibacy in 18th century, 584
number of women in, 1882, 628

Papal dispensations, their effect, 322, 397
sale of, 321, 322, 345, 398, 516, 517, 522
admitted by Council of Trent, 535, 642
for married priests, 407, 442

Papal infallibility in Vatican Council, 608

Papalists known as Paterins, 237

Paphnutius, story of, 56
quoted in the Reformation, 419

Paraguay, suppression of monasteries in, 609

Parajika rules, in Buddhism, 94

Paregorius, case of, 84

Paris, Council of, in 615, 114
in 1074, 256
in 1212, 270, 332
in 1323, 351
in 1521 and 1528, 515
Huguenot Synod of, in 1559, 498
diocese of, absolution in, 576
Parlement of, regulates monastic orders, 585

Parker, Archbishop, his marriage, 472
his rejoinder to Martin, 480
his promotion, 487
he obtains priestly marriage from Elizabeth, 488
his visitation of 1567, 491
he remonstrates with Elizabeth, 493
he evades an extradition question, 513

Parker, Mrs., Elizabeth’s insolence to, 491

Parkyns, his account of Abyssinian church, 93

Parlement of Paris regulates monastic orders, 585

Parliament (English) confirms supremacy of Henry VIII., 450
enacts the Six Articles, 467
modifies the Six Articles, 471
legalizes priestly marriage, 473
commands respect for it, 476
reactionary measures under Mary, 478
repeals the laws of Henry VIII., 482
on confessional manuals, 634

Parliament (Scotch) of 1542, 503
of 1560, 506

Parliamentary Abbots in 1539, 458

Parma, trouble with married priests in, 222

Partidas, Las Siete, marriage forbidden in, 309

Partner in guilt, absolution by, 575-8, 633

Paschal II., his efforts to enforce celibacy, 244
enforces celibacy in Denmark, 253
in Britanny, 259
in Flanders, 262
in Spain, 305
on ministration of married priests, 275
on children of priests, 276

Passau, enforcement of celibacy in, 230
Council of, in 1284, 338
troubles of, in 1431, 395
Transaction of, 443

Paterins, origin of the name, 211
their heresy, 207
their doctrines, 367
German papalists so called, 237

Patmore, Thomas, punishment of, 462

Patra, the Buddha’s begging-dish, 35

Patrician heresy, 45

Patrick, St., his classification of merit, 46
founds Irish church, 159
celibacy in his church, 76
Synod of, in 672, 160

Patronage, abuse of, France, 16th cent., 515

Paul, St., his liberalizing views, 26
his asceticism, 31
he enjoins abstinence from women, 49
on ministration of women, 60
his order of widows, 96

Paul III. prevents reconciliation with Lutherans, 441
grants dispensations for married priests, 442
excommunicates Henry VIII., 455
convokes Council of Trent, 520
attempts a reform of the church, 516, 522
obliged to abandon it, 523

Paul IV. pronounces Savonarola orthodox, 386
on English church-lands, 483
on abuse of confessional, 568
puts his own “Consilium” in the Index, 523

Paul V. on abuse of confessional, 569

Paul of Samosata, case of, 42

Paul the Thebæan, the first anchorite, 97

Paula, Francisco de, advocates clerical marriage, 602

Pauline Christianity, 27

Paupers, monastic vows taken only by, 168

Pavia, Council of, in 1022, 178
schismatic Synod of, in 1076, 219, 220

Payne, Peter, 382

Peasants’ War, the, 435

Peckham of Canterbury, efforts of, 291

Pedro de Luna, legate to Spain, 310

Pekin, number of Buddhist monks in, 95

Pelagius I. endeavors to enforce the canons, 123
separates wives of subdeacons, 124

Pelagius II., his relaxation of rules, 122

Peñafiel, Council of, in 1302, 310

Penance of married priests under Mary, 481
term of, for infraction of canons, 80, 157, 160
for unchastity, 169

Penitential of Theodore on marriage, 48

Penitentials, coarseness of, 566, 634

Penitentiary, taxes of the, 428

Pepin d’Heristel, policy of his house, 127

Pepin-le-Bref reforms the clergy, 132
his policy, 134

Pères de la Foi, 613

Périgord, Manichæism in, in 1147, 207

Persecution of Manichæans, 43

Persecution of monks by Leo the Isaurian, 90
by Valens, 99
of married priests, 234, 423
of Catholics in Scotland, 512
of celibacy under the Terror, 593

Perth, monasteries destroyed in, 508

Peru, corruption of church of, 564-5

Perushim, 25

Peter, St., his view of Christ’s mission, 26

Peter d’Ailly on corruption of priests, 350
on nunneries, 389
he condemns Men of Intelligence, 385

Peter of Antioch, 107

Peter Cantor on clerical morals, 265
on false accusations, 369

Peter of Capua, Cardinal, enforces celibacy in Poland, 251

Peter, Cardinal, exhorted to suppress marriage, 203

Peter Comestor deprecates celibacy, 325

Peter Martyr, tumult in Oxford against, 474
exhumation of his wife, 484

Peter the Venerable, miracle related by, 266
he refutes the Petrobrusians, 370

Peter de Vinea on official venality, 284

Peter Waldo, his career, 372

Peterboro’, the first bishop of, 454
See of, created, 460

Petrarch, his opinion of papal court, 342

Petrobrusian heresy, 370

Petronio, Marco, on clerical morality, 631

Peutwitz, escape of nuns from, 425

Peyrinnis, Laurent de, regulations of, 562

Pfaffenkind, 336

Pharisees, 25

Philibert of Sedan on clerical marriage, 594

Philip of Burgundy, bishop of Utrecht, 429

Philip of Savoy, his career, 290

Philip II. prevents the granting of clerical marriage, 544
his policy with regard to Council of Trent, 547, 553
he supports St. Charles Borromeo, 551

Philippe, frère, of the Écoles Chrétiennes, 617, 620

Philo on Therapeutæ, 26

Phlebotomy of monks prohibited, 138

Phœbe the deacon, 60

Photinus, 39
his heresy as to the Virgin, 68

Physicians, prelates not to be, 227

Piacenza, Bishop of, aids to elect Cadalus, 200
Council of, in 1095, 221
trouble in, 222

Pibo of Toul inquires as to sacerdotal marriage, 243

Picardi, 385

Pictish church, character of, 160

Piedmont, priestly marriage in, 202
monastic orders suppressed in, 609
number of clergy in, 630

Pier-Leone, antipope, his character, 341

Pierre de Bruys, 370

Piers Ploughman, Vision of (see _Langlande_).

Piers Ploughman, Creed of, 352
on Franciscans, 376

Pietro Igneo excommunicates married priests, 222

Pietro, schismatic Bishop of Lucca, 222

Pietro de Santa Maria enforces celibacy in Bohemia, 246

Pignan, disorders of canons of, 573

Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 455

Pilgrims, female, dangers to, 164
deterred from visiting Rome, 145

Pinytus of Gnosus, his asceticism, 34

Pisa, Council of, failure of its reforms, 413

Pistoia, trouble with married priests in, 222
state of convents of, 586
Council of, in 1786, 587

Pius II. on the origin of celibacy, 29
he favors clerical marriage, 406
he increases the annates of Mainz, 412

Pius III. his Bull of Reformation, 523

Pius IV. on the origin of celibacy, 29
he admits the story of Paphnutius, 56
he reconvokes the Council of Trent, 521
he temporizes with demand for clerical marriage, 531
he swears his prelates to support vows of chastity, 533
he approves his legates’ tergiversation, 535
he concedes the cup to German laity, 541
his treatment of Orzechowski, 541
he inclines to grant clerical marriage, 544
but at length refuses, 545
he orders reception of C. of Trent, 547
on abuse of confessional, 568

Pius V. admits that heresy is justified by clerical immorality, 430
his accession, 547
his reforms, 548-50
he suppresses the Umiliati, 552
his Bull Contra Sodomitas, 578
is stigmatized as a Lutheran, 641

Pius VI. on abuse of confessional, 578

Pius VIII. offers to permit clerical marriage, 598

Pius IX. on dissolution of priestly marriage, 317
he resists clerical marriage, 601
his organization of the Vatican Council, 603
he denounces civil marriage, 605
growth of church under him, 608
his policy on monastic vows, 610-11
on absolution for solicitation, 633

Podiebrads, the, of Bohemia, 384

Poissy, Colloquy of, on virginity of the Virgin, 69
its result, 559

Poitiers, Council of, in 1000, 157
in 1078, 256
Huguenot Synod of, in 1560, 559
Bishop of, on degradation of clergy, 638

Poland, enforcement of celibacy in, 251
its alliance with Bohemia, 384
its complaints of papal exactions, 397
clerical celibacy questioned in 15th century, 409
clerical marriage demanded in 1556, 529
case of Orzechowski, 540
reception of Council of Trent, 547
celibacy discussed in 18th century, 584

Pole, Cardinal, on need of reformation, 522
his legatine powers, 478
is installed as legate, 482
he enforces celibacy, 483
he orders exhumation of Peter Martyr’s wife, 484
he forbids withdrawal of married priests, 485
his death, 486

Political importance of celibacy, 201
influence of married priests in 1061, 200
of monachism, 106
of Belgian clergy, 623
teaching of monachism, 617-8

Pollution of priests among the Jews, 22

Polygamy of Jews and Christians, 38
of priesthood, 172, 181, 247
permitted by John of Leyden, 438

Pomerania, clerical morals in 15th cent., 401

Pomeranius on Luther’s marriage, 425

Pontanus on Alexander VI., 345

Pontigny, Abbot of, punished, 404

Poor Men of Lyons, 373

Poor-laws, English, commencement of, 460

Poor, relief of, in Scotland, 508

Pope (see _Papal_).

Pope, Simon, case of, 479

Poppo of Brixen created pope, 187

Popular desire for clerical celibacy, 77, 234
invoked by the church, 227, 232

Population, influence of celibacy on, 360

Port of Spain, Council of, in 1854, 626, 633

Portalis promises clerical marriage under the Concordat, 596
forbids it, 597

Portugal, military orders in, 365
abuse of confessional in, 569

Poverty not required in primitive monachism, 101, 112
enforced in rule of Tetradius, 112
in rule of military orders, 362
of Irish church, 297
of Scottish church, 508
of Waldenses, 374
of Franciscans, 376

Poynette, Bishop, his writings, 473, 480

Præmunire for recognizing papal authority, 456

Pragmatic Sanction of 1438, 396

Prague, enforcement of celibacy in, 246
Univ. of, condemns Wickliffe, 382
Councils of, in 1405-7, 383
in 1565, 554, 556
in 1860, 627, 633
clerical marriage in 1578, 555
Confession of Faith of 1432, 384

Pratimoksha, the, 94

Predestinarianism of Huss, 382

Prelates not to be physicians, 227

Prélibation, droit de, 354

Premontré, order of, 264

Priests, children of (see _Children_).
divorces of (see _Divorces_).
marriage of (see _Marriage_).
immorality of (see _Morals_).
forbidden to bear arms, in 1049, 189
compelled to keep concubines, 310, 388, 389
privileges of their concubines, 339
reconciled, treatment of, in England, 484, 485
their position, in French Revolution, 590-2
obliged to join in wolf-hunts, 303
purgation of, in Saxon England, 174
punishment of, for unchastity, 131
responsible for parish property, 123
their position in modern France, 637
sinful, their ministrations, 194, 368, 374, 379, 383
their influence, 346
mutually absolve each other, 428
adulterous wives of, to be put away, 39
their wives in Italy, in 8th century, 127
disorders caused by, 147, 175
stigmatized as concubines, 196
reduced to slavery, 242
assumed to be women in service, 489
their resistance to celibacy, 202, 212, 222, 228, 231
their power and privileges, 355
they corrupt the laity, 265, 346, 350, 429, 430, 518, 530, 533,
586, 629

Priesthood, hereditary (see _Hereditary_).
becomes indelible, in 12th century, 314
is incompatible with medicine, 227

Priestly caste, danger of creating, 225

Primitive church, asceticism in, 31
marriage permitted in, 28

Privileges accorded to priests’ concubines, 339

Procedure, ecclesiastical, gives practical immunity, 140

Procopius, St., his marriage, 181

Procopius the Hussite, 384

Prodicus, heresy of, 33

Promotion dependent on celibacy, 75, 76

Property, church, threatened by priestly marriage, 123
dilapidation, in 10th cent., 145, 147
in France before 1789, 589

Property, monastic, in England, 459
confiscated in Germany, 434, 437, 439
in France, 589
in Italy, 609

Prosecution of clerical offenders in France, 636

Prostitution encouraged by celibacy, 629

Prota, Dr., on civil marriage, 606

Protection accorded to clerical criminals, 635

Provence, Waldenses in, 375

Prussia, foundation of kingdom of, 434
acknowledges clerical marriage, 604
proportion of clergy in, 630

Prussia, West, morals of clergy, in 15th century, 402

Public school system of France, 623

Punishment, mildness of, for solicitation, 571

Purgation of Anglo-Saxon priests, 174
of married priests, 277

Purgatory maintained by Henry VIII., 454

Puricelli on marriage of Eriberto of Milan, 209
on Ambrosian tradition, 210

Puritanism, influence of, 357

Purity required of pagan priests, 49

Quebec, Councils of, in 1851 and 1854, 626, 633

Quedlinburg, Diet of, in 1085, 239

Quimper, diocese of, hereditary descent in, 259

Quinisext in Trullo, 88

Quito, Council of, in 1869, 627

Radulphus Ardens on Manichæism, 208
on clerical morals, 265

Rainbaldo of Fiesole, 180

Ranald and Raymond, case of, 146

Rapacity of papal court, 412, 416

Rasfeldt, Bishop, his misadventures, 548

Ratherius of Verona on hereditary transmission, 146
his priests all married, 148
his contest with his clergy, 150

Ratisbon, Council of, in 13th century, 248
in 1512, 429
Assembly of, in 1524, 423
Diet of, in 1532, 439
in 1541, 440
Bishop John of, 429

Ratramnus of Corvey on Nicene canons, 55

Rauscher, Cardinal, denounces civil marriage, 605

Ravenna, Council of, in 967, condemns priestly marriage, 150
in 997, 157
in 1568, 553
in 1855, 627

Raymond of Gallicia, 307

Raymond du Puy founds Knights of St. John, 362

Recared I. enforces celibacy, 121

Reconciliation of Imperialist clergy, in 1106, 245
of Anglican clergy, 484, 485
of England to Rome, 482

Reformation, the, in Germany, 410-43
caused by clerical corruption, 430, 514, 516, 518, 527, 529,
548, 556 sqq.
in England, 444-97
in France, 498-500
in Scotland, 501-13

Reforms proposed at Constance, 391
undertaken at Bâle, 395
attempted at Trent, 538

_Réfractaires_ priests, 590

Regency, Council of, in 1523, 424

Reggio, trouble with married priests in, 222

Reginald of Canterbury, his life of St. Malchus, 275

Regino of Pruhm on residence of female relatives, 138
on legalized concubinage, 196

Regnier the Albigensian, 367

Relatives, residence of (see _Residence_).

Relaxation for abuse of confessional, 569

Relics, false, sold by monks, 102
ridiculed by Erasmus, 414
impostures of, in England, 458

Renan, Ernest, on morality of clergy, 625

Renaud of Rheims protects Flemish priests, 261

Residence of relatives forbidden, 138, 331, 555, 560
its danger, 628
of women, canon of Nicæa on, 53
Emperor Honorius on, 55
prohibition enforced, 84
in Greek church, 91
by Gregory I., 124
forbidden, in 744, 132
legislation on, 136
tolerated in Spain, 303, 307, 309
regulated in 1536, 518
over forty years old permitted, 525
permitted by Council of Trent, 538
regulations for, 554, 560, 561
in Spanish colonies, 563
modern rules for, 626, 628

Resistance of clergy to celibacy, 202, 212, 222, 228, 231

Responsibility of the church, 355
thrown upon God, 536, 624

Restoration, monachism under the, 613

Restrictions on monachism by Valens, 99
by Majorian, 105
in the East, 107
in modern times, 608, 613, 621
on clerical marriage by Elizabeth, 489

Results of celibacy, 330

Reuchlin and the theologians, 413

Revolution, French, its treatment of the church, 588-94
tolerates Sisters of Charity, 613
of 1830, its influence on monachism, 614

Rhea, worship of, 50

Rheims, Council of, in 874, 141
in 1049, 189
in 1119, 267
in 1130, 314, 315
in 1148, 315
in 1408, 350
in 1564, 559
in 1583, 560
in 1849, 626

Rhodes, Knights of, 362, 366, 458

Ribadeneira, his life of Loyola, 517

Ricci, Scipione dei, 587

Richard of Albano appealed to, 261

Richard of Dover on suppression of monasteries, 455, 456
on starving out of monasteries, 457
on false relics, 458
intercedes for ejected monks, 460

Richard the Fearless reforms Fécamp, 155

Richard Fitz-Neal, his advancement, 281

Richard of Marseilles, papal legate to Spain, 304

Richmond, Thos., case of, 382

Richstich Landrecht, children of clerks in, 336

Riculfus of Soissons on incest, 138

Ridley, Bishop, prepares the Forty-two Articles, 475

Rigobert, St., of Rheims, 129

Ritualists, Anglican, on marriage, 476

Rivera on toleration of adultery, 566

Robber Synod at Ephesus, 107

Robert d’Arbrissel, his reforms, 258, 265

Robert of Artois, case of, 261

Robert, Cardinal, his constitutions, 332

Robert the Frisian enforces celibacy, 260

Robert the Good (Naples) remits fines on concubinage, 339

Robert the Hierosolymitan of Flanders, 261

Robert the Pious, his neglect of celibacy, 179
he burns heretics, 207

Robert of Rouen, his character, 155

Robles, his life of Ximenes, 403

Roderic of Spain repeals Witiza’s laws, 122

Rodolf of Bourges on residence of female relatives, 138

Rodolf of Swabia, his coronation at Mainz, 236

Rodolphus Glaber on simony, 185

Rodriguez on seduction in confessional, 570

Roman clergy, papal election by, 200

Roman Law, concubinage under, 196

Roman Republic, abrogation of monastic vows in 1849, 609

Rome, Council of, in 384, 64, 103
in 721 and 722, 127
in 745, 132
in 826, 196
in 1051, 189
in 1052, 196
in 1057, 192
in 1059, 194
in 1063, 196, 202
in 1066, 216
in 1074, 227
in 1075, 231
in 1076, 229, 232
in 1079, 56
in 1725, 626
pseudo-council under Silvester, 55, 122
avarice of, 397, 412
brothels kept by prelates in, 429
England reconciled to, 482
Germany oppressed by, 412
heretics forbidden in, 70
its influence extended to Ireland, 296
to Spain, 303
jurisdiction of, its limits, 84
its demoralizing effect, 139, 322, 345
surrendered by Alexander IV., 334
morals of Pagan, 32
of Christian, 81, 181, 341, 549, 587
modern political opinions of, 618
number of clergy in, 630
pilgrims deterred from visiting, 145
reforms of Pius V., 550
revision of modern councils at, 628
rule respecting the subdiaconate, 124
supremacy over Milan asserted, 213
toleration of attacks, 15th cent., 387, 417
of sacrilege and lust, 431
of Greek discipline, 640

Romuald the priest, case of, 127

Romuald, St., 186

Rosceline on priests’ children, 276

Rota, priest of, his fate, 236

Rothius on the Nicolites, 34

Rouen, Archbishops of, in 10th cent., 155
Council of, in 1072, 256
in 1148, 372
in 1189, 322
in 1581, 500
in 1850, 626, 633

Roussillon, Edict of, in 1564, 499

Rules of monachism, early, 101
of St. Benedict, 112
of St. Cassianus, 101, 110
of St. Chrodegang, 134
of St. Columba, 160
of St. Oriesis, 101
of St. Pachomius, 101
of St. Tetradius, 112

Rupert of Duits on priestly marriage, 247

Ruremonde, Synod of, in 1570, 562

Russel, Lord, suppresses insurrection in Devon, 475

Russian church, customs of, 91

Rusticus of Narbonne, 76

Sabatati, 373

Saccofori, 44

Sacerdotalism, necessity of celibacy to, 225
popular antagonism to, 368

Sachsenspiegel, children of clerks in, 336

Sacrament of marriage inferior to ordination, 313, 315, 642
of sinful priests, 194, 368, 374, 379, 383

Sacrilege and lust, tolerance for, 431

Sadducees, conservatism of, 24

Sadoleto, Card., on need of reformation, 522

Saignet, his advocacy of clerical marriage, 353, 406

St. Albans, Abbey of, its disorders, 399

St. Caterina di Pistoia, Abbess of, 586

St. Cornelius, church of, charter to, 270

St. Denis, Council of, in 995, 154
Abbey of, its disorders, 264

St. Esprit, Society of, 613

St. Fara, monastery of, its disorders, 264

St. Gildas de Ruys, Abbey of, 264

St. Iago of Compostella, church of, 306

St. James of the Sword, Order of, 363

St. John, Knights of, 362, 366, 458

St. Louis, Council of, in 1858, 627

St. Marco, preservation of, in 1866, 609

St. Martin of Tours, Abbey of, 404

St. Mary of Argenteuil, Convent of, 264

St. Michael, Order of, 365

St. Omer, Synod of, in 1099, 261
in 1583, 560
in 1640, 562

St. Peter of Sens, Abbey of, 153

St. Riquier, Abbey of, its strictness, 404

St. Sabina, Cardinal of, enforces celibacy in Sweden, 253

St. Stephen, church of, in Aretino, 147

St. Ursmar, married canons of, 270

St. Vitus, monks of, reformed by Gregory I., 114

Saintes, monastic school at, case of, 619

Saints in Benedictine Order, 113

Salamanca, Council of, in 1335, 310

Salerno, Council of, in 1596, 553

Salona, Archbishop of, degraded, 188

Salvianus on condition of morals, 81

Salzburg, disorders in 12th century, 247
Archbishop of, demands suppression of clerical marriage, 530
asks for clerical marriage, 539
impossibility of reform, 16th century, 548, 554
XXXth Council of, 350
in 1537, 518
in 1549, 527
in 1562, 531

Sampson, Thos., on position of married clergy, 496

Samson, Nazirate of, 22

Samuel, Nazirate of, 22

Sanadon of Oléron on clerical marriage, 594

Sanders on Cranmer, 470, 474
on delay in authorizing priestly marriage, 488
on Elizabethan clergy, 494

Sandys, Bishop, on delay of priestly marriage, 488
his quarrel with Sir J. Bourne, 496

Sanghadisesa rules, in Buddhism, 95

Sangharamas, Buddhist, 94

Sangreal, the, 35

Sankhya school, 23

Sannazaro on Innocent VIII. and Alexander VI., 345

Sannyasis, class of, 23

Sanseverino, Council of, in 1597, 553

Santafé, Council of, in 1556, 563

Saoshyans, the Zend Messiah, 35

Sarabaitæ, 107, 109, 115

Saragossa, Council of, in 381, 98, 100
in 592, 80

Sarah, Abbess, her fortitude, 188

Sardinia, civil marriage enacted, 605
suppression of monasteries, 609

Sarpi, Fra Paolo, on Tridentine points of faith, 641

Satan, his estimate of chastity, 348
his gratitude to the church, 351
venerated by Begghards, 377

Saturnilus, heresy of, 33

Saurin _vs._ Starr and Kennedy, 611

Savonarola, 386
on priestly morals, 399
on morals of nunneries, 403
on abuse of confessional, 567

Savoy, priestly marriage in, 203
in the Revolution, 592

Saxon bishops ejected by Normans, 271
married priests in Ireland, 298
(See, also, _Anglo-Saxon_.)

Saxony, commencement of priestly marriage in, 419

Sbinco of Prague, his reforms, 383

Scandal more dreaded than sin, 518, 565, 567, 568, 571, 577, 579,
619, 628, 634-5

Scandals of agapetæ, 41

Scandinavia, morals of bishops, 389

Scania, demand for priestly marriage in, 252

Scaren, plunder of bishopric of, 279

Schening, Council of, in 1548, 253

Schism of 1061, influence of celibacy on, 200

Schmalkalden, League of, its founding, 438
its overthrow, 441
its negotiations with Henry VIII., 466

Schmidt, Conrad, his heresy, 385

Schmidt, Johann, Bishop of Vienna, 439

School system, public, in France, 623

Schools of monastic orders in France, 617-21

Scotland, its church, founded by Columba, 160
claim of York on, 161
celibacy in early church of, 161
position of concubines in, 197
enforcement of celibacy in, 299
Council of, in 1225, 301
the Reformation in, 501-13

Scribes, their influence, 24

Scythianus, precursor of Manes, 44

Sebastian of Portugal on papal dispensations, 517

Second marriages (see _Marriage_).

Secular power invoked to regulate monachism, 100
protects married priests, 151, 152
its assistance invoked, 178, 203, 293, 294, 309, 559, 560
celibacy subject to, 583

Secularization of church property in Germany, 427, 435, 437
in England, 454-60
in France, 589
in Italy, 609
of education in France, 623

Seduction of nuns a capital offence, 136

Segenfrid of Le Mans, evil courses of, 152

Sendomir, Agreement of, 385

Sens, Council of, in 1850, 626

Seraphin of Gran on marriage, 249

Sergius III., his immorality, 144

Serfs, ordination of, 155

Servant, priest’s wife assumed to be a, 489

Servitude of sons of priests, 155
of their wives, 189, 242, 309

Severus repeals Majorian’s laws, 106

Seville, Council of, in 590, 80
in 1512, 400
dress of concubines regulated, 517
abuse of confessional in, 569

Sextus Philosophus on mutilation, 40

Shaving, resistance of clergy to, 553

Shaxton, Bishop, opposes the Six Articles, 469

Sheep-farming, discontent caused by, 474

Shrewsbury, hereditary benefices in, 272

Sicily, monachism reformed by Gregory I., 114
celibacy of subdeacons, 124
children of ecclesiastics in, 335
civil marriage valid, 606
episcopal convention of, in 1850, 626

Sickingen, Franz von, 421

Siedeler, Jacob, fate of, 419

Siegfrid of Mainz, his troubles with celibacy, 231

Siete Partidas on origin of celibacy, 29
celibacy enjoined in, 309

Sigismund (Emp.) advocates clerical marriage, 406

Silesia, heresy of John of Pirna, 378
marriage in post-Tridentine church, 555
clerical marriage asked for in 1831, 601

Silvester I. on abuse of confession, 567
forged canons of, 122, 137

Silvester II. on celibacy, 157

Silvester III., election of, 183

Simon, Jules, opposes secularized education, 623

Simoniacal priests, sacraments of, 195

Simony, in 11th century, 185, 214
its repression by Leo IX., 189
by Gregory VII., 229
papal, 398

Simple vows prevent marriage, 321

Simplicius, St., of Autun, case of, 78

Sin (see _Scandal_).
its influence on sacraments, 194
Wickliffe’s definition of, 379

Siricius makes no reference to Nicene canon, 55
commands celibacy, 65, 72
on heresy of Bonosus, 68
of Jovinian, 69
on disregard of vows, 100
on monastic unchastity, 103

Sister, residence of (see _Residence_).

Sisters of Charity, 612-3

Sithieu, Abbey of, its strictness, 404

Sitten, Synod of, in 1500, 402

Six Articles (see _Articles_).

Sixtus III. on marriage, 47
his trial, 82

Sixtus IV., his vices, 344
his sale of preferments, 398

Sixtus V. on children of cardinals, 550

Skopsis, sect of, 41

Slave children of priests emancipated, 563

Slavery for wives of priests, 189, 242, 389
for their sons, 155

Slaves, female, their union with priests, 249

Slavonic church, its connection with the Greek, 244
adherence to priestly marriage, 251

Sleidan on organized concubinage, 353

Sleswick, clerical morals in 15th cent., 402

Smaragdus on monastic impostors, 115

Smith, Dr. Richard, on clerical matrimony, 474

Smith, Sir Thomas, on celibacy, 497

Socrates on the story of Paphnutius, 56
on observance of celibacy, 86

Soissons, Synod of, in 744, 132
Manichæism in 1114, 207

Solicitation (see _Confessional_).

Somerset the Protector encourages the reformers, 472

Sons of priests (see _Children_).

Sorbonne, the, condemns Hildebrandine doctrine, 382
condemns Jean Lallier, 408
refuses conference with Melanchthon, 440

Sormitz, escape of nuns from, 425

Sousa, Ant. de, on solicitation, 571

Sozomen relates the story of Paphnutius, 56

Spain, celibacy first enforced in, 50, 66
disregarded in 375, 65
legislation in 400, 75
continued efforts required, 80
morals of, in 4th century, 81
monasticism in 7th century, 115
celibacy in Arian church, 120
reforms attempted by Catholicism, 121
church property guarded, 123
concubines, position of, 196, 197
enforcement of celibacy in, 302
priestly marriage universal, 303
delay in abrogating priestly marriage, 305
immorality of clergy, 311
military orders, 363
demoralization in 15th century, 400
Ximenes and the Franciscans, 402
morals in 16th century, 517
priestly marriage demanded, 556
concubinage of ecclesiastics, 557
the Colonial church, 563
abuse of confessional, 568-74
case of Father Mena, 579
census of the church in 1764, 588
civil marriage agitated, 605

Spalatin, his record of priestly marriages, 422

Spalatro, Council of, in 925, 149
in 1185, 250

Spaldwick, Vicar of, scandal caused by, 485

Spandel, Chris., on corruption of clergy, 556

Spanish church, its independence of Rome, 302
colonies, corruption of church in, 563

Spelman on Anglo-Saxon monachism, 173

Spifame, Bishop of Nevers, 499

Spiti, number of monks in, 95

Spotswood claims extradition of Baron’s wife, 513

Sraddha, 23

Standards of morality, 269, 347, 349, 627

State, permission of the, required by monastic orders in 1760, 585
its subjection to the church, 618, 639

Statistics of abuse of confessional, 573, 636
of Buddhist monachism, 95
of clergy in France, 593, 637
in Germany, 630-1
in Italy, 630
in Naples, 631
of Company of Jesus, 615
of monachism in Austria, 615
in Belgium, 615
in France, 614, 615, 617

Stephen IX. forces episcopate on Damiani, 186
his efforts at reform, 192
intervenes in Milanese troubles, 212

Stephen, King (England), his siege of Devizes, 281

Stephen of Halberstadt on the Imperialists, 239

Sterckx, Archbishop, his “Petronilla,” 629

Stipends of married priests guaranteed, 594

Stokesley of London on suppression of monasteries, 454
on priestly marriage, 462

Storck and the Anabaptists, 438

Strassburg, popular protection of married priests, 423
Synod of, in 1549, 528
in 1687, 562

Strype, his description of English clergy, 476

Sturmius, Balt., his marriage, 421

Subdeacons allowed to marry, 39
their marriage forbidden in 530, 86
separated from their wives, 124
marriage of, forbidden in 952, 149
subjected to the canon, 196, 204
when married, removed from benefice, 242
their celibacy in Dalmatia, 250
their marriage in Hungary, 250
and in Austria, 1267, 251
their celibacy in Denmark, 253
rules in England, 274
exceptions in favor of immorality, 320
their marriage permitted, 324

Suchuen, abuse of confessional in, 578

Suczinsky, Dean, his marriage, 604

Suffolk, Duke of, suppresses insurrection, 455

Suger of St. Denis imprisons Éon de l’Étoile, 372

Suidger of Bamberg created pope, 184

Sulpicius Severus, St., favors Vigilantius, 71

Sulpitius of Bourges, 118

Suppression of monasteries in Germany, 427, 435
in England, 448, 454
means adopted for, 457
financial results of, 460
by Joseph II., 584
in France, 589
in recent times, 608-9

Suzor of Tours on clerical marriage, 594

Swabia, enforcement of celibacy in, 233

Sweden, position of concubines in, 197
enforcement of celibacy in, 252
Englishmen as bishops, 278
morals of bishops, 389

Swithin, St., marriage of, 165

Switzerland, celibacy at Constance, 229
clerical morals of, 13th century, 340
organized concubinage in, 353
Zwingli’s movement, 421
demoralization in 16th century, 429
clerical marriage in modern times, 601

Syllabus of 1864 on dissolution of marriage, 317
its political teachings, 618
argued away by Dupanloup, 642

Symmachus prohibits marriage of nuns, 111
on confessors and penitents, 567

Synesius, case of, 85

Taas, Hussite victory of, 382

Taborites, the, 383

Tacitus on morality of Germans, 118

Taillard on origin of celibacy, 30

Talasius of Angers on celibacy, 79

Talesperianus of Lucca, charter of, 127

Talleyrand secularizes church property, 589

Talon, Omer, on marriage of apostates, 501

Tamar and Judah, 21

Tanner, Dr., on number of ejected priests, 480

Tapas, character of, 24

Tarento, Archb. of, advocates marriage, 631

Tarragona, Council of, in 516, 80
in 1591, 562
in 1717, 626

Tatianus, heresy of, 33

Taxes of the Penitentiary, 428, 517

Teachers, character of monastic, 618

Teaching, political, of monachism, 618

Tedaldo, Archbishop of Milan, 219

Templars, military order of, 362

Temporal possessions (see _Secularization_).

Temporalities of church endangered by marriage, 63, 407
of married clerks, seizure of, 258

Tenure of chastity, benefices held by, 311

Terbinthus, teacher of Manes, 44

Terouane, marriage of priests in, 262

Terror, the, position of priests under, 590
persecution of celibacy, 593
Sisters of Charity tolerated, 613

Tertullian denounces second marriages, 36
on virginity of the Virgin, 68
on merits of widows and virgins, 96
on accusations against Christians, 208

Test, clerical marriage as a, 592

Tetradius, St., Rule of, 112

Tetzel, sale of indulgences by, 413

Teutonic Knights, order of, 366
marriage of, 434
tribes, virtue of, 82

Thane-right, 173

Theatricals in nunneries, 527

Theocracy proposed by Gregory VII., 223

Theodatus of Corvey, success of, 227

Theodore of Canterbury, his penitential, 48, 162
on sacrament of sinful priests, 195

Theodore Studita on monastic morals, 109

Theodoric of Verdun, his remonstrances, 233

Theodoric a Niem on John XXII., 344
on Swedish bishops, 389

Theodosius the Great suppresses polygamy, 38
prohibits shaving of nuns, 104
restricts monachism, 108

Theodosius of Jerusalem, 107

Theodulf of Orleans on incest, 138

Theodwin and Albert at Council of Avranches, 319

Theophilus of Alexandria, rigor of, 349

Theophylact on “unius uxoris vir,” 38

Therapeutæ, 26

Thessalonica, celibacy enforced in, 86

Thibaut of Oxford on priests’ children, 276

Thomas Aquinas (see _Aquinas_).

Thomas à Becket on simony, 284

Thomas of Cantinpré on corrupting influence of priesthood, 350

Thomas of Walden on Wickliffe, 379

Thomas, Wm., on English monasteries, 452

de Thou, on refusal to grant clerical marriage, 544

Thuringia, the Brethren of the Cross, 385

Thurles, Council of, in 1850, 626, 633

Tibet, number of monks in, 95

Tibullus on purity required for sacrifice, 49

Timotheists, their heresy, 376

Tithes, seizure of, by the laity, 258

Toledo, Council of, in 398, 196, 566
in 400, 75, 105
in 531, 80
in 589, 80, 120
in 597 and 633, 80
in 653, 80, 121
in 655, 121
in 675, 80
in 1565 and 1582, 562, 574
discipline of, in Spanish church, 302

Toleration of attacks by Rome, 386, 415, 417

Toleration, condemned by the church, 618

Tonsure, differences as to, 161, 163

Toribio, St., of Peru, 564

Torné of Bourges, his marriage, 591

Tortosa, Council of, in 1429, 311, 364

Torture not allowed in trials for solicitation, 571

Toul, hereditary transmission in, 266
relaxation of discipline in, 326

Toulouse, Council of, in 1056, 255, 304
in 1119, 208, 267
in 1850, 626, 633
spread of heresy in, 207, 370

Tournay, Synod of, in 1520, 575
in 1574, 560

Tournon, Cardinal, his efforts at reform, 515

Tours, Council of, in 460, 80
in 567, 80, 120
in 925, 146
in 1060, 198, 255
in 1096, 263
in 1163, 319
in 1583, 560
in 1849, 626

Trani, married bishop deposed, 197
civil marriage valid in, 606

Transaction of Cadam, 439
of Passau, 443

Transsubstantiation, Wickliffe’s error on, 378

Treason, English monks punished for, 451, 457

Treglia, Andrea, case of, 606

Tréguier, residence of relatives forbidden, 332

Trent, Council of, 514-45
expectations with regard to it, 441, 443
it authorizes dispensations for married priests, 442
its canons on matrimony, 534-6
on adultery, 566
its non-reception in France, 546
its reception elsewhere, 547
failure of its reforms, 548 sqq.
enforcement of its canons, 552, 553, 554
it avoids reference to abuse of confessional, 568
on power of absolution, 575
on age of ordination, 624
on gift of chastity, 624
on residence of women, 626, 628
on celibacy as matter of faith, 640

Trèves, persecution of married clergy in, 234
morals of clergy, in 12th century, 248
Archbp., asks for clerical marriage, 539
effort for clerical marriage, in 1833, 601
proportion of clergy in, 631
Synod of, in 1548, 525
in 1549, 526
in 1678, 562

Trialogus, Wickliffe’s, 380

Tribunal, mixed, for married priests, 257

Tribur, assembly of, in 1076, 237

Trinidad and Mercede, Orders of, 311

Trithemius on Benedictine saints, 113
on monastic immorality, 404

Tropea, sister of Pier-Leone, 342

Trosley, Council of, in 909, 141

Troyes, Synod of, in 1107, 245
in 1128, 362

Tsadukim, hereditary priesthood of, 22
their conservatism, 24

Tuam, Council of, in 1854, 633

Tudeschi, Nich., advocates clerical marriage, 406

Turin, Council of, in 401, 75

Turner, John, penance of, 481

Turquoing, suppression of unauthorized orders in, 622

Tuscany, priestly marriage defended in, 199
clerical morals in 18th century, 586

Tyndale advocates priestly marriage, 462

Ulric, St., of Augsburg on priestly marriage, 149

Ulric of Bohemia founds Abbey of Zagow, 181

Ulric of Tegernsee on bigamy, 181

Umbilicani, 24

Umiliati, their struggle with St. Charles Borromeo, 551

Unchastity, forgiveness for, in False Decretals, 136
punished as homicide, 169

United States, priestly marriage in, 607
morality of clergy in, 625
recent Councils of, 626-7, 633

University Fellows, celibacy of, 492

Urban II. on sacraments of sinful priests, 195
creates Conrad King of Lombardy, 220
reconciles the Milanese clergy, 220
holds Council of Piacenza, 221
enforcement of celibacy attributed to, 225
not recognized in Germany, 241
his enforcement of celibacy, 242
protects Flemish priests, 261
declares marriage incompatible with Orders, 313

Urban III. enforces celibacy in Dalmatia, 250

Urban VIII. on abuse of confessional, 573

Urbicus of Clermont, case of, 73

Urbino, Council of, in 1569, 553
in 1859, 627

Urraca, Queen, 306

Useria, supposed wife of Eriberto of Milan, 209

Utopia, Sir Thomas More’s, 446

Utraquists, the, 384

Utrecht, condition of nunneries, 14th century, 340
reception of Council of Trent in, 553
Synods of, in 1561 and 1565, 554
in 1865, 627, 633

Vagabond monks, 102, 109, 115

Vagabondage, Tudor laws on, 455, 460

Valence, Council of, in 374, 100, 103

Valencia, Council of, in 1255, 309
in 1565, 562

Valens, his restrictions on monachism, 99

Valentinian on clerical morals, 63

Valentinus, heresy of, 33

Valesians, sect of, 40

Valladolid, Council of, in 1322, 310, 364

Vallombrosa, monks of, 183

Vanaprasthas, class of, 23

Varahran I. persecutes Manichæism, 43

Vatican, Council of, in 1870, 603
its decree of infallibility, 608
number of women in, 1882, 628

Vaudois, the, 373

Vedas, doctrine of Tapas in, 24

Vega, Fray Juan de la, 572

Veil, taking the, a marriage with Christ, 104

Velda, Dr., case of, 570

Venality of officials, 253, 278, 284, 293, 312, 321, 327, 332,
337, 339, 345, 396, 401, 433, 517, 522

Venantius of Syracuse, case of, 113

Venezuela, suppression of monasteries in, 609

Venice, relaxation of the canon in, 205
number of priests in, 588
Council of, in 1859, 627

Vercelli, troubles of married priests in, 152

Verdun, reform of monks of, 264

Veringen, Count of, case of, 235

Verneuil, Synod of, in 755, 134

Vernon, Council of, in 845, 139

Verona, trouble with married priests, 151

Vertfeuil, extent of heresy in, 370

Vestal Virgins, 50

Vestments, monastic, salvation ensured by, 335

Veuillot, Louis, on droit de marquette, 355

Vicenza, Council of Trent transferred to, 520

Victimes de l’Amour de Dieu, 613

Victor II., his efforts at reform, 191
enforces celibacy in France, 255

Victor III. on Italian church, 180

Victricius opposes Vigilantius, 71

Vienna, Council of, in 1267, 251
in 1858, 627, 633

Vienne, Council of, in 1060, 198
in 1311, 376

Vigilantius, his resistance to celibacy, 70

Vihara, Buddhist monastery, 94

Villa, father, of Monza, 621

Villiers, Abbé, defends celibacy, 582

Villiers de l’Isle-Adam, 366

Vincent, St., de Paul, 612

Vintimiglia, Nunzio, his negotiations with Maximilian II., 543

Virgil, Polydor, on celibacy in England, 273

Virgin Mary, heresies concerning, 68
her message to Gregory VII., 226

Virginal, Curé of, his opinions, 623

Virginity, extravagant praises of, 45, 347, 349
by Chrysostom, 86
importance attributed to, 98
by the Fraticelli, 377
by Wickliffe, 380
compared with marriage, 46, 47, 96, 318, 347
superiority of, a Tridentine dogma
of morals, 536, 641
St. Jerome on its rarity, 624
perpetual, of the Virgin, 68
vows of (see _Vows_).

Virgins, priests to marry none but, 38
number of, in early church, 98
professed (see _Nuns_).

Visconti, Nunzio, on marriage at Trent, 535

Visitation of monasteries by Archbishop Morton, 399
by Archbishop Warham, 447
ordered by Henry VIII., 451
its effect, 453

Vitalis of Mortain preaches reform, 258

Vitry, Jacques de, case of, 398

Vladislas II. on clerical immorality, 401

Vows of chastity, introduction of, 41
not favored in early church, 48
their temporary character, 41, 97
their increasing permanency, 105
rendered irrevocable by Gregory I., 113
infanticide caused by them, 100
are ordered for subdeacons, 124
their perversion, 127
made a prerequisite to holy orders, 179
work dissolution of marriage, 313
difference between simple and formal, 321
are denounced by Lollards, 381
by Luther, 421
are maintained in the Six Articles, 469
prelates at Trent sworn to support them, 533
their observance a point of faith, 641
papal dispensation for, 535, 642
never granted by Pius IX., 611
minimum age for, defined by Pius IX., 611
limited to five years in France, 613

Vows, monastic, rendered indissoluble in the East, 107
of the military orders, 362

Vrie, Theodoric, on clerical immorality, 389

Wahu, Dr., on monastic schools, 619
on cases of clerical prosecution, 636

Wake, Archbishop, his correspondence with Du Pin, 582

Waldemar II. on concubines, 197

Walden, Abbot of, his marriage, 463

Waldo, Peter, 372

Waldenses, the, 373

Waldeck, Count of, his treatment of monks, 435

Wales, celibacy in early church, 163
state of church in 9th century, 171
priestly marriage in 13th century, 285
its persistence, 294

Walter of Orleans on residence of female relatives, 138

Warham, Archbishop, his visitation, 447

Wartburg, Luther’s confinement in, 419

Watten, Priory of, its troubles, 260

Wealth of church, its growth, 63

Wedlock (see _Marriage_).

Wenceslas of Bohemia, his reforms, 383

Wendt, Rev. Mr., case of, 636

Wer-gild of priest, 173
of children of clerks, 336

Western monachism, character of, 109, 112

Westminster, Council of, in 1127, 280
in 1138, 281
short-lived bishopric of, 460
canons of, ejected, 479

Westmoreland, Earl of, his insurrection in 1569, 496

Weston, Dr., story of, 477

Wexford, married priests of, 298

Whitby, Synod of, in 664, 161

Wiburn, Percival, on marriage of Anglican clergy, 495

Wicelius, George, on clerical marriage, 542

Wickliffe on sacraments of sinful priests, 196
his reforms, 378

Widowhood, vows of, license caused by, 127

Widows, priests not to marry, 39
order of, in early church, 42, 96
comparison of, with virgins, 46, 96, 347
professed, marriage of, 110

Wied, Hermann von, his attempts at reform, 518

Wiesbaden, clerical marriage in 1821, 601

Wilfreda, St., 167

William of Bavaria on church corruption, 527

William of Cantilupe enforces celibacy, 288

William of Cologne forbids marriage of monks, 340

William the Conqueror enforces celibacy in Normandy, 257
permits marriage in Britanny, 259
neglects reform in England, 271

William of Hilderniss, 385

William the Lion on concubines, 197
persecutes the clergy, 301

William of Malmesbury on Anglo-Saxon church, 176

William of Paderborn, his failure to reform, 340

William of Sabina, legate to Spain, 310

William of Strassburg excommunicates married priests, 424

Willibrod, St., his labors, 126

Wills, ecclesiastical, providing for children, 337

Winchester, reform of monastery of, 168, 169
Council of, in 1070, 272
in 1076, 273
in 1139, 371
hereditary transmission in, 286

Windsor, Synod of, in 1070, 272

Wine of Eucharist in early church, 44
abstinence from, not recommended, 48

Wishart, George, his trial, 510

Wisigothic laws on clerical celibacy, 121
on church property, 123

Wisigoths of Spain, state of church under, 120

Witgar of Mendlesham, 282

Witiza, his licentious laws, 121

Witnesses, use of ordeal for, 140
married priests not admitted as, 294
four required to prove solicitation, 571

Wittenberg, books of canon law burned at, 418
Synod of, in 1522, 420

Wives, demerit of, 46
adulterous, to be put away, 39
of Huguenot pastors, 498
of Anglican clergy, their position, 496
of bishops, their retention, 85, 88
to be separated, 89
under the Franks, 119
in Gothic Spain, 121
they rank as countesses, 259
their position in Anglican church, 495
consent of, requisite for episcopate, 249
for diaconate, 250, 251
for monastic vows, 324
of monks to become nuns, 114, 205, 324
of priests, their cohabitation permitted, 28, 48
forbidden by Council of Elvira, 50
permitted by Councils of Ancyra and Neocæsarea, 51
and by Council of Nicæa, 53, 54
and through the 4th century, 55, 58, 61, 79
forbidden by Damasus, 64
and by Siricius, 65
forbidden in Gaul and Spain, 75
and in Africa, 73
permitted in the East, 86, 89
custom in modern Russia, 91
their position under the Franks, 120
legislation in Gothic Spain, 121
are to be treated as sisters, 124
in Italy, in 8th century, 127
they cause dilapidation of property, 147
Anglo-Saxon denunciation of, 175
are stigmatized as concubines, 196
their fidelity, 202
their sufferings, 235
are declared slaves of church, 189
are reduced to slavery, 242, 309
their seizure threatened, 261
treatment of, in England, 274, 277, 287
they assist at altar in Germany, 318
are liable to death under the Six Articles, 468
legislation under Queen Mary, 485
are assumed to be serving women, 485
of subdeacons to be separated, 124

Wolff, Christian, on Paphnutius, 57
on Council of Trent, 640

Wolfgang of Ratisbon exhorts to chastity, 152

Wolf-hunts, priests obliged to join in, 303

Wolsey, Cardinal, attacks monastic orders, 447
his fall, 449

Women, abstinence from, in pagan priesthood, 49
not admitted in temple of Hercules, 50
admitted to monasteries, 101
their exclusion from monasteries, 403
their ministration forbidden, 60
their teaching forbidden, 60
discredited as witnesses, 571
rules for, in visiting bishops, 119
residence of (see _Residence_).

Wood, T., on position of Anglican clergy, 497

Worcester, reformation of monks in, 169
Chapter of, disorders of, 491

Works, merits of, in Catholicism, 115
in Calvinism, 498
justification by, in Scotland, 506
in Knox’s confession, 512

Worms, Diet of, in 1076, 234

Wurtzburg, Council of, in 1446, 377
in 1548, 528
character of clergy, in 1521, 431
clerical marriage in, 555

Wu-Tsung, his persecution of Buddhism, 95

Wyatt’s rebellion, suppression of, 478

Ximenes reforms the Franciscans, 402

Yoga system, asceticism of, 23

York, its claim on Scottish church, 161
Council of, in 1195, 288
Wolsey’s reformation at, 447
married priests ejected in, 480

Ypres, Synod of, in 1629, 562
abuse of confessional in 1768, 577

Yves of Chartres (see _Ivo_).

Zabarella, Cardinal, advocates clerical marriage, 406

Zabolcs, Synod of, in 1092, 248

Zaccaria on origin of celibacy, 29
on the Nicene canon, 55
on Gregory of Nazianzum, 58
on dissolution of priestly marriage, 317
his defence of celibacy, 583-4

Zachary, Pope, on Frankish church, 130
on Saxon church, 164

Zaga Zabo, his account of Coptic church, 93

Zagow, Abbey of, foundation of, 181

Zurich, priests of, defend their women, 340

Zwilling, Gabriel, preaches against monasticism, 421

Zwingli demands priestly marriage, 421

* * * * *

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SUPERSTITION AND FORCE.

Essays on The Wager of Law, The Wager of Battle, The Ordeal, and Torture.

Third revised and enlarged edition. In one handsome royal 12mo. volume of 552 pages. Cloth $2.50.

This valuable work is in reality a history of civilization as interpreted by the progress of jurisprudence. In “Superstition and Force” we have a philosophic survey of the long period intervening between primitive barbarity and civilized enlightenment. There is not a chapter in the work that should not be most carefully studied; and, however well versed the reader may be in the science of jurisprudence, he will find much in Mr. Lea’s volume of which he was previously ignorant. The book is a valuable addition to the literature of social science.—_Westminster Review_, Jan. 1880.

This is a book of extraordinary research. Mr. Lea has entered into his subject _con amore_, and a more striking record of the cruel superstitions of our Middle Ages could not possibly have been compiled. As a work of curious enquiry into certain outlying points of obsolete law, “Superstition and Force” is one of the most remarkable works we have met with.—_London Athenæum_, November 3, 1866.

The appearance of a third edition of Mr. Henry C. Lea’s “Superstition and Force” is a sign that our highest scholarship is not without honor in its native country.—N. Y. _Nation_, August 1, 1878.

Mr. Lea’s curious historical monographs, of which one of the most important is here reproduced in an enlarged form, have given him an unique position among English and American scholars. He is distinguished for his recondite and affluent learning, his power of exhaustive historical analysis, the breadth and accuracy of his researches among the rarer sources of knowledge, the gravity and temperance of his statements, combined with singular earnestness of conviction, and his warm attachment to the cause of freedom and intellectual progress.—N. Y. _Tribune_, August 9, 1878.

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Amos ii. 7.—Deut. xxiii. 18.—Micah i. 7.—Herod. I. 199.—Cf. Kuenen, Religion of Israel, I. 92-3, 368.—Rawlinson’s Essay X. on Herod. I.—Luciani de Syria Dea vi.

[2] When the Church assumed that marriage was incompatible with the ministry of the altar, it was somewhat puzzled to reconcile the hereditary character of the high priesthood with the morning and evening sacrifice required of the high priest (Exod. XXX. 7-8). For ingenious special pleading to explain this away, see St. Augustin, Quæstt. in Pentateuch. III. lxxxii. and Retractt. II. lv. 2.

[3] Num. VI. 2-21.—Judges XIII-XVI.—I. Sam. I. 11.—Lament. IV. 7-8.—Amos II. 11-12.—I. Macc. III. 49.—Mishna, Tract. Nazir.

[4] Yasht-Kordah 10.—Bahram Yasht 46.—Sad-der, Porta C.—Philost. de Vit. Sophistt. I. 10.

[5] Justin. Historiar. X. ii.

[6] Kapila’s Aphorisms I. 1 (Ballantyne’s Translation).—Sankhya Karika XLV., LXVI., LXVIII. (Colebrook & Wilson’s Translation).—For the intercourse between India and the West, see A. Weber, “Die Verbindungen Indiens,” etc., in “Indische Skizzen.”

[7] Surangama Sutra (Beal’s Catena, pp. 348-9).—Davids and Oldenberg’s Vinaya Texts, Part I. p. 4.—Hodgson’s Essays on the Languages, etc., of Nepal and Tibet, pp. 63, 68-70.—Hardy’s Eastern Monachism, pp. 50 sqq.

[8] Manava Dharma Sastra IV. 257; VI. 1-81. Yet the Sutta Nipata, a Buddhist scripture of unquestioned antiquity, states that of old the Brahmans practised celibacy up to the forty-eighth year. (Sir M. C. Swamy’s Translation, p. 81.) Cf. Strabon. Lib. XV., and Clement. Alexand. Stromat. Lib. III.

[9] See Bisse’s edition of Palladius de Gentibus Indiæ.—Diog. Laert. Proœm.—Philost. de Vit. Apollon. Tyan.—Porphyr. de Abstinent. IV. 17.

[10] A. Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., pp. 163, 237-9.—Wilson’s Vishnu Purana, I. 164.—Garrett’s Class. Dict. India, p. 753.