Chapter C: H. Grandgent

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., NOVEMBER, 1904.

ABBREVIATIONS AND TECHNICAL TERMS.

Abl.: ablative.

Acc.: accusative.

Cl.L.: Classic Latin.

Cond.: conditional.

Cons.: consonant.

Einf.: W. Meyer-Lübke, _Einführung in das Studium der
romanischen Sprachwissenschaft_, 1901.

F.: feminine.

Fr.: French.

Free (of vowels): not in position.

Fut.: future.

Gram.: W. Meyer-Lübke, _Grammaire des langues romanes_, 3
vols., 1890-1900.

Grundriss: G. Gröber, _Grundriss der romanischen Philologie_, 2
vols., 1888-1902.

Imp.: imperfect.

Imper.: imperative.

Intertonic (of vowels): following the secondary and preceding
the primary accent.

Intervocalic (of consonants): standing between two vowels.

It.: Italian.

Körting: G. Körting, _Lateinisch-romanisches Wörterbuch_, 2d
ed., 1901.

Lat.: Latin.

Levy: E. Levy, _Provenzalisches Supplement-Wörterbuch_, 1894-.

Ltblt.: _Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische
Philologie_, monthly, Leipzig.

M.: masculine.

Nom.: nominative.

Obj.: objective (case).

Part.: participle.

Perf.: perfect.

Pers.: person.

Phon.: P. Marchot, _Petite phonétique du français
prélittéraire_, 1901.

Pl.: plural.

Pr.: Provençal.

Pres.: present.

Pret.: preterit.

Raynouard: M. Raynouard, _Lexique roman_, 6 vols., 1836-44.

Rom.: _Romania_, quarterly, Paris.

Sg.: singular.

V.L.: Vulgar Latin.

Voc.: H. Schuchardt, _Vocalismus des Vulgärlateins_, 3 vols.,
1866-68.

Voiced (of consonants): sonant, pronounced with vibration of
the glottis.

Voiceless (of consonants): surd, pronounced without glottal
vibration.

Vow.: vowel.

Zs.: _Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie_, 4 to 6 nos. a
year, Halle.

SIGNS AND PHONETIC SYMBOLS.

N. B.--Phonetic characters not entered in this list are to be pronounced as in Italian. Whenever it is essential to distinguish spelling from pronunciation, _italic_ type is used for the former, Roman for the latter.

· (under a vowel): close quality.

¸ (under a vowel): open quality.

¯ (over a vowel): long quantity.

̆ (over a vowel): short quantity.

̑ (under a letter): semivowel, not syllabic.

´ (over a letter): stress.

´ (after a consonant): palatal pronunciation.

✱ (before a word): conjectural, not found.

＞ (between words or letters): derivation, the _source_ standing
at the _open_ end.

+: followed by.

ạ: French _â_ in _pâte_.

ą: French _a_ in _patte_.

β: bilabial _v_, as in Spanish.

c: see k.

c´: palatal _k_, as in English _key_.

ð: English _th_ in _this_.

ẹ: French _é_ in _thé_.

ę: French _ê_ in _fête_.

g: English _g_ in _go_.

g´: palatal _g_, as in English _geese_.

h: English _h_ in _hat_.

ị: French _i_ in _si_.

į: English _ĭ_ in _pit_.

k: English _k_ in _maker_.

k´: see c´.

l´: palatal _l_, as in Italian _figlio_.

n´: palatal _n_, as in Italian _ogni_.

ŋ: English _ng_ in _sing_.

ọ: German _ō_, as in _sohn_.

ǫ: German _ŏ_, as in _sonne_.

r´: palatal _r_.

š: English _sh_ in _ship_.

þ: English _th_ in _thin_.

ụ: German _ū_, as in _gut_.

ų: German _ŭ_, as in _butter_.

ü: French _u_ in _pur_.

w: English _w_ in _woo_.

χ: German _ch_ in _ach_.

y: English _y_ in _ye_.

z: English _z_ in _crazy_.

ž: French _j_ in _jour_.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGES
INTRODUCTION 1-9
PHONOLOGY 10-84
Accent 11-13
Vowels 13-36
_Quantity_ 13-14
_Accented Vowels_ 14-24
a 14-15
ẹ 15-17
ę 17-20
ị 20
ọ 20-21
ǫ 21-23
ụ 23-24
au 24
_Unaccented Vowels_ 24-36
Initial Syllable 25-27
Intertonic Syllable 27-29
Penult 29-32
Final Syllable 32-36
Consonants 37-84
Latin Consonants 37-40
Germanic Consonants 40-41
Greek Consonants 41-42
_Initial Consonants_ 42-44
Single 43-44
Groups 44
_Medial Consonants_ 45-78
Single 47-55
Groups 55-78
_Double Consonants_ 56-57
_Groups Ending in L_ 57-58
_Groups Ending in R_ 58-61
_Groups Ending in W_ 61-62
_Groups Ending in Y_ 63-69
_Groups Beginning with L, M, N, R, or S_ 69-74
_Miscellaneous Groups_ 74-78
_Final Consonants_ 78-81
Single 78-81
Groups 81
_Sporadic Change_ 81-84
Insertion 81-82
Metathesis 82-83
Dissimilation 83-84
MORPHOLOGY 85-146
Declension 85-113
_Nouns_ 85-94
First Declension 90
Second Declension 90-91
Third Declension 91-94
_Adjectives_ 95-99
Comparison 96-97
Numerals 98-99
_Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives_ 99-113
Articles 100-101
Personal Pronouns 101-105
Possessives 105-107
Demonstratives 107-109
Interrogatives and Relatives 109-110
Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives 110-113
Conjugation 114-146
_The Four Conjugations_ 114-115
_Fundamental Changes in Inflection_ 116-118
_Infinitive, Present Participle, and Gerund_ 118-119
_Past Participle_ 119-121
_Future and New Conditional_ 121-123
Future Endings 122-123
Conditional Endings 123
_Present_ 123-132
Double Stems 125-126
Peculiar Forms 127-130
Personal Endings 130-132
_Imperfect Indicative_ 132-133
_Preterit, Old Conditional, and Imperfect Subjunctive_ 133-146
Preterit 133-144
_Weak_ 135-138
_Strong_ 138-144
Old Conditional 144-145
Imperfect Subjunctive 145-146
INDEX 147-159

AN OUTLINE OF THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF OLD PROVENÇAL.