Chapter II: Appendix: Practical Directions 429

INDEX 473

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGE

1. Skeleton 2
2. Fourth Thoracic Vertebra 3
3. Fourth Thoracic Vertebra 3
4. Thoracic Vertebræ 5
5. Lumbar Vertebræ 7
6. Sacrum 9
7. Sacrum 9
8. Caudal Vertebra 11
9. Caudal Vertebra 11
10. Cervical Vertebræ 12
11. Sixth Cervical Vertebra 13
12. Atlas 13
13. Axis 15
14. Ligaments of the Odontoid Process 18
15. Rib 19
16. Sternum 20
17. Occipital Bone 22
18. Occipital Bone 22
19. Interparietal 25
20. Sphenoid 25
21. Presphenoid 29
22. Temporal 31
23. Temporal 31
24. Tympanic Bulla 33
25. Petrous Bone 34
26. Frontal 37
27. Maxillary Bone 39
28. Maxillary Bone 39
29. Premaxillary 41
30. Nasal 42
31. Ethmoid and Vomer 43
32. Ethmoid and Vomer 43
33. Palatine 45
34. Lachrymal 46
35. Malar 46
36. Mandible 48
37. Mandible 48
38. Hyoid 49
39. Skull, Dorsal Surface 50
40. Skull, Side View 53
41. Skull, Ventral Surface 55
42. Cavities of Skull 57
43. Skull, Median Section 60
44. Scapula 62
45. Scapula 62
46. Clavicle 64
47. Humerus 65
48. Humerus 65
49. Radius and Ulna 68
50. Radius and Ulna 68
51. Bones of the Hand 70
52. Ligaments of the Elbow 74
53. Ligaments of the Elbow 74
54. Innominate Bone of Kitten 76
55. Innominate Bone 77
56. Femur 79
57. Tibia and Fibula 81
58. Bones of the Foot 83
59. Calcaneus 83
60. Knee-joint 89
61. Knee-joint 89
62. Muscles of the Skin 94
63. Muscles on Dorsal Side of Head 97
64. Muscles of Face 102
65. Ventral Muscles of Thorax, Neck, and Head 109
66. Pterygoid and Palatal Muscles 112
67. Muscles of Tongue, Hyoid, and Pharynx 114
68. First Layer of Body Muscles 117
69. Deep Muscles of the Vertebræ and Ribs 125
70. Dorsal Muscles of Lumbar and Caudal Regions 127
71. Deep Muscles of Neck 135
72. Muscles on the Ventral Surface of the Cervical Vertebræ 143
73. Second Layer of Body Muscles 149
74. Diaphragm 152
75. Lateral Muscles of Arm 158
76. Origin of Lateral Muscles on Scapula 160
77. Medial Muscles of Arm 162
78. Origin of Medial Muscles on Scapula 163
79. Deep Medial Muscles of Arm 167
80. Deep Lateral Muscles of Arm 169
81. Areas of Origin of Muscles on Ventral Surface of Humerus 171
82. Areas of Origin of Muscles on Medial Side of Humerus 171
83. Areas of Origin of Muscles on Dorsal Surface of Left Humerus 171
84. Tendons on Back of Hand 175
85. Deep Muscles of Forearm 177
86. Insertions of Muscles on Radius and Ulna 178
87. Insertions of Muscles on Radius and Ulna 182
88. Mm. Lumbricales, etc. 183
89. Deep Muscles of Palm of Hand 184
90. Lateral Muscles of the Leg 192
91. Medial Muscles of the Leg 197
92. Deep Medial Muscles of Thigh 200
93. Teeth of the Upper Jaw 225
94. Teeth of the Lower Jaw 226
95. Tongue, Epiglottis, etc. 227
96. Muscles of Tongue, Hyoid, and Pharynx 229
97. Stomach 235
98. Colon and Cæcum 238
99. Ileocolic Valve 238
100. Liver 240
101. Liver 240
102. Pancreas and Spleen 242
103. Cartilages of Nose 244
104. Cartilages of Larynx 247
105. Muscles of Larynx 250
106. Bronchi 253
107. Thymus Gland 254
108. Kidney 255
109. Section of Kidney 255
110. Testis 260
111. Male Genital Organs 262
112. Female Urogenital Organs 265
113. Muscles of Urogenital Organs and Anus in Male 270
114. Muscles of Urogenital Organs of Female 272
115. Heart 276
116. Heart 276
117. Inside of Heart 278
118. Vessels of Thorax 282
119. Common Carotid and Internal Jugular 284
120. Branches of External Carotid 288
121. Arteries of Brain 291
122. Vessels and Nerves of the Axilla 295
123. Vessels and Nerves of the Arm 299
124. Palmar Arch 301
125. Cœliac Artery 302
126. Abdominal Blood-vessels 305
127. Medial Vessels and Nerves of the Leg 310
128. Deep Arteries of Foot 314
129. Thoracic Blood-vessels 317
130. Superficial Vessels and Nerves of the Forearm 319
131. Blood-vessels of the Face 322
132. Portal Vein 327
133. Spinal Cord, cranial portion 336
134. Section of Spinal Cord 337
135. Origin of Spinal Nerves 337
136. Cauda Equina, etc. 338
137. Brain, Dorsal View 340
138. Brain, Ventral View 342
139. Diagram of Brain 343
140. Diagram of Brain 343
141. Dorsal View of Midbrain and ’Tween-brain 350
142. Ventral View of Midbrain and ’Tween-brain 352
143. Longitudinal Section of Brain 356
144. Lateral View of Brain 358
145. Diagram of Sulci and Gyri 359
146. Diagram of Sulci and Gyri 361
147. Corpus Callosum 363
148. Fornix, Hippocampus, and Corpus Striatum 364
149. Transverse Section of Brain 366
150. Transverse Section of Brain 366
151. Transverse Section of Brain 366
152. Transverse Section of Brain 367
153. Transverse Section of Brain 367
154. Cranial Nerves 374
155. Nerves of Face 376
156. Cranial Nerves in the Neck 379
157. Sympathetic and Vagus in the Thorax 381
158. Nerves of the Neck 384
159. Brachial Plexus 387
160. Nerves and Vessels of Axilla 389
161. Nerves and Vessels of Forearm 391
162. Lumbar and Sacral Nerves 398
163. Great Sciatic Nerve 401
164. Sympathetic and Vagus in Abdomen 407
165. Nictitating Membrane 410
166. Muscles of Eyeball 411
167. Diagram of Eye 413
168. Cartilage of External Ear 417
169. Muscles of External Ear 419
170. Tympanic Membrane 422
171. Malleus and Incus 423
172. Stapes 424
173. Membranous Labyrinth 425

ANATOMY OF THE CAT.

THE SKELETON OF THE CAT.

The skeleton of the cat consists of 230 to 247 bones exclusive of the sesamoid bones (44) and the chevron bones (8). These are divided as follows: head 35-40, vertebral column 52-53, ribs 26, sternum 1-8, pelvis 2-8, upper extremities 62, lower extremities 54-56. The number of bones varies with the age of the individual, being fewer in the old than in the young animal, owing to the fact that in an old animal some bones that were originally separate have united.