Chapter III: Morphology (3)

[30] The change of accent, in this verb and others, was due to the analogy of the first and fourth conjugations (cantęron, sentíron) and to the influence of the second person plural (dissętz).

[31] The feminine forms _cobéza_, _tebéza_, etc., show a change of accent.

[32] In most of the modern dialects (but not in Gascony and lower Languedoc) this a has become o: _rosa_ ＞ _roso_. But in the Limousin dialects and some others -as ＞ -a: _rosas_ ＞ _rosa_.

[33] The _tg_ in this word is probably due to the influence of _iutiar_ ＜ _jūdĭcāre_.

[34] The forms with _r_ may be due to dissimilation or to the influence of _clergue_.

[35] Alvernia is attested: cf. _Zs._, XXVI, 123. The usual form is _Arvernicum_.

[36] Compare, in English, the _c_ of _coo_ and the _k_ of _key_.

[37] Compare the old-fashioned pronunciation of words like _card_, _kind_.

[38] For final _-ci_, _-gi_ in plurals, see § 92, (2).

[39] Before this, _frīgĭdus_ had become frįgdus in Italy and Gaul.

[40] It is natural to suppose that the n, in falling, nasalized the vowel; but no trace of this nasality remains.

[41] _Fes_, _nut_, which quite supplanted the regular forms, perhaps show the influence of _res_, _mut_.

[42] By analogy of such double forms, n is sometimes added to a few words ending in a vowel: _fŭit_ ＞ _fo_ _fon_, _prō_ ＞ _pro_ _pron_.

[43] Cf. § 63, (4).

[44] Also _auvir_, probably a northern local development of _auir_; and _aurir_, doubtless from _auzir_ in a dialect that confuses r and z. See R, 2 and S, 2.

[45] Cf. § 63, (3).

[46] The i from ð fuses with the preceding i.

[47] _Trachor_ has been influenced by _trach_, past participle of _traire_.

[48] Intervocalic c and g have been studied by H. Sabersky, _Zur provenzalischen Lautlehre_, 1888, pp. 8-19.

[49] _Mica_ _micha_ are from ✱_micca_ = _mīca_ + _cīccum_.

[50] Original Latin g seems more prone to fall than g ＜ c.

[51] For the reduction of _au_ to _a_ see § 41.

[52] _Clerc_ is from ✱_clĕrcum_, which must have existed contemporaneously with _clĕrĭcum_.

[53] Possibly it comes from N. Greek σράδη: cf. _Romanische Forschungen_, XV, 880.

[54] See _Zs._, XXXII, 434.

[55] _Magis_ was probably reduced to _mais_ in Vulgar Latin.

[56] _Legir_ may have been reconstructed on the basis of _leg_ ＜ _lĕgit_.

[57] For the groups ending in y, cf. L. J. Juroszek, _Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der jotazierten Konsonanten in Frankreich_, in _Zs._, XXVII, 550 ff. The groups ending in y and those containing c or g have been studied by H. Sabersky, _Zur provenzalischen Lautlehre_, 1888.

[58] S is generally written _ss_ between vowels, to distinguish it from _s_ = _z_.

[59] Most of the words in this category are semi-learned: cf. _fabla_ and _faula_. See § 55, B.

[60] See § 47, (2).

[61] See § 47, (2).

[62] Also _faur_: cf. § 52, (1), 1.

[63] _Sozer_ ＜ _sŏcĕrum_: cf. § 49, (1).

[64] For the vowel of nęr nięr, see § 25, 1, (_e_).

[65] _Enteir_, _neir_ seem to have lost final e under the influence of numerous adjectives in _-er_ _-ier_ _-ieir_ ＜ _-arium_.

[66] In the modern dialects the d is probably commoner than it was in the old literary language; it occurs in Bordeaux, Languedoc, and Provence.

[67] _Ratie_ is perhaps French.

[68] After o, the u disappears.

[69] _Glai_ is due perhaps to the analogy of _ney_ (§ 65, β, 3), perhaps to such double forms as _fatz fai_ = _facit_.

[70] _Seti_ (pronounced with two syllables) seems to be an improperly constructed post-verbal noun from _assetiar_. For _metgue_, etc., see § 65, G, (3).

[71] Apparently _maniar_, _escomeniar_ developed in the region where g became y before a: cf. § 65, G, (1).

[72] The r remained palatal long enough to cause breaking: cf. §§ 30, 37.

[73] These sounds lost their palatal quality too early to cause breaking: cf. §§ 30, 37. Cf. _Einf._, § 133.

[74] _Palaitz_, however, is used by Marcabru, A. Daniel, and P. Vidal. _Poizon_ occurs in _Flamenca_ and in modern Limousin (beside _pozon_), _raizo_ is found in the _Boeci_ and other texts.

[75] Cf. § 49, (3).

[76] _Daun_, etc., are Gascon.

[77] Such forms as _amda_ ＜ _amĭta_, _comde_ _conde_ ＜ _compŭtum_, show a late fall of the medial vowel.

[78] The _i_ in _ueich_ seems to be merely graphic.

[79] The _i_ in _voig_ seems to be merely graphic.

[80] _Fret_, _freda_ occur also.

[81] The phenomena of dissimilation have been well classified by M. Grammont in _La dissimilation consonantique dans les langues indo-européennes et dans les langues romanes_, 1895. For metathesis, see _Zs._, XXVIII, 1.

[82] Cato uses _fructi_.

[83] The process began in classic Latin: _materies_ _materia_, etc.

[84] See § 89, 1.

[85] See § 47, (3).

[86] See § 16, 1.

[87] See § 52, (1), 1.

[88] Perhaps from a fusion of _plūs_ and _pluriōres_ = _plūres_. Cf. Fr.

[89] These forms existed as early as the 1st century of our era. See _Zs._, XXVI, 600, 619. _Ejus_, _ei_ may have had some influence.

[90] See § 67, (2).

[91] § 45.

[92] § 74, (2).

[93] Cf. Meyer-Lübke, _Gram._, II, p. 104.

[94] See Suchier in _Grundriss_, I, p. 627.

[95] Cf. A. von Elsner, _Ueber Form und Verwendung des Personalpronomens im Altprovenzalischen_, 1886.

[96] Cf. Thomas in _Rom._, XII, 334; Meyer-Lübke in _Gram._, II, page 104. For a different explanation, see Ascoli in _Archivio glottologico italiano_, XV, 314, 396.

[97] For a different explanation of _mia_, see _Gram._, I, pp. 246-248, also Horning in _Zs._, XXV, 341. Cf. Fr. _moie_.

[98] _Cels_ shows the influence of masculine nouns and adjectives.

[99] _Aquel_ has also _aquilli_. _Cilha_ is evidently a combination of _cilh_ and _celha_.

[100] _Aquel_ has also _aqueli_.

[101] _Aquel_ has also _aquelz_ and _aquelses_.

[102] See G. Rydberg, _Le développement de_ facere _dans les langues romanes_, 1893.

[103] See A. Zimmermann in _Zs._, XXV, 735.

[104] See C. C. Rice in _Publications of the Modern Language Association of America_, XIX, 217.

[105] Cf. § 138.

[106] Cf. § 72, Sw.

[107] According to Raimon Vidal, a 13th century grammarian, _tenir_ is French.

[108] _Esvanuir_ seems to come from the perfect, _evanuī_.

[109] _Enfolhetir_ shows the influence of _follet_.

[110] For two different explanations of this ending, see A. Thomas, _Essais de philologie française_, 25, 281; E. Herzog, in _Bausteine zur romanischen Philologie_, 481.

[111] See K. Sittl in _Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik_, I, 465.

[112] For _ai estat_ we sometimes find _soi agutz_. The confusion arises perhaps from the use of both _es_ and _a_ in the sense of ‘there is’: hence _es estat_ = _a agut_; and by a mixture of the two, _es agut_. Cf. L. Gauchat, _Sone avuto_, in _Scritti vari di filologia_ (dedicated to E. Monaci), 1901, p. 61.

[113] Cf. P. Thielmann, _Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik_, II, 48 and 157.

[114] For the accented vowels in these forms, see §§ 167, 168.

[115] See § 168.

[116] See § 37.

[117] See § 30.

[118] Also, by analogy, _iassér_.

[119] Raimon Vidal says that _crei_, _vei_ are the proper forms for the 1st pers. sg. of the pres. indicative.

[120] According to Raimon Vidal, _trac_ is the only correct form.

[121] _Volemus_ occurs repeatedly in 7th century Latin.

[122] Cf. O. Schmidt, _Ueber die Endungen des Præsens im Altprovenzalischen_, 1887.

[123] The loss of _-s_ is not confined to the Provençal territory: it occurs also in western France, Catalonia, and the Engadine.

[124] Cf. the reduction of _habēbam_ to _aβea_: § 153.

[125] _Tenér_ _tenír_ really belongs to the second conjugation.

[126] According to Raimon Vidal, this is the regular ending of the 3d pers. sg. of the fourth conjugation.

[127] In _nasquec_ the _ui_ ending occurs twice.

[128] Beside parẹc, coming perhaps from a V. L. ✱_parēvit_ ✱_parēvuit_.

[129] All verbs in _-ndĕre_ took the perfect in _-sī_: _ascos_, _defes_, _pris_, _respos_, etc. _Lĕgĕre_ took ✱_lĕxī_ ＞ _leis_ through the analogy of the p. p. _lĕctum_. So _fĭngĕre_ took ✱_fĭxī_ ＞ _feis_ through _fĭctum_; _frangĕre_, _pĭngĕre_, _tangĕre_ did likewise (_frais_, _peis_, _tais_); and in Provençal _cénher_ ＜ _cĭngĕre_, _esténher_ ＜ _exstĭnguĕre_, _plánher_ ＜ _plangĕre_ followed the example of these (_ceis_, _esteis_, _plais_): hence all verbs in _-nher_ have the preterit in _-s_.

[130] See _Zs._, XXVIII, 97.

[131] _Gram._, II, p. 357.

[132] _Tĕnuī_ and _vēnī_ influenced each other.

[133] So _bĭbuit_ ＞ _bec_, _debuit_ ＞ _dec_.

[134] So _cognōvit_ ＞ _conoc_, _mōvit_ ＞ _moc_.

[135] So ✱_cŏcuit_ ＞ _coc_, _jacuit_ ＞ _iac_, ✱_nascuit_ ＞ _nasc_, ✱_pa(s)cuit_ ＞ _pac_, _placuit_ ＞ _plac_, _tacuit_ ＞ _tac_, ✱_tescuit_ ＞ _tesc_, ✱_vĭncuit_ ＞ _venc_, ✱_vīscuit_ ＞ _visc_.

[136] So _caluit_ ＞ _calc_, ✱_tŏluit_ ＞ _tolc_, _vŏluit_ ＞ _volc_.

[137] So ✱_vēnuit_ ＞ _venc_.

[138] So _erĭpuit_ ＞ _ereup_, _recĭpuit_ ＞ _receup_.

INDEX

N.B.--The references are to paragraphs.

a: 23-24.
--ạ: 24.
--Unaccented a: 40, (1); 45; 48, 1; 51, (1).

_-a_ _-anem_: 95, 2.

_ab_: 65, P, 2.

_abans_: 65, β, 2.

Abbreviations: p. VI.

_abet_: 65, β, 2.

Ablative: 91, (5).

_abora_: 65, β, 2.

_aβea_: 87, β.

_ac_ (Lat.): 43, 2.

Accent:
--Primary: 16-17.
--Secondary: 18; 45, 1.

Accented Vowels: see Vowels.

Accusative: 91, (5).

_ad_: see _az_.

_ad-_: 66, 1.

_ades_: 25, 1, (_e_).

Adjectives, 102-109.
--Comparison: 106-109.
--Declension: 102-104; 107.
--Neuter: 104; 108; 128, 1.
--Numeral: 110-113.
--Pronominal: see Pronouns.

_adoutz_: 33, 4.

Adverbial _-s_: 82, S, 3.

Adverbs: 82, S, 3; 105; 108.

æ: 22.
--Unaccented æ: 41.

_-age_: see _-aticum_.

_ai_ ＜ _habeo_: 73, βy.

_aigla_: 72, Kw, 1.

_aiglentina_: 72, Kw, 1.

_aigua_: 72, Kw, 1.

_aire_: 51, 4.

_-aire_ _-ador_: 91, (6); 101, (3); 101, (3), 1.

_aital_: 74, 2; 136, (6).

_aitan_: 74, 2; 136, (7).

_albire_: 87, 1.

_alcun_: 136, (1).

Alphabet:
--Phonetic: p. VII.
--Provençal: 7; 9.

_alquant_: 136, (2).

_alques_: 136, (3).

_als_: 136, (4).

_altre_: 136, (5).

_altretal_: 136, (6).

_altretan_: 136, (7).

_aluc_: 65, C, 2.

_Alvernhe_: 87, 1.

_amdui_: 111, 2.

_amiu_: 51, 3; 65, G, 1.

_ams_: 111, 2.

Analogy:
--Initial Syllable: 42.
--Intertonic Syllable: 46.

_anar_: 137, (1); 150; 162, (1).

_anedier_: 45, 3.

_anet_: 48, 1.

_anta_: 39, 2.

_apud_: see _ab_.

_aquestos_: 51, 2.

_ar_, _ara_: 33, 3.

_-arius_: 23, 1; 73, Ry, 1.

_arma_: 87, n + m.

_arnei_: 25, 3.

Articles: 116-119.
--Definite: 116; 118-119.
--Indefinite: 117.

_asabentar_: 73, Py.

_-aticum_: 49, (4); 52, (3); 65, G, 3; 73, Tg.

_atressi_: 74, 2.

_atretal_: 74, 2; 136, (6).

_atretan_: 74, 2; 136, (7).

au:
--Accented: 39.
--Unaccented: 41.

_auca_: 65, C, 1; 80, βc.

_aucel_: 65, C´, 1; 80, βc´.

_aucire_: 43; 162, (2).

_aurir_: 65, D, footnote; 65, R, 2.

_auvent_: 65, S, 2.

_auvir_: 65, D, footnote; 65, S, 2.

Auxiliary Verbs: 140-141.

_auzil_: 28.

_auzir_: 160; 162, (3); 164, (1); 168; 169; 186; 191.

_aver_: 73, βy; 87, β; 137, (1); 148, (1), (2), 1; 150; 152; 162,
(4); 167; 168; 170; 173, (1); 177, (1), (2), (3); 181, (1); 184,
(1); 187; 192.

_avia_: 87, β.

_avinen_: 46, 1.

_az_: 82, D.

_azaut_: 52, (2), 1.

b ＞ β: 55, B.

_bat_: 72, Tw, 1.

_berbitz_: 25, 2, (_a_).

_Bernat_: 87, r.

_bisbes_: 41, 1.

_borgues_: 73, Rg´.

_brey_: 65, β, 3.

_briu_: 28, 3.

_broc_: 37, 1.

c palatalized: 55; 61; 62, (3); 65, G; 67, (1); 70, C´r; 73, C´y,
Dg, Lc´y, Nc´y, Ndg, Ng, Rc´y, Rg, Rrg, Rtg, Tg; 74; 76; 77; 78;
80, Ksc, Ppc; 92, (2).

_cabil_: 27, 1.

_cabirol_: 86.

_cada_: 136, (8).

_caire_: see _cazer_.

_caitiu_: 80, Pt.

_calacom_: 136, (9).

_calmelh_: 45, 3.

_cal que_: 136, (10).

_camisa_: 25, 2, (_a_).

_can_: 136, (11).

_canorgue_: 65, N, 1; 87, n + n.

_cap_: 100.

_caramel_: 87, 1.

_caresma_: 45, 3.

_cascun_: 136, (12).

Case: 91.

_cazer_: 137, (1); 148, (2); 150; 162, (5); 176; 178, (1).

ch (Greek): 57, θ.

_chastiu_: 51, 3; 65, G, 1.

_cibdat_: 80, βd.

_cieutat_: 44, 2.

_cilh_: 25, 2, (_b_).

_cinc_: 72, Nw; 87, kw.

_ciptat_: 80, βt.

_ciri_: 25, 2, (_c_).

_ciutat_: 80, βt.

_clerc_: 47, (3).

_clerge_: 52, (3).

_clergue_: 47, (3); 52, (3).

_cobra_: 33, 1.

_cointe_: 47, 1, 80, Gnt.

_colbe_: 48, 1.

_colp_: 22, 48, 1.

_coma_: 51, 5.

_comensar_: 45, 1.

_comergar_: 87, m + n.

Comparative: 106-108.

Comparison: 106-109.

_comprar_: 45, 3.

Conditional:
--New: 142, (2); 149-151.
Endings: 153.
--Old: 141, (2); 185-189.
Strong: 187-188.
Weak: 186.

_conge_: 47, 1; 80, Gnd.

Conjugation: 137-193.
--Auxiliary Verbs: 140-141.
--Change of Conj.: 137.
--Compound Tenses: 141.
--Conditional: see Conditional.
--Deponent Verbs: 140.
--Future: 142, (1), 149-152.
Endings: 152.
--Gerund: 143; 145.
--Imperative: 156.
--Imperfect Indicative: 170.
--Imperfect Subjunctive: 141, (2); 190-193.
Strong: 192.
Weak: 191.
--Inchoative: 138, 145.
--Infinitive: 144.
Used as noun: 94; 144, 4.
--New verbs: 139.
--Passive: 140.
--Participle: see Participle.
--Perfect Tenses: 141.
--Pluperfect: 141.
--Present: see Present.
--Preterit: see Preterit.

_conois_ = _conosc_: 78, 3.

_conoisser_: 78, 3; 80, Gn; 148, (2); 162, (6); 175, (3); 177,
(1); 178, (4).

_consi_: 85.

Consonants:
--Dissimilation: 87.
--Final: 81-83.
Groups: 83.
Single: 82.
--Germanic: 56.
--Greek: 57.
--Initial: 59-62.
Groups: 62.
Single: 60-61.
--Insertion: 85.
--Latin: 54-55.
--Medial: 63-80.
Contiguous to _-s_ in Pr.: 63-64; 65, L, R; 78, 2.
Final in Pr.: 63-64; 65, L; 65, M, 1; 65, R, 1; 76, (2).
_Groups_: 66-80:
Cons. + l, 68-69;
Cons. + r, 70-71;
Cons. + w, 72;
Cons. + y, 73;
Ct, gd, gn, ks, 79-80;
Double Cons., 67;
L + cons., 74;
M + cons., 75;
Miscellaneous, 79-80;
N + cons., 76;
Ps, pt, 79-80;
R + cons., 77;
S + cons., 78.
_Single_: 65.
--Metathesis: 86.
--Sporadic Change: 84-87.

_contranher_: 25, 4.

_cor_: 100.

_cors_: 100.

_cossint_: 28, 2.

_costa_: 33, 1.

_costum_: 72, Sw; 80, Dn.

_covinen_: 46, 1.

_coyre_: 73, Pry.

_cozer_ ＜ _consuere_: 72, Sw; 137, (2).

_cozer_ ＜ _coquere_: 49, (1); 72, Kw, 2.

_creire_: 145; 148, (2); 160; 162, (7); 167; 168.

_creisser_: 49, (1); 162, (8).

_cremedar_: 60, 1.

_criar_: 44, 4.

_cridar_: 41, 2.

_crollar_: 41, 2; 68, Tl.

_cruzel_: 25, 1, (_b_).

_cuende_: 47, 1; 80, Gnd.

_cug_: 80, Yd.

_cuit_: 80, Yd.

_-culus_: 47, (2); 68, Cl.

_dalgat_: 44, 6.

_dar_: 137, (1); 162, (9); 175, (4).

Dative: 91, (4); 116; 120; 133.

_daus_: 44, 6.

_dec_: 27, 2.

_dech_ ＜ _debeo_: 162, (11).

Declension: 89-136.
--Adjectives: 102-104; 107.
--Articles: 116-119.
--Change of Decl.: Nouns, 90; Adj., 103, 1.
--Disappearance of Decl.: 91, (6).
--Fifth Decl.: 90; 97.
--Final _-ci_, _-gi_: 92, (2).
--Final _-i_: 92, (1).
--First Decl.: 95.
--Fourth Decl.: 90; 96.
--Infinitives: 94.
--Inflection -o -onem: 101, (3); 101, (3), 1.
--Invariable Nouns and Adj.: 93.
--New Inflections: -a -anem, 95, 2; -us -onem, 96, 2.
--New nom. sg.: 98.
--New plural: 93; 99; 102, 2.
--Numerals: 111; 112.
--Pronouns: 116; 120-136.
--Second Decl.: 96.
--Third Decl.: 97-101.

Definite Article: 116; 118-119.

_degun_: 87, n + n.

_dei_ ＜ _debeo_: 73, βy

_-dei_: 174, (3).

_deime_: 80, C´m.

_dementre_: 43.

Demonstratives: 130-132.

_demora_: 35, 1.

Deponent Verbs: 140.

_depte_: 47, (3); 80, βt.

_derrier_: 30, footnote.

_desme_: 80, C´m.

_destruire_: 162, (10).

_deude_: 47, (3); 80, βd.

_deute_: 47, (3); 80, βt

_dever_: 27, 2; 73, βy; 144, 4; 148, (2); 150; 160; 162, (11);
167, (2); 171; 173, (2), (5); 179; 187, (3); 192, 1.

_dia_: 90; 95; 95, 1.

Dialects: 3-8, 10-13.

_-didi_: 174, (3).

_diious_: 91, (3).

_diman_: 43.

_dimecres_: 87, r.

_dimenge_: 43.

_dimercres_: 17, 2.

_dimergue_: 65, N, 1.

_dins_: 25, 2, (_d_).

_dintre_: 25, 2, (_d_).

Diphthongs: see æ, au, œ.
--Final Diphthongs: 51, (3).

_dire_: 49, (1); 137, (2); 144, (1); 148, (3); 162, (12); 172;
177, (1), (3); 183; 183, 1; 188; 192.

_disnar_: 49, 3; 87, y.

Dissimilation: 87.

_dit_ = _det_: 25, 2, (_a_); 65, Y, 1.

_dizer_: 49, (1); see _dire_.

_don_: 134; 135, (2).

_dos_ = _dous_: 74, (2).

_dotze_: 40, 1; 80, Dc´.

Double Consonants: see Consonants.

_dreit_: 41, 2.

_duire_: 148, (3); 162, (13); 177, (3); 183.

Duration of Pr. Language: 1; 14.

Duration of Pr. Literature: 1.

ẹ: 25-27; 29; 41.
--Before Nasal: 29.
--Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

ę: 28-30; 41.
--Breaking: 30.
--Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

e̯: 40, (2); 55, Y; 61, Y; 65, Y; 73.

e- before initial s + cons.: 62, (3).

-e in 1st. pers. sg. of present: 52, (6); 164, (1).

_ecce_: 131, (1); 132, (3), (4).

_eccu_: 43, 2; 131, (1); 132, (3), (4).

eé ＞ e: 40, 1.

_ei_ = _ai_: 23, 2; 152, 1; 162, (4); 175, (4).

_-ei_ in pret.: 174, (3); 175, (3), (4).

_eigal_: 72, Kw, 1.

_-eire_ _-edor_: 101, (3), 1.

_eis_: 80, Ps; 132, (2).

_eissi_ ＜ _ecce hīc_: 80, Cc´; 82, C.

_eissi_ ＜ _et sīc_: 80, Ts.

_eissir_: 30, 2; 44, 3; 159, (2); 162, (14).

_elig_: 28, 3.

_emblar_: 69, 1.

_empastre_: 69, 1.

_en_ ＜ _domine_: 41, 3.

_en_ ＜ _in_: 82, N.

_en_ ＜ _inde_: 123.

Enclitics: 19; 118, (1), (2), 2; 122; 123; 123, 2.

_enclutge_: 52, (4); 80, Dn; 85.

Endings: see Personal Endings.

_engal_: 72, Kw; 85.

_engoissa_: 33, 1; 43.

_enteir_: 70, Gr, footnote.

_envanezir_: 43.

_er_, _era_: 33, 3.

_er_ ＜ _ero_: 149, 1.

_es_ ＜ _est_: 28, 5; 83, St.

_escoisson_: 73, Ty, 3.

_escremir_: 86.

_escrich_: 148, (3).

_escrire_: 144, (3).

_escrit_: 52, (2), 1.

_escrius_: 183, (3).

_escriut_: 148, (3).

_escur_: 43.

_espaza_: 65, T, 3.

_espelh_: 28, 5.

_esper_: 25, 1, (_d_).

_esprit_: 17, 1.

_essem_: 82, L.

_esser_: 49, (2); 148, (3); 148, 1; 149, 1; 150; 162, (15); 167;
170, 4; 173, (1); 179; 182, (2); 182, (2), 1; 187; 192; 193.

_estanc_: 80, Gn; 86.

_estar_: 137, (1); 162, (16); 175, (4).

_estela_: 28, 5.

_Esteve_: 48, 1.

_estraniar_: 73, Ny.

_estre_: see _esser_.

_esturmen_: 86.

_-ētis_ ＞ _etz_: 25, 1, (_a_).

Euphonic Vowel: 52; 164, (1); 165; 166.

Extent of Pr. Territory: 2; p. VIII.

_ez_: 65, T, 3; 82, T.

_faim_: 52, (4), 1; 80, C´m.

_faire_: 137, (1); 150; 148, (3); 156, 1; 160; 162, (17); 168, 1; 170;
173, (2); 179; 181, 1; 182, (1); 182, (1), 2; 187; 187, 1; 192; 192, 3.

_faitz_: 80, C´t.

_far_: 137, (1); 144, 2; see _faire_.

_fau_ ＜ _fagum_: 65, G, 1.

_feble_: 47, (3); 87, l; 103, 1.

_fei_ = _fe_: 25, 3.

_ferre_ = _fer_: 52, (1), 2.

_fetge_: 52, (3), 2.

_fier_: 30, 1.

Final Consonants: see Consonants.

_fizel_: 25, 1, (_b_).

_Folco_: 101, (3), 1.

_fontaina_: 23, 4.

_fores_: 51, 4.

_formir_: 86.

_fouzer_: 74, (4); 100.

_fragel_: 47, (3).

_frair_: 52, (1), 1.

_freble_: 47, (3); 87, l; 103, 1.

_freg_: 31, 1; 80, Gd.

_freit_: 31, 1; 80, Gd.

_frevol_: 47, (3).

Future: 142, (1); 149-152.
--Endings: 152.

g palatalized: 55; 61; 65, G, Y; 73, Lg´, Llg´, Ng´, Ng´y, Rg´;
77; 92, (2).

_ganre_: 87, r.

_garensa_: 44, 5.

Gascon: 3; 10; 23, 2; 38; 62, (2); 152, 1.

_Gasconha_: 61, 1.

_gazardo_: 42, 1.

_gen_ = _genh_: 73, Ny.

Gender: 89.

Genitive: 91, (3); 116.

Germanic Consonants: 56.

Germanic Verbs: 139.

Gerund: 143; 145.

_ges_: 100, 1.

_ginh_: 28, 3.

_ginhol_: 86, 1.

_gisar_: 65, R, 2.

_gitar_: 44, 3; 80, Ct.

_glai_ = _glatz_: 73, C´y, footnote.

_glavi_: 65, Y, 2.

_glieza_: 30; 41, 1.

_granolha_: 60, 1.

_grau_: 51, 3; 65, D, 2.

_grazal_: 65, T, 3.

_grazir_: 65, T, 3.

Greek Consonants: 57.

Greek Verbs: 139.

Greek Vowels: 22.

_greug_: 65, β, 3.

_greuga_: 28, 8.

_grey_: 65, β, 3.

_gua_: 61, 1.

_guaina_: 61, 1.

_guastar_: 61, 1.

_habebam_: 87, β.

_hic_: 132, (1).

i: 31-32; 41.
--Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

i̯: 40, (2); 55, Y, 61, Y; 65, Y; 73.

i ＜ d, t: 65, D; 70, Dr, Tr.

-ī: 27; 51, (2), (3); 92, (1); 125, (1); 131, (3), (4); 173, (1).

-i, 1st pers. sg. of present: 52, (6); 164, (1).

-i ＜ _-ium_: 53; 96, 1.

_ia_ ＜ _jam_: 82, M.

_Iacme_: 80, Cm.

_iai_: 39, 1.

_iasser_: 65, C´, 2; see _iazer_.

_iassey_: 65, N, 2.

_iazer_: 65, C´, 2; 160; 162, (18); 192, 1.

ie ＜ ę: 30.

ié ＞ e: 40, 1.

_ier_: 30, 1.

_-ier_: see _-arius_.

ieu: 32; 44, 2.

_ilha_: 65, S, 1.

_illac_: 16, 4.

_ille_: 115; 116, 118; 132, (3).

_illic_: 16, 4.

Imperative: 156; 165; 168.

Imperfect Indicative: 170.

Imperfect Subjunctive: 141, (2); 190-193.
--Strong: 192.
--Weak: 191.

Impersonal Construction: 104.

Inchoative: 138; 145.

Indefinite Article: 117.

Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives: 136.

Indicative: see Conjugation.

Inflection: see Conjugation and Declension.

Initial Consonants: see Consonants.

_ins_: 25, 2, (_d_).

Insertion of Consonant: 85.

Interrogatives: 133-135.

Intervocalic Consonants: see Consonants, Medial, Single.

Invariable Nouns: 93.

_invern_: 85.

_ioi_: 39, 1.

_ióve_: 47, (3); 49, (3).

_iovén_: 89, 1.

_ipse_: 132, (2).

_-ire_ _-idor_: 101, (3), 1.

_-isc-_: 138; 145; 155; 156.

_isme_: 28, 3.

_isnel_: 44, 3.

_issarnit_: 46, 1.

_issir_: 44, 3; see _eissir_.

_iste_: 132, (4).

iu: 32.

_iure_: 25, 2, (_c_).

_ius_: 33, 2.

_ivern_: 44, 3.

-ίζειν: 57, 2; 139.

j: see y.

k: 57, K; 62, (1).

l ＞ u: 65, L; 67, (2); 73, Lc´y, Lty; 74, (2).

Latin: 14; see Consonants and Vowels.

_laus_: 89, 1; 93, (2); 101, (1), (2).

_lauzeta_: 41, 1.

Learned Words: 15.
--Cf. also: 17, 1; 25, 1, (_c_); 25, 2, (_b_); 45, 4; 50; 65, β,
6; 65, C, 2; 65, C´, 4; 65, D, 4; 65, F, 1; 65, G, 2; 65, G´, 1;
65, P, 4; 65, T, 5; 65, Y, 4; 68, Bl, Pl; 70, Cr, Dr, Gr, Pr, Tr;
72, Nw, 1; 73, βy, Cty, C´y, Ly, Nty, Py, Ry, Ty; 80, Bs; 82, B,
L, M; 83, Ks; 84; 91, (3); 109; 113.

_legir_: 65, Y, (3), footnote.

_lei_: 101, (2), 3.

_leis_: 125, (1).

_leo_: 101, (3), 1.

_lhun_: 86.

Limousin: 5-6; 13, (1); 24.

_lire_: 28, 1; 137, (2); 144, 1.

ll ＞ lh: 67, (2).

Locative: 91, (1).

_luenh_: 36, 1; 37.

_lunh_: 86, 1.

_lur_: 33, 2.

_maint_: 136, (14).

_mais_: 65, Y, (2), footnote; 82, S, 1, 4.

_malapte_: 47, (3); 80, βt.

_malaude_: 47, (3); 80, βd.

_malaut_: 52, (2), 1.

_malaute_: 47, (3); 80, βt.

_man_: 96; 96, 3.

_maneira_: 72, Nw, 1.

_maniar_: 73, Ndg.

_mar_: 100.

_marbre_: 71.

_margue_: 52, (3); 87, m + n.

_marme_: 87, r; 100.

_marsip_: 87, m + n.

_massis_: 65, β, 4.

Medial Consonants: see Consonants.

_meesmes_: 65, T, 3.

_mege_: 49, (4); 73, Dg.

_melhura_: 33, 2.

_-men_: 105.

_menhs_: 65, N, 2.

_meravilha_: 25, 2, (_b_).

_mercey_: 65, D, 1.

_mermar_: 87, n + m.

_mes-_: 45, 2.

_messer_: 65, Y, 3.

_mestier_: 91, (3).

_met-_: 131, (2).

Metathesis: 86.

_metre_: 148, (3); 181, (1); 183; 192, 2, 4.

_mezeis_: 65, T, 3.

_mezesmes_: 65, T, 3.

_mica_: 65, G, footnote.

_midons_: 91, (2); 93, (2).

_mier_: 30, 1.

_mint_: 28, 2.

_molt_: 136, (15); see _mon_, _mot_, _mul_.

_mon_ = _molt_: 74, 1.

_monge_: 52, (3).

_mongue_: 52, (3).

Mood: see Conjugation.

_morgue_: 52, (3); 65, N, 1; 87, m + n.

_morir_: 137, (1).

_mostier_: 25, 1, (e); 45, 3.

_mot_ = _molt_: 74, (2).

_mou_: 37, 1.

_moure_: see _mover_.

_mover_: 137, (2); 150; 159, (1); 160-162, (19); 178, (4).

_mul_ = _molt_: 74, 1.

_mulierem_: 16, 1; 40, 1.

_-mus_ ＞ _-mu’_: 167.

_natiz_: 65, β, 4.

_nebla_: 28, 4.

_nede_: 47, (1), (3).

_negun_: 136, (16); see _degun_.

_neir_: 70, Gr, footnote.

_nembrar_: 87, m + m.

_nemes_: 51, 4.

_ner_: 25, 1, (_e_).

_net_: 47, (1), (3); 80, Td.

_neu_: 25, 1, (_e_)

Neuter Adjectives: 104; 108; 128, 1.

Neuter Nouns: 89; 96; 96, 1; 100.

_ney_: 65, β, 3.

_nible_: 28, 4.

_niu_: 51, 3; 65, D, 2.

_niula_: 28, 4.

Nominative: 91, (6).

_non_: 82, N.

_nora_: 33, 1.

_nossas_: 38, 2.

_nou_: 37, 1.

Nouns: 89-101; see Case, Declension, Gender.

_nul_: 136, (17); see _lhun_, _lunh_.

Numerals:
--Cardinal: 110-111.
--Ordinal: 112-113.

ọ: 33-34; 36; 41.
--Before Nasal: 36.
--Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

ǫ: 33, 1; 35-37; 41.
--Irregular: 33, 1.
--Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

_o_ ＜ _hoc_: 82, C; 132, (1).

_o_ ＜ _aut_: 41, 4.

_-o_ _-onem_: 101, (3); 101, (3), 1.

_oc_: 82, C.

œ: 22,41.
--Unaccented: 41.

_olifan_: 42, 1.

_om_: 101, (2), 2; 136, (18).

_ome_: 47, (3); 49, (3).

_omne_: 47, (3); 49, (3).

_onze_: 38, 1; 76, (1)

oó ＞ o: 40, 1.

_orzol_: 73, Rc´y.

_ou_: 33, 1.

_oz_: 82, T.

p between m and s: 63, (8); 75.

_pair_: 52, (1), 1.

_pais_: 25, 2, (_c_).

_palafrei_: 25, 3.

_palai_: 73, Ty, 1.

Palatalization: 55, C, G, Y; 67, (2); 73.

_palle_: 74, 3.

Participle:
--Past (= Perfect): 140; 141, (1); 146-148.
--Present: 143, (1); 145.

Particles: 19; see Enclitics, Proclitics.

_partir_: 145; 160; 162, (20); 165; 167; 168; 169; 170; 171; 172;
173, (2), (3); 175, (2); 176.

_parven_: 85.

_pasmar_: 87, s.

Passive: 140.

Past Participle: see Participle.

_pauc_: 136, (19).

_paziment_: 65, β, 5.

_pege_: 52, (3), 2.

_Peire_: 96, 2.

_peiura_: 33, 2.

_peleri_: 87, r.

_penchenar_: 85.

_penre_: 71; 87, r; see _prendre_.

_perdre_: 162, (21); 174, (3).

_perdris_: 85.

Perfect: 141; see Preterit.

Perfect Participle: see Participle.

_perilh_: 25, 2, (_b_).

_perquei_: 25, 3.

_perri_: 70, (1).

Personal Endings:
--Conditional: New, 153; Old, 186-187.
--Future: 152.
--Imperfect: Indicative, 164-169; Subjunctive, 191-193.
--Present: 164-169.
--Preterit: 173.

Personal Pronouns: 116; 120-125.

ph: 57, φ.

Phonetic Alphabet: p. VII.

_piion_: 73, Py.

_piucela_: 42, 1; 44, 2.

_plach_: 80, C´t.

_plaire_: see _plazer_.

_plais_: 28, 6.

_plait_: 80, C´t.

_plazer_: 144, 4; 148, (2); 150; 160; 162, (22); 173, (3); 187, (4).

_ploia_: 33, 1.

_plou_: 37, 1.

Pluperfect: 141.

Plural: 93.

_poder_: 137, (1); 148, (2); 150; 162, (23); 168; 181, (1); 184,
(2); 184, (2), 1; 187; 192, 1.

_polpra_: 87, r.

Popular Words: 15.

Possessives: 126-129.

Post-verbal Nouns: 96, 1.

_poutz_: 52, (3), 1.

_pouzer_: 85.

Prefix, Change of: 43.

_preire_: 78, 1.

_prendre_: 71; 87, r; 148, (3); 161; 162, (24); 172; 173, (1);
177, (1), (3); 179; 180; 180, 1; 181, (1); 183; 183, (1); 188;
192.

_preon_: 43; 44, 4.

Preposition + Article; 118, 2.

Present: 154-169.
--Double Stems: 155-161; -c, 161;
Diphthong, 159; -nc -nh, 161;
Palatal, 160-161; -sc-, 155-156.
--Peculiar Forms: 162.
--Personal Endings: 164-169.

_presseguier_: 86.

_prestre_: 71, 1; 87, r.

Preterit: 141, (2); 171-184.
--Personal Endings: 173.
--Strong: 178-184.
Accent in 1st pers. pl.: 179.
Stem vowel change in 1st pers. sg.: 181, (1).
Third pers. pl. without _r_: 180.
Types: _-i_, 178, (2) and 182; reduplicative, 178, (1); _-si_,
178, (3) and 183; _-ui_, 178, (4) and 184.
--Strong and Weak: 172-177.
Strong stems with weak endings, 177.
--Weak: 174-177.
Conjugations: 1st, 174, (1) and 175, (4); 2d, 174, (2) and 175,
(1); 3d, 174, (3) and 175, (3); 4th, 174, (1) and 175, (2).
Ending _-c_: 176.

_preu_: 65, G, 1.

_preveire_: 78, 1.

_prever_: 71, 1.

_proa_: 35, 1.

Proclitics: 19; 118, (1); 122; 123.

_profich_: 28, 1.

_pron_: 63, (5), footnote.

Pronominal Adjectives: see Pronouns.

Pronouns: 114-136.
--Demonstrative: 130-132.
--Indefinite: 136.
--Interrogative: 133-135.
--Personal: 116, 120-125.
--Conjunctive: 122-123.
--Disjunctive: 124-125.
--Possessive: 126-129.
Plural possessor: 129.
Singular possessor: 127-128.
--Relative: 133-135.

Pronunciation: 8-9.

_propi_: 87, r.

Provençal:
--Language:
Dialects, 3-8, 10-13;
Extent, p. VIII, 2-4;
Sounds, 8-9;
Spelling, 7 and 9.
--Literature: 1.

_puosc_: 37, 2.

_pus_: 87, 1.

_put_: 47, (1); 80, Td.

_putana_: 95, 2.

qu: 55, W; 62, (2); 72, Kw, Nw.

_qual que_: 136, (10).

_quan_: 136, (10).

Quantity: 20-21.

_quatre_: 72, Tw, 1.

_quec_: 136, (21).

_que que_: 136, (20).

_quesacom_: 136, (22).

_quet_: 25, 1, (d); 40, 1.

_qui_: 133.

_quier_: 30, 1.

_qui que_: 136, (23).

_quis_ (Lat.): 133.

_quis_ (from _querre_): 28, 3; 181, (1).

_rancura_: 33, 2.

_randola_: 46, 1.

_ratge_: 52, (5).

_re_ (_ren_, _res_): 82, M; 93, (2); 101, (1), 2.

_rede_: 51, 4; 80, Yd.

_redebre_: 70, 1.

_redobla_: 33, 1.

_redon_: 43.

_refreitor_: 85.

_rege_: 49, (1).

_rei_: 101, (2), 3.

_reide_: 51, 4; 80, Yd.

Relative Pronouns: 133-135.

_renc_: 80, Gn; 86.

_renha_: 80, Tn.

_renlinquir_: 85.

_rire_: 137, (2); 162, (25).

Romance Languages: 14.

rs ＞ s: Latin, 55, R; Provençal, 65, R.

s + nasal: 65, S, 1.

_-s_ in adverbs: 82, S, 3.

_saber_: 65, P, 3; 137, (1), (2); 145; 148, (2); 150; 160; 162,
(26); 165; 172; 177, (1); 184; 184, (4); 187; 192; 192, 1, 2.

_sauma_: 80, Gm.

_sautz_: 52, (3), 1.

_saver_: 65, P, 1; see _saber_.

_sazo_: 87, t.

_seguir_: 137, (1), (2); 148, (2); 159, (1); 167, (2).

_selcle_: 69, 1.

_sembrar_: 68, Ml.

_senes_: 51, 4.

_senestre_: 25, 1, (e).

_sereisa_: 23, 3.

_seror_: 43, 1.

_set_: 52, (2), 1; 80, Pt.

_seti_: 73, Dg, footnote.

_seze_: 25, 1, (e); 80, Dc´.

_sierf_: 30, 1.

_sint_: 28, 2.

_sobra_: 33, 1.

_sogre_: 70, Cr.

_soi agutz_: 141, (1), footnote; 148, 1.

_somni_: 73, Mny.

_son_ ＜ _sum_: 82, M; 162, (15).

_son_ ＜ _suum_: 82, M; 126-127.

_sor_ = _sobre_: 70, 1.

_sor_ = _sorre_: 52, (1), 1.

_sosrire_: 66, 1.

_sosterrar_: 66, 1.

_sostraire_: 66, 1.

_sotran_: 73, Ny.

_sozer_: 49, (1).

Spelling: 7, 9.

_sub_: 66, 1.

Subjunctive: see Conjugation.

_suefre_: 33, 1; 37, 2.

_suenh_: 36, 1; 37; 73, Mny.

Superlative: 106; 109.

Supporting Vowel: 52; 164, (1); 165; 166.

t between dental or palatal and s: 82, S.

_taire_: see _tazer_.

_tal_: 136, (25).

_tamanh_: 136, (26).

_tan_: 136, (27).

_tapit_: 25, 2, (_e_).

_tazer_: 162, (27).

_tems_: 63, (8); 100.

_tener_: 137, (2); 148, (2); 150; 160; 161; 162, (28); 166; 181,
(1); 184.

_tenir_: 137, (2); see _tener_.

Tense: see Conjugation.

_teula_: 68, Gl.

_teun_; 72, Nw, 1.

_tey_: 65, N, 3.

th: 57, θ.

_tinc_: 28, (3).

_ton_ ＜ _tuum_: 82, M; 126-127.

_tonleu_: 33, 5.

_torser_: 49, (1); 72, Kw, 2.

_tot_: 65, T, 2; 136, (28).

_trabalh_: 43.

_trachor_: 65, D, footnote.

_traire_: 148, (3); 162, (29); 172; 177, (1), (3).

_trap_: 65, β, 2.

_tres_ = _tras_: 23, 4; 43, 3.

_treva_: 72, βw.

_troba_: 33, 1; 86.

_tronar_: 86.

_trop_: 37, 1.

_truoill_: 86.

_-tulus_: 47, (2).

ü: 34, 38, 41.
--From ǫ: 34.
--From ū: 38.
--Unaccented: 41; see Vowels.

u ＜ l: see l ＞ u.

u̯: 40, (2); 55, W; 72.

ue: 37.

_uebre_: 23, 3.

_Ugo_: 101, (3), 1.

_uis_: 33, 2.

_umplir_: 44, 1.

_un_: 117; 136, (29).

Unaccented Vowels: see Vowels.

uo ＜ ǫ: 37.

uó ＞ o: 40, 1; 55, W.

_upa_: 33, 2.

_-us_ -_onem_; 96, 2.

_-ut_ in Past Participle: 148.

uu ＞ u: 55, W.

v ＞ β: 55, V.

_vair_: 73, Ry, 1.

_vaire_: 51, 4.

_vas_: 42, 1.

_vaus_: 42, 1.

_vecvos_: 156, 2.

_vei_: 160.

_vendanha_: 25, 2, (_e_).

Verbs: see Conjugation.

_verin_: 25, 2, (_e_); 87, n + n.

_veus_: 156, 2.

_veuva_: 72, Dw, 1.

_vezer_: 145; 148, (2), (3); 150; 156, 2; 160; 162, (30); 170;
171; 173, (3), (4); 179; 182, (3); 182, (3), 1; 187; 192; 192, 3.

_vezoa_: 72, Dw, 1.

_vianda_: 28, 6; 87, β.

_viatz_: 87, β; 108.

_vint_: 27.

Vocative: 91, (2).

_voig_: 23, 3; 49, (1); 80, C´t.

_volentiers_: 46, 1.

_voler_: 137, (1); 148, (2); 159, (2); 160; 162, (31); 167, 2;
177, (1); 180; 181, (1); 184, (3); 187; 192.

_volon_: 28, 7.

Vowels:
--Accented: 23-39;
see a, ẹ, ę, i, ọ, ǫ, ü.
--Greek: 22.
--Latin: 20-22.
--Prefixed to s + cons.: 62, (3).
--Provençal: 8-9.
--Unaccented: 40-53.
_Final Syllable_: 51-53;
learned words, 53;
supporting vowel, 52.
_Initial Syllable_: 41-44;
analogy, 42;
dialect, 44;
false etymology, 43.
_Intertonic Syllable_: 45-46;
analogy, 46.
_Penult_: 47-50;
learned words, 50;
Provençal, 48;
vowel kept, 49;
Vulgar Latin, 47.

_vuech_: 23, 3; 49, (1); 80, C´t.

_vuelc_: 37, 2; 181, (1).

Vulgar Latin: 14.

w: 55, W; 56, W; 62, (2); 72, βw; see u̯.

x: 55, X.

y ＜ j: 55; 61, Y; 65, Y; 68, Yl.

y ＜ e, i: see ḙ, i̭.

y ＜ c, g: 55; 65, G, Y; 68, C´l; 70, C´r, Gr, Yr.

z: 57, Z; 61, Y; 65, Y.