Chapter VIII: MUSCLES OF THE HIND LIMBS (p. 186)

Remove the skin and superficial fascia from the lateral surface of the thigh. Examine the _fascia lata_ (p. 186, and Fig. 68, _z_). Dissect:

1. The biceps femoris (p. 194, and Fig. 68, _t_). Work under its cranial and caudal borders. Find the tenuissimus (Fig. 90, _g_) passing obliquely beneath it and reaching its caudal border in its distal half. Transect the biceps without injuring the tenuissimus, and reflect its halves.

2. The tenuissimus (p. 195, and Fig. 90, _g_). Transect.

3. The caudofemoralis (p. 195, and Fig. 68, _s_). Transect.

4. The gluteus maximus (p. 187). Transect.

5. The sartorius (p. 197, and Fig. 68, _q_; Fig. 91, _a_). Transect.

6. The tensor fasciæ latæ (p. 187, and Fig. 68, _r_). Cut the fascia lata along the distal end of the muscle-fibres and reflect the muscle.

7. The gluteus medius (p. 188, and Fig. 90, _b_). Work under it carefully, separating it from underlying muscles; cut it close to its tendon of insertion, and reflect it.

8. The pyriformis (p. 188, and Fig. 163, 7, p. 401). Cut and reflect it.

9. The gemellus superior (p. 189, and Fig. 163, 6). This and the next muscle will sometimes be found to be completely united. Transect.

10. The gluteus minimus (p. 189, and Fig. 163, 5). Transect.

11. The obturator internus (p. 192, and Fig. 90, _e_). Cut it at the dorsal border of the ischium in order to reflect it. The whole origin cannot be seen at this stage.

12. The gemellus inferior (p. 190).

13. The gracilis (p. 198, and Fig. 91, _b_). Transect.

14. The semitendinosus (p. 196, and Figs. 90 and 91, _j_; Fig. 92, _i_). Transect.

15. The semimembranosus (p. 196, and Figs. 90 and 91, _i_; Fig. 92, _h_, _h′_). Transect.

16. The adductor femoris (p. 198, and Figs. 90 and 91, _h_; Fig. 92, _g_). Transect.

17. The quadratus femoris (p. 191, and Fig. 90, _f_). Transect.

18. The obturator externus (p. 191).

19. The adductor longus (p. 199, and Fig. 92, _f_). This and the following will sometimes be found to be almost completely united. Transect.

20. The pectineus (p. 200, and Fig. 92, _e_). Transect.

21. The iliopsoas (p. 193, and Fig. 91, _c_; Fig. 92, _d_). Only its distal part, near the insertion, can be seen at present.

22. The capsularis (p. 190). Transect.

23. The quadriceps femoris (p. 201). Isolate the rectus femoris (Fig. 92, _b_) as far as its junction with the vastus lateralis; cut it at this point and reflect its proximal portion. Turn aside the distal end and find beneath it the transverse aponeurosis between the vastus medialis and the vastus lateralis, and covering the vastus intermedius. The vastus lateralis (Fig. 90, _d_) may be cut near the middle and dissected up from its origin in both directions; the vastus intermedius is thus exposed. The vastus medialis (Fig. 92, _c_) and the vastus intermedius need not be cut.

24. The gastrocnemius (p. 203, and Fig. 90, _m_; Fig. 91, _k_). It may be raised cautiously near its middle and divided. Care should be taken not to divide the underlying plantaris (Fig. 90, _l_). After noting the connection of the outer head with the plantaris, the latter may be divided and reflected, together with the outer head.

25. The plantaris (p. 205, and Figs. 90 and 91, _l_).

26. The flexor brevis digitorum (p. 212). In tracing its tendon note the three branches of the common plantar ligament which emerges from between the second and third tendons. The outer branch is inserted into the fascia covering the base of the fifth digit, while the other two spread out into the bilobed pad of the sole.

27. The soleus (p. 205, and Fig. 90, _o_). Cut and reflect.

28. The popliteus (p. 206, and Fig. 92, _k_). Cut very near the origin and reflect.

The three following deep muscles on the ventral surface of the shank are covered by the deep crural fascia (p. 206) which separates them from the overlying muscles. It should be removed.

29. The flexor longus hallucis (p. 207, and Fig. 91, _m_). Divide the muscle at its junction with the tendon. Open the canals on the astragalus and calcaneus and reflect the tendon, cutting the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum near its insertion and dividing at the middle the quadratus plantæ (p. 213) which may be found inserted into its ventral surface.

30. Flexor longus digitorum (p. 208, and Fig. 91, _n_). This may be divided very near its origin.

31. Tibialis posterior (p. 208, and Fig. 91, _o_). This may be divided near its tendon.

32. Peroneus longus (p. 209, and Fig. 90, _q_). The overlying tendons may be cut in tracing its insertion.

33. Peroneus brevis (p. 210, and Fig. 90, _s_).

34. Peroneus tertius (p. 210, and Fig. 90, _r_).

35. Extensor longus digitorum (p. 210, and Fig. 90, _p_).

36. Tibialis anterior (p. 211, and Fig. 90, _n_).

37. The extensor brevis digitorum (p. 212, and Fig. 90, _u_).

38. The quadratus plantæ (p. 213). It was cut in dissecting the flexor longus hallucis.

39. The lumbricales (p. 213).

40. The interossei (with the muscles of the fifth digit) (p. 214).

41. The tarsal muscles (p. 215). The overlying ligaments must be removed in order to expose the scaphocuneiform.