Chapter IX: FOSSIL WORMS, SEA-MATS and LAMP-SHELLS

The first-named group, the ringed worms, belong to the phylum Annelida, so-called because of the ring-like structure of their bodies. The two remaining groups, the Polyzoa or Sea-mats and the Brachiopods or Lamp-shells, are comprised in the phylum Molluscoidea, or mollusc-like animals.

_WORMS (Annelida)._

=Annelida and their Fossil Representatives.--=

These animals, owing to the scarcity of hard parts within their bodies, play a rather insignificant role as a fossil group. Worms are laterally symmetrical animals, with a dorsal and a ventral surface. They are segmented, the body being formed of numerous rings. Only those of the Class Chaetopoda ("bristle-feet") are represented by identifiable fossil remains. Fossil worms, moreover, chiefly belong to the Order Polychaeta ("many bristles"). The horny jaws of these worms are sometimes found in the older rocks and are known as conodonts.

=Silurian Conodonts.--=

Conodonts belonging to three genera are known from Australia. They are all from the Silurian of the Bowning District, near Yass, New South Wales, and are referred to the genera _Eunicites_, _Oenonites_ and _Arabellites_.

A--Trachyderma crassituba, Chapm, Silurian. South Yarra, Vict.

B--Cornulites tasmanicus, Eth. fil. Silurian. Heazlewood, Tas.

C--Spirorbis ammonius, M. Edwards, var. truncata, Mid. Devonian.
Buchan, Victoria

D--Torlessia mackayi, Bather. ? Trias. Mt. Torlesse, N. Zealand.

]

=Palaeozoic Errant Worms.--=

The wandering Worms (Polychaeta errantia) are also recognised by their impressions, trails, borings and castings. Burrows formed by these worms are seen in _Arenicolites_, found in the Silurian sandstone of New South Wales, near Yass, and in the Carbopermian (Gympie Series) near Rockhampton, Queensland. The membranous-lined burrows of _Trachyderma_ (_T. crassituba_), occur in some abundance in the Silurian mudstones in the neighbourhood of Melbourne, Victoria (Fig. 82 A). The genus _Trachyderma_ is common also to Great Britain and Burmah, in beds of the same age.

=Worm Tracks.--=

Some of the curious markings on the Carboniferous sandstone of Mansfield, Victoria, may be due to worm trails and castings, especially since they are associated with sun-cracks and ripple-marks.

=Sedentary Worms.--=

The sedentary or tube-making Worms (Polychaeta tubicola) are represented by numerous forms. The long conical tube of _Cornulites tasmanicus_ is recorded from the Silurian of Zeehan, Tasmania (Fig. 82 B). _Spirorbis_ occurs in the Middle Devonian of Victoria (Fig. 82 C), and W. Australia, and also in the Carbopermian of W. Australia. _Torlessia_ is found in the Trias or Lower Jurassic of the province of Canterbury, New Zealand (Fig. 82 D). The genus _Serpula_ is widely distributed, occurring in the Carbopermian (Upper Jurassic Series), near East Maitland, New South Wales (_S. testatrix_), in the Jurassic of W. Australia (_S. conformis_), in the Lower Cretaceous of Wollumbilla, Queensland (_S. intestinalis_), and the Darling River, north west of New South Wales, (_S. subtrachinus_), as well as in Cainozoic deposits in Victoria (_S. ouyenensis_). _Ditrupa_ is very abundant in some shelly deposits of Janjukian age in Victoria.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.

The Sea-mats (Polyzoa) and the Lamp-shells (Brachiopoda) constitute a natural group, the MOLLUSCOIDEA, which, although unlike in outward form, have several physiological structures in common. The respiratory organs lie in front of the mouth, and are in the form of fleshy tentacles or spiral appendages. These animals are more nearly allied to the worms than to the molluscs.

_POLYZOA._

=Characters of Polyzoa.--=

These are almost exclusively marine forms, and are important as fossils. They form colonies (polypary or zoarium), and by their branching, foliaceous or tufty growth resemble sea-weeds. The cells in which the separate zoöids lived have peculiar characters of their own, which serve to distinguish the different genera.

=Subdivisions of Polyzoa.--=

Polyzoa are divided into the Sub-classes Phylactolaemata, in which the mouth of the zoöid has a lip, and the series of tentacles is horse-shoe shaped; and the Gymnolaemata, in which there is no lip to the mouth, and the tentacles form a complete circle. The first group forms its polypary of soft or horny material, which is not preserved fossil. The latter has a calcareous polypary, and is of much importance as a fossil group. This latter sub-class is further subdivided into the following Orders, viz.:--Trepostomata ("turned mouths"), Cryptostomata ("hidden mouths"), Cyclostomata ("round mouths"), and Cheilostomata ("lip mouths" furnished with a moveable operculum).

=Trepostomata (Palaeozoic).--=

The Order Trepostomata may include some genera as _Monticulipora_ and _Fistulipora_, previously referred to under the corals. They become extinct after Permian times. _Fistulipora_ occurs in certain Gippsland limestones.

A--Fenestella margaritifera, Chapm. Silurian. Near Yering, Vict.

B--Polypora australis, Hinde. Carbopermian. Gascoyne River, Western
Australia

C--Rhombopora tenuis, Hinde. Carbopermian. Gascoyne River, Western
Australia

D--Protoretepora ampla, Lonsdale sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W.

]

=Cryptostomata (Palaeozoic).--=

In the order Cryptostomata we have the genus _Rhombopora_ with its long, slender branches, which occurs in the Silurian of Victoria and the Carbopermian of Queensland and W. Australia (Fig. 83 C). Of this order a very important Australian genus is _Fenestella_, the funnel-shaped zoaria of which are found in the Silurian of Victoria and New South Wales, and also in the Carboniferous of the latter State. _Fenestella_ also occurs in the Carbopermian of W. Australia and Tasmania (Fig. 83 A). Accompanying the remains of _Fenestella_ in the Carbopermian rocks, and closely related to it, are found the genera _Protoretepora_ and _Polypora_ (Fig. 83 B, D).

Polyzoa have been noticed in Jurassic rocks in W. Australia, but no species have been described.

A--Lichenopora australis, MacGillivray. Balcombian. Hamilton, Victoria

B--Heteropora pisiformis, MacGillivray. Janjukian. Moorabool, Victoria

C--Cellaria australis, MacGillivray. Balcombian. Hamilton, Vict.

D--Selenaria cupola, T. Woods sp. Balcombian. Hamilton, Vict.

E--Lepralia elongata, MacGill. Balcombian. Hamilton, Victoria

]

=Cheilostomata (Cretaceous).--=

Species of the genera (?) _Membranipora_ and (?) _Lepralia_, belonging to the Cheilostomata, have been described from the Lower Cretaceous of the Darling River, New South Wales, and Wollumbilla, Queensland, respectively.

=Cainozoic Polyzoa.--=

A very large number of genera of the Polyzoa have been described from the Tertiary strata of South Australia and Victoria. Some of the principal of these are _Crisia_, _Idmonea_, _Stomatopora_, _Lichenopora_, _Hornera_, _Entalophora_ and _Heteropora_ of the order Cyclostomata; and _Catenicella_, _Cellaria_, _Membranipora_, _Lunulites_, _Selenaria_, _Macropora_, _Tessarodoma_, _Adeona_, _Lepralia_, _Bipora_, _Smittia_, _Porina_, _Cellepora_ and _Retepora_ of the order Cheilostomata. Many of these genera, and not a few Australian species, are found also in the Cainozoic or Tertiary beds of Orakei Bay, New Zealand (Fig. 84).

_BRACHIOPODA (Lamp-shells)._

=Brachiopods: Their Structure.--=

These are marine animals, and are enclosed in a bivalved shell. They differ, however, from true bivalves (Pelecypoda) in having the shell on the back and front of the body, instead of on each side as in the bivalved mollusca. Each valve is equilateral, but the valves differ from one another in that one is larger and generally serves to attach the animal to rocks and other objects of support by a stalk or pedicle. Thus the larger valve is called the pedicle valve and the smaller, on account of its bearing the calcareous supports for the brachia or arms, the brachial valve. Generally speaking, the shell of the valve is penetrated by numerous canals, which give the shell a punctate appearance. Some brachiopod shells, as _Atrypa_ and _Rhynchonella_, are, however, devoid of these.

A--Orthis (?) lenticularis, Wahlenberg. Up. Cambrian. Florentine
Valley, Tasmania

B--Siphonotreta maccoyi, Chapm. Up. Ordovician. Bulla, Vict.

C--Lingula yarraensis, Chapm. Silurian. South Yarra, Victoria

D--Orbiculoidea selwyni, Chapm. Silurian. Merri Creek, Victoria

E--Chonetes melbournensis, Chapm. Silurian. South Yarra, Vict.

F--Stropheodonta alata, Chapm. Silurian. Near Lilydale, Vict.

]

=Cambrian Brachiopods.--=

Brachiopods are very important fossils in Australasian rocks. They first appear in Cambrian strata, as for example, in the Florentine Valley, in Tasmania, where we find _Orthis lenticularis_ (Fig. 85 A). In Victoria, near Mount Wellington, in the mountainous region of N.E. Gippsland, _Orthis platystrophioides_ is found in a grey limestone. In South Australia the grey Cambrian limestone of Wirrialpa contains the genus _Huenella_ (_H. etheridgei_). This genus is also found in the Middle and Upper Cambrian of N. America.

=Ordovician Brachiopods.--=

Coming to Ordovician rocks, the limestones of the Upper Finke Basin in South Australia contain _Orthis leviensis_ and _O. dichotomalis_. The Victorian mudstone at Heathcote may be of Ordovician age or even older; it has afforded a limited fauna of brachiopods and trilobites, amongst the former being various species of _Orthis_, _Chonetes_, and _Siphonotreta_. The latter genus is represented in both the Lower and Upper Ordovician rocks of slaty character in Victoria (Fig. 85 B).

=Silurian Brachiopods.--=

The Silurian system in Australasia as in Europe, N. America and elsewhere, is very rich in brachiopod life. It is impossible to enumerate even all the genera in a limited work like the present, the most typical only being mentioned.

In New Zealand the palaeozoic fauna is at present imperfectly worked out, but the following genera from the Wangapekian (Silurian) have been identified, viz., _Chonetes_, _Stricklandinia_, _Orthis_, _Wilsonia_, _Atrypa_, and _Spirifer_. The specific identification of these forms with European types is still open to question, but the species are undoubtedly closely allied to some of those from Great Britain and Scandinavia.

The Victorian Silurian Brachiopods are represented by the horny-shelled _Lingula_, the conical _Orbiculoidea_, a large species of _Siphonotreta_, _Stropheodonta_ (with toothed hinge-line), _Strophonella_, _Chonetes_ (with hollow spines projecting from the ventral valve, one of the species _C. melbournensis_ being characteristic of the Melbournian division of Silurian rocks), _Orthis_, _Pentamerus_, _Camarotoechia_, _Rhynchotrema_, _Wilsonia_, _Atrypa_ (represented by the world-wide _A. reticularis_), _Spirifer_ and _Nucleospira_ (Figs. 85, 86).

New South Wales has a very similar assemblage of genera; whilst Tasmania possesses _Camarotoechia_, _Stropheodonta_ and _Orthis_.

=Devonian Brachiopods.--=

The Devonian limestones and associated strata are fairly rich in Brachiopods. The Victorian rocks of this age at Bindi and Buchan contain genera such as _Chonetes_ (_C. australis_), _Spirifer_ (_S. yassensis_ and _S. howitti_) and _Athyris_.

In New South Wales we again meet with _Spirifer yassensis_, veritable shell-banks of this species occurring in the neighbourhood of Yass, associated with a species of _Chonetes_ (_C. culleni_) (Fig. 86 D, E).

A--Camarotoechia decemplicata, Sow. Silurian. Victoria

B--Nucleospira australis, McCoy. Silurian. Victoria

C--Atrypa reticularis, L. sp. Silurian. Victoria

D--Chonetes culleni, Dun. Mid. Devonian. New South Wales

E--Spirifer yassensis, de Koninck. Devonian. New South Wales and
Victoria

]

In the Upper Devonian of New South Wales abundant remains occur of both _Spirifer disjunctus_ and _Camarotoechia pleurodon_ (var.).

The Upper Devonian Series at Nyrang Creek near Canowindra, New South Wales, contains a _Lingula_ (_L. gregaria_) associated with the _Lepidodendron_ plant beds of that locality.

Queensland Devonian rocks contain _Pentamerus_, _Atrypa_ and _Spirifer_. In Western Australia the Devonian species are _Atrypa reticularis_, _Spirifer_ cf _verneuili_, _S. musakheylensis_ and _Uncinulus_ cf. _timorensis_.

=Carboniferous Brachiopods.--=

The Carboniferous Brachiopod fauna is represented in New South Wales at Clarence Town and other localities by a species which has an extensive time-range, _Leptaena rhomboidalis_ var. _analoga_, and the following, a few of which extend upwards into the Carbopermian:--_Chonetes papilionacea_, _Productus semireticulatus_, _P. punctatus_, _P. cora_, _Orthothetes crenistria_, _Orthis (Rhipidomella) australis_, _O. (Schizophoria) resupinata_, _Spirifer striatus_, _S. bisulcatus_, _Cyrtina carbonaria_ and _Athyris planosulcatus_.

In New Zealand the Matai series, referred to the Jurassic by Hutton, as formerly regarded by Hector, and latterly by Park, as of Carboniferous age, on the ground of a supposed discovery of _Spirifer subradiatus_ (_S. glaber_) and _Productus brachythaerus_ in the Wairoa Gorge. Although these species may not occur, the genera _Spirifer_ and _Productus_ are present, which, according to Dr. Thomson, are distinctly of pre-Triassic types.

A--Productus brachythaerus, Sow. Carbopermian. New South Wales, &c.

B--Strophalosia clarkei, Eth. sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W., &c.

C--Spirifer convolutus, Phillips. Carbopermian. N.S.W., &c.

D--Spirifer (Martiniopsis) subradiatus, Sow. Carbopermian. New South
Wales, &c.

]

=Carbopermian Brachiopods.--=

The Brachiopod fauna of Carbopermian age in New South Wales is rich in species of _Productus_ and _Spirifer_. Amongst the former are _P. cora_ (also found in Western Australia, Queensland and Tasmania), _P. brachythaerus_ (also found in Western Australia and Queensland), (Fig. 87 A), _P. semireticulatus_ (also found in Western Australia, Queensland and the Island of Timor, and a common species in Europe), and _P. undatus_ (also found in Western Australia and Queensland, as well as in Great Britain and Russia). _Strophalosia_ is an allied genus to _Productus_. It is a common form in beds of the same age in W. Australia, Tasmania, and New South Wales. The best known species is _S. clarkei_ (Fig. 87 B). This type of shell is distinguished from _Productus_ in being cemented by the umbo of the ventral valve, which valve is also generally less spinose than the dorsal. When weathered the shells present a peculiar silky or fibrous appearance. The genus _Spirifer_ is represented in W. Australia by such forms as _S. vespertilio_, _S. convolutus_, _S. hardmani_, _S. musakheylensis_, and _S. striatus_; whilst _S. vespertilio_ and _S. convolutus_ are common also to New South Wales (Fig. 87 C), and the latter only to Tasmania. _S. vespertilio_ is found in the Gympie beds near Rockhampton, Queensland; and _S. tasmaniensis_ in Queensland (Bowen River Coal-field, Marine Series), New South Wales and Tasmania. Of the smoother, stout forms, referred to the sub-genus _Martiniopsis_, we may mention _S. (M.) subradiatus_, which occurs in W. Australia, New South Wales, and Tasmania (Fig. 87 D).

In the Queensland fauna, the Gympie series contains, amongst other Brachiopods _Productus cora_, _Leptaena rhomboidalis_ var., _analoga_, _Spirifer vespertilio_ and _S. strzeleckii_.

Other Carbopermian Brachiopod genera found in Australian faunas are _Cleiothyris_, _Dielasma_, _Hypothyris_, _Reticularia_, _Seminula_, _Cyrtina_, and _Syringothyris_.

=Triassic Brachiopods.--=

The Kaihiku Series of New Zealand (Hokonui Hills and Nelson) are probably referable to the Trias. The supposed basal beds contain plants such as _Taeniopteris_, _Cladophlebis_, _Palissya_ and _Baiera_. Above these are marine beds containing Brachiopods belonging to _Spiriferina_, _Rhynchonella_, _Dielasma_ and _Athyris_. The succession of these beds presents some palaeontological anomalies still to be explained, for the flora has a decided leaning towards a Jurassic facies.

Next in order of succession the Wairoa Series, in the Hokonui Hills and Nelson, New Zealand, contains _Dielasma_ and _Athyris wreyi_.

The succeeding series in New Zealand, the Otapiri, or Upper Triassic contains the Brachiopod genera _Athyris_[3] and _Spiriferina_, found at Well's Creek, Nelson.

[Footnote 3: Referred by Hector to a new sub-genus _Clavigera_, which name, however, is preoccupied.]

=Jurassic Brachiopods.--=

A--Rhynchonella variabilis Schloth. sp. Jurassic. W. Australia

B--Terebratella davidsoni, Moore. L. Cretaceous. Queensland

C--Lingula subovalis, Davidson. L. Cretaceous. S. Australia

D--Rhynchonella croydonensis, Eth. fil. Up. Cretaceous. Queensland

]

The marine Jurassic beds of W. Australia, as at Shark Bay and Greenough River, contain certain _Rhynchonellae_ allied to European species, as _R. variabilis_ (Fig. 88 A), and _R._ cf. _solitaria_.

=Lower Cretaceous Brachiopods.--=

The Lower Cretaceous or Rolling Downs Formation of Queensland has yielded a fair number of Brachiopods, principally from Wollumbilla,--as _Terebratella davidsoni_ (Fig. 88 B), (?) _Argiope wollumbillensis_, (?) _A. punctata_, _Rhynchonella rustica_, _R. solitaria_, _Discina apicalis_ and _Lingula subovalis_. From beds of similar age in Central South Australia and the Lake Eyre Basin _Lingula subovalis_ (Fig. 88 C), and _Rhynchonella eyrei_ have been recorded; the latter has been compared with a species (_R. walkeri_) from the Middle Neocomian of Tealby in Yorkshire.

=Upper Cretaceous Brachiopod.--=

A solitary species of the Brachiopoda occurs in the Upper Cretaceous of Australia, namely, _Rhynchonella croydonensis_ (Fig. 88 D) of the Desert Sandstone of the Croydon Gold-fields and Mount Angas, Queensland.

=Cainozoic Brachiopods.--=

The Brachiopoda of the Cainozoic or Tertiary strata of Australia and New Zealand are well represented by the genera _Terebratula_, _Magellania_, _Terebratulina_, _Terebratella_, _Magasella_ and _Acanthothyris_. In the Balcombian or Oligocene of southern Australia occur the following:--_Terebratula tateana_, _Magellania corioensis_, _M. garibaldiana_ and _Magasella compta_ (Figs. 89 A, D); and most of these range into the next stage, the Janjukian, whilst some extend even to the Kalimnan. _Terebratulina suessi_, Hutton sp. (= _T. scoulari_, Tate) ranges through the Balcombian and Janjukian, but is most typical of the Janjukian beds in Victoria: it also occurs in the Oamaru Series of New Zealand (= Janjukian). _Acanthothyris squamosa_ (Fig. 89 F) is typical of the Janjukian of southern Australia, and it occurs also in the Pareora beds of the Broken River, New Zealand. The latter are green, sandy, fossiliferous strata immediately succeeding the Oamaru stone of the Hutchinson Quarry beds. _A. squamosa_ is said to be still living south of Kerguelen Island. _Magellania insolita_ is a Victorian species which is also found in the Oamaru Series of New Zealand.

A--Terebratula tateana, T. Woods. Cainozoic. Victoria

B--Magellania corioensis, McCoy, sp. Cainozoic. Victoria

C--Magellania garibaldiana, Dav. sp. Cainozoic. Victoria

D--Magasella compta, Sow. sp. Cainozoic. Victoria

E--Terebratulina catinuliformis, Tate. Cainozoic. S. Australia

F--Acanthothyris squamosa, Hutton sp. Cainozoic. Tasmania

]

Whilst many of the older Tertiary brachiopods range into the next succeeding stage of the Kalimnan in Victoria, such as _Magellania insolita_, _Terebratulina_ catinuliformis_ (Fig. 89 E) and _Magasella compta_, one species, _Terebratella pumila_, is restricted to the Kalimnan, occurring at the Gippsland Lakes.

The next stage, the Werrikooian, typical in upraised marine beds on the banks of the Glenelg River in western Victoria, contains _Magellania flavescens_, a species still living (see _antea_, Fig. 23), and _M. insolita_, having the extraordinarily wide range of the whole of the Cainozoic stages in southern Australia.

* * * * *

COMMON OR CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER.

WORMS.

_Eunicites mitchelli_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.

_Oenonites hebes_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.

_Arabellites bowningensis_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.

_Arenicolites_ sp. Silurian: New South Wales.

_Trachyderma crassituba_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Cornulites tasmanicus_, Eth. fil. Silurian: Tasmania.

_Spirorbis ammonius_, M. Edw. var. _truncata_, Chapm. Mid. Devonian:
Victoria.

_Spirorbis omphalodes_, Goldfuss. Devonian: W. Australia.

_Serpula testatrix_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: New South Wales.

_Torlessia mackayi_, Bather. Lower Mesozoic: New Zealand.

_Serpula conformis_, Goldfuss. Jurassic: W. Australia.

_Serpula intestinalis_, Phillips. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.

_Serpula subtrachinus_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: New South Wales.

_Serpula ouyenensis_, Chapm. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Ditrupa cornea_, L. sp. var. _wormbetiensis_, McCoy. Cainozoic:
Victoria.

POLYZOA.

_Rhombopora gippslandica_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Fenestella australis_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Protoretepora ampla_, Lonsdale. Carbopermian: W. Australia, New South
Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania.

_Polypora australis_, Hinde. Carbopermian: W. Australia.

_Rhombopora tenuis_, Hinde. Carbopermian: W. Australia.

_Rhombopora laxa_, Etheridge sp. Carbopermian: Queensland.

_Membranipora wilsonensis_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: New South
Wales.

(?) _Lepralia oolitica_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.

_Lichenopora australis_, MacGillivray. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Heteropora pisiformis_, MacGillivray. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Cellaria australis_, MacGillivray. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Membranipora macrostoma_, Reuss. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).

_Selenaria marginata_, T. Woods. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).

_Macropora clarkei_, T. Woods sp. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Adeona obliqua_, MacGill. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Lepralia burlingtoniensis_, Waters. Cainozoic: Victoria.

_Bipora philippinensis_, Busk sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).

_Porina gracilis_, M. Edwards sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).

_Cellepora fossa_, Haswell, sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).

_Retepora fissa_, MacGill. sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).

BRACHIOPODA.

_Orthis lenticularis_, Wahlenberg sp. Cambrian: Tasmania.

_Orthis platystrophioides_, Chapm. Cambrian: Victoria.

_Huenella etheridgei_, Walcott. Cambrian: S. Australia.

_Orthis leviensis_, Eth. fil. Ordovician: S. Australia, (?) Victoria.

_Siphonotreta discoidalis_, Chapm. Ordovician: Victoria.

_Siphonotreta maccoyi_, Chapm. Ordovician: Victoria.

_Lingula yarraensis_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Orbiculoidea selwyni_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Chonetes melbournensis_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Stropheodonta alata_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.

_Orthis elegantula_, Dalman. Silurian: Victoria.

_Pentamerus australis_, McCoy. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales.

_Conchidium knightii_, Sow. sp. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales.

_Camarotoechia decemplicata_, Sow. sp. Silurian: Victoria.

_Rhynchotrema liopleura_, McCoy sp. Silurian: Victoria.

_Atrypa reticularis_, L. sp. Silurian: New South Wales and Victoria.
Devonian: New South Wales, W. Australia and Queensland.

_Spirifer sulcatus_, Hisinger sp. Silurian: Victoria.

_Nucleospira australis_, McCoy. Silurian: Victoria.

_Chonetes australis_, McCoy. Mid. Devonian: Victoria.

_Chonetes culleni_, Dun. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales.

_Spirifer yassensis_, de Koninck. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales and
Victoria.

_Spirifer_ cf. _verneuili_, de Kon. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales and
W. Australia.

_Lingula gregaria_, Eth. fil. Upper Devonian: New South Wales.

_Spirifer disjunctus_, Sow. Up. Devonian: New South Wales.

_Productus cora_, d'Orb. Carboniferous: New South Wales and Queensland.

_Orthothetes crenistria_, Sow. sp. Carboniferous: New South Wales.

_Spirifer striatus_, Sow. Carboniferous: New South Wales.

_Productus brachythaerus_, Sow. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Queensland, W. Australia.

_Strophalosia clarkei_, Eth. sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Tasmania and W. Australia.

_Spirifer (Martiniopsis) subradiatus_, Sow. Carbopermian: New South
Wales, Tasmania and W. Australia.

_Spirifer convolutus_, Phillips. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Tasmania and W. Australia.

_Cleiothyris macleayana_, Eth. fil. sp. Carbopermian: W. Australia.

_Dielasma elongata_, Schlotheim sp. Trias (Kaihiku Series): New
Zealand.

_Athyris wreyi_, Suess sp. Trias (Wairoa Series): New Zealand.

_Athyris_ sp. Trias (Otapiri Series): New Zealand.

_Rhynchonella variabilis_, Schlotheim sp. Jurassic: W. Australia.

_Terebratella davidsoni_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.

_Rhynchonella solitaria_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.

_Lingula subovalis_, Davidson. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S.
Australia.

_Rhynchonella croydonensis_, Eth. fil. Upper Cretaceous: Queensland.

_Terebratula tateana_, T. Woods. Cainozoic (Balcombian and Janjukian):
Victoria and S. Australia.

_Magellania corioensis_, McCoy, sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian and
Janjukian): Victoria and S. Australia.

_Magellania garibaldiana_, Davidson sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian and
Janjukian): Victoria and S. Australia.

_Magasella compta_, Sow. sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian to Kalimnan):
Victoria and S. Australia.

_Terebratula suessi_, Hutton sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian and Janjukian):
Victoria, S. Australia, and New Zealand (Oamaru Series.)

_Acanthothyris squamosa_, Hutton sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria
and S. Australia, New Zealand (Oamaru Series) (also living).

_Terebratella pumila_, Tate. Cainozoic (Kalimnan): Victoria.

_Magellania flavescens_, Lam. sp. Pleistocene: Victoria (also living).

* * * * *

LITERATURE.

WORMS.

Silurian.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890,
pp. 339, 340. Idem, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. (for 1896), 1897, p. 37.
Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XXII. (N.S.), pt. II. 1910,
pp. 102-105.

Devonian.--Hinde, G. J. Geol. Mag., Dec. II. vol. VII. 1890, p. 199.
Chapman, F. Rec. Geol. Surv. Vict., vol. III. pt. 2, 1912, p. 220.

Carboniferous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Bull. Geol. Surv. W. Australia, No.
10, 1903, p. 10.

Carbopermian.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales.
Pal. No. 5, 1892, pp. 119-121.

Lower Mesozoic.--Bather, F. A. Geol. Mag., Dec. V. vol. II. 1905, pp.
532-541.

Lower Cretaceous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. Soc. Geol. Surv. New South
Wales, Pal. No. 11. 1902, pp. 12, 13.

Cainozoic.--Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XXVI. (N.S.) pt. I.
1913, pp. 182-184.

POLYZOA.

Silurian.--Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVI. (N.S.), pt. I.
1903, pp. 61-63. Idem, Rec. Geol. Surv. Vic., vol. II., pt. 1,
1907, p. 78.

Carboniferous.--Hinde, G. J. Geol. Mag. Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp.
199-203.

Carbopermian.--De Koninck Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No.
6, 1898, pp. 128-140.

Cainozoic.--Stolicka, F. Novara Exped., Geol. Theil., vol. I. pt. 2,
pp. 87-158. Waters, A. W. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXXVII.
1881, pp. 309-347; ibid., vol. XXXVIII. 1882, pp. 257-276 and pp.
502-513; ibid., vol. XXXIX. 1883, pp. 423-443; ibid., vol. XL.
1884, pp. 674-697; ibid., vol. XLI. 1885, pp. 279-310; ibid.,
vol. XLIII. 1887, pp. 40-72 and 337-350. MacGillivray, P. H.
Mon. Tert. Polyzoa Vict., Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Vol. IV. 1895.
Maplestone, C. M. "Further Descr. Polyzoa Vict.," Proc. Roy. Soc.
Vict., vol. XI. (N.S.), pt. I. 1898, pp. 14-21, et seqq.

BRACHIOPODA.

Cambrian.--Tate, R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XV. 1892, pp. 185,
186. Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. V. pt. 2, 1904, p.
101. Walcott, C. D. Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. LIII. 1908, p. 109.
Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vic., vol. XXIII. (N.S.), pt. I. 1911,
pp. 310-313.

Ordovician.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Parl. Papers, S. Aust., No. 158, 1891,
pp. 13, 14. Tate, R. Rep. Horn Exped., pt. 3, 1896, pp. 110, 111.
Chapman, F. Rec. Geol. Surv. Vict., vol. I. pt. 3, 1904, pp.
222-224.

Silurian.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vic. Dec. V. 1877, pp. 19-29. Eth., R.
jnr. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. 3, pt. 2, 1892, pp.
49-60 (Silurian and Devonian _Pentameridae_). Idem, Proc. Roy.
Soc., Tas., (for 1896), 1897, pp. 38-41. De Koninck, L. G. Mem.
Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 20-29. Dun,
W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. VII. pt. 4, 1904,
pp. 318-325 (Silurian to Carboniferous). Ibid., vol. VIII. pt.
3, 1907, pp. 265-269. Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVI.
(N.S.), pt. 1, 1903, pp. 64-79. Ibid., vol. XXI. (N.S.), pt. 1,
1908, pp. 222, 223. Ibid., vol. XXVI. (N.S.) pt. 1. 1913, pp.
99-113.

Devonian.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vict., Dec. IV., 1876, pp. 16-18.
Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 100-102.
Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 64-68.
De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal., No. 6,
1898, pp. 64-85. Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVIII.
(N.S.), pt. 1, 1905, pp. 16-19.

Carboniferous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. IV. No. 3,
1901, pp. 119, 120. Idem, Geol. Surv. W. Austr., Bull. No. 10,
1903, pp. 12-23. Dun, W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales,
vol. VII., pt. 2, 1902, pp. 72-88 and 91-93.

Carbopermian.--Sowerby, G. B., in Strzelecki's Phys. Descr. of New
South Wales, etc., 1845, pp. 275-285. McCoy, F. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., vol. XX. 1847, pp. 231-236. Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag. Dec.
III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 105 and 145-154. Etheridge, R. jnr.
Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 225-264. De Koninck, L. G.
Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal., No. 6, 1898, pp. 140-203.
Dun, W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. VIII. pt. 4,
1909, pp. 293-304.

Lower Cretaceous.--Moore, C. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXVI.
1870, pp. 243-245. Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. R. Soc. S. Austr.,
vol. II. pt. 1, 1902, pp. 8, 9.

Upper Cretaceous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892,
p. 560.

Cainozoic.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vict., Dec. V. 1877, pp. 11-13. Tate,
R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. III. 1880, pp. 140-170. Idem,
ibid., vol. XXIII. 1899, pp. 250-259. Hutton, F. W. Trans. N.Z.
Inst., vol. XXXVII. 1905, pp. 474-481 (Revn. Tert. Brach.).