Chapter I: Part II: Systematic Palaeontology

Chap. V.--Fossil Plants 82

" VI.--Fossil Foraminifera and Radiolaria 95

" VII.--Fossil Sponges, Corals and Graptolites 107

" VIII.--Fossil Starfishes, Sea-lilies and Sea-urchins 133

" IX.--Fossil Worms, Sea-mats and Lamp-shells 152

" X.--Fossil Shell-fish 174

" XI.--Fossil Trilobites, Crustacea and Insects 220

" XII.--Fossil Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals 257

Appendix.--Notes on Collecting and Preserving Fossils 315

Index 321

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. Page

1. Fossil Shells in clay 22

2. Tracks, probably of Crustaceans 22

3. Structure of Silicified Wood in tangential section:
_Araucarioxylon Daintreei_, Chapm. 24

4. Portrait of William Smith 26

5. Raised Beach: Brighton, England 28

6. Raised Beach: Torquay, Victoria 28

7. Marine Fossils in Volcanic Tuff: Summit of Snowdon 29

8. Kitchen Middens: Torquay, Victoria 30

9. Submerged Forest on the Cheshire Coast 30

10. _Pecten murrayanus_, Tate. A fossil shell allied to
a living species 32

11. Cliff section: Torquay, Victoria 42

12. Diagram of superposition of Strata 42

13. Diagram of the Range-in-time of Australasian Fossils 50

14. _Diprotodon_ skeletons in situ: Lake Callabonna, S. Australia 51

15. Bird remains on sand dunes: King Island, Bass Strait 52

16. Impression of Bird's feather in Ironstone: Western Victoria 52

17. A Fossil Turtle: _Notochelone costata_, Owen sp. 52

18. A Ganoid Fish: _Pristisomus crassus_, A. S. Woodward 54

19. A fossil Insect in amber (_Tipula sp._) 54

20. A fossil Crustacean: _Thalassina emerii_, Bell 55

21. An Ammonite: _Desmoceras flindersi_, McCoy sp. 55

22. Belemnites: _Belemnites diptycha_, McCoy 56

23. A Group of Lamp-shells: _Magellania flavescens_, Lam. sp. 56

24. Zoarium of a living Polyzoan: _Retepora_ sp. 58

25. A fossil Polyzoan: _Macropora clarkei_, T. Woods sp. 58

26. Fossil Worm-tubes: (?) _Serpula_ 60

27. A living Sea-urchin: _Strongylocentrotus erythrogrammus_, Val. 60

28. A fossil Sea-urchin: _Linthia antiaustrails_, Tate 60

29. A fossil Brittle-Star: _Ophioderma egertoni_, Brod. sp. 60

30. A fossil Crinoid: _Taxocrinus simplex_, Phillips sp. 62

31. Graptolites on Slate: _Tetragraptus fruticosus_, J. Hall sp. 62

32. A Stromatoporoid: _Actinostroma_ 63

33. Corals in Devonian Marble: _Favosites_ 64

34. Siliceous Skeleton of a living Sponge: (?) _Chonelasma_ 64

35. Spicules of a fossil Sponge: _Ecionema newberyi_, McCoy sp. 65

36. Nummulites: _N. gizehensis_, Ehr. var. _champollioni_, De
la Harpe 65

37. Cainozoic Radiolaria 66

38. Radiolaria in Siliceous Limestone 67

39. Travertin Limestone, with leaves of Beech (_Fagus_) 67

40. Freshwater Limestone with shells (_Bulinus_) 68

41. Hardened mudstone with Brachiopods (_Orthis_, etc.) 69

42. Diatomaceous Earth 72

43. _Lepidocyclina_ Limestone 73

44. Coral in Limestone: _Favosites grandipora_, Eth. fil. 74

45. Crinoidal Limestone 74

46. Turritella Limestone 75

47. Ostracodal Limestone 75

48. _Halimeda_ Limestone 77

49. Tasmanite: a Spore Coal 77

50. Kerosene Shale 77

51. Bone Bed 77

52. Bone Breccia 79

53. Cainozoic Ironstone with Leaves (_Banksia_) 80

54. _Girvanella conferta_, Chapm., in Silurian Limestone 83

55. Palaeozoic Plants 83

56. Restoration of _Lepidodendron_ 84

57. Stem of _Lepidodendron (Lepidophloios)_, showing leaf-scars 84

58. Upper Palaeozoic Plants 85

59. Map of Gondwana-Land 87

60. Mesozoic Plants 88

61. Cainozoic Plants 90

62. Eucalyptus leaves from the Deep Leads 92

63. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Foraminifera 97

64. _Lepidocyclina marginata_, Mich. sp. Sections of shell
showing structure 99

65. Cainozoic Foraminifera 100

66. Fossil Radiolaria 103

67. Palaeozoic Sponges and Archaeocyathinae 108

68. Cainozoic Sponges 111

69. Silurian Corals 111

70. Upper Palaeozoic Corals 116

71. Cainozoic Corals 118

72. Stromatoporoidea and Cladophora 121

73. Lower Ordovician Graptolites 125

74. Lower Ordovician Graptolites 125

75. Upper Ordovician and Silurian Graptolites 127

76. Fossil Crinoids 135

77. Fossil Starfishes 140

78. _Protaster brisingoides_, Gregory, in Silurian Sandstone 142

79. _Gregoriura spryi_, Chapm., in Silurian Mudstone 143

80. Cainozoic Sea-urchins 145

81. Cainozoic Sea-urchins 147

82. Fossil Worms 153

83. Palaeozoic Polyzoa 156

84. Cainozoic Polyzoa 157

85. Lower Palaeozoic Brachiopods 159

86. Silurian and Devonian Brachiopods 161

87. Carbopermian Brachiopods 163

88. Mesozoic Brachiopods 165

89. Cainozoic Brachiopods 167

90. Lower Palaeozoic Bivalves 176

91. Palaeozoic Bivalves 179

92. Carbopermian Bivalves 180

93. Lower Mesozoic Bivalves 181

94. Cretaceous Bivalves 183

95. Cainozoic Bivalves 185

96. Cainozoic Bivalves 186

97. Fossil Scaphopods and Chitons 188

98. Lower Palaeozoic Gasteropoda 192

99. Silurian Gasteropoda 194

100. Upper Palaeozoic Gasteropoda 195

101. Mesozoic Gasteropoda 197

102. Cainozoic Gasteropoda 199

103. Cainozoic Gasteropoda 200

104. Late Cainozoic and Pleistocene Gasteropoda 201

105. Palaeozoic Cephalopoda 206

106. Mesozoic and Cainozoic Cephalopoda 208

107. Diagram restoration of an Australian Trilobite (_Dalmanites_) 224

108. Cambrian Trilobites 226

109. Older Silurian Trilobites 228

110. Newer Silurian Trilobites 230

111. Carboniferous Trilobites and a Phyllopod 232

112. Silurian Ostracoda 236

113. Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ostracoda 238

114. Cainozoic Ostracoda 239

115. Fossil Cirripedes 242

116. Cirripedes. _Lepas anatifera_, Linn.: living goose
barnacle, and _L. pritchardi_, Hall: Cainozoic 242

117. _Ceratiocaris papilio_, Salter 244

118. Ordovician Phyllocarids 245

119. Silurian Phyllocarids 245

120. Fossil Crabs and Insects 247

121. Silurian Eurypterids 249

122. _Thyestes magnificus_, Chapm. 259

123. _Gyracanthides murrayi_, A. S. Woodw. Restoration 260

124. Teeth and Scales of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Fishes 260

125. _Cleithrolepis granulatus_, Egerton 263

126. Tooth of _Ceratodus avus_, A. S. W., and phalangeal
of a carnivorous Deinosaur 264

127. Scale of _Ceratodus ? avus_ 265

128. The Queensland Lung-fish: _Neoceratodus forsteri_, Krefft 266

129. _Leptolepis gregarius_, A. S. W. 266

130. Cretaceous and Cainozoic Fish-teeth 268

131. Cainozoic Fish remains 270

132. _Bothriceps major_, A. S. W. 273

133. _Ichthyosaurus australis_, McCoy 277

134. Fossil Reptiles 278

135. Impression of Bird's feather, magnified, Cainozoic: Victoria 281

136. _Cnemiornis calcitrans_, Owen 284

137. _Dinornis maximus_, Owen. Great Moa 284

138. _Pachyornis elephantopus_, Owen 285

139. Skeleton of _Sarcophilus ursinus_, Harris sp. 288

140. Skull of fossil specimen of _Sarcophilus ursinus_ 288

141. _Thylacinus major_, Owen. Hind part of mandible 289

142. _Phascolomys pliocenus_, McCoy. Mandible 290

143. Cainozoic Teeth and Otolith 291

144. Skeleton of _Diprotodon australis_, Owen 291

145. Right hind foot of _Diprotodon australis_ 292

146. Restoration of _Diprotodon australis_ 292

147. Skull and mandible of _Thylacoleo carnifex_, Owen 293

148. _Wynyardia bassiana_, Spencer 294

149. Tooth of _Scaldicetus macgeei_, Chapm. 297

150. Impressions of footprints in dune sand-rock, Warrnambool 301

Map of Australia, showing chief fossiliferous localities.