Chapter III: Preface: To Third Edition (2)

The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--_thaet dyde unhold mann_ (an enemy did that); _h[=e] be.stealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf_ (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by _sum_: _on th[=ae]m lande waes sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]e.h[=a]ten_ (in that country was a man called L.). Or by _[=a]n_, as in Modern English_:--[=a]n wulf wearth [=a].s[e,]nd t[=o] be.w[e,]rienne thaet h[=e]afod with th[=a] [=o]thru d[=e]or_ (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).

PRONOUNS.

_Hwaet_ is used interrogatively of persons where we should use 'who':--_h[=e] nyste hwaet h[=i]e w[=ae]ron_ (he did not know who they were). {45}

VERBS.

NUMBER.

After _[=ae]lc th[=a]ra the_ (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., agreeing not with _th[=a]ra the_ but with _[=ae]lc_:--_[=ae]lc th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth_ (each of those who hear these my words).

When _thaet_ or _this_ is connected with a plural predicate by means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--_thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land [.g]e.s[=o]hton_ (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race).

Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a genitive of the thing.

Others, such as _thyn[.c]an_ (appear), take a dative of the person:--_waes him [.g]e.th[=u]ht thaet h[=i]e be.h[=y]dden thaet h[=e]afod_ (they thought they (the Danes) had hidden the head).

TENSES.

There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used instead:--_ne [=a].b[=y]hth n[=ae]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare_ (Edmund will never submit to H.); _g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow thaet riht bith_ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use _b[=e]on_ in a future sense. Another example is _[.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e.bunden mid seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e.wield_ (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by _will_ and _shall_, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites _wolde_ and _scolde_:--

_H[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on the hine [=a].b[=i]tan wolde_ (he seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); _h[=i]e w[=e]ndon thaet h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on.f[=o]n_ (they expected to receive more).

The preterite has the meaning of the modern

(1) Preterite and imperfect:--_se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne, and th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ..._ (the sower _went_ out to sow his seed, and while he _was sowing_ ...).

(2) Perfect:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as_ (here is my servant, whom I have chosen);--_[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] lande_ (our king has just landed here).

(3) Pluperfect:--_th[=a] th[=a] [.g]e.c[=o]mon the ymb th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan t[=i]d c[=o]mon_ (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour).

Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by _haebbe_ and _haefde_ with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in _n[=u] ic haebbe [.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]thru tw[=a] pund_ (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by _habban_: _h[=i]e haefdon hiera cyning [=a].worpenne_ (they had deposed their king).

The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb _[=ae]r_ (before):--_his sw[=e]ora, the [=ae]r waes for.slae[.g]en_ (his neck, which had been cut through).

The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with _wesan_:--_siththan h[=i]e [=a].farene w[=ae]ron_ (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is connected.

The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of duration, &c.:--_[=a]n mann waes eardiende on Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, Manu[=e] [.g]e.h[=a]ten_ (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47}

PASSIVE.

The passive is formed with _wesan_ or _weorthan_ with the past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but _wesan_ appears to indicate a state, _weorthan_ an action.

_wearth [.g]e.lufod_ is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: _[=a]n wulf wearth [=a].s[e,]nd_ (a wolf was sent); _m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe the[.g]nas, the on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon of.slae[.g]ene_ (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their beds).

_waes [.g]e.lufod_, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in meaning:--_se [=ae]rendraca sae[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]e.andwyrd waes_ (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, conditions, doubt, &c.

A. In principal sentences.

_Wish_ and _command_ (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--_thaes him s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde_ (therefore let there be to him praise and glory ever without end); _ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=ae]fre oththe w[=i]n_ (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).

B. In dependent sentences.

The chief cases are the following:--

(1) In _indirect narrative_ and _question_: _s[=e]o cw[=e]n sae[.g]de thaet hiere n[=ae]re be healfum d[=ae]le [.g]e.sae[.g]d be Salomones m[=ae]rtho_ (the queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); _ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=ae]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e_ (I ask where the offering is); _m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=ae][.g]e_ (men {48} wished to see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is put in the indicative:--_h[=e] hiere sae[.g]de on hw[=ae]m his miht waes_ (he told her what his strength consisted in).

(2) After verbs of _desiring_ and _commanding_:--

_thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e and [.g]e.wys[.c]e mid m[=o]de thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num_ (that I desire and wish with heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes).

(3) To express _purpose_:--_th[=y] l[=ae]s [.g][=e] thone hw[=ae]te [=a].wyrtwalien_ (lest ye root up the wheat);--_Dryhten [=a]s.t[=a]g nither, t[=o] b[=ae]m thaet h[=e] [.g]e.s[=a]we th[=a] burg_ (the Lord descended, in order that he might see the city).

(4) To express _result_:--_th[=u] naefst th[=a] mihte thaet th[=u] mae[.g]e him with.standan_ (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him).

(5) To express _hypothetical comparison_ (as if):--_se wulf folgode forth mid th[=ae]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=ae]re_ (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); _h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and t[=o].brae[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o].t[=ae]re ti[.c][.c]en_ (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid).

(6) In _conditional_ clauses, generally with _[.g]if_ or _b[=u]tan_, and in _concessive_ clauses with _th[=e]ah_, _th[=e]ah the_:--_God w[=a]t thaet ic nyle [=a].b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=ae]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic_ (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); _th[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cumath, and th[=e] cwicne [.g]e.bindath, b[=u]tan th[=u] mid fl[=e]ame th[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e.beorge_ (these pirates will come and bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); _God hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oth thone mi[.c]lan dae[.g], th[=e]ah the h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me_ (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:--_clipiath t[=o] thissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e.m[=e]ten_ (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = _if_ ye meet any one); _h[=i]e be.h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas with th[=ae]m the h[=e]o be.swice Samson_ (they promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...).

When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, where _if I were_ ... implies _I am not_.... The modern distinction between _if I were_ and _if I had been_, the former corresponding to the present indicative _I am not_, the latter to the preterite _I was not_, is not made in Old English, which uses _gif ic w[=ae]re_ in both instances. Sometimes the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--_m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=ae]re thaet ic on [.g]e.feohte f[=e]olle with th[=ae]m the m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (I would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as _[.g]if hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte_ (if it might be so--if it were possible to save my people by my death).

(7) In clauses dependant on a _negative sentence_:--_nis n[=a]n thing the his mihte with.stande_ (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as in _se h[=a]lga is m[=ae]rra thonne m[e,]nn mae[.g]en [=a].sm[=e]an_ (the saint is more illustrious than men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it).

(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: _th[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.w[=i]tt fram th[=e], oth thaet th[=u] wite thaet God [.g]e.wielt manna r[=i][.c]a_ (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the kingdoms of men); _uton_ {50} _weorthian [=u]rne naman, [=ae]r th[=ae]m the w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o].d[=ae]lde [.g]eond ealle eorthan!_ (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth).

The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by _should_ and _would_ with an infinitive, as in Modern English.

_Scolde_ is used after verbs of _desiring_, _requesting_ and _commanding_:--_biddende thone Aelmihtigan thaet h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde_ (praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of commanding is understood from the noun _[=ae]rende_:--_h[=e] s[e,]nde t[=o] thaem cyninge b[=e]otlic [=ae]rende, thaet h[=e] [=a].b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mannr[=ae]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (he sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared about his life).

_Wolde_ is used after verbs of _purpose_:--_se cyning [=e]ode inn thaet he wolde [.g]e.s[=e]on th[=a] the th[=ae]r s[=ae]ton_ (the king went in to see those who were sitting there).

INFINITIVE.

After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive sense:--_h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum_ (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, &c.:--_thaet m[=ae]ste wael the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon_ (the greatest slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.

GERUND.

The gerund is used--

(1) to express purpose:--_[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne_ (the sower went forth to sow his seed).

(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): _hit is scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne_ (it is shameful to speak of such things). {51}

PREPOSITIONS.

Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as _thurh_ (through), _ymbe_ (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as _aefter_ (after), _[=ae]r_ (before), _aet_ (at), _be_ (by), _binnan_ (within), _b[=u]tan_ (without), _for_ (for), _fram_ (from), _of_ (of), _t[=o]_ (to).

Some govern both accusative and dative, such as _ofer_ (over), _on_ (on, in), _under_ (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus _on_ with the accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in _h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]e.timbrode ofer st[=a]n_ (he built his house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in _h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=ae]nihte_ (they fell on stony ground).

As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that _in_ is very seldom used, its place being supplied by _on_, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by _ofer_, as in the passage just quoted.

When a thing is referred to, _th[=ae]r_ is substituted for _hit_, the preposition being joined on to the _th[=ae]r_, so that, for instance, _th[=ae]r-t[=o]_ corresponds to _t[=o] him_; _h[=i]e l[=ae]ddon thone cyning t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine th[=ae]r-t[=o]_ (they led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also _h[=e]r-be[=e]astan_ is equivalent to 'east of this (country).'

Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, sometimes with other words intervening: _h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him t[=o]_ (they shot at him with missiles); _h[=i]e cw[=ae]don him be.tw[=e]onan_ (they said among themselves); _th[=ae]m Aelmihtigan t[=o] lofe, the h[=i]e on [.g]e.l[=i]efdon_ (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they believed), where _on_ {52} refers to the indeclinable _the_. So also in _thaet h[=u]s the h[=e] inne wunode_ (the house he dwelt in).

Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the preposition becomes an adverb: _se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for.dyde th[=a] mannslagan_ (the king sent his army to the place, and destroyed the murderers).

NEGATION.

The negative particle is _ne_, which drops its _e_ before some common verbs and pronouns, as in _nis_ = _ne is_, _n[=a]n_ = _ne [=a]n_. The negative particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which admit the contracted forms:--_t[=o].cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for.br[=i]ett_ (he breaks not the bruised reed), _hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll_ (it did not fall); _n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n thing_ (no man knew anything). So also with _ne ... ne_ = 'neither ... nor': _ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]emth_ (he neither disputes nor cries out).

CORRELATION.

Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as in _th[=a] th[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, th[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum_ = '_when_ the men slept, _then_ came one of his enemies.' In _th[=a] th[=a]_ = 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--_th[=a] th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g]_ = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction _thaet_ is correlative with the pronoun _thaet_:--_thaes ic [.g]e.wilni[.g]e thaet ic [=a]na ne be.l[=i]fe aefter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum the[.g]num_--'that I desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--_h[=e] [.g]e.br[=o]hte hine th[=ae]r h[=e] hine [=ae]r [.g]e.nam_ (he brought him to the place where he took him from). {53}

WORD-ORDER.

The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, though it is not so strict, thus:--

The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the head of the sentence:--_th[=a] cwaeth se cyning_ (then said the king); _[=ae]rest w[=ae]ron b[=u]end thisses landes Brettas_ (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); _on his dagum c[=o]mon [=ae]rest thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu_ (in his days three ships first came); _thaet b[=ae]ron olfendas_ (camels carried it); _m[=ae]re is se God the Dani[=e]l on be.l[=i]efth_ (great is the God that Daniel believes in).

The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; _w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=ae]d [.g]e.l[=ae]ran_ (we can teach you a plan).

The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; _thaet w[=ae]ron th[=a] [=ae]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna the Angel-cynnes land [.g]e.s[=o]hton_ (those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); _thaet m[=ae]ste wael the w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon oth thisne andweardan dae[.g]_ (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of up to this present day); _thaet h[=i]e thone Godes mann [=a].bitan scolden_ (in order that they should devour the man of God).

There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, or, at least, to bring it near the end: _hiene man of.sl[=o]g_ (they killed him); _h[=i]e th[=ae]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon_ (they got the victory there).

* * * * *

{54}

GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.

NOUNS.
STRONG. WEAK.
_M._ _N._ _F._ _M._ _N._ _F._
_Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e
_A._ -- -- -(e) -an -e -an
_D._ -e -e -e -an -an -an
_G._ -es -es -e -an -an -an
\______ ______/
\/
_Pl. N._ -as -(u) -a -an
_D._ -um -um -um -um
_G._ -a -a -(en)a -ena

ADJECTIVES.
_Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e
_A._ -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an
_D._ -um -um -re -an -an -an
_G._ -es -es -re -an -an -an
_I._ -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an)
_Pl. N._ -e -(u) -e \______ ______/
\______ ______/ \/
\/ -an
_D._ -um -um
_G._ -ra -ra

VERBS.
PRESENT. PRETERITE.
_Indic._ _Subj._ _Indic._ _Subj._
_Sg._ 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de
2. -(e)st; -ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de
3. -(e)th; -ath -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de
_Pl._ -ath; -iath -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den
_Imper. sg._ -(a); _pl._ -(i)ath. _Infin._ -(i)an.
_Partic. pres._ -(i)ende; _pret._ -en, -ed, -od. _Ger._ (i)enne.

* * * * *

{55}

TEXTS.

I.

SENTENCES.

[=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra thinga, thaet is God ael-mihti[.g]. Se
[.g]e.l[=e]afa the bith b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; this
sind
th[=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde
s[e,]lth his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A].l[=i]esend
is se g[=o]da
hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his
5
leoht ne s[e,]lth, and steorran of heofone feallath. Sw[=a] sw[=a]
waeter [=a].dw[=ae]s[.c]th f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a].dw[=ae]s[.c]th s[=e]o
aelmesse synna.

Ealle [.g]e.s[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan,
steorran and eorthan, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=ae] and
ealle fiscas God [.g]e.sc[=o]p and [.g]e.worhte on siex dagum; and 10
on th[=ae]m seofothan dae[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e.[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e]
be.h[=e]old th[=a] eall his weorc the h[=e] [.g]e.worhte, and h[=i]e
w[=ae]ron
eall sw[=i]the g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende
Godes [.g]e.l[=e]afan. H[=e] for.l[=e]t eall woruld-thing. Se cyning
be.b[=e]ad thaet man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15
and hiera waes sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=ae]fre [=ae]r ne waes on n[=a]nes
cyninges dae[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t of.sl[=e]an ealle th[=a] D[e,]niscan
m[e,]nn the on Angel-cynne w[=ae]ron.

Th[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n
mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n thing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20
{56}
on th[=a] burg ealne dae[.g], and th[=o]hton thaet h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden
[=a].brecan. Se eorl [.g]e.w[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and waes
th[=ae]r
ealne thone winter. Aethelred cyning and Aelfred his br[=o]thor
fuhton with ealne thone h[e,]re on Aesces-d[=u]ne.

Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=ae]le, thaet is, on th[=ae]re
s[=a]wle; 25
h[=e]o ne [.g]e.[e,]ndath n[=ae]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e]th be his
[=a]gnum
willan, and wile bindan thone un-scyldigan, and thone scyldigan
[=a].l[=i]esan, thonne for.l[=i]est h[=e] th[=a] miht the him God
for.[.g]eaf. Th[=e]od winth on.[.g][=e]an th[=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e
on.[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e.
Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatiath for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]e.worhte 30
fela wundra binnan th[=ae]m fierste the h[=e] biscop waes. H[=e]
[.g]e.h[=ae]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum waetre. Se cyning wearth
of.slae[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On th[=ae]m ilcan [.g][=e]are waes
se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se maesse-pr[=e]ost [=a]scath
thaet [.c]ild, and cwithth: 'With.saecst th[=u] d[=e]ofle?' Thonne
andwyrt 35
se god-faeder, and cwithth: 'Ic with.sace d[=e]ofle.' God
aelmihtiga, [.g]e.miltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! Aethelred cyning c[=o]m
h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre th[=e]ode, and h[=e] glaedl[=i]ce fram him
eallum
on.fangen wearth.

Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, be.b[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum thaet 40
h[=i]e scolden t[=ae][.c]an eallum th[=e]odum th[=a] thing th[=a] h[=e]
self him
t[=ae]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for.[.g]iefath mannum hiera synna, thonne
for.giefth
[=e]ower se heofonlica Faeder [=e]owre synna. Ne mae[.g] n[=a]n
mann tw[=ae]m hl[=a]fordum th[=e]owian: oththe h[=e] [=a]nne hatath and
[=o]therne lufath, oththe h[=e] bith [=a]num [.g]e.h[=i]ersum and
[=o]thrum un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45

Se cyning nam thaes eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande.
M[e,]nn be.h[=o]fiath g[=o]dre l[=a]re on thissum t[=i]man, the is
[.g]e.[e,]ndung
thisse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, the is th[=ae]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af,
andb[=i]dath
thaes mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and th[=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste
for.molsnod, 50
{57}
God hine [=a].r[=ae]rth, and [.g]e.bringth t[=o].gaedre s[=a]wle and
l[=i]chaman t[=o] th[=ae]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc faeder wile
s[e,]llan his
[.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A].[.g]iefath
th[=ae]m c[=a]sere th[=a]
thing the thaes c[=a]seres sind, and Gode th[=a] thing the Godes sind.
S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]dath thaes [=e][.c]an [=ae]ristes. 55

H[=e] waes cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God
aelmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford.
D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and th[=a]
yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]ath is yfel and
earmlic, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e farath of thissum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o]
[=e][.c]um 60
w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa haebbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca.
Ne [.g]e.wilna th[=u] [=o]thres mannes [=ae]hta!

On th[=ae]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=i]e hider
on
land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on th[=a] burg ealne dae[.g], ac h[=i]e ne
mihton h[=i]e [=a].brecan. Th[=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum.
Th[=ae]r 65
b[=e]oth sw[=i]the mani[.g]e byri[.g] on th[=ae]m lande, and on [=ae]lcre
byri[.g]
bith cyning.

God cwaeth t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile for.d[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid
waetre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]e.healdan th[=e], and th[=i]n
w[=i]f, and th[=i]ne thr[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann haefde tw[=e][.g]en suna;
th[=a] 70
cwaeth h[=e] t[=o] th[=ae]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o].dae[.g] on
m[=i]num
w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode th[=e]ah
siththan t[=o]
th[=ae]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his faeder willan. Se pr[=e]ost
cwaeth t[=o] th[=ae]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman thaes
Faeder,
thaes Suna, and thaes H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra th[=i]num faeder and
75
th[=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and baed for hiere
dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wearth [.g]e.h[=ae]led thurh [.g]e.l[=e]afan
th[=ae]re
m[=o]dor.

B[=e]oth [.g]e.myndi[.g]e th[=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda the Dryhten cwaeth
on
{58}
his god-spelle! H[=e] cwaeth: 'For.[.g]iefath, and [=e]ow bith
for.[.g]iefen; 80
s[e,]llath, and [=e]ow bith [.g]e.seald.'

Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o]
[.g]e.biddenne.
Aelfred cyning f[=o]r mid thrim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=ae], and
[.g]e.feaht with f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlaestas D[e,]niscra manna, and
th[=a]ra
s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]e.nam, and th[=a] m[e,]nn of.slae[.g]ene w[=ae]ron
the 85
th[=ae]r-on w[=ae]ron. Th[=a] c[=o]mon thr[=e]o s[.c]ipu. Th[=a]
[.g]e.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e
th[=a]ra thr[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and th-a m[e,]nn of.sl[=o]gon, ealle
b[=u]tan
f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a].wr[=a]t be th[=ae]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum the
him
aet.[=i]ewdu w[=ae]ron, thaet h[=i]e haefden [=e]agan him on [=ae]lce
healfe.
[=A]n th[=a]ra n[=i]etena waes on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him
aet.[=i]ewed, 90
[=o]ther on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, thridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]orthe on
earnes.

God thone [=ae]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]e.sc[=o]p, and
eall mann-cynn mid him. Aelfred Aethelwulfing waes cyning
ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan th[=ae]m d[=ae]le the under D[e,]na
onwealde
waes. [=Ae]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bierth g[=o]de waestmas, and [=ae]lc 95
yfel tr[=e]ow bierth yfle waestmas; ne mae[.g] thaet g[=o]de tr[=e]ow
beran yfle waestmas, ne thaet yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de waestmas.
[=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=e]oth,
and
[=e]owru [=e]aran, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e [.g]e.h[=i]erath. Sw[=a]
hw[=a] sw[=a] s[e,]lth
[=a]num thurstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald waeter on m[=i]num naman, ne 100
for.l[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=ae]thenra manna
we[.g]e!
G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bringth g[=o]d forth; and yfel
mann of yflum goldhorde bringth yfel forth.

Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]e.cweden
[E,]n[.g]liscre
th[=e]ode apostol. Th[=a] h[=e] [.g]e.seah thaet se m[=ae]sta d[=ae]l
th[=ae]re th[=e]ode 105
his l[=a]re for.s[=a]won, th[=a] for.l[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and
[.g]e.[.c][=e]as th[=a] h[=ae]thnan
l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=ae]tt, h[=i]e feallath b[=e][.g]en
on [=a]nne
pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa thaes Faeder and thaes
Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]e.l[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o
s[=a]wol thonne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama thonne his
scr[=u]d. 110
{59}
S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorthlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofath.
Be.healdath th[=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, the ne s[=a]wath ne ne
r[=i]path,
ac se heofonlica Faeder h[=i]e [=a].f[=e]tt. H[=e] cwaeth, 'Ic neom
[=o]thrum mannum [.g]e.l[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=ae]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom
rihtw[=i]s,
and th[=a] [=o]thre sind synn-fulle.' 115

Th[=a] se H[=ae]lend thanon f[=o]r, th[=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en
blinde,
cwethende: '[.G]e.miltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cwaeth t[=o]
him: '[.G]e.l[=i]efe [.g]it thaet ic inc mae[.g]e [.g]e.haelan?' H[=e]
cwaeth:
'S[=i]e inc aefter incrum [.g]e.l[=e]afan.' Aethelst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r
inn on Scot-land, [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid
s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120
and his mi[.c]el ofer.h[e,]rgode. Se mann the God for.[.g]iett, God
for.[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Farath, and l[=ae]rath ealle th[=e]oda!
L[=ae]rath
h[=i]e thaet h[=i]e healden eall th[=a] thing the ic [=e]ow be.b[=e]ad!
Sume
m[e,]nn sae[.g]don be him thaet h[=e] w[=ae]re Aelfredes sunu cyninges.
Se H[=ae]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]ath
125
m[e,]nn thaet s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwaet s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] thaet ic
s[=i]e?
Th[=u] eart thaes libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cwaeth be his
Faeder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]ath thaet h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and
[.g][=e] hine ne
on.cn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e thone h[=a]lgan Faeder on.cn[=e]owen,
thonne under.f[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]e.l[=e]afan his Sunu, the h[=e]
[=a].s[e,]nde 130
t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]the nearu and sticol
s[=e] the l[=ae]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]the
br[=a]d and
sm[=e]the s[=e] the l[=ae]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] bith se
we[.g]-f[=e]renda
mann s[=e] the nimth thone sm[=e]than we[.g] the h[=i]ne mis-l[=ae]tt,
and
for.l[=ae]tt thone sticolan the hine [.g]e.bringth t[=o] th[=ae]re
byri[.g]. Thaet 135
ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on th[=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]ath hit on leohte;
and thaet
[.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]e.h[=i]erath, bodiath uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e
scufon [=u]t
hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]e.w[e,]ndon him be.[.g]eondan s[=ae].

Healdath and d[=o]th sw[=a] hwaet sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]ath; and ne
d[=o]
[.g][=e] n[=a], aefter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]ath, and ne
d[=o]th. Eall 140
hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o]th thaet m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]e.s[=e]on. H[=i]e
lufiath thaet
{60}
man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=ae]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=ae]ddran and
n[=ae]ddrena
cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me?

W[=e] sind ealle cuman on thissum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and
[=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce
we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145
m[e,]nn: [=a]n cymth, [=o]ther faerth. Hwelc mann s[e,]lth his bearne
n[=ae]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=Ae]lc th[=a]ra the bitt, h[=e]
on.f[=e]hth;
and s[=e] the s[=e][.c]th, h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=ae]th [=ae]lc th[=a]ra
on heofona
r[=i][.c]e the cwithth t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] the
wyr[.c]th
m[=i]nes Faeder willan the on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=ae]th on heofona 150
r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d th[=ae]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and
hundum
weorpe. Ic haebbe the[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cwethe t[=o]
thissum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=ae]th; and t[=o] [=o]thrum, 'cum,' and
h[=e]
cymth, and t[=o] m[=i]num th[=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] this,' and h[=e] wyr[.c]th.

Se H[=ae]lend [.g]e.nam th[=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and
t[=o].braec, 155
and t[=o].d[=ae]lde be.twix th[=ae]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=i]ce
[=e]ac
th[=a] fiscas t[=o].d[=ae]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]e.n[=o]g haefdon.
Th[=a] the
th[=ae]r [=ae]ton w[=ae]ron f[=e]ower th[=u]send manna, b[=u]tan
[.c]ildum and
w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=ae]don, and
thus
cw[=ae]don: 'S[=o]thl[=i]ce th[=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e]
thaet 160
ic c[=o]me sibbe on eorthan to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o]
s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] be.b[=e]ad thaet h[=i]e s[=ae]ten ofer
th[=ae]re
eorthan. H[=e] sae[.g]de thaet North-manna land w[=ae]re sw[=i]the lang
and sw[=i]the smael.

H[=i]e ealle on thone cyning w[=ae]ron feohtende, oth thaet h[=i]e 165
hine ofslae[.g]enne haefdon. [=Ae]lc mann the [=o]thre m[e,]nn for.sihth
bith fram Gode for.sewen. S[=e] the [=e]aran haebbe t[=o]
[.g]e.hi[=e]renne,
[.g]e.h[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne.

God cwaeth t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] waes Ionas [.g]e.h[=a]ten:
'Far t[=o] th[=ae]re byri[.g], and boda th[=ae]r th[=a] word the ic th[=e]
s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170
{61}
Lufiath [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o]th wel th[=ae]m the [=e]ow yfel
d[=o]th.
Lufa Dryhten th[=i]nne God on ealre th[=i]nre heortan, and on
ealre th[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum th[=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] the ne
lufath his br[=o]thor, thone the h[=e] [.g]e.sihth, h[=u] mae[.g] h[=e]
lufian God,
thone the h[=e] ne [.g]e.sihth l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne
th[=a]s 175
thing [.g]e.weorthen, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e th[=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and
worulde [.g]e.[e,]ndunge.

Se H[=ae]lend cwaeth t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] waes
h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=ae]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f
thissum
folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwaet h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste 180
thaet Philippus thaet nyste. God mae[.g] d[=o]n eall thing; w[=e]
sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]e.l[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st
[=a].r[=ae]rde
Lazarum of d[=e]athe, and cwaeth t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum:
'T[=o].l[=i]esath
his b[e,]ndas, thaet h[=e] g[=a]n mae[.g]e.' God is aelmihti[.g],
and mae[.g] d[=o]n eall thaet h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre
t[=i]de 185
[=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For th[=ae]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe;
for
th[=ae]m the mannes Sunu wile cuman on th[=ae]re t[=i]de the [.g][=e]
nyton.
Se H[=ae]lend cwaeth be his Faeder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic
s[e,][.c][.g]e thaet ic hine ne cunne, thonne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow
[.g]e.l[=i]c.'

Se d[=e]ofol cwaeth t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if th[=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu,
cweth 190
t[=o] thissum st[=a]num thaet h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a].w[e,]nde t[=o]
hl[=a]fum.' Th[=a]
and-wyrde se H[=ae]lend, and cwaeth: 'Hit is [=a].writen, "ne
leofath se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofath be eallum th[=ae]m
wordum the g[=a]th of Godes m[=u]the."' Se H[=ae]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him,
th[=ae]r h[=i]e w[=ae]ron [.g]e.gadrode, and cwaeth: 'S[=i]e sibb be.twix
195
[=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a].fyrhte.' Faeder [=u]re,
th[=u] the
eart on heofonum, s[=i]e th[=i]n nama [.g]e.h[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon,
w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for.[.g]iefnesse: hwaet sculon
w[=e]
d[=o]n?

{62}

II.

FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

VII. 24-7.

[=Ae]lc th[=a]ra the th[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e.h[=i]erth, and th[=a]
wyr[.c]th, bith
[.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n
[.g]et.imbrode.
Th[=a] c[=o]m th[=ae]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and th[=ae]r
bl[=e]owon windas,
and [=a].hruron on thaet h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll:
s[=o]thl[=i]ce hit
waes ofer st[=a]n [.g]e.timbrod. 5

And [=ae]lc th[=a]ra the [.g]e.h[=i]erth th[=a]s m[=i]n word, and th[=a]
ne wyr[.c]th,
s[=e] bith [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m dysigan m[e,]nn, the [.g]e.timbrode his
h[=u]s ofer
sand-[.c]eosol. Th[=a] r[=i]nde hit, and th[=ae]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and
bl[=e]owon
windas, and [=a].hruron on th[=ae]t h[=u]s, and thaet h[=u]s f[=e]oll;
and
his hryre waes mi[.c]el. 10

XII. 18-21.

H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, thone ic [.g]e.[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]e.corena,
on th[=ae]m
wel [.g]e.l[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a].s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st
ofer hine,
and d[=o]m h[=e] bodath th[=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne
hriemth,
ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]e.h[=i]erth his stefne on str[=ae]tum.
T[=o].cw[=i]esed
hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for.br[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne
[=a].dw[=ae]scth, 15
[=ae]r th[=ae]m the h[=e] [=a].weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his
naman
th[=e]oda [.g]e.hyhtath.

XIII. 3-8.

S[=o]thl[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=ae]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne.
And th[=a]
th[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon with we[.g], and fuglas
c[=o]mon
and [=ae]ton th[=a]. S[=o]thl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=ae]nihte,
th[=ae]r hit 20
{63}
naefde mi[.c]le eorthan, and hraedl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for th[=ae]m
the
h[=i]e naefdon p[=ae]re eorthan d[=i]epan; s[=o]thl[=i]ce, [=u]p
sprungenre
sunnan, h[=i]e [=a].dr[=u]godon and for.scruncon, for th[=ae]m the h[=i]e
naefdon wyrtruman. S[=o]thl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on thornas, and
th[=a] thornas w[=e]oxon, and for.thrysmdon th[=a]. Sumu s[=o]thl[=i]ce
25
f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eorthan, and sealdon waestm, sum hund-fealdne,
sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum thriti[.g]-fealdn[e,].

XIII. 24-30.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.worden th[=ae]m m[e,]nn [.g]e.l[=i]c the
s[=e]ow g[=o]d
s[=ae]d on his aecere. S[=o]thl[=i]ce, th[=a] th[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon,
th[=a] c[=o]m his
f[=e]onda sum, and ofer.s[=e]ow hit mid coccele on.middan th[=ae]m 30
hw[=ae]te, and f[=e]rde thanon. S[=o]thl[=i]ce, th[=a] s[=e]o wyrt
w[=e]ox, and
thone waestm br[=o]hte, th[=a] aet.[=i]ewde se coccel hine. Th[=a]
[=e]odon
thaes hl[=a]fordes th[=e]owas and cw[=ae]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne
s[=e]owe
th[=u] g[=o]d s[=ae]d on th[=i]num aecere? hwanon haefde h[=e] coccel?'
Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'thaet dyde unhold mann.' Th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a]
35
th[=e]owas: 'Wilt th[=u], w[=e] g[=a]th and gadriath h[=i]e?' Th[=a]
cwaep
h[=e]: 'Nese: th[=y] l[=ae]s [.g][=e] thone hw[=ae]te [=a].wyrtwalien,
thonne [.g][=e]
thone coccel gadriath. L[=ae]tath [=ae][.g]ther weaxan oth
r[=i]p-t[=i]man;
and on p[=ae]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e th[=ae]m r[=i]perum:
"gadriath
[=ae]rest thone coccel, and bindath s[.c][=e]af-m[=ae]lum t[=o]
for.baernenne; 40
and gadriath thone hw[=ae]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."'

XIII. 44-8.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c [.g]e.h[=y]ddum gold-horde on th[=ae]m
aecere. Thone be.h[=y]tt se mann the hine fint, and for his blisse
g[=ae]th, and s[e,]lth eall thaet h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]e.by[.g]th thone
aecer.

Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m mangere the s[=o]hte
thaet g[=o]de 45
m[e,]re-grot. Th[=a] h[=e] funde thaet [=a]n d[=e]or-wierthe m[e,]regrot,
th[=a]
[=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall thaet h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte thaet
m[e,]regrot.
{64}

Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c [=a].s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on th[=a]
s[=ae], and of
[=ae]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Th[=a] h[=i]e th[=a] thaet n[e,]tt [=u]p
50
[=a].tugon, and s[=ae]ton be th[=ae]m strande, th[=a] [.g]e.curon h[=i]e
th[=a]
g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and th[=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a].wurpon [=u]t.

XVIII. 12-14.

[.G]if hwelc mann haefth hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losath [=a]n of
th[=ae]m, h[=u], ne for.l[=ae]tt h[=e] th[=a] nigon and hund.nigonti[.g]
on th[=ae]m
muntum, and g[=ae]th, and s[=e][.c]th thaet [=a]n the for.wearth? And
[.g]if 55
hit [.g]e.limpth thaet h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]thl[=i]ce ic [=e]ow
s[e,][.c][.g]e thaet h[=e]
sw[=i]thor [.g]e.blissath for th[=ae]m [=a]num thonne for th[=ae]m nigon
and
hund.nigontigum the n[=a] ne losodon.

XX. 1-16.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m h[=i]redes ealdre, the on
[=ae]rnemer[.g]en
[=u]t [=e]ode [=a].h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard.
[.G]e.wordenre 60
[.g]e.cwid-r[=ae]denne th[=ae]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=ae]lcum [=a]nne
th[e,]ning with his dae[.g]es weorce, and [=a].s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his
w[=i]n[.g]eard.
And th[=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]e.seah
othre on str[=ae]te [=i]dle standan. Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e]
on
m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow thaet riht bith.' And
h[=i]e th[=a] 65
f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe th[=a] siextan and nigothan
t[=i]d, and dyde th[=ae]m sw[=a] [.g]e.l[=i]ce. Th[=a] ymbe th[=a]
[e,]ndlyftan
t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]thre standende, and th[=a]
sae[.g]de h[=e]:
'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' Th[=a] cw[=ae]don
h[=i]e:
'For th[=ae]m the [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]:
'And 70
g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.'

S[=o]thl[=i]ce th[=a] hit waes [=ae]fen [.g]e.worden, th[=a] sae[.g]de se
w[=i]n[.g]eardes
hl[=a]ford his [.g]e.r[=e]fan: 'Clipa th[=a] wyrhtan, and [=a].[.g]ief
him
hiera m[=e]de; on.[.g]inn fram th[=ae]m [=y]t.emestan oth thone
fyrmestan.'
Eornostl[=i]ce th[=a] th[=a] [.g]e.c[=o]mon the ymbe th[=a] [e,]ndlyftan
75
t[=i]d c[=o]mon, th[=a] on.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=ae]lc his p[e,]ning. And
th[=a] the
{65}
th[=ae]r [=ae]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon thaet h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re
on.f[=o]n; th[=a]
on.f[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e th[e,]ningas. Tha on.gunnon h[=i]e
murcnian
on.[.g][=e]an thone h[=i]redes ealdor, and thus cw[=ae]don: 'Th[=a]s
[=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and th[=u] dydest h[=i]e
[.g]e.l[=i]ce [=u]s, 80
the b[=ae]ron byrthenna on thisses dae[.g]es h[=ae]tan.' Th[=a] cwaeth
h[=e]
and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] th[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic
th[=e]
n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me th[=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o]
wyr[.c]enne with
[=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim thaet th[=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile thissum
[=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] th[=e]. Oththe ne
m[=o]t ic 85
d[=o]n thaet ic wile? Hwaether the th[=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for
th[=ae]m
the ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]oth tha fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and th[=a]
[=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]thl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e.clipode, and
f[=e]a [.g]e.corene.'

XXII. 2-14.

Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m cyninge the macode his suna
90
[.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his th[=e]owas, and clipode th[=a] [.g]e.lathodan
t[=o]
th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum. Th[=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. Th[=a] s[e,]nde h[=e]
eft [=o]thre
th[=e]owas, and sae[.g]de th[=ae]m [.g]e.lathodum: 'N[=u] ic
[.g]e.[.g]earwode
m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind of.slae[.g]ene,
and eall m[=i]n thing sind [.g]earu; cumath t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]ieftum.'
Th[=a] 95
for.g[=i]emdon h[=i]e thaet, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum
t[=o]
his mangunge. And th[=a] [=o]thre n[=a]mon his th[=e]owas, and mid
t[=e]onan [.g]e.sw[e,]n[.c]ton, and of.sl[=o]gon. Th[=a] se cyning thaet
[.g]e.hierde,
th[=a] waes h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for.dyde
th[=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg for.baernde. 100

Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e] t[=o] his th[=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce th[=a]s [.g]iefta
sind
[.g]earwe, ac th[=a] the [.g]e.lathode w[=ae]ron ne sind wierthe. G[=a]th
n[=u]
t[=o] wega [.g]el[=ae]tum, and clipiath t[=o] thissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a]
hwelce
sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e.m[=e]ten.' Th[=a] [=e]odon th[=a] th[=e]owas [=u]t
on th[=a] wegas,
and [.g]e.gadrodon ealle th[=a] the h[=i]e [.g]e.m[=e]tton, g[=o]de and
yfle; 105
th[=a] w[=ae]ron th[=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu.

Th[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, thaet h[=e] wolde [.g]e.s[=e]on th[=a] the
th[=ae]r
{66}
s[=ae]ton, and th[=a] [.g]e.seah h[=e] th[=ae]r [=a]nne mann the naes mid
[.g]ieftlicum
r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. Th[=a] cwaeth h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond,
h[=u]meta
[=e]odest th[=u] inn, and naefdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' Tha sw[=i]gode
h[=e]. 110
And se cyning cwaeth t[=o] his the[.g]num: '[.G]e.bindath his handa
and his f[=e]t, and weorpath hine on th[=a] [=y]terran th[=e]ostru;
th[=ae]r bith
w[=o]p and t[=o]tha gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind
[.g]e.lathode,
and f[=e]a [.g]e.corene.

XXV. 1-13.

Thonne bith heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.l[=i]c th[=ae]m t[=i]en f[=ae]mnum,
the th[=a] 115
leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on.[.g][=e]an thone br[=y]d-guman and
th[=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=ae]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe.
And th[=a] f[=i]f
dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him;
th[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid th[=ae]m leohtfatum.
Th[=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, th[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and
sl[=e]pon. 120
Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cwaeth: 'N[=u] se
br[=y]dguma cymth, farath him t[=o].[.g][=e]anes.' Th[=a] [=a].rison
ealle th[=a]
f[=ae]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. Th[=a] cw[=ae]don th[=a]
dysigan to p[=ae]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]llath [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for
th[=ae]m
[=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a].cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' Th[=a] and.swarodon th[=a]
gl[=e]awan, 125
and cw[=ae]don: 'Nese; th[=y] l[=ae]s the w[=e] and [.g][=e] naebben
[.g]en[=o]g:
g[=a]th t[=o] th[=ae]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]ath [=e]ow ele.'
Witodl[=i]ce,
th[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, th[=a] c[=o]m se
br[=y]dguma;
and th[=a] the [.g]earwe w[=ae]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] th[=ae]m
[.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru waes be.locen. Th[=a] aet n[=i]ehstan
c[=o]mon 130
tha [=o]thre f[=ae]mnan, and cw[=ae]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=ae]t [=u]s
inn.' Th[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cwaeth: 'S[=o]th ic [=e]ow
s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, waciath, for th[=ae]m
the [.g][=e]
nyton ne thone dae[.g] ne th[=a] t[=i]d.

XXV. 14-30.

Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]lth[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135
{67}
th[=e]owas, and be.t[=ae]hte him his [=ae]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde
f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=ae][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum
mae[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na.

Th[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] the th[=a] f[=i]f pund under.f[=e]ng, and
[.g]e.str[=i]ende
[=o]thru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] the th[=a] tw[=a] under.feng,
[.g]e.str[=i]ende 140
[=o]thru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] the thaet [=a]n under.f[=e]ng,
f[=e]rde, and
be.dealf hit on eorthan, and be.h[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh.

Witodl[=i]ce aefter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m th[=a]ra th[=e]owa
hl[=a]ford,
and dihte him [.g]e.rad. Th[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] the th[=a] f[=i]f pund
under.f[=e]ng,
and br[=o]hte [=o]thru f[=i]f, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund
th[=u] sealdest 145
m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]e.str[=i]ende [=o]thru f[=i]f.' Th[=a] cwaep his
hl[=a]ford t[=o]
him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]the, th[=u] g[=o]da th[=e]ow and [.g]e.tr[=e]owa: for
th[=ae]m
the th[=u] w[=ae]re [.g]e.tr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu thing, ic
[.]ge.s[e,]tte th[=e] ofer
mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] th[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' Th[=a] c[=o]m
s[=e] the th[=a]
tw[=a] pund under.f[=e]ng, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund th[=u]
150
m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic haebbe [.g]e.str[=i]ened [=o]thru tw[=a].'
Th[=a] cwaeth
his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]e.blissa, th[=u] g[=o]da th[=e]ow and
[.g]etr[=e]owa:
for th[=ae]m the th[=u] w[=ae]re [.g]e.tr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela
ic th[=e]
[.g]e.s[e,]tte; g[=a] on th[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]e.f[=e]an.' Th[=a]
c[=o]m s[=e] the thaet
[=a]n pund under.f[=e]ng, and cwaeth: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t thaet 155
th[=u] eart heard mann: th[=u] r[=i]pst th[=ae]r th[=u] ne s[=e]owe, and
gaderast th[=ae]r th[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde
of.dr[=ae]dd,
and be.h[=y]dde th[=i]n pund on eorthan; h[=e]r th[=u] haefst thaet
th[=i]n
is.' Th[=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cwaeth: 'th[=u] yfla
th[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, th[=u] wistest thaet ic r[=i]pe th[=ae]r ic ne
s[=e]owe, 160
and ic gadri[.g]e th[=ae]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]e.byrede thaet
th[=u]
be.faeste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, thonne ic c[=o]me,
thaet m[=i]n is, mid th[=ae]m gafole. [=A].nimath thaet pund aet him, and
s[e,]llath th[=ae]m the m[=e] th[=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce
[=ae]lcum
th[=a]ra the haefth man s[e,]lth, and h[=e] haefth [.g]e.n[=o]g; th[=ae]m
the naefth, 165
thaet him thyn[.c]th thaet h[=e] haebbe, thaet him bith aet.brogden. And
weorpath thone un.nyttan th[=e]ow on th[=a] [=y]terran th[=e]ostru;
th[=ae]r
bith w[=o]p and t[=o]tha grist.b[=i]tung.'

{68}

III.

OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

I.

Aefter th[=ae]m s[=o]thl[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=ae]con [=a]ne
spr[=ae][.c]e. Th[=a]
th[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=ae]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld
on
Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon th[=ae]r-on.

Th[=a] cw[=ae]don h[=i]e him be.tw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s
ti[.g]elan,
and [=ae]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e haefdon ti[.g]elan
for 5
st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=ae]don: 'Uton
timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel oth heofon h[=e]anne! uton
weorthian [=u]rne naman, [=ae]r th[ae]m the w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o].d[=ae]lde
[.g]eond
ealle eorthan!'

Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a].st[=a]g nither, t[=o] th[=ae]m thaet h[=e]
[.g]e.s[=a]we 10
th[=a] burg and thone st[=i]epel, the Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]e.timbrodon.
And h[=e] cwaeth: 'this is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e sprecath [=a]n
laeden, and h[=i]e be.gunnon this t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]e.sw[=i]cath
h[=i]e
[=ae]r th[=ae]m the hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]thl[=i]ce uton cuman and
t[=o].d[=ae]lan
hiera spr[=ae][.c]e!' 15

Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o].d[=ae]lde of th[=ae]re st[=o]we [.g]eond
ealle eorthan.
And for th[=ae]m man n[e,]mnde th[=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for th[=ae]m the
th[=ae]r
w[=ae]ron t[=o].d[=ae]lde ealle spr[=ae][.c]a.

II.

God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]e.h[=i]ersumnesse, and
clipode his naman, and cwaeth him thus t[=o]: 'Nim th[=i]nne 20
[=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, the th[=u] lufast, and far t[=o]
th[=ae]m
{69}
lande Visionis hrathe, and [.g]e.offra hine th[=ae]r uppan [=a]nre
d[=u]ne.'

Abrah[=a]m th[=a] [=a].r[=a]s on th[=ae]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid
tw[=ae]m cnapum t[=o] th[=ae]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25
on assum r[=i]dende.

Th[=a] on th[=ae]m thriddan dae[.g]e, th[=a] h[=i]e th[=a] d[=u]ne
[.g]e.s[=a]won, th[=ae]r
th[=ae]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] of.sl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, th[=a] cwaeth
Abrah[=a]m
t[=o] th[=ae]m tw[=ae]m cnapum thus: 'Andb[=i]diath [=e]ow h[=e]r mid
th[=ae]m
assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and th[=ae]t [.c]ild g[=a]th unc t[=o]
[.g]e.biddenne, 30
and wit siththan cumath s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.'

Abrah[=a]m th[=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran thone wudu t[=o] th[=ae]re
st[=o]we,
and h[=e] self baer his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c tha [=a]scode
Abrah[=a]m
his faeder: 'Faeder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=ae]r s[=e]o offrung
s[=i]e;
h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se faeder: 'God
fores[.c][=e]awath, 35
m[=i]n sunu, him self th[=a] offrunge.'

H[=i]e c[=o]mon th[=a] t[=o] th[=ae]re st[=o]we the him [.g]e.sweotolode
God;
and h[=e] th[=ae]r weofod [=a].r[=ae]rde on th[=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and
thone
wudu [.g]e.l[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna
baernette, siththan h[=e] of.slae[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]e.band th[=a]
his 40
sunu, and his sweord [=a].t[=e]ah, thaet h[=e] hine [.g]e.offrode on
th[=a]
ealdan w[=i]san.

Mid th[=ae]m the h[=e] wolde th[=ae]t weorc be.[.g]innan, th[=a] clipode
Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde
s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cwaeth t[=o]: 'Ne [=a].cw[e,]le th[=u] 45
thaet [.c]ild, ne th[=i]ne hand ne [=a].str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran!
N[=u] ic
on.cn[=e]ow s[=o]thl[=i]ce thaet p[=u] on.dr[=ae]tst sw[=i]the God, n[=u]
p[=u] p[=i]nne
[=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest of.sl[=e]an for him.'

Th[=a] be.seah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under baec, and [.g]e.seah th[=ae]r
[=a]nne ramm be.twix th[=ae]m br[=e]mlum be th[=ae]m hornum
[.g]e.haeftne, 50
and h[=e] haefde thone ramm t[=o] th[=ae]re offrunge, and hine th[=ae]r
of.sn[=a]th Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t th[=a]
st[=o]we
_Dominus videt_, thaet is 'God [.g]e.sihth,' and [.g]iet is
[.g]e.sae[.g]d
sw[=a], _In monte Dominus videbit_, thaet is, 'God [.g]e.sihth on
d[=u]ne.'
{70}

Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cwaeth: 'Ic sae[.g]de 55
thurh m[=e] selfne, sae[.g]de se Aelmihtiga, n[=u] th[=u] noldest
[=a]rian
th[=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac th[=e] waes m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re
thonne
his l[=i]f, ic th[=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and th[=i]nne of-spring
ge.mani[.g]-fielde
sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol
on s[=ae]; th[=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu.
And on 60
th[=i]num s[=ae]de b[=e]oth ealle th[=e]oda [.g]e.bl[=e]tsode, for
th[=ae]m the th[=u]
[.g]e.h[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=ae]se thus.'

Abrah[=a]m th[=a] [.g]e.[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon
him
h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge.

III.

Sum cw[=e]n waes on s[=u]th-d[=ae]le, Saba [.g]e.h[=a]ten, snotor and 65
w[=i]s. Th[=a] [.g]e.h[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m
fram
th[=ae]m s[=u]thernum [.g]e.m[=ae]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m
mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=ae]ron s[=u]therne wyrta,
and d[=e]or-wierthe [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o
cw[=e]n
th[=a] haefde spr[=ae][.c]e with Salomon, and sae[.g]de him sw[=a] hwaet
70
sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e.th[=o]hte. Salomon th[=a] h[=i]e
l[=ae]rde,
and hiere sae[.g]de ealra th[=a]ra worda and[.g]iet the h[=e]o hine
[=a]scode.
Th[=a] [.g]e.seah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and thaet
m[=ae]re
tempel the h[=e] [.g]e.timbrod haefde, and th[=a] l[=a]c the man Gode
offrode, and thaes cyninges mani[.g]-fealde the[.g]nunga, and waes 75
t[=o] th[=ae]m sw[=i]the of.wundrod thaet h[=e]o naefde furthor n[=a]nne
g[=a]st,
for th[=ae]m the h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] furthor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cwaeth
th[=a]
t[=o] th[=ae]m cyninge: 'S[=o]th is thaet word the ic [.g]e.h[=i]erde on
m[=i]num earde be th[=e] and be th[=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde
[.g]e.l[=i]efan [=ae]r th[=ae]m the ic self hit [.g]e.s[=a]we. N[=u]
haebbe ic [=a].fandod 80
thaet m[=e] naes be healfum d[=ae]le th[=i]n m[=ae]rtho [.g]e.c[=y]ped.
M[=a]re
is th[=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and th[=i]n weorc thonne se hl[=i]sa w[=ae]re the
ic
[.g]e.h[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind th[=i]ne the[.g]nas and th[=i]ne
th[=e]owas, the
simle aet.foran th[=e] standath, and th[=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m
[.g]e.h[=i]erath.
[.G]e.bl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se aelmihtiga God, the th[=e] [.g]e.[.c][=e]as
and [.g]e.s[e,]tte 85
{71}
ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, thaet th[=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and
riht-w[=i]snesse,'
H[=e]o for.[.g]eaf th[=ae]em cyninge th[=a] hund.tw[e,]lfti[.g] punda
goldes,
and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierthra wyrta and d[=e]orwierthra
[.g]immst[=a]na.
Salomon [=e]ac for.[.g]eaf th[=ae]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hwaes sw[=a] h[=e]o
[.g]iernde
aet him; and h[=e]o [.g]e.w[e,]nde on.[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]thle mid
hiere 90
the[.g]num. Salomon th[=a] waes [.g]e.m[=ae]rsod ofer eallum eorthlicum
cyningum, and ealle th[=e]oda [.g]e.wilnodon thaet h[=i]e hine
[.g]e.s[=a]wen,
and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e.h[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald
l[=a]c
br[=o]hton.

S[=e]o cw[=e]n haefde [.g]e.t[=a]cnunge th[=ae]re h[=a]lgan
[.g]e.lathunge ealles 95
cr[=i]stenes folces, the c[=o]m t[=o] th[=ae]m [.g]e.sibbsuman Cr[=i]ste
t[=o]
[.g]e.h[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and th[=a] god-spellican l[=a]re tha
h[=e]
[=a].stealde, and be on.liehtunge thaes s[=o]than [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and be
th[=ae]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse,
and be
hyhte and wuldre thaes [.g]e.m[=ae]nelican [=ae]ristes. 100

S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde
and on d[=e]orwierthum [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=ae]thum; and
thaet b[=ae]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]e.l[=e]affulle [.g]e.lathung, the
cymth
of [=ae]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bringth him th[=a]s fore-sae[.g]dan
l[=a]c
aefter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offrath him gold thurh s[=o]thne
105
[.g]e.l[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=ae]thas thurh [.g]e.bedu, and d[=e]orwierthe
[.g]immas thurh fae[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra th[=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra
mae[.g]na.
Be thisse [.g]e.lathunge cwaeth se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: _Adstitit_
_regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate_,
thaet is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt aet th[=i]nre sw[=i]thran, on
ofergyldum 110
[.g]ierlan, ymb.scr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o
g[=a]stlice
cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e.lathung, is [.g]e.gl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierthre
fraetwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and
mihta.

H[=e]o sae[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115
[.g]e.lathung [.g]e.openath Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and tha
d[=i]eglan
[.g]e.th[=o]htas on s[=o]thre andetnesse.

Olfendas b[=ae]ron th[=a] d[=e]orwierthan l[=a]c mid th[=ae]re cw[=e]ne
{72}
int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for th[=ae]m the th[=a] h[=ae]thnan, the [=ae]r
w[=ae]ron
[.g]e.hoferode thurh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice thurh leahtras,
b[=ae]ron, 120
thurh hiera [.g]e.[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]e.l[=e]afan, th[=a]
g[=a]stlican l[=a]c
t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum.

S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his
[.g]e.timbrunga,
and the[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]e.lathung wundrath Cr[=i]stes
w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] is s[=o]th w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall
w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125
of him. H[=e] [.g]e.timbrode th[=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne
middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]e.sceafta [.g]e.s[e,]tte on thrim thingum,
_in mensura, et pondere, et numero_, thaet is, on [.g]e.mete, and
on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]e.tele. Cr[=i]stes the[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=ae]lo
and
folca [=a].l[=i]esednes, and th[=a] sind [.g]e.s[=ae]li[.g]e the him
the[.g]niath t[=o] 130
[.g]e.cw[=e]mednesse on th[=ae]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]e.r[=y]num.

S[=e]o cw[=e]n sae[.g]de thaet hiere n[=ae]re be healfum d[=ae]le
[.g]e.sae[.g]d
be Salomones m[=ae]rtho, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes
[.g]e.lathung,
oththe [.g]e.hwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, thonne h[=e]o cymth t[=o]
th[=ae]re heofonlican
Hierusal[=e]m, thonne [.g]e.sihth h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=ae]rtho
135
and wuldor thonne hiere [=ae]r on l[=i]fe thurh w[=i]tegan oththe
apostolas
[.g]e.c[=y]dd w[=ae]re. Ne mae[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on thissum l[=i]fe
[.g]e.s[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]e.h[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes
heorte
[=a].sm[=e]an th[=a] thing the God [.g]earcath th[=ae]m the hine lufiath.
Th[=a]
thing w[=e] magon be.[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a].sm[=e]an,
140
ne [=u]s n[=ae]fre ne [=a].thr[=i]ett th[=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]e.nyhtsumnes.

Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle th[=e]oda
woldon [.g]e.s[=e]on thone [.g]e.sibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m
[.g]e.h[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u]
of eallum
th[=e]odum [.g]e.wilniath m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]e.s[=e]onne thone
[.g]e-sibbsuman 145
Cr[=i]st thurh [.g]e.l[=e]afan, and thone godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m
[.g]e.h[=i]eran,
and h[=i]e him dae[.g]-hw[=ae]ml[=i]ce th[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c
[.g]e.offriath on
mani[.g]fealdum [.g]e.metum.

IV.

On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don th[=a] Babil[=o]niscan thone
{73}
w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] t[=o].wearp hiera
d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150
and cw[=ae]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] th[=ae]m fore-sae[.g]dan cyninge
C[=y]rum:
'Bet[=ae][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, the [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o].wearp, and
thone dracan
[=a].cwealde the w[=e] on be.l[=i]efdon; [.g]if th[=u] hine
for.st[e,]ntst, w[=e]
for.dilgiath th[=e] and th[=i]nne h[=i]red.'

Th[=a] [.g]e.seah se cyning thaet h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=ae]ron, and
n[=i]edunga 155
thone w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a].s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e th[=a] hine
[=a].wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]athe, on th[=ae]m w[=ae]ron seofon
l[=e]on, th[=ae]m
man sealde dae[.g]hw[=ae]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]theru and tw[=a]
s[.c][=e]ap, ac him
waes th[=a] of.togen [=ae]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, thaet h[=i]e thone
Godes
mann [=a].b[=i]tan scolden. 160

On th[=ae]re t[=i]de waes sum [=o]ther w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande,
his
nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] baer his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] aecere. Th[=a]
c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cwaeth: 'Abacuc, ber thone
m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] the sitt on
th[=a]ra l[=e]ona
s[=e]athe.' Abacuc andwyrde th[=ae]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne
[.g]e.seah 165
ic n[=ae]fre th[=a] burg, ne ic thone s[=e]ath n[=a]t.'

Th[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]e.l[=ae]hte hine be th[=ae]m feaxe, and hine
baer
t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan th[=ae]m s[=e]athe. Th[=a]
clipode se
Abacuc: 'th[=u] Godes th[=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim th[=a]s l[=a]c the th[=e]
God
s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cwaeth: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=ae]lend, s[=i]e th[=e]
lof 170
and weorth-mynd thaet th[=u] m[=e] [.g]e.mundest.' And h[=e] th[=a]
th[=ae]re
sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el th[=ae]r-rihte mid swiftum
flyhte [.g]e.br[=o]hte thone disc-the[.g]n, Abacuc, th[=ae]r h[=e] hine
[=ae]r [.g]e.nam.

Se cyning th[=a] C[=y]rus on th[=ae]m seofothan dae[.g]e [=e]ode
dr[=e]ori[.g] 175
t[=o] th[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]athe, and inn be.seah, and efne th[=a]
Dani[=e]l
sittende waes [.g]e.sundfull on.middan th[=ae]m l[=e]onum. Th[=a] clipode
se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=ae]re is se God the Dani[=e]l
on be.l[=i]efth.' And h[=e] th[=a] mid th[=ae]m worde hine [=a].t[=e]ah
of th[=ae]m
scraefe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan th[=a] the hine [=ae]r for.d[=o]n woldon.
180
Thaes cyninges h[=ae]s wearth hraedl[=i]ce [.g]e.fr[e,]mmed, and thaes
w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a].scofene be.twix th[=a] l[=e]on, and
h[=i]e
{74}
th[=ae]r-rihte mid gr[=ae]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o].t[=ae]ron.
Th[=a]
cwaeth se cyning: 'Forhtien and on.dr[=ae]den ealle eorth-b[=u]end
Dani[=e]les God, for th[=ae]m the h[=e] is [=A].l[=i]esend and
H[=ae]lend, 185
wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorthan.'

V.

Nabochodonosor, se h[=ae]thena cyning, [.g]e.h[e,]rgode on Godes
folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=ae]dum God thaet
[.g]e.thafode. Th[=a] [.g]e.nam h[=e] th[=a] m[=a]thm-fatu, gyldenu and
silfrenu,
binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190
[.g]e.l[=ae]dde. Hit [.g]e.lamp eft siththan thaet h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne
[.g]e.sihthe be him selfum [.g]e.seah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him siththan
[=a].[=e]ode.

Aefter thissum ymb twelf m[=o]nath, [=e]ode se cyning binnan
his healle mid orm[=ae]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc
and his miht, and cwaeth: 'H[=u], ne is this s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n,
195
the ic self [.g]e.timbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] thrymme, m[=e]
selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum mae[.g]ne
and str[e,]n[.g]tho?' Ac him clipode th[=ae]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]the
[e,][.g]eslic
stefn of heofonum, thus cwethende: 'Th[=u] Nabochodonosor,
th[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e.w[=i]tt fram th[=e], and th[=u] bist fram mannum
[=a].worpen, 200
and th[=i]n wunung bith mid wild[=e]orum, and th[=u] itst gaers, sw[=a]
sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, oth thaet th[=u] wite thaet se h[=e]alica
God [.g]e.wielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and thaet h[=e] for.[.g]iefth
r[=i][.c]e th[=ae]m
the h[=e] wile.'

Witodl[=i]ce on th[=ae]re ilcan t[=i]de waes th[=e]os spr[=ae][.c]
[.g]e.fylled 205
ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid
wild[=e]orum, leofode be gaerse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, oth thaet his
feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his nae[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a]
earnes clawa.

Eft siththan him for.[.g]eaf se aelmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]e.witt, 210
and h[=e] cwaeth: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a].h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p
t[=o]
heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wearth for.[.g]iefen, and ic th[=a]
bl[=e]tsode thone h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode
{75}
thone the leofath on [=e][.c]nesse, for th[=ae]m the his miht is
[=e][.c]e, and
his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=ae][.g]the and on m[=ae][.g]the. Ealle
eorth-b[=u]end 215
sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]e.tealde on his with.metennesse. Aefter his
willan h[=e] d[=e]th [=ae][.g]ther [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eorthan, and
nis
n[=a]n thing the his mihte with.stande, oththe him t[=o] cwethe 'hw[=y]
d[=e]st th[=u] sw[=a]?' On th[=ae]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet
[.g]e.w[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e],
and ic be.c[=o]m t[=o] weorth-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n
220
m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] be.c[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and
m[=i]n
m[=ae]rtho wearth [.g]e.[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=ae]rsi[.g]e
and
wuldri[.g]e thone heofonlican cyning, for th[=ae]m the eall his weorc
sind s[=o]th, and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] mae[.g]
[.g]e.[=e]ath-m[=e]dan
th[=a] the on m[=o]di[.g]nesse farath.' 225

Thus [.g]e.[=e]athm[=e]dde se aelmihtiga God thone m[=o]digan cyning
Nabochodonosor.

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IV.

SAMSON.

[=A]n mann waes eardiende on Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, Manu[=e]
[.g]e.h[=a]ten, of th[=ae]re m[=ae][.g]the Dan; his w[=i]f waes
un-t[=i]emend, and
h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m th[=a] gangende t[=o] Godes
[e,]n[.g]el, and cwaeth thaet h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him
[.g]e.m[=ae]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=ae]fre oththe w[=i]n, ne
n[=a]ht 5
f[=u]les ne thi[.c][.g]e; s[=e] bith Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his
[.c]ildh[=a]de; and
man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oththe be.s[.c]ieran, for th[=ae]m the h[=e]
on.[.g]inth t[=o] [=a].l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la th[=e]ode, of
Philist[=e]a
th[=e]owte.'

H[=e]o [=a].c[e,]nde th[=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere sae[.g]de se
[e,]n[.g]el, and 10
h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]the w[=e]ox; and God hine
bl[=e]tsode,
and Godes g[=a]st waes on him. H[=e] wearth th[=a] mihti[.g] on
mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]tho, sw[=a] thaet h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte [=a]ne
l[=e]on be we[.g]e, the
hine [=a].b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o].brae[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um,
swelce he
t[=o].t[=ae]re sum [=e]athelic ti[.c][.c]en. 15

H[=e] be.gann th[=a] t[=o] winnenne with th[=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera
fela of.sl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, th[=e]ah the h[=i]e onweald
haefden
ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. Th[=a] f[=e]rdon th[=a] Philist[=e]i forth aefter
Samsone,
and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode thaet h[=i]e hine [=a].[.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera
onwealde,
thaet h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=ae]denne mid tintregum 20
on him. H[=i]e th[=a] hine [.g]e.bundon mid tw[=ae]m baestenum r[=a]pum
and hine [.g]e.l[=ae]ddon t[=o] th[=ae]m folce. And th[=a]
Philist[=e]iscan thaes
fae[.g]nodon sw[=i]the; urnon him t[=o].[.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende;
woldon
hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=ae]denne. Th[=a] t[=o].brae[.g]d
Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, thaet th[=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston the
h[=e] mid 25
{77}
[.g]e.bunden waes. And h[=e] [.g]e.l[=ae]hte th[= a] s[=o]na sumes assan
[.c]inn-b[=a]n the h[=e] th[=ae]r funde, and [.g]e.feaht with h[=i]e, and
of.sl[=o][.g]
[=a]n th[=u]send mid thaes assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wearth th[=a]
sw[=i]the
of.thyrst for th[=ae]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and baed thone
heofonlican
God thaet h[=e] him [=a].s[e,]nde drincan, for th[=ae]m the on th[=ae]re
30
n[=e]awiste naes n[=a]n waeters[.c]ipe. Th[=a] arn of th[=ae]n
[.c]innb[=a]ne
of [=a]num t[=e]th waeter; and Samson th[=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne
thancode.

Aefter thissum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre
byri[.g]
on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]e.h[=a]ten. And h[=i]e thaes fae[.g]nodon;
35
be.s[e,]tton th[=a] th[=ae]t h[=u]s the h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine
[.g]e.niman mid th[=ae]m the h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=ae]rne-mer[.g]en,
and hine
of.sl[=e]an. Hwaet th[=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under.[.g]eat; and
[=a].r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o].middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]e.nam
th[=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]e.baer on his hry[.c][.g]e mid th[=ae]m
postum, 40
sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e be.locenu w[=ae]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne
t[=o] ufeweardum
th[=ae]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]e.sihthum.