Chapter LV: Appendix: (Appearing first in Second Edition.) (1)

I

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §2, (3), p. 70.

The discoveries at Carchemish included Hittite inscriptions, one of which is said to be longer than any Hittite writing yet discovered. A number of stone deities were also found, one of which is a bearded god of the eighth century B. C. seated on a heavy base supported by two lions. Three large gateways were found. On the inside of the court of one of these were dadoes from five to six feet high, “with sculptured slabs of alternating black diorite and white limestone adorned with carved figures of bulls, horses, and chariots.” The acropolis was surmounted by the ruins of a palace of King Sargon of Assyria, who conquered Carchemish, and by the ruins of a Roman palace. An avenue of broad steps, more than a hundred feet long, led up to these.

II

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §3, to be read after (7) on p. 74.

(8) _Hrozny_, a Hungarian scholar, published in the _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin_, No. 56 (December, 1915), a new study of the problem of Hittite decipherment. Owing to the war the publication has not reached the writer. An excellent _résumé_ of it has, however, been published by Professor J. H. Moulton in the _Expository Times_, xxviii, 106 ff. (December, 1916).

It appears that in April, 1914, Professor Hrozny and Doctor Figulla went to Constantinople and copied cuneiform inscriptions from Boghaz Koi until the war recalled them. Hrozny’s study is based on this cuneiform material. He reaches the conclusion that Hittite is not only an Indo-European language, but that it also belongs to the western half of the Indo-European family. In other words, he finds it more closely related to Greek, Latin, Keltic, and the Teutonic tongues than to the Slavonic, Lithuanian, Armenian, and Persian languages, or to Sanscrit and its daughters. According to Hrozny, then, the Hittites came from western Europe, or the center from which the western European peoples radiated. He thinks they crossed into Asia by way of the Bosphorus. He supports his contention by some most interesting philological analogies. The Mitanni, on the other hand, belonged, he thinks, to the eastern half of the Indo-European family. They were closely related to the Slavs, Lithuanians, Armenians, Persians, etc. The indications seem to be that they entered Asia by way of the Caucasus. We await further evidence with great interest.

III

Addition to Part I, Chapter III, §9, p. 102.

Professor George L. Robinson, who was in Jerusalem in the spring of 1914 as Director of the American School, has published in the _American Journal of Archæology_, Vol. XXI, p. 84 (January-March, 1917), a brief statement of the discoveries on Ophel and at Balata. He mentions the finding on Ophel of a tower with rock-cut foundations, certain cave-tombs with oval roofs, a cistern with Roman baths, an inn, a Greek inscription (which tells of a synagogue), and an underground, rock-cut aqueduct, running parallel to and probably older than that of Hezekiah, which conducts the water of Gihon to the Pool of Siloam.

At Balata the foundations of old Hebrew houses were discovered, together with a portion of the Amorite city-wall, which was thick and oblique. The ruins of a palace were also found and a great triple gateway, the longest yet excavated in Palestine. This gate was on the west of the city. Near the tell an Egyptian sarcophagus was found, which some have thought might be the coffin of Joseph.

IV

A NEW BABYLONIAN ACCOUNT OF THE CREATION OF MAN

To supplement Part II, Chapter II, p. 257.

Since the first edition of this book went to press, the writer has had the good fortune to discover among the tablets from Nippur in the University Museum in Philadelphia a new Babylonian account of the creation of man. The text is written in the Sumerian language, and the script is of the mixed cursive variety that was employed during the time of the first dynasty of Babylon and the Kassite dynasty. The text is accordingly older than 1200 B. C., and may have been written before 2000 B. C. It reads as follows:

1. The mountain of heaven and earth

2. The assembly of heaven, the great gods, entered. Afterwards,

3. Because Ashnan had not come forth, they conversed together.

4. The land Tikku had not created;

5. For Tikku a temple-platform had not been filled in;

6. A lofty dwelling had not been built;

7. The arable land was without any seed;

8. A well and a canal (?) had not been dug;

9. Horses and cattle had not been brought forth,

10. So that Ashnan could shepherd herd and corral.

11. The Anunna, the great gods, had made no plan;

12. There was no _šes_-grain of thirty-fold;

13. There was no _šes_-grain of fifty-fold;

14. Small grain, mountain-grain, and great _sal_-grain there were not;

15. A possession and houses there were not;

16. Tikku had neither entered a gate nor gone out;

17. Together with the lady Nintu the lord had not brought forth men.

18. The god Ug came; as leader he came to plan;

19. Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.

20. Food and sleep he planned for them;

21. Clothing and dwellings he did not plan for them.

22. The people with rushes and rope came,

23. By making a dwelling a kindred was formed.

24. To the gardens ...... they gave drink.

25. On that day their [gardens] sprouted (?) ....

26. Their lands covered (?) ............

.....................................................

..........................................................

.............................................................

...............................................................

Reverse

1. ........................................

2. Father Enlil (?) .............................

3. ........ standing grain ....................

4. For mankind ............................

5. .................. creation of Entu ....................

6. Father Enlil ................................

7. Duazagga, the way of the gods ............

8. Duazagga, the brilliant, for my god I guard (?).

9. Entu and Enlil to Duazagga ............

10. A dwelling for Ashnan from out of Duazagga I will [make?] for
thee.

11. Two-thirds of the fold perished (?);

12. His plants for food he created for them;

13. Ashnan rained on the field for them;

14. The moist (?) wind and the fiery storm-cloud he created for them.

15. Two-thirds of the fold stood.

16. For the shepherd of the fold joy was overthrown;

17. The house of rushes did not stand;

18. From Duazagga joy departed.

19. From his dwelling, a lofty height, his boat

20. Descended; from heaven he came

21. To the dwelling of Ashnan; the scepter he brought forth to them;

22. His brilliant city he raised up, he appointed for them;

23. The reed-country he planted, he appointed for them;

24. The falling rain the hollows caught for them;

25. A dwelling-place was their land; food made men multiply;

26. Prosperity entered the land; it caused them to become a multitude.

27. He brought to the hand of man the scepter of command.

28. The lord caused them to be, and they came into existence.

29. Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell.

30. At night as fitting companions they are together.

A colophon states that the tablet contained sixty lines. Only five lines are entirely broken away.

Ashnan was a god of vegetation. Tikku, who had not created the land, was a personified river-bank. The story begins, therefore, before the beginning of vegetation and before the creation of dykes in Babylonia. As in the text translated in Chapter VIII, Part II, considerable space is occupied with the things that were non-existent when the process of creation began. The last sentence of this section asserts that the lord and Nintu had not brought forth men. Nintu is the goddess who in the creation story translated in Chapter VII, Part II, appears as the mother of mankind (see p. 279). The new tablet then states that Ug, the lion god, identified by a later text with Shamash, the sun god, first came forth to plan. “Mankind he planned; many men were brought forth.” The word rendered “planned” has also the meaning “know,” as in Gen. 4:1, where Adam is said to have known Eve. It seems probable, therefore, that the text indicates that men were born from a natural union of Ug and Nintu, just as it is said on p. 284, in another text from Nippur, that irrigation resulted from a similar union of the sun-god and Nintu. This shows that among the Sumerians there were different conceptions of the way mankind was made. A Babylonian story of the making of a man which is much more like the narrative of Gen. 2 than that contained in this new tablet is given on p. 256.

After telling how men were brought forth, and how they were left to provide houses and clothing for themselves, the new tablet tells how reed huts, similar to those still seen in the Babylonian marshes, were made. Clans were formed and irrigation begun. Here the obverse becomes too broken for connected translation.

At the beginning of the reverse several lines are fragmentary. From what can be made out, some god seems to be addressing Enlil. Reference is made to Duazagga, the heavenly abyss, which is described as “the way of the gods,” probably an allusion to the Milky Way. It is implied that the gods live along this way. It seems that all was not going well with men on the earth, so this deity proposed to make a dwelling for Ashnan, the god of agriculture, outside of Duazagga, presumably on the earth. Two-thirds of the fold perished; Ashnan accordingly created plants as food for men. This reminds us of how plants and fruits were given to man as food in Gen. 1:29. Ashnan also caused it to rain in order to promote the growth of vegetation. This, however, created a new evil. The reed huts were washed away, together with a third of the fold. Some god, probably Enlil, accordingly came down from heaven, and built a city. This gave to human society the required stability. In this stable society the god gave the scepter of command into man’s hand just as in Gen. 1:28 man is given dominion over all the lower orders of life. In this connection we find the statement:

“The lord caused them to be and they came into existence,” the form of which reminds one of the statement in Gen. 1:3, “God said, Let there be light: and there was light.”

The next line: “Companions calling them, a man with his wife he made them dwell,” recalls Gen. 2:18 and 24. The last line of the text is the Babylonian equivalent of the last clause of Gen. 2:24.

This text as a whole describes the creation of man, sketches the vicissitudes of pastoral life, and ends with a statement of the greater security and prosperity of urban life. It attributes the origin of everything to the gods.

* * * * *

Addition to Part II, Chapter XI, p. 309.

The entrance of Abraham and later of Jacob and his sons into Egypt in time of famine (Gen. 12:10 and 47:5-12) is strikingly illuminated by the following reports of officials stationed at fortresses on the Egyptian border.

The first of these texts was inscribed in the tomb of Harmhab, the founder of the nineteenth dynasty, though there is reason to believe that it was written during the reign of Amenophis IV of the eighteenth dynasty (1375-1357 B. C.). Some of the lines are broken. It reads as follows:

....... Asiatics; others have been placed in their abodes ...... they
have been destroyed, and their town laid waste, and fire has been
thrown ......... [they have come to entreat] the Great in Strength to
send his mighty sword before ....... Their countries are starving,
they live like goats of the mountain, [their] children ....... saying:
“A few of the Asiatics, who knew not how they should live, have come
[begg]ing [a home in the domain] of Pharaoh ....., after the manner of
your fathers’ fathers since the beginning under, ......... Now, the
Pharaoh .... gives them into your hand, to protect their
borders.”[630]

The second text comes from the reign of Merneptah (1225-1215 B. C.). It reads as follows:

Another matter for the satisfaction of my lord’s heart [to wit]: We
have finished passing the tribes of the Shasu of Edom through the
fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma ... in Theku, to the pools of Pithom,
of Merneptah-Hotephirma in Theku, in order to sustain them and their
herds in the domain of Pharaoh ..., the good sun of every land
......... I have caused them to be brought ........ other names of
days when the fortress of Merneptah-Hotephirma may be passed,
....[631]

These texts make it evident that at different periods of Egyptian history Asiatic tribes in time of famine and stress sought and found refuge in Egypt as the Israelites are said to have done.

VI

ALLEGED TRACES OF THE “TEN TRIBES” IN EXILE

To supplement Part II, Chapter XVII, at the end of § 10, p. 372.

In 2 Kings 15:29 it is said that Tiglath-pileser [IV] captured certain cities in Galilee, and carried their inhabitants captive to Assyria. In 2 Kings 17:6 it is said that when Samaria was destroyed by the Assyrian king [Sargon, in 722 B. C.], Israelites were carried captive to Halah and Gozan, which were situated on the Khabur River in Mesopotamia.

Two groups of cuneiform tablets, one in the museum at Berlin, the other in the British Museum, are thought to confirm these statements by the evidence they give that Hebrews who reverenced Jehovah were living in that region.[632] The evidence consists chiefly of a divine name _A-u_, employed as a component part of proper names just as _Jo-_ and _Jeho-_, abbreviations of the name of Jehovah, are employed in Hebrew proper names in the Old Testament. Indeed, _A-u_ is the form that _Jo-_ or _Jeho-_ would take, if expressed in Assyrian characters.

The names in question occur in a series of documents which record the transfer of slaves. If the men in question were Hebrews they would seem to have been interested in the business of buying and selling slaves. The documents are much alike. It will suffice to translate one of them:

1. Seal of Atarkhasis,

2. son of Aushezib,

3. the Kannuean,

4. owner of the slave-girl. A transfer

5. of Kabili, his slave-girl he

6. has made, and Nabushallimshunu

7. for the price of 1½ manas of silver

8. has taken her. The money in full

9. is paid. That slave

10. is purchased and delivered. Whoever in the future

11. at any time shall rise up and

12. lay claim, whether Atarkhasis

13. or his sons,--whoever against

14. Nabushallimshunu or his sons

15. legal process

16. shall begin, 10 manas of silver

17. shall pay. Against an attack of rheumatism for 100 days

18. and legal claim for all time (he is guaranteed).

19. Month Airu, 17th day,

20. eponym of Ashurrimani, rabshekeh.

21. In the presence of Padi,

22. In the presence of Khani,

23. In the presence of Ashurnadinakhi,

24. In the presence of Tubusu,

25. In the presence of Belbelshaduni,

26. In the presence of Ilumia.

27. In the presence of Ashurikhtamusur

28. In the presence of Bariku,

29. In the presence of Kennusharruni.

The significant name here is Aushezib, meaning, “Au saves.” If _Au_ is a translation of _Jeho-_, the name, in its entirety, would be a translation of one of the Hebrew forms of the name Joshua. Other names, into which the name of the god _Au_ enters, appear sometimes in the body of a contract and sometimes among the witnesses. They are _{il}A-u-salim_, “the god Au gives peace”; _A-u-iddina_, “Au gives,” equivalent to the Hebrew Jonathan; _A-u-akhiddin_, “Au has increased the brothers”; _A-u-daninani_, “Au is our mighty-one”; _A-u-e-ballitani_, “O Au, make us live”; _{il}A-u-dân_(?)_-ilani_, “Au is judge of the gods”; _A-u-sabi_, “Au satisfies.”[633]

The tablets were written at Kannu, the Canneh of Ezek. 27:23, which was near Haran in Mesopotamia. One text states that if the seller of the slave ever brings legal action, he shall pay ten silver manas and one gold mana “at the sanctuary of the god _A-u_, who dwells in Kannu.” If the god _A-u_ be really the Hebrew Jehovah, the captives from Samaria and Galilee had built for him a temple in Kannu, as the Jews at Elephantine afterward did on the island in the Nile. (See p. 387, f.)

The documents in which these names occur appear to be dated between 666 and 606 B. C. They are dated according to the Assyrian method of dating, which shows that they were written under the Assyrian monarchy, but the eponyms in which they are dated are not found in the extant portions of the Assyrian Eponymlist. They were therefore written after the year 666.[634] This fixes the dates of these documents in the seventh century--the century after Tiglath-pileser IV and Sargon transported to this region parts of the ten “lost tribes,” and, if _A-u_ really is a form of the name Jehovah, these tablets afford us a little glimpse of some of these Hebrews in exile.

INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PASSAGES

GENESIS--

1 247
1:7 248
1:24-26 266
2 256
3 260
3:18, 24 289
4:1, 2, 16-23 269
5 264
5:24 266
6, 7, 8, 9 277
9:20 287, 289
10:10 44, 47, 58
10:11 43, 47, 60
10:23 116
11:2 58
11:9 42
11:27 109
11:31 77
11:31, ff. 112
12:4 77, 109
14:1 58, 294, 295, 297, 298
14:5 215
14:6 106, 116
14:15 213
15:2 213
16:5-7 329
16:7 95
19:1 129
21 111
21:9, 10 329
22 172
22:2 168
22:6, 10 152
22:9 169
23 76
23:10 68
24:22 161
24:30 156
25:15 307
25:34 134
26:34 68
29:1 108
30:1-13 328
34:20 129
36:20 106, 308
36:20-22 109
36:21 106
36:24 308
36:29 106, 109
37:17 133
40:11 136
41:30 305
41:39 303
41:42 157
41:45 34
41:47-57 306
41:54 305
46:17 349
50:13 180
50:26 303, 411

EXODUS--

1:11 35
2:1-10 311
3:8, 17 139, 309
4:25 152
5:7-18 36
11:5 135
12 390
12:37 36
13:20 36
14:23-28 37
16:36 158
18:13-26 315
20:8-11 258
20:12 411
20:24 172
20:24-26 198
21:2-6 316, 323
21:2-11 324
21:6 340
21:12-14, 18-27 334
21:16 316
21:17 332
21:24 340
21:28-35 337
22:1-4, 9 315
22:5 319, 320
22:5, 6 319
22:7-10 323
22:10-13 339
22:11, 25 320
22:16, 17 328
22:18 314
22:26, 27 324
23:10, 11 319
29:40 158
34:20 172
35:22 156
38:26 161

LEVITICUS--

5:13 343
6:3-5 315
6:18, 29 343
7:8-10, 14, 34 343
11:35 149
18:6-18 329
19:9 319
19:20-22 328
20:10 328
20:11, 12, 19-21 329
22:30 329
23 390
24:20 340
25:5 137
25:25-46 316
26:26 149

NUMBERS--

5:9, 10 343
5:11-28 314, 328
13:23 136
14:8 139
16:13, 14 139
21:13 365
21:15, 16 116
21:21 116, 308
21:30 443
26:45 349
27:8-11 332
31:29, 41 343
31:50 157
32:8 95
32:34 112, 365
32:38 365
32:42 215
33:5, 6 36
36:2-12 332

DEUTERONOMY--

1:4 111, 112, 116, 308
2:12, 22 106
2:24 365
2:26 307
3:9 116
3:11 217
5:12-15 258
5:16 411
6:3 139
7:5 91
10:18 420
11:10 84
12:3 91
14:29 420
15, 16, 17 340
15:7-18 323
15:12-18 316, 324
16:9 135
16:18-20 315
18:10 314
19:4 334
19:5 152
19:16-21 314
19:21 340
21:1-9 316
21:15-21 332
22:6 139
22:13-21 325
22:22-29 328
22:30 329
23:15 316
23:17 323, 326
23:17, 18 333
23:24 137
23:24, 25 319
24:1-4 329
24:6 136
24:10-13 324
24:19-22 319
25:4 135
26:2, 4 153
28:5, 17 153
34:1 365

JOSHUA--

2:6 138
5:2, 3 152
6:20 125
9:17, 20 111
10:3 89, 112
10:33 92, 112, 116, 117
11:1, 2 111
11:22 91
12:4 111
12:21 96, 97
12:22 133
13:9 443
13:16-19 365
13:25 217
15:10 94, 112
15:37 114, 116
15:41 111, 116
15:44 346
15:59 111
15:63 188
17:11 111, 114, 133, 214
18:24 111
19:6 110
19:18-20, 25, 28 111
19:35, 37 111, 114
19:44 377
20:7 133
20:8 365
21:19 111
21:23 377

JUDGES--

1:5, 27-36 116
1:17 111
1:21 188
1:27 92, 111
1:29 117
4, 5, 6 133
4:2 111
4:21 153
5:19 97
5:26 153
6:3 108, 307
6:11 111, 193
6:19 153
6:33 108
7:12 108, 307
7:22 111
8:10 108, 307
9:4, 46 351
9:53 136
11:3, 5 111
13:2 112
13:19 193
16:23-30 93, 176
18:7, 18 111
18:29 133
19:10, 11 188

1 SAMUEL--

2:13, 14 151
4:1 111
5:8 91
9:12 169
10:5 155
10:26 133
11:4 133
13:20, 21 161
17:1 111
17:4 91
17:43 139
19:24 356
23:1 112, 188
25:2 188
28:41 111
31:5 154
31:10 133
31:10, 12 214

2 SAMUEL--

1:10 156
2:16 154
3:27 129
5:6-8 188
5:9 189
5:25 92
7:2 176
8:9, ff. 81
11:1 217, 443
12:27 130
12:31 152
15:2 190
16:9 139
17:28 134
20:14 111
21:12 214
23:11 134
24 190, 192
24:16 193
24:16, 17 377
24:18, 22 135

1 KINGS--

1:33 101
1:40 155
3:1 190
3:1, ff. 30
3:2 169
4:7 317
4:12 214
5:6, 17 358
6:4 194, 195
6:29, 32, 35 194
6:36 195
7:2, 6 196
7:8, 12, 23-37, 39 195
7:9 152
7:49 194
9:15 112, 190
9:15-19 94
9:16 30
9:24 189
10:1 371
10:1-13 381
10:5, 18-20 193
11:14-25 118
11:27 190
11:40 30
12:12 359
14:25 37, 118, 360
14:25-28 30, 259
15:20 111
16:23-29 365
16:24 127
16:34 99, 100, 125, 128
16:36 128
17:10 133
19:16, 17 124
19:19 134, 135
21:8 155
22:39 100, 127

2 KINGS--

2:19-22 98
3:4 364
3:4-12 197
3:5-27 365
4:8 111
4:23 259
5:12 214
6:5 152
6:13 133
6:25 158
11, 12, 13, 14, 15 268
11:12, 13 195
12:17 91
12:20 189
13:20, 21 183
14:7 173
14:8-14 94, 95
14:13 196
14:19 89
14:21 367
14:23 259
15:1-27 367
15:19 61, 62
15:29 370
15:29, 30 62, 369
15:37 367
16:5-9 367
16:10 369
16:10-16 198
16:14 195
17:3-5 369
17:4 370
17:5 62, 123
17:16 370
17:24 124, 125, 370
17:24-34 100, 118
18 374, 375
18:1-6, 9 198
18:4 171
18:13 44
18:13-16 375
18:13--19:8 376
18:14 89
18:14, ff. 374
18:17 375
18:32 139
19 374, 375
19:9 31, 375
19:9-36 376
19:35 374
19:36 377
19:37 44, 64, 378
20:12 63
20:20 198, 377
20:21 378
21 378
21:6 172
22:14 199
23:5, 8 169
23:10 172, 199
23:29 32, 96
23:29, ff. 379
23:34 32, 379
24, 25 44, 65, 380
25:9, 10 200
25:27. 381
25:27-30 66

1 CHRONICLES--

1:30 307
1:38 109
1:40 308
2:18 116
4:8 116
7:31 349
8:12 111
18:9, ff. 82
21:23 135
23:4 315
24 117
29:7 163

2 CHRONICLES--

1:5, 6 195
2:8 358
3:1 168
5:2 189
11:5-10 90
19:5-7 315
33 64

EZRA--

1 386
2:69 163
3:12 201
4:2 378
4:10 379
5:16 200
8:27 163

NEHEMIAH--

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 118
1:1 47
1:3 200
2:10, 19 389
3, 4, 5, 6 90
3:13, 28 202
4:1, ff. 389
6:1, ff. 389
7:2 390, 391
7:37 111
7:70-72 163
11:25 111
12:31-40 202
13:28 389

ESTHER--

1:2 47
3:10, 12 157

JOB--

1:3 108
3:8 253
9:13, 14 251
12:7, 8 430
26:12, 13 251, 252
28:28 409
29 395
29:13 420
31 395
38:14 154
39:13 139
41 253
41:24 136
42:4-6 395

PSALMS--

6:3 400
8 401
17:1 400
18:6 400
19 401
21:9 149
68:4 147
68:5 420
74:10 400
74:13, 14 282
74:13, 14, 16, 17 252
85:5 400
87:4 254
89:10 253
90:7, 13 400
104 406
104:24 404
137 200
146, 147, 148 401

PROVERBS--

1:9 156
5:3 410
6:9-11 411
10:19 409
10:26 411
11:1 162
13:3 409
13:4 411
14:3 409
14:35 408
17:28 409
18:24 409
20:23 162
24:17 408
24:21 409
31:13 138
31:31 129

ECCLESIASTES--

7:15-17 409
9:6-9 412
9:9 410
11:9 409

CANTICLES--

1:10 156
2:13 136
3:6 156
4:1-7 414
5:1 416
6:2, 3 416
8:1-3 415

ISAIAH--

1:13 259
1:17, 23 420
3:18 157
3:19, 20 156
5:1-8 137
5:12 155
6 418
7:1 197
7:1, ff. 62
7:3 198
7:16 369
8:1 154
8:6 198
9:1-6 422
9:17 420
10:2 420
10:9 63, 81, 116, 361, 371
10:14 139
10:28-32 372
11:1-8 422
11:6-9 284
14:9-11 180, 422, 426
15:1 116
15:2, 4, 5 365
19 389
19:13 27
19:19-22 38
20:1 43, 372
22:22 151
27:1 253
30:7 254
31:5 64
36 44
36, 37 63, 374
37:9 31
37:38 378
39:1 377
40:12 158
41:15 135
44:28 383
45:1 383
47:8 420
51:9 253
57:3 172
66:23 259

JEREMIAH--

2:10 293
2:16 27
7:6 420
7:31 172, 199
15:8 420
18:21 420
22:3 420
23:27 418
23:29 153
32:35 172
36 32
41:4, 5 200
43:7, 8 37
43:8 38
44:1 27, 37
46 32, 65
46:2 361
46:2, ff. 379
46:14, 19 27
48:22-24 365
49:11 420
50:16 135

LAMENTATIONS--

4:3 139
5:10 150

EZEKIEL--

1:1 65, 66
4:9 134
4:12-15 149
5:1, 2 152
8:14 426, 427
8:16 194
16:3 77, 349
16:11 156
16:45 349
22:7, 25 420
23:40 156
27:6 293
27:8, 9 112
30:13, 16 27
30:17 31
32:21-31 422, 426
32:22-32 180
43:13-17 198
45:11, 14 158
46:3 259

DANIEL--

3:5, 15 155
4:29 380
5:11, 18 382
5:25 160
5:30, 31 384
8:2 47

HOSEA--

2:5, 9 138
2:11 259
7:4, 6, 7 150
9:6 27

JOEL--

3:13 135

AMOS--

5:19 126
6:2 116
7:14 356
8:1, 2 153
8:5 162, 259
9:7 116, 357

MICAH--

1:14 92, 140
6:15 136

NAHUM--

3:8 31, 64

ZEPHANIAH--

1:10, 11 199

ZECHARIAH--

3:1 418
4 201
7:10 420

MALACHI--

3:5 420

ECCLESIASTICUS--

50:1-4 203

1 MACCABEES--

1:21, 22 201
1:33 204
5:37 215
7:32, 33 204
9:52 124
13:48 128
14:34 94
14:36 204

MATTHEW--

1:8 268
3:12 135
4:25 213, 218
5:14 123, 429
5:15 151
5:26 165
5:29 199
6:30 149
6:33 430
7:5 428
7:7 430
7:24, 25 429
10:26 431
10:28 199
10:29 165
11:27 405
12:1 132
13:4 132
13:57 408, 429
14:3 165
16:13 133
19:24 151
19:30 431
22:19 165
23:37 140
24:41 135, 136
25:1-12 148
26:34, 74 140
26:36 137
26:57 101
28:2 184

MARK--

2:23 132
4:4 132
4:23 431
5:1 218
5:20 213, 218
6:4 429
6:17 165
7:11 159
7:31 213, 218
8:27 133
10:12 329
10:25 151
10:31 431
12:15-17 165
12:41 209
12:42 165
13:35 140
13:44 430
14:26 211
14:30, 68, 72 140
14:32 137, 211
16:3, 4 184

LUKE--

2:1-5 432
2:2 434, 437
2:3-5 435
3:17 135
3:19 165
4:24 429
4:26 133
5:9 430
6:1 132
6:42 428
7:5 98
8:5 132
9:51-54 119
11:47, 48 183
12:2 431
12:6 165
12:28 149
13:30 431
15:8 165
15:22 157
17:21 430
18:25 151
20:36 430
21:1 209
21:2 165
22:34, 60 140
22:39 211
23:18, 21 206
24:2 184

JOHN--

2:20 208
3:16, 36 431
3:29 416
4:5 133
4:9, 20 119
4:44 429
5:4 187
5:24 431
13:38 140
18:1 211
18:24 101
18:27 140
20:1 184

ACTS--

3:2 210
8:27 39
8:27-39 33
9:11 214
9:32 111
12:23 377
15, 16 440
16:14 226
17:6 438
17:22-31 220
17:23 438, 439
17:27 178
18:1 220
18:4, 7 221
18:11 220, 440
18:12 221, 439
19:23-41 224
20:15, 17 222
20:35 431
23:23, 24 133
24:27 439
26:14 135

ROMANS--

16:3-16 441

1 CORINTHIANS--

1:4 441
3:10-17 223
14:7 155
15:32 224

2 CORINTHIANS--

1:46 441
3:14 194
11:32 174, 442, 443

GALATIANS--

1:18 440
2:1 440

PHILIPPIANS--

1:3, 9 441

COLOSSIANS--

1:3 441
4:13 230

1 THESSALONIANS--

1:2 441
3:9 441

2 THESSALONIANS--

1:3, 11 441
2:13 441

PHILEMON--

4 441

HEBREWS--

13:12 211

3 JOHN--

2 441

REVELATION--

2:10 230
2:12 438
2:13 225
2:18-29 226
3:1-6 227
3:5 228
3:12 229
3:15, 16 230
6:13 136
21:2, 9 416

INDEX

Abana, 214

Abbi-Teshub, makes treaty with Mursil, 80

Abdi-Hepa, vassal of Amenophis IV, 76

Abi-Adda, 80

Abraham, sojourn in Egypt, 35;
purchase of the cave of Machpelah, 76;
home in Mesopotamia, 112;
sacrifice of Isaac, 172

Abraham, Babylonian account of farmer of this name, 108, 290

“Absalom’s Pillar,” 183

Abu Haba, Turkish exploration of, 46

Abu Shusheh (Gezer), 93

Abydos, chief town of This, 25

Acts, archæological light on the book of, 438

Adab (Bismya), 47, 57

Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, 53

Adad-nirari IV, inscription regarding Syria and Palestine, 61, 365

Adam, Biblical account of, 289;
Babylonian forms of the name, 266

Adapa and the fall of man, legend of, 260

Adime, 266

“Admonitions of Ipuwer, The,” 28

Adzes, 153

Ælia Capitolina, 122, 212

Africanus, Julius Sextus, _Chronigraphiai_ of, 21

Agade (Sippar), 54, 57, 266

Agricultural implements, 134;
calendar, 138

Agriculture, 134

Ahab, in confederacy against Shalmaneser III, 61;
palace of, 100;
pays tribute to Tiglathpileser IV, 369

Ahaz, vassal to Tiglath-pileser IV, 62;
altar of, 198

Ahmose I, siege of Sharuhen, 110

Ain es-Sultan (Elisha’s Fountain), 98

Ain Kades, 95

Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh), 94

Ain Sitti Miriam, see _Gihon_.

Akkad, derivation of, 58

Akra, 203

Alaparos, 271

Alexander Jannæus, 120, 201, 205

Alexander the Great, empire of, 33;
conquests of, 66;
death of, 119

Alexandra, Asmonæan queen, 120

Alorus, 271

Altar of incense, 173

Amanus, source of cedar, 58, 358

Amēlon, 271

_Amelu_, 267, 271

Amempsinos, 271

Amenemhet I, 76

Amenemhet III, 28

Amenophis I, 23, 110

Amenophis III, 60, 304

Amenophis III and IV, 29

American Exploration Society, 86

American Palestine Exploration Society, 86

American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, 99

American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 221

Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), 66;
inscription of, 381

Amman, 218

Ammenon, 271

Ammienshi, Amorite chieftain, 108, 109

Ammi-zadugga, reign of, 53

Amorites, conquests of the, 107

Amosis I, 29

Amosis II, 32

Anderson, H. J., explorations in Palestine, 86

Anderson, J. G. C., inscription discovered at Antioch, 436

Andrae, W., exploration at Kalah-Sherghat, 47;
inscription of Tukulti-Ninib, 52

Animals, representative of Egyptian tribes, 24;
domestic, 138

Anklets, 157

Antigonus, 120, 205

Antiochus III, 130

Antiochus IV, 203

Antipas, 121

Antiquities, preservation of Egyptian, 19;
of Babylonian, 41

Antonia, fortress, 205

Anu, 260

Anubanini, King of Lulubi, 57

Apollophanes, tomb of, 183

Arad-Sin, King of Larsa, 58

Aramæans, migration of, 113

Arandas, successor of Subbiluliuma, 79

Araunah the Jebusite, 168

Archæological Institute of America, 99

Archelaus, 121

Areopagus, 220

Aretas, see _Haretat IV_.

Arioch, identified with Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin, 58

Aripi, 266

Aristobulus I and II, 120

Arnuanta, successor of Dudkhalia, 81

Arpad, overthrow of, 371

Arrows, 153

Artatama I, King of the Mitanni, 77;
alliance with Thothmes IV, 77

Artatama II, King of the Harri, 78

Artaxerxes, inscriptions of, 48

Artaxerxes III, Jews rebel against, 66

Asarjik, Hittite remains at, 70

Asenath, wife of Joseph, 33

Asherim, at Tell es-Safi, 169

Ashmolean Museum, 19

Ashteroth-Karnaim, 215

Ashtoreth, figures of, at Taanach, 173

Ashur, 47, 60

Ashurbanipal, succeeds Esarhaddon, 64;
his account of his campaign against Tyre, 378;
proverbs from library of, 407

Ashur-dan, 52

Ashur-nasirpal II, records of, referred to, 60;
military exploits of, 61;
advance toward Hebrew territory, 360

Ashur-rim-nishishu, King of Assyria, 53, 60

Ashur-uballit, King of Assyria, 60

Asia, churches of, 221

Asmonæan coins, 164

Asmonæans, 120

Assumptionist Fathers, excavations at Jerusalem, 101;
collection of flint implements, 103

Assurbanipal, invasion of Egypt, 31

Assyria, wars with Egypt, 31;
the land, 40;
explorations in, 47;
relations to Babylonia, 59;
early period of, 60;
second period of, 61

Atbara, 18

Athenæ Polias, temple of, 225

Athens, 219

Aton, Egyptian hymn in praise of, 403

Atys, worship of, 226

Augustus, temple to, at Samaria, 178

Awls, 152

Axes, 152

Azariah (Uzziah), 367

Azekah, excavation at, 90

Aziru, Amorite king, 79, 113, 304

Babylon, capture of, 383

Babylonia, the land, 40;
exploration by Harper and Banks, 47;
historical periods, 55;
early period, 59;
Persian period, 66;
psalms from, 398;
proverbs from, 407

Babylonian column, 50

Babylonian creation epic, 235, 247;
account of the flood, 273

Babylonian exile, 65;
termination of, 118

Bacchides, Syrian general, 124

Bactria, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67

Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes III, 66

Baking-trays, 150

Balata, 102

Ball, C. J., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Banks, Edgar J., exploration in Babylonia, 47

Barada, 214

Bar Chocaba, 121

Baris, castle of, 204

Barsalnunna, 267

Baskets, 153

Bath, 158

Beads, 156

Beautiful gate, 210

Bees, 139

Behistun inscription of Darius I, 50

Beit Jibrin, caves at, 106

Bel (Enlil), god of Nippur, 55;
Babylonian hymn to, 401

Belshazzar, son of Nabuna’id, 382

Ben-Hadad in league with Ahab, 61

Benjamin of Tudela, explorations of, 42

_Beqa_, 161

Bergama, 224

Berossos, list of Babylonian kings, 54;
Babylonian priest, 247;
list of kings, 270

Bethesda, Pool of, 210

Beth-Ninib (Beth-shemesh), 95

Beth-shemesh, excavations at, 94;
capture of, 117;
walls of, 125;
gates of, 129;
burial caves at, 180

Bezetha, hill, 212

Birds, 139

“Bishop Gobat’s School,” 191

Bismya (Adab), mound of, 47;
Luguldaudu, King of, 57

Blanche-Garde, fortress of the Crusaders, 91

Bliss, Frederick J., excavations at Lachish, 89

Boghaz Koi, excavations at, 69;
Hittite kingdom at, 77;
the “Hittite City,” 78

Bor (Tyan), 82

Bork, Ferdinand, studies in the Mitanni language, 73

Botta, Paul Emil, exploration of Nineveh, 43

Bowls, 150

Bracelets, 156

Breasted, Henry James, accession of Mena, 23;
_Ancient Records, Egypt_, 76, 352

British Museum, trustees direct excavation at Carchemish, 70

Bruce, James, 20

Brugsch, H., _History of Egypt_, 76;
inscription at Elephantine, 305

Brünnow, R., studies in the Mitanni language, 71;
explorations in Edom, 88

Bubastis, capital of Shishak dynasty, 31

Bulghar-Maden, Hittite remains at, 70

Burckhardt, J. L., explorations in Palestine, 85

Burial customs, 180

Burnaburiash, 60

Burnouf, Eugène, 50

Butler, H. C., explorations in Syria, 102, note;
excavations at Sardis, 228

Cab, 158

Cain, list of descendants, 269

Cairo, 17, 19

Calah, made capital of Assyria, 60

Calendar, 138

Calvary, site of, 211

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, 32;
extends power of Persia, 66

Canaanites, migration of the, 109

Capernaum, identification of, 98

Caphtor, home of the Philistines, 115, 116

Captivity, Babylonian, 65

Carchemish, excavations at, 70;
alliance with Assyria, 81

Carthaginian law regarding sacrifices, 342

Cataracts of the Nile, 18

Cave-dwellers, 142, 187

Caves of the stone age, 104

Chaldæan Empire, 65

Champollion, Jean François (Le Jeune), 21, 22

Chaplin, Thomas, description of weight from Samaria, 160

Charles, B. B., explorations in Asia Minor, 70;
_Travels and Studies in the Nearer East_, 73

Châteaubriand, explorations in Palestine, 85

Chedorlaomer, 295

Cheops, 25

Child sacrifice, 172

Chisels, 152

Chosroes II, captures Jerusalem, 122

Christian Nubians, 39

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 211

Churches of Asia, 221

Cistern burial, 180

Cities, topography of Palestinian, 123;
situated near springs, 186

City gates, 129

Clark, Herbert, 160

Clay, A. T., _Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection_, 384

Clermont-Ganneau, explorations in Palestine, 88, 89, 198;
Moabite Stone, 363

Code of Hammurapi, 313

Coins, 162;
Roman, 165

“Columbarium,” 182

Combs, 156

Conder, Lieut.-Col. C. R., _The Hittites and Their Language_, 72;
survey of Palestine, 88

Constantine, interest in holy places, 84, 85, 122

Constantinople, tablets hoarded in, 48

Cor (Homer), 158

Corinth, 220

Corners, considered sacred, 128

Cossæans, see _Kassites_.

Creation, epic of, 235;
comparison with first chapter of Genesis, 247;
second account of, found at Babylon, 255;
compared with second chapter of Genesis, 256

Creation and flood, account of, from Nippur, 278

Cremation, 179

Crœsus, temple of, 223;
wealth of, 227;
overthrown by Cyrus the Great, 163, 383

Cromlech (heap of stones), 104

Cros, Gaston, explorations of, 45

Crucifixion, site of the, 211

“Cuneiform” characters, origin of, 56

Curtis, Samuel Ives, discovery at Petra, 102

Cybele, worship of, 226;
temple of, 228

Cyprus, seal of Sargon found in, 57

Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian empire, 32;
conquests of, 66;
overthrows Crœsus, 163, 383;
captures Sardis, 227;
inscription of, 385

Dalman, Gustaf II., explorations in Petra, 88

Damascus, 213, 248, 369

Danaoi, migration of, 115

Daniel, book of, 384

Daonos (Daos), 271

Daphne, 38

Darics, 163

Darius I, rule in Egypt, 32;
inscriptions of, 48;
extends power of Persia, 66;
coinage of, 163

Darius the Mede, 384

David, conquests of, 117, 118;
captures Jebus, 188;
Tower of, 206

Decapolis, description of, 213

Delitzsch, Friedrich, development of Hittite grammar, 74

_Deutscher Palästina-Verein_, 96

Dilmun, 283

Dion, 216

Domazewsky, Alfred von, explorations in Edom, 88

Domestic animals, 138

Doorway tombs, 182

Dor, excavations at, 117

_Drachma_, 165

Drovetti, M., collection of, 22

Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil II, 81

Dûdu, 304

Dulcimer, 155

Dumuzi, 271

Dung Gate, 202

Dungi, King of Babylonia, 58

Dushratta, a king of Mitanni, 69;
two El-Amarna letters from, 71;
contemporary with Amenophis IV, 77;
death of, 78

“Dynastic tablets,” 52

Ea, 260

Eannatum, King of Lagash, 56

Early Assyrian period, 60

Early Babylonian period, 59

Earth-graves, 181

Ebed-Ashera, Amorite king, 113

Ebed-Hepa, 187;
letters of, 345;
history of, 349

Ecbatana, visited by Rawlinson, 50

Ecclesiastes, parallel to, 412

Ecclesiasticus, 203

Eclipse at Nineveh, 51

Egypt, the land, 17;
history of, 21, 23;
division of, 24;
Roman period, 33;
Hyksos invasion of, 34;
period of the Oppression and the Exodus, 35;
Jewish colony in, 387;
psalms from, 402;
parallels to Song of Songs from, 413;
social conscience in, 418;
wisdom literature of, 421

Elam, invasion of, during reign of Kurigalzu, 59

El-Amarna letters, 35, 60;
from Dushratta, 69;
Palestinian cities mentioned in, 112;
source of information regarding Jerusalem, 187;
selections from, 303;
from Rib-Adda of Gebal, 344;
from Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem, 345;
reflecting conditions in Palestine, 348

Elamites, subjugated by Eannatum, 56;
invade Babylonia, 60

Elephantine, papyri discovered at, 37, 387

El-Gib, 130

Elisha’s Fountain, 98

“Eloquent Peasant, The,” 28, 418

El-Wad, 185

Eni-Teshub, King of Carchemish, 81

Enlil, 279;
see also _Bel_.

Enmeduranki, King of Sippar, 266, 271

Enmeirgan, 267

Enmenunna, 267

Enoch, identified with Etana, 266

Enosh, 267

En-rogel, 186

Enrolment of Quirinius, 432

Entemena, successor of Eannatum, 57

Enu-ilu, King of Hamath, 82

Ephah, 158

Ephesus, 221

Ephraim, gate of, 202

Epic of creation, text of, 235

Epiphanius, on measures, 158, 159

Epistles, archæological light on the, 440

“Eponym Canon,” 359

“Eponym Lists,” 51

Erech, exploration at, 44, 47;
dynasties of, 54;
founding of, 55

Eridu, 55, 283

Esarhaddon, invasion of Egypt, 31;
succeeds Sennacherib, 64;
money in reign of, 163;
kings conquered by, 378

Eski Hissar, 230

Etana, 266;
identified with Abel, 270

Etruscans, relation to Lydians, 227

Euedorachos, 271

Eumenes I, 224

Euphrates river, 40

Eusebius, _Chronicon_ of, 21;
list of Palestinian names, 85, 133

Evil-Merodach (Amil-Marduk), 66;
inscription of, 381

Exile, Babylonian, 65;
termination of, 382

Eye-paint, 156

Eyuk, Hittite monuments at, 78

Ezekiel, 65

Fahl, 216

Famine, the seven years of, 305

Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit, 258

Feeding-bottles, 150

Fibulæ, 156

Files, 153

Fish Gate, 199

Fish-hooks, 154

Flesh-hooks, 151

Flood, Babylonian account of, 273;
comparison with the Biblical account of, 277;
second Babylonian account of, 277

Forks, 151

Foundation sacrifices, 128

Fountain Gate, 202

Fraktin, Hittite remains at, 70

Fruits, 136

“Furnaces, Tower of the,” 202

Gadara, 216

Gallio, 439

Galumum, 266

Gate, see _descriptive name_.

Gateways, 129

Gath (Tell es-Safi), 91;
walls of, 124

Gebal, excavations at, 117

Gebel Fureidis, 121, 131

Gennath, gate of, 211

Genouillac, H. de, exploration at Ukhaimir, 48

Gerasa, topography of, 123, 216

Gerizim, Mount, 119

Germer-Durand, Père, 159

Gethsemane, Garden of, 137, 210

Gezer, excavations at, 92;
caves at, 104;
walls of, 109, 124;
besieged by Merneptah, 115;
captured by the Hebrews, 117;
gates of, 129;
pottery at, 142, 145;
weights found at, 160;
sanctuary at, 167;
high place of, 169;
temple at, 175;
tombs at, 179

Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite remains at, 70

Gibeon, water supply of, 130

Gihon, springs at, 87, 186;
caves at, 101, 106

Gilgal (menhirs set in a circle), 104;
burial in, 180

Gilgamesh, epic, 256

Glassware, 150

Gobryas, 384

Golgotha, site of, 211

Gordon, Gen. C. E., suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211

Granaries, 134

Green, William Henry, 269

Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt, discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428

Griffith, F. L., 39

Grinding, 135

Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, interpretation of inscriptions found at
Persepolis, 49

Gudea, ruler at Lagash, 58;
rebuilds Eninnû, 358

Guérin. H. V., explorations in Palestine, 86

Gurun, Hittite remains at, 70

Guthe, H., excavations in Jerusalem, 96

Gutium, dynasty of, 54;
hordes from, overrun Babylonia, 58

Gyges, dynasty of, 163

Habiri, 113, 188, 349

Hadrian, restores Jerusalem under name of Ælia Capitolina, 212

Haggai, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118

Hamadan (Ecbatana), visited by Rawlinson, 50

Hamath, Hittite kingdom at, 81;
overthrow of, 371

Hammeah, tower of, 202

Hammers, 153

Hammurapi, laws of, 47;
King of Larsa, 53, 58;
conqueror of Babylonia, 59;
conquest of the “west land,” 108;
identified with Amraphel, 294;
code of, 313

Hananel, tower of, 202

Hananiah, Passover letter of, 390

Haran, possibly a Hittite capital, 77

Haretat IV, Nabathæan king, 174;
besieges Jerusalem, 205;
inscription regarding, 442

Harper, Robert, exploration in Babylonia, 47

Harps, 155

Harri, become part of Subbiluliuma’s kingdom, 78

Hasmonæans, see _Asmonæans_.

Hattusil I, King of Boghaz Koi, 78

Hattusil II, successor of Mutallu, 69, 80

Hawara, 28

Haynes, John H., Babylonian explorations of, 46

Head, B. V., date of ancient coins, 162

Hebrews, migration of, 116

Hebron, possessed by the Hittites, 76

Helena, mother of Constantine, 211

Helena of Adiabene, tomb of, 183

Heliopolis, 35

Hens, 139

Herod Agrippa I, 121

Herod the Great, rebuilds the Jewish temple, 121;
capture of Rabbah Ammon, 130;
coinage of, 165;
building in Jerusalem, 205

Herodotus, on early navigation, 32;
on wars between Egypt and Assyria, 32;
comparison with 2 Kings, 376

Hezekiah, threatened by Sennacherib, 63, 374;
improvements made by, 198

High places, 167

Hill, G. F., on Palestinian coins, 164

Hilprecht, Herman V., Babylonian explorations of, 46

Hin, 158

Hincks, Edward, 50

Hinnom, valley of, 185, 199

Hippacus, tower of, 206, 212

Hippos, 215

Hittites, invade Babylonia, 59;
monuments of, 68;
theories concerning, 68;
ethnology of, 74;
history of, 75

Hoes, 134

Homer, _The Odyssey_, 79

Homer, a measure, 158

Hophra, lures Judah to destruction, 32;
palace of, at Memphis, 37

Horam, King of Gezer, 117

Horites, 106

Horse, domestication of the, 74

Horse Gate, 202

Hoshea, rebels against Assyria, 62, 369

Houses in ancient Palestine, 126

Howe, Fisher, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211

Hull, Edward, geological survey of the valley of the Dead Sea, 89

Human sacrifice, 172

Hunt, A. S., discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428

Huntington, Ellsworth, 95

Hyksos, invasion of Egypt, 28, 34, 110;
possibly Hittites, 75

Hystaspes, father of Darius, 49

Ilu-bidi (Yau-bidi), 82

Ilumailu, founder of the second dynasty of Babylon, 59

Ilu-shumma, King of Assyria, 52

Ina-uzni-erêsu, 267

Ipuwer, Egyptian sage, 421

Irad, 270

Irhulina, King of Hamath, 82

Ishmi-Dagan, 52

Ishtar, on coins, 163;
Babylonian prayer to, 399

Israel, the northern kingdom, 118

Ivriz, Hittite remains at, 70

Jacob, historical study of the name, 299

Jacobel, 111, 112

Jars, 142

Jebus, 188

Jehoahaz, deposed by Necho, 32

Jehoash, breaks wall of Jerusalem, 196

Jehoiachin, imprisoned by Nebuchadrezzar, 66

Jehoiakim, rebellion of, 65

Jehu, pays tribute to Shalmaneser III, 61

Jensen, Peter, studies in the Hittite and the Mitanni languages, 71

Jerabis, site of ancient Carchemish, Hamath, etc., 71, 72

Jerash, temple at, 178;
ruins at, 217

Jericho, excavations at, 98;
walls of, 109;
capture of, 117;
topography of, 123;
area of, 125;
remains of buildings, 127

Jeroboam, 30;
name on seal, 359

Jerome, _Onomasticon_, 85, 133

Jerusalem, sieges and destruction of, 65;
captured by Orodes I, 120;
besieged by Pompey, 120;
destroyed by Titus, 121;
captured by the Persians, 122;
passes under Mohammedan control, 122;
area of, 126;
water supply of, 130;
rock altar at, 168;
topography of, 185;
in the time of Solomon, 190;
destruction of, by Nebuchadrezzar, 199;
walls of, rebuilt, 202;
capture of, by Ptolemy I, 203;
during the Asmonæan period, 204;
construction during reign of Agrippa I, 212

Jesus, in the Decapolis, 218;
reputed sayings of, found in Egypt, 428

Jewish colony in Egypt, 387

Joab, captures Rabbah, 217

Job, Babylonian parallel to, 392

John Hyrcanus, conquers Samaria and Edom, 100, 120;
coinage of, 165;
builds palace in Jerusalem, 204;
supplies Jerusalem with water, 205

John Hyrcanus II, 120

Johns, C. H. W., 163

Jordan, Julius, exploration at Warka, 47

Joseph, texts bearing on story of, 33, 303;
historical study of the name, 300

Josephel, 111, 112

Josephus, story of Onias, 38;
on measures, 158

Joshua, conquest of Palestine, 117

Jovanoff, Alexander, numismatist of Constantinople, 70

Judah, the southern kingdom, 118

Judas Maccabæus, 119

Judges, period of, 352

Justus, house of, 221

Kadashman-turgu, 60

Kadesh, battle at, 80

Kadesh-Barnea, identification of, disputed, 95

Kalah-Sherghat, exploration at, 47

Kanatha, 215

Kara-Bel, Hittite remains at, 70

Karaburna, Hittite remains at, 70

Kara Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70

Karaindash, King of Babylon, 53, 60

Karanog, exploration of, 39

Kara Su, 69

Karnak, temple of, 37

Kassites, invade Babylonia, 59;
migration of the, 109

Kenan, 267

Keys, 151

Khafre, 26

Khartum, 18

Khattu land, name given to Hittite settlement in Cappadocia, 75

_Kheta_, see _Hittites_.

Khnum, 305

Khufu (Cheops), 25

Kidron, valley of, 185

King list of Karnak, etc., 22

Kings, books of, archæological light on, 358

King’s Gardens, 189

Kish, exploration at, 48;
dynasty of, 54

Kitchener, H. H., Major and Lord, survey of Palestine, 88;
surveys in Arabia, 89

Kizil Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70

Klein, F. A., 363

Knives, 152

Knudtzon, J. A., _Die El-Amarna Tafeln_, 303

_Kok_ (shaft), 182

Koldewey, Robert, Babylonian exploration, 46, 65

Kudur-Mabug, 295

Kugler, Franz Xaver, astronomical calculation relating to Assyrian
chronology, 53

Kukukumal, 297

Kummukh, Hittite kingdom, 82

Kurigalzu, invasion of Elam during reign of, 59

Labyrinth, 28

Lachish, excavations at, 89;
walls of, 124

Lagash, 47;
founding of, 55;
colonists from, found Ashur, 47, 60

Lamartine, A. M., explorations in Palestine, 85

Lamech, 267

Lamentation for Tammuz, 426

Lamp-stands, 151

Langdon, Stephen, _Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of
Man_, 283

Laodicea, 230

Larsa, kings of, 53;
divided power with Nisin, 58

Lassen, Christian, 50

Lawrence, T. E., explorations in the wilderness of Zin, 95

Layard, Austen Henry, explorations of, 43;
discoveries at Nineveh, 64, 71

Lebanon, copper from, 58

Leontopolis, Jewish temple at, 38

_Lepton_, 165

Letters from Palestine, 344

Leviticus, alleged parallel to, 342

Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, 64

Liverpool, University of, directs Hittite exploration, 70

Loftus, William Kennett, explorations of, 44

Log, 158

Lotan, 109

Lowenstern, Isidore, 50

Lugaldaudu, statue of, 48;
King of Adab, 57

Lugalzaggisi, 54, 57

Lydia, origin of coinage in (?), 163;
kingdom of, 226

Lynch, Lieut. W. F., explorations in Palestine, 86

Lyon, D. G., excavations at Samaria, 100

Lyres, 155

Macalister, Alexander, anatomist, 105

Macalister, R. A. Stewart, excavations at Gezer, 92;
conjecture regarding walls of Gezer, 124

Maccabæan period, 203

Maccabees, 119

MacIver, R., exploration at Karanog, 39

Mackenzie, Duncan, excavations at Bethshemesh, 94

Magan, conquered by Naram-Sin, 57;
quarries at, 58

Magdol, 34

Mana, 160

Manasseh, vassal of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, 64

Manetho, Egyptian priest, 21

Manishtusu, King of Kish, 47

Manissia, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 77, 79

Marash, Hittite remains at, 70, 92

Marduk, central figure in Babylonian creation epic, 247

Marduk and Zarpanit, feast of, 258

Marduknadinakhi, King of Babylon, 51, 52

Margolis, Max L., meaning of _Pim_, 161

Mars’ Hill, 220

Masterman, E. W. G., estimate of Parker’s excavations, 101

Mattiuaza, made king of the Mitanni, 78

“Maudsley’s Scarp,” 90, 191

Measures, 158

Medeba, taken by Omri, 365

Megalaros, 271

Megiddo, battle of, 32;
excavations at, 96;
wall of, 109;
topography of, 123;
area of, 126;
remains of buildings, 128;
gates of, 129;
rock altar at, 168;
temple at, 176;
seal found at, 359

Melamkish, 267

Memphis, capital of Egypt, 27

Mena, accession of, 23;
reign of, 25

Menahem, 62

Menant, Joachim, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Menhir (stone columns), 104;
burial in, 180

Menkaure, 26

_Men-nofer_, 27

Merneptah, successor of Ramses II, 30;
Pharaoh of the Exodus, 37;
siege of Gezer, 114, 115;
pillar of, 311

Merodachbaladan, takes the throne of Babylon, 63;
relations with Hezekiah, 377

Meroe, 32, 39

Merrill, Selah, explorations in Palestine, 86

Meruitensi, 420

Meselim, King of Kish, 56

Mesha, King of Moab, 170, 363

Meskingashir, 267

Mesopotamian Valley, 40

Messerschmidt, L., studies in the Mitanni language, 72

Methuselah, 267

Meyer, Edward, accession of Mena, 23;
origin of the Philistines, 357

Meyer, Rudolph, map of Palestine, 86

Middle Kingdom, period of (Egypt), 27

Migdol, 34

Miletus, 222

Millo, 189, 190

Millstones, 136

Mina, 160

Mitanni, 69;
kingdom of, 77

Mite, coin, 165

Moabite Stone, 363

Mohammedans, prevail in Palestine, 122

Money, 162

Monoliths, at Gezer, 170

Mordtmann, A. D., account of Hittite inscriptions, 70

Moresheth-Gath (Marash), 70, 92

Morgan, J. de, exploration at Susa, 47, 313

Moriah, Mount, 168;
site of the temple, 192

Mortars, 136

Mosaic Code, not borrowed from the Babylonians, 340

Mosque of Omar, 168

Moulton, W. J., 100

Mount, see _descriptive name_.

Mukês, 216

Müller, W. Max, origin of the Hittites, 69

Mursil, successor of Arandas, 79;
makes treaty with the Amorites, 80;
death of, 80

Mutallu, successor of Mursil, 80

Mutu-elu, 267

Mutu-ša-elu, 267

Mutu-šalal-eqla, 267

Nabathæans, 174

Nabopolassar, 65

Nabuna’id, King of Babylon, 54, 55;
inscriptions of, 382

Nails, 153

Names, Sumerian, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268

Napata, 31

Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt, 20

Naram-Sin, 54, 57

Naville, E., excavation of Pithom, 35

Nebuchadrezzar I, King of Babylon, 60

Nebuchadrezzar II, defeats Necho, 32, 65;
destroys Jerusalem, 199;
inscriptions of, 379

Necho, 32, 65, 379

Necklaces, 156

Needles, 151

Nehemiah, rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, 202

Nehushtan, 171

Neo-Babylonian period, 65

Neolithic implements, 103

Nicanor’s gate, 210

Niebuhr, Carsten, inscriptions at Persepolis, 49

Nile, 17

Nineveh, explored by Botta, Place, and Layard, 43;
by Rassam and Loftus, 44;
by George Smith, 45;
eclipse at, 51;
Ashurbanipal’s library at, 64

Ninkharsag, 279, 289

Nippur, exploration of, 46;
founding of, 55;
account of creation and flood discovered at, 278;
account of the origin of a city and the beginning of agriculture, 283

Nisin, 53, 54, 58

Noah, 268, 287

Nomes, divisions of Egypt, 24

Noph, 27

Norden, F. L., 19

Nubians, Christian, 39

Nuffar, exploration of, 46

Odoric, 49

_Odyssey, The_, referred to, 79

Old Gate, 202

Olive-presses, 137

Olives, Mount of, 211

Olmstead, A. T., explorations in Asia Minor, 70

Omar, Mosque of, 168

Omer, 158

Omri, 100, 365, 366

On, 35;
priest of, founder of fifth dynasty, 26

Onias, 38

_Onomasticon_, by Jerome, 85, 133

Ophel, excavations on, 102;
topography of, 123

Opis, dynasty of, 54

Oppert, Jules, explorations of, 44, 50

_Orient-Gesellschaft_, Babylonian exploration, 46

Ornaments, personal, 156

Ornan, 168

Orodes I, King of Parthia, 120

Osorkon II, 30

Otiartes, 271

Ovens, 149

Oxyrhynchus, papyri from, 39, 428

Paine, John A., explorations in Palestine, 86

Palaces of ancient Palestine, 127

Palæolithic implements, 103

“Palermo Stone,” 22

Palestine, physical geography of, 83;
Mohammedans invade, 122

Palestine Exploration Fund, 87

Papyri, discovered at Elephantine, 37;
at Oxyrhynchus, 39, 428

Papyrus Ebers, 23

Parchment, origin of the word, 224

Parker, Capt., the Hon. Montague, excavations in Jerusalem, 101

Parthia, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67

Pashe dynasty, succeeds the Kassite dynasty, 60

Paton, L. B., excavations in Jerusalem, 100

Patriarchs before the flood, 264

Paul, scene of his missionary activity, 219

_Payim_, 161

Peiser, F. E., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

Pekah, 62, 369

Peleset (Philistines), 356

Pella, 114, 216

Pentateuch, Code of Hammurapi compared with, 313;
laws of, not borrowed from Babylonia, 340

Perfume-boxes, 156

Pergamum, 222, 224

Persepolis, inscriptions at, 49

Persia, languages of ancient, 48

Persian period of Babylonia, 66

Persians, dominant in Palestine, 122

Pesibkhenno II, 30

Peters, John P., Babylonian explorations of, 45;
discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102

Petra, 173, 174

Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, excavation at Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 34,
38;
discovery of Raamses, 36;
of Hophra’s palace, 37;
excavation at Tell Defenneh, 38;
at Lachish, 89;
_Egyptian Tales_, 302

Phæstos, disc discovered at, 115, 357

Pharaoh of the Exodus, 30, 311

Philadelphia, 123, 217, 228

Philadelphus, 33

Philetærus, King of Pergamum, 224

Philip, son of Herod the Great, 121

Philistia, 83

Philistines, migration of, 115;
civilization of, 117;
Ramses III, reference to, 356;
Meyer’s opinion of origin, 357

Phœnicians, weight standards of, 160

Pilate, Pontius, 121

Pilikam, 267, 271

Pillar of Merneptah, 311

Pillars, at Tell es-Safi, 169;
at Taanach, 173

_Pim_, 161

Pinches, Theophilus G., tablets from Erech, 384

“Pipe,” musical instrument, 155

Pithom, 34, 35

Place, Victor, explorations of, 43

Plows, 134

Pococke, R., 19

Poebel, Arno, 54, 267, 271, 278

Politarchs, of Thessalonica, 438

Pompey, siege of Jerusalem, 120, 205

Pool of Bethesda, 210

Pools of Solomon, 131

Potiphar, 34

Pottery, 141

Pre-Babylonian period, 56

Prophets, character of the Hebrew, 417

Proverbs, parallels to book of, 407

Psalms, from Babylonia and Egypt, 398

Psammetik I, 31

Psammetik II, 387

Psephinus, tower of, 212

Ptahhotep, precepts of, 409

Ptolemaic period, 32

Ptolemy I, captures Jerusalem, 203

Ptolemy, Claudius, king list compiled by, 51

Ptolemy Lagi, 33, 119

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 33

Puchstein, Otto, discoveries at Boghaz Koi, 70

Pul, 61

Pumpelly, Raphael, explorations in Turkestan, 74

Put-akhi, Amorite king, 80

Pyramids, 25

Qarqar, 61

_Quadrans_, 165

Quirinius, archæological light on enrolment of, 432

Raamses, built by the Israelites, 35

Rabbah Ammon, rebuilt and renamed by Philadelphus, 33;
topography of, 123;
site of Philadelphia, 217

Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, view of Quirinius’ enrolment, 434

Ramses II, 29, 35, 69;
treaty with Hattusil, 69;
conquests in northern Syria, 80;
Palestinian rule of, 114

Ramses III, 30, 115

Ramses IV, IX, XII, 30

Raphana, 215

Rassam, Hormuzd, explorations of, 44, 45, 64

Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., explorations of, 44, 50, 51

Rehoboam, 30;
opposed by Shishak, 118

Reisner, G. A., excavations at Samaria, 100

Renan, Ernest, explorations in Palestine, 86

Rephaim, 104

Reservoirs, 130

Retenu (Lotan), 109

Rich, Claude James, explorations of, 42