Chapter XXI: Appendix: On the Collection and Preservation of Fossils

The tools and other paraphernalia necessary for fossil collecting are fortunately within the reach of all. The principal of these is a geological hammer, preferably with a pick at one end of the head and the opposite end square-faced. The pick end is useful for digging out fossils from soft clays, or for extracting a block of fossils entire. The square end is employed for breaking up the slabs or masses containing fossils. To get good results, much will of course depend upon one's skill in striking the right face of a block. If bedding planes are present on the lump from which we wish to extract our fossils, it will be well to strike at right angles to these layers in order to split them asunder, thus exposing a shell-layer corresponding to the original surface of the ancient sea-bed upon which the organisms accumulated. In some cases the splitting of fossiliferous rocks may be best carried out with the pick end, provided it be not too sharply curved. The hammer should be faced with steel, for many fossiliferous rocks, especially compact limestones, are apt to severely try the temper of an ill-made tool.

A chisel, of chilled steel, should accompany the hammer, since this is often of the greatest use in working out large fossils, more particularly those that are buried in a cliff or quarry face. The process of extracting difficult specimens should never be hurried, for one often gets surprisingly good results with a little extra care.

A strong pocket knife may be used in trimming specimens and partially cleaning shells that can be safely manipulated on the spot, but the final cleaning should be left until the return home. The knife is also useful for cleaning slates and shales, since the chisel-edge is frequently a trifle too thick for this kind of work.

For the more delicate fossils, means for careful packing should be provided; chip-boxes and cotton-wool being indispensable for the smaller specimens. A ready method of packing the fossils obtained from the friable, sandy tertiary deposits is to store them in tins, the contents of which can be firmly secured from rattling by filling up with sand. This sand, however, should be taken from the same bed in which the fossils occur, so as to get no admixture of the smaller shells from another formation or deposit; for although we may not wish to examine the finer material ourselves, it will yield in many cases a rich harvest to our microscopical friends, such residues containing microzoa, as shells of foraminifera, polyzoa and carapaces of the ostracoda. The residues referred to may be obtained from many of our marls and rubbly limestones by the simple process of washing in water, and repeatedly pouring off the finest clayey mud, until only a sandy deposit remains, which can then be dried and sorted over by the aid of a lens or low power microscope.

=Hints on Fossil Collecting.--=

As regards the places most suitable for collecting fossils, the Cainozoic beds are perhaps, the most accessible to a beginner, especially in Victoria. For instance, the cliff exposures at Beaumaris, Port Phillip, will afford a plentiful supply of the little heart-shaped sea-urchin, _Lovenia_, and an occasional _Trigonia_ and _Limopsis_, as well as many other fossils of the great group of the shell-fish or mollusca. The richest bed containing the sharks' teeth at the above locality is almost perpetually covered with a bed of shingle, but can be reached by digging at the cliff-base. Isolated specimens, however, although rather the worse for wear, may often be picked up amongst the shingle, having been washed up from the foreshore by the tide. An enticing band of large bivalve shells (_Dosinea_), can be seen halfway up the cliffs, near the baths at this locality, but are somewhat disappointing, for when obtained they crumble to pieces in the hand, since their shells are composed of the changeable form of carbonate of lime called aragonite, which has decomposed in place in the bed, after the shells were covered up by the deposit.

Good collections of shells of the Balcombian series may be easily made at Balcombe's Bay and Grice's Creek, Port Phillip. They can there be dug out of the grey-blue clay with a knife, and afterwards cleaned at leisure by means of a soft tooth brush dipped in water. In the cement stone at the same place there are numerous shells of pteropods or "sea-butterflies" (_Vaginella_), and specimens of the stone may be obtained, showing myriads of the porcelain-like shells, and also their internal casts in the hard greenish coloured matrix.

The ferruginous or ironstone beds seen in the Flemington Railway cutting, Melbourne, is an old marine shell-bank, resting on basalt. The shells have all been dissolved away, and only their casts and moulds remain. These impressions are, however, so faithfully moulded that the ornamentation of each shell can often be reproduced on a squeeze taken with a piece of modelling wax or plasticine. Such fossil remains are easily collected by carefully breaking up the blocks of ironstone with a hammer.

Quarries in the older limestones and mudstones in Victoria, New South Wales and other States, are often good hunting grounds for fossils. The quarry at Cave Hill, Lilydale, for example, will be found very profitable, for the limestone is full of corals and molluscan shells; whilst the friable or rubbly portion is worth breaking down for the smaller fossils. The bed-rock (Silurian) of Melbourne is in places very fossiliferous; the sandstones of Moonee Ponds Creek generally affording a fair number of brachiopods, and occasionally corals. The mudstones of South Yarra, Studley Park, Yan Yean, and other places on the same geological horizon, contain a rich fauna, to be obtained only by the assiduous collector who will search over and break up a large number of blocks. Practice in this work makes a good collector; although of course one must know something about the objects looked for, since many apparently obscure fossil remains of great interest might easily be passed over for lack of knowledge as to what should be expected to occur at each particular locality.

Many other good collecting grounds might here be alluded to, but we have purposely cited only a few near Melbourne, since a selection from other parts of Australasia may easily be made from the localities mentioned in connection with the various groups of fossils dealt with in the systematic portion of this work.

=Preservation of Fossils.--=

Many of the Cainozoic fossils from the shelly sands and clays are extremely delicate, owing in some cases to their being imperfectly preserved, seeing that they frequently contain in their shell-structure layers of the unstable form of carbonate of lime called aragonite. Fossils containing aragonite are:--Calcareous Sponges; Corals; Bivalved shells, except Oysters, Pectens, and the outer layer of _Spondylus_, _Pinna_, and _Mytilus_; Gasteropods (with a few exceptions); and Cephalopods. In some of these, however, a transformation of the aragonite into calcite enables the fossil to be permanently preserved. The delicate fossils referred to should be dipped in weak glue or gelatine and left to dry; after which their final cleaning can be done with the aid of a little warm water and a soft brush.

Certain of the clays and mudstones, both of Cainozoic and Jurassic ages which show remains of plants, such as leaves and fern fronds, are often best treated with a thin surface layer of paper varnish, before they lose the natural moisture of the rock; for when they become perfectly dry the thin carbonaceous film representing the original leaf-substance peels off, and the fossil is consequently destroyed. A method of treatment for Cainozoic leaves, by dipping them in warm vaseline and brushing off the superfluous material, has been described by Mr. H. Deane.

=Storing Fossils for Reference.--=

Fossils specimens are generally best displayed in cardboard trays; or if thin wooden paper-covered tablets are used, say of about 3-16in. thickness and cut to proportionate sizes, the fossils should be held in place by pins for easy removal, unless more than one example can be shown together, exhibiting all aspects, when they can be secured to the tablet by a touch of seccotine. The smaller shells may be displayed in glass topped boxes, which in turn may be stuck down to tablets or placed in trays.

INDEX.

Aboriginal implements, 303
Aborigines, probable origin of, 302
_Acanthias_, 270
_Acanthodes_, 261
_Acanthosphaera_, 103
_Acanthothyris_, 166, 167
_Acentrophorus_, 263
_Acrolepis_, 263
_Actaeon_, 197
_Actinoceras_, 205, 207
_Actinocrinus_, 136
_Actinodesma_, 178, 179
_Actinopteria_, 178, 179
_Actinostroma_, 121, 122
_Adeona_, 158
_Aechmina_, 237
_Aeschna_, 250
_Aetheolepis_, 267
_Agathiceras_, 207
AGNATHA, 258
_Agnostus_, 227
_Allodesma_, 176
_Ambonychia_, 177
_Ammodiscus_, 96, 97
_Ammonites_, 204, 209, 210
AMMONOIDEA, 205
_Amoeba_, 36, 95
AMPHIBIA, structure of, 272
_Amphistegina_, 100
_Amplexus_, 117
_Ampyx_, 229
_Amusium_, 185
_Anas_, 283
_Anchura_, 197
_Ancilla_, 198, 199, 202
_Ancyloceras_, 209, 210
ANGIOSPERMEAE, characters of, 40
ANNELIDA, 152
_Anomalina_, 98
_Anomalopteryx_, 283
_Antedon_, 138
ANTHOZOA, 64, 113
Antiquity of man in Australia, 304
_Aparchites_, 237
_Apateolepis_, 262
_Aphnelepis_, 267
_Apocynophyllum_, 91
_Aptornis_, 283
_Aptychopsis_, 246
_Arabellites_, 153
_Arachnoides_, 146
_Araucarioxylon_, 68
_Araucarites_, 89
_Arca_, 184, 186, 188
_Archaeocidaris_, 144
_Archaeocyathina_, 113
ARCHAEOCYATHINAE, 112
_Archaeomaene_, 267
_Archaeopteryx_, 280
_Arctocephalus_, 299
_Arenicolites_, 153
Argillaceous rocks, 69
_Argilloecia_, 237
_?Argiope_, 166
_Argonauta_, 205
ARTHROPODA, structure and subdivisions of, 38, 220
_Asaphus_, 227, 228
_Aspidorhynchus_, 267
_Astarte_, 182
_Asteracanthus_, 269, 271
ASTEROIDEA, 139
_Asterolepis_, 258
_Astralium_, 198, 200
_Astropecten_, 141
_Athyris_, 161, 162, 165
_Atrypa_, 158, 160, 162
_Aturia_, 210
_Atys_, 204
_Aucella_, 183
_Aulopora_, 116
Australian fossiliferous strata, 45-48.
AVES, 280
Aviculopecten, 179, 180
_Axopora_, 119

Bactronella, 112
_Baculites_, 210
_Baiera_, 89, 164
_Bairdia_, 240
_Balanophyllia_, 118
_Balanus_, 243
Balcombian bivalves, 186
" gasteropods, 199
Bandicoot, 289, 295
_Bankivia_, 201
_Banksia_, 91, 281
_Barbatia_, 184, 185
Barnacles, 240
_Barnea_, 187
_Bathytoma_, 201
_Bela_, 201
_Belemnites_, 205, 209, 210
BELEMNOIDEA, 205
_Bellerophon_, 193, 194, 195, 196
_Belonorhynchus_, 262
_Belonostomus_, 267
_Bettongia_, 295
_Beyrichia_, 235, 236, 237
_Biloela_, 274
_Bipora_, 158
Birds, fossil, 53, 280
_Biziura_, 283
BLASTOIDEA, distribution and characters of, 61, 138
Blue-green Algae, 76, 82
Bog iron-ore, 80
_Bolodon_, 286
_Bombax_, 91
Bone-beds, 78
Bone-breccias, 79
_Bothriceps_, 273
_Botryocrinus_, 136
BRACHIOPODA, structure of, 57, 158
Brachiopod limestone, 74
_Brachymetopus_, 232
_Brachyphyllum_, 89
Bracken fern, 91
_Brissopsis_, 148
Brittle-stars, characters of, 61, 141
_Bronteus_, 229, 230
_Bryograptus_, 124, 126, 227
BRYOPHYTA, characters of, 39
_Buccinum_, 191
_Buchozia_, 199
_Bulimina_, 97, 98
_Bulinus_, 69, 191
_Bulla_, 204
_Bullinella_, 198, 199
_Bythocypris_, 236
_Bythotrephis_, 82

Cainozoic Balanidae, 243
" bird, Victoria, 281
" bivalves, 184
" brachiopods, 166
" brittle-stars, 143
" chitons, 190
" corals, 118
" crabs, 247
" echinoids, irregular, 146
" echinoids, regular, 145
" fishes, 269
" Foraminifera, 99
" gasteropods, 198
" gasteropods, New Zealand, 202
" Holothuroidea, 148
" insects, 250
" Lepadidae, 243
" Ostracoda, 239
" and Pleistocene reptiles, 279
" plants, 89
" Polyzoa, 158
Cainozoic Radiolaria, 104
" scaphopods, 189
" sponges, 110
" starfishes, 141
" strata, 45, 46
Calcareous rocks, 72
" sponges, 112
_Callograptus_, 122
_Callorhynchus_, 269
_Calymene_, 229, 230, 231
CALYPTOBLASTEA, 122
_Calyptraea_, 198, 200, 201
_Camarotoechia_, 160, 161, 162
Cambrian bivalves, 177
" brachiopods, 159
" crinoids, 134
" Foraminifera, 96
" gasteropods, 192
" Ostracoda, 235
" plants, 82
" Radiolaria, 102
" sponges, 107
_Cameroceras_, 207
_Campanularia_, 122
_Campophyllum_, 115, 117
_Cancellaria_, 198, 199, 202
_Canis_, 298
Cannel coal, 76
_Capitosaurus_, 274
_Capulus_, 194
Carbonaceous rocks, 76
Carboniferous brachiopods, 162
" crinoids, 136
" fishes, 259
" Foraminifera, 96
" gasteropods, 196
" Ostracoda, 237
" plants, 85
Carbopermian bivalves, 179
" blastoids, 139
" brachiopods, 163
" cephalopods, 207
" corals, 116
" crinoids, 137
" fishes, 261
" Foraminifera, 97
" gasteropods, 196
" labyrinthodonts, 273
" Ostracoda, 237
" palaeechinoids, 144
" Phyllopoda, 233
" plants, 86
" sponges, 110
" starfishes, 141
" trilobites, 232
_Carcharodon_, 269, 270, 271
_Carcharoides_, 269
_Cardiola_, 177, 178
_Cardita_, 184, 187
_Cardium_, 176, 184, 186, 187
CARNIVORA, 298
_Carposphaera_, 102
_Carpospongia_, 109
_Caryocaris_, 244, 246
_Cassidulus_, 148
_Catenicella_, 158
_Cellaria_, 158
_Cellepora_, 158
_Cenellipsis_, 102
_Cenosphaera_, 102, 103
CEPHALOPODA, characters of, 204
_Ceratiocaris_, 246
_Ceratodus_, 265, 267
_Ceratotrochus_, 118
_Cerithiopsis_, 200
_Cerithium_, 198, 200
_Cestracion_, 261, 269, 271
CETACEA, 295
_Cetotolithes_, 296
_Chaenomya_, 181
CHAETOPODA, 152
_Chama_, 185
Changes of climate in the past, 31
CHEILOSTOMATA, 155, 157
_Cheirurus_, 229, 231
_Chelodes_, 190
Cherts, 71
_Chione_, 185, 187, 188
_Chiridota_, 148
_Chironomus_, 250
_Chiton_, 190
_Chonetes_, 160, 161, 162
CHORDATA, 257
_Chosornis_, 283
_Chronozoön_, 298
_Cicada_, 250
_Cidaris_, 145
_Cimoliosaurus_, 279
_Cinnamomum_, 91
_Cinulia_, 197
CIRRIPEDIA, habits and structure of, 240
_Cladochonus_, 117
_Cladophlebis_, 89, 164, 182
CLADOPHORA, 122
Classification of animals, 35
_Clathrodictyon_, 121
_Clausilia_, 191
_Clavigera_, 165
Clays, 69
_Cleiothyris_, 164
_Cleithrolepis_, 262, 263, 274
_Climacograptus_, 127
_Climatius_, 258
_Clonograptus_, 123, 124, 126
_Clypeaster_, 146
_Cnemiornis_, 283
Coals, 76
_Coccolepis_, 267
_Cocconema_, 92
_Coccosteus_, 259
COELENTERATA, characters of, 37
_Coleolus_, 193
Collecting fossils, 317
_Colubraria_, 199
_Columbarium_, 198, 201, 202
_Columbella_, 198
_Conchothyra_, 184
_Conocardium_, 177, 178
Conodonts, 153
_Conosmilia_, 118
_Conularia_, 193, 194, 196
_Conus_, 198, 199, 202, 204
_Coprosmaephyllum_, 90
Coral limestone, 73
Corals, 64, 113
_Corax_, 267
_Corbicula_, 182
_Corbula_, 177, 185, 187, 188
_Cordaites_, 85
_Cornulites_, 154
_Coscinocyathus_, 113
_Coxiella_, 69
_Crassatellites_, 176, 184
_Crenella_, 176
_Crepicephalus_, 227
_Crepidula_, 198
Cretaceous (Lower and Upper) cephalopods, 209
" cephalopods, New Zealand, 210
" Cheilostomata, 157
" crinoids, 137
" echinoids (irregular), 146
" (Lower) fishes, 267
" fishes, New Zealand, 268
" Foraminifera, 98
" gasteropods, 197
" plants, 89
" Radiolaria, 103
" (Lower) reptiles, 277
" reptiles, New Zealand, 279
" scaphopods, 189
" sponges, 110
Crinoidal limestone, 74
CRINOIDEA, occurrence and structure of, 61, 133
_Crioceras_, 209
_Crisia_, 158
_Cristellaria_, 98
_Crocodilus_, 279
_Cromus_, 229
Crustacea, an archaic group, 221
" development of, 221
" fossil, 54
_Cryptodon_, 186
_Cryptograptus_, 127
_Cryptoplax_, 190
_Cryptostomata_, 155, 156
_Ctenodonta_, 177, 178
_Ctenodus_, 261, 263
_Ctenolates_, 272
_Ctenostreon_, 182
_Cucullaea_, 182, 184, 185
_Cultellus_, 188
_Cuna_, 184, 186, 187
_Cupressinoxylon_, 78, 89
_Cupressus_, 91
_Cuscus_, 295
Cuttle-fishes, 205
CYANOPHYCEAE, 82
_Cyathocrinus_, 137
_Cyathophyllum_, 113, 115, 117
_Cyclas_, 69
_Cycloceras_, 206
_Cyclolituites_, 207
_Cyclometopa_, 248
_Cyclonema_, 194
CYCLOSTOMATA, 155
_Cydnus_, 250
_Cymbella_, 92
_Cyphaspis_, 229
_Cyphon_, 250
_Cypraea_, 191, 198, 199, 200, 202
_Cypricardinia_, 178
Cyprid limestone, 75
_Cyrenopsis_, 184
_Cyrtoceras_, 204, 207
_Cyrtograptus_, 128
_Cyrtina_, 162, 164
_Cyrtolites_, 193
Cystideans, 61
_Cystiphyllum_, 116
_Cythere_, 239, 240
_Cytherella_, 240
_?Cytheridea_, 238
_Cytheropteron_, 239

_Dadoxylon_, 68
_Dalmanites_, 224, 225, 229, 231
_Daonella_, 182
Darter, 283
_?Darwinula_, 238
_Dasyurus_, 287, 295
DECAPODA, 246
Deep Leads, fruits of, 91
" insects from, 250
_Deltodus_, 261
_Deltopecten_, 180
_Dendrocrinus_, 134, 135
_Dendrocygna_, 283
_Dendrograptus_, 122
_Dendrophyllia_, 119
_Dennantia_, 198
_Dentalium_, 189
Dentition of Reptiles, 275
_Deontopora_, 120
_Desmoceras_, 209
Devonian bivalves, 178
" brachiopods, 161
" cephalopods, 207
" corals, 115
" crinoids, 136
" fishes, 258
" gasteropods, 195
" Ostracoda, 237
" plants, 85
" Radiolaria, 102
" scaphopods, 189
" stromatoporoids, 121
" trilobites, 231
DIADACTYLA, 287
Diatomite, 72
Diatoms, 92
_Dicellograptus_, 126, 127
_Dichograptus_, 126
_Dicranograptus_, 126, 127
_Dictyonema_, and allies, 122
_Dictyopyge_, 262
_Didymograptus_, 124, 126
_?Didymosorus_, 89
_Dielasma_, 164, 165
_Dikellocephalus_, 227
_Dimetrodon_, 276
_Dimya_, 184, 185, 186
_Dinesus_, 227
Dingo, 298, 305
_Dinornis_, 281, 282, 283, 299
_Diodon_, 270, 271
_Dione_, 188
_Diphyphyllum_, 113
_Diplograptus_, 124, 126, 127, 128
_Diprotodon_, 51, 290, 293
_Diprotodon_-breccias, 203
DIPROTODONTIA, 287
_Discina_, 166
_Discorbina_, 98
_Dissocheilus_, 199
_Dithyrocaris_, 246
_Ditrupa_, 154
_Ditrupa_ limestone, 74
_Dolichodon_, 296
_Dolichometopus_, 226
_Dolium_, 201
_Donax_, 175, 187
_Dorsetensia_, 209
_Dosinea_, 185, 188
_Drillia_, 198, 202
_Dromaeus_, 282, 283
_Dromornis_, 282
Duck, 283
_Duncaniaster_, 147

Ear-bones of whales, 296
Early observers, 24
_Eburnopsis_, 199, 200
_Echidna_, 286, 287
_Echinocyamus_, 146
ECHINODERMATA, characters of, 37, 59
" divisions of, 133
ECHINOIDEA, 143
_Echinolampas_, 147, 148
_Echinoneus_, 147
_Echinus_, 145
_Ecionema_, 112
_Edaphodon_, 271
_Edestus_, 262
_Edmondia_, 177, 180, 182
_Eglisia_, 202
Elephant-fish, 269, 271
Elephant-tusk shells, 188
Elevated sea-beds, 27
_Elonichthys_, 261, 263
_Elpisopholis_, 263
_Emarginula_, 198
Emu, 283
_Encrinurus_, 229
_Endoceras_, 205
_Endothyra_, 96, 98
_Entalophora_, 158
_Entomis_, 238
_Ephemera_, 250
_Equisetites_, 40
Errant worms, 153
_Erycina_, 187
_Erymnoceras_, 209
_Estheria_, 233
_Eucalyptus_, 90, 91, 281
_Eulima_, 198
_Eunema_, 193
_Eunicites_, 153
_Euomphalus_, 194, 195, 196
_Eupatagus_, 147
_Euphemus_, 196
_Eurydesma_, 181
EURYPTERIDA, 248
_Euthria_, 198
_Eutrochus_, 200
Evolution of life-forms, 33

_Fagus (Notofagus)_, 91
Falcon, 283
_Fasciolaria_, 198, 199
_Favosites_, 73, 114, 115, 116
Feather-star, 138
_Fenestella_, 156, 157
_Fibularia_, 146
Fishes, fossil, 53
" primitive types, 258
" true, 258
Fish-lizards, 275, 276, 277, 278
_Fissilunula_, 183, 184
_Fissurellidea_, 198
_Fistulipora_, 155, 156
_Flabellina_, 98
_Flabellum_, 118, 119
Flightless pigeon goose, 283
Flints, 71
Flying phalanger, 295
Foraminifera, characters of, 36, 95
" fossil, 65
Foraminiferal limestone, 73
Fossil faunas, differences in, 43
Fossiliferous strata, Australia, 45-48
" strata, New Zealand 49
Fossil, origin of name, 23
Fossils an index to age of strata, 26, 32
" nature of, 21
" petrifaction of, 23
" preservation of, 23
" structure preserved in, 24
Fossil wood, 24, 66, 68
_Frondicularia_, 97, 98
Fruits of the deep leads, 91
_Fulica_, 283
_Fusus_, 198, 201

_Galeocerdo_, 269, 271
_Gallinula_, 283
_Gangamopteris_, 86
_Ganorhynchus_, 259
_Gari_, 185
GASTEROPODA, characters of, 190
_Gastrioceras_, 207
_Geinitzina_, 98
_Genyornis_, 282, 302
Geological epochs, 45-49
Geology, scope of, 21
Giant kangaroo, 289
" lizard, 280
" penguin, 280
_Gibbula_, 198
_Ginkgo_, 89, 91
_Girvanella_, 76, 82, 86
Glauconite casts of foraminifera, 96
_Glossograptus_, 126, 127
_Glossopteris_, 86
_Glycimeris_, 184, 187
_Glyphioceras_, 207
_Gomphonema_, 93
Gondwana-Land, 87
_Goniatites_, 207, 208
_Goniograptus_, 124, 126
_Gosfordia_, 262
_Gosseletina_, 196
_Grammysia_, 177
_Granatocrinus_, 139
_Graphularia_, 118, 119
Graptolites, Bendigo series, 124
" Lancefield series, 124
" nature of, 63, 123
" Tasmania, 128
GRAPTOLITOIDEA, 123
_Gregoriura_, 142
_Griffithides_, 232
_Gromia_, 95
Ground pigeon, 283
_Gryphaea_, 182
_Grypotherium_, 53
Guide fossils, 43
GYMNOSPERMEAE, characters of, 40
_Gyracanthides_, 261
_Gyroceras_, 207
_Gyrodoma_, 194

_Halimeda_ limestone, 75
_Haliotis_, 198, 200
_Haliserites_, 83
_Halysites_, 114
_Hamites_, 210
_Hapalocrinus_, 136
_Haploceras_, 209
_Haplophragmium_, 97, 98
_Harpa_, 198, 199, 201
_Harpactocarcinus_, 248
_Harpagornis_, 283
_Hawk_, 283
_Helicocrinus_, 136
_Helicotoma_, 195
_Heliolites_, 115, 116
_Heliopora_, 115
_Heliosphaera_, 103
_Helix_, 203
_Hemiaster_, 148
_Hemipatagus_, 148
_Heterocrinus_, 135
HETEROPODA, 190
_Heteropora_, 158
Hexactinellid sponge, 107, 110
Hinge-structure, in bivalves, 175
_Holaster_, 147
HOLOTHUROIDEA, 148
_Homalonotus_, 229, 231
_Hornera_, 158
_Huenella_, 159
Human remains, sub-recent, 299
_Hyalostelia_, 108, 110
_Hybocrinus_, 135
_Hydractinia_, 119, 120
HYDROZOA, 63, 119
_Hymenocaris_, 244
_Hyperammina_, 97
_Hyolithes_, 192, 193, 194
_Hypothyris_, 164
_Hypsiprymnus_, 295

Ibis, 283
_Ichthyosaurus_, 276, 277, 278
_Idiostroma_, 121
_Idmonea_, 158
_Illaenus_, 229
Indusial limestone, 75
_Inoceramus_, 183, 184
Insects, 53, 250
Ironstone, 80
Irregular echinoids, 146
_Ischnochiton_, 190
_Ischyodus_, 269, 270
_Isochilina_, 237
_Isocrinus_, 137, 138

Janjukian bivalves, 186
" gasteropods, 200
_Jonesina_, 237
Jurassic bird, 280
" bivalves, 182
" brachiopods, 165
" cephalopods, 208
" fishes, 264
" Foraminifera, 98
" gasteropods, 196
" insects, 250
" Ostracoda, 238
" Phyllopoda, 233
" plants, 89
" reptiles, 276
" scaphopods, 189

Kalimnan bivalves, 187
" gasteropods, 201
Kangaroo, 295
_Keeneia_, 196
_Kekenodon_, 295, 296
Kerosene shale, 77
_Kionoceras_, 206
_Kloedenia_, 237

_Labrodon_, 271
LABYRINTHODONTIA, 272
_Lagena_, 98
_?Lagria_, 250
_Lamna_, 267, 269, 271
Lamp-shells, 57, 158
_Lasiocladia_, 110
_Lasiograptus_, 126, 127
_Latirus_, 198, 201
_Laurus_, 91
_Leaia_, 233
Leda, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188
Leonardo da Vinci, 25
_Lepas_, 243
_Leperditella_, 234
_Leperditia_, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238
_Lepidocyclina_, 99, 100
" limestone, 73
_Lepidodendron_, 40, 85, 261
" beds, 162
_Lepralia_, 157, 158
_Leptaena_, 162, 164
_Leptoclinum_, 257, 258
_Leptodesma_, 179
_Leptodomus_, 177
_Leptograptus_, 124
_Leptolepis_, 264, 265, 267
_Lepton_, 187
_Lichas_, 229
_Lichenopora_, 158
_Lieberkuehnia_, 95
_Lima_, 184, 185, 186
_Limatula_, 185
Limestones formed by organisms, 72
_Limnaea_, 69
_Limopsis_, 184, 185, 187
_Limulus_, 248
_Lingula_, 160, 162, 166, 261
_Linthia_, 147, 148
_Liopyrga_, 201
_Liotia_, 198, 200
Lithistid sponges, 109, 110
Lithological evidence, value of, 44
_Lithophaps_, 283
_Lithothamnion_, 75
_Lituites_, 207
_Lituola_, 97
_Loganograptus_, 126
_Lophophyllum_, 117
_Lorica_, 190
_Lotorium_, 198, 200, 202
_Lovenia_, 147
Lower Cambrian trilobites, 226
" Cretaceous bivalves, 183
" " brachiopods, 166
" " cephalopods, 209
" " crab, 246
" " dragon-fly, 250
" " fishes, 267
" " reptiles, 277
" Mesozoic fishes, 263
" Ordovician graptolites, New Zealand, 126
" Ordovician graptolites, Victoria, 124
_Loxoconcha_, 239
_Loxonema_, 193, 194, 195, 196
_Lucina_, 185, 187
Lung-fish, 265
_Lunucammina_, 98
_Lunulicardium_, 178
_Lunulites_, 158
_Lyriopecten_, 179

_Maccoyella_, 183, 184
_Macrocephalites_, 209
_Macrocheilus_, 196
_Macrocypris_, 236, 240
_Macropora_, 158
_Macropus_, 289, 295
_Macrotaeniopteris_, 88
_Mactra_, 177, 185, 188
Madrepore limestone, 73
_Magasella_, 166, 168
_Magellania_, 166, 167, 168
_Magnolia_, 91
Maiden-hair tree, 89
Mail-shells, 189
MAMMALIA, early types, 285
Mammals, fossil, 51
Manatees and dugongs, 298
_Marginella_, 198, 199
_Marginulina_, 98
Marsupial lion, 293
Marsupial, oldest known Australian, 294
Marsupials, 287
" Pleistocene and living, 295
_Martiniopsis_, 164
_Mastodonsaurus_, 274
Material for fossil collecting, 315
_Megalania_, 280
_Megalosaurus_, 277
_Melania_, 203
_Melosira_, 92
_Membranipora_, 157, 158
_Meretrix_, 177, 185, 187
_Mesoblastus_, 139
_Mesostigmodera_, 250
Mesozoic strata, 46
_Metablastus_, 139
_Metasqualodon_, 295, 296
METAZOA, 95
_Micraster_, 146
_Microdiscus_, 227
_Mikrogromia_, 95
_Millepora_, 119
_Milleporids_, 119
_Miliolina_, 96, 100, 101
Miocene bird, New Zealand, 280
" leaf-beds, 90
Miolania, 279
Mitra, 198, 199, 204
Moa-birds, 281-285, 299
_Modiola_, 183, 186
_Modiolaria_, 186
_Modiolopsis_, 177
MOLLUSCA, characters of, 38, 56, 174
MOLLUSCOIDEA, characters of, 38, 57, 154
Monactinellid sponges, 109, 110
_Monogenerina_, 97
_Monograptus_, 124, 128
_Monostychia_, 146
_Monotis_, 182
MONOTREMATA, 286
_Monticulipora_, 155
Monticuliporoids, 117
_Montlivaltia_, 118
Moor-hen, 283
_Mopsea_, 119
_Morio_, 198, 200
Mound-builders, 283
_Mourlonia_, 196
Mud-fish, 265, 267
Muds, 69
Mudstone, 70
MULTITUBERCULATA, 286
_Murchisonia_, 104, 195, 196
_Murex_, 198, 199, 200
_Myodora_, 185, 187
_Myriolepis_, 262, 263
_Mytilarca_, 177
_Mytilus_, 182, 183, 187, 188

Naming of animals, 34
_Nassa_, 191, 198, 204
_Natica_, 191, 197, 198, 200, 201
Native cat, 287, 295
" dog, 298
" honeysuckle, 91, 92
NAUTILOIDEA, 204
_Nautilus_, 204, 207, 209, 210
_Navicula_, 92
_Nebalia_, 244
_Necrastur_, 283
_Neoceratodus_, 267
Newer Pliocene seal, 299
_Newtoniella_, 198
New Zealand fossiliferous strata, 49
_Niso_, 194, 198
_Nodosaria_, 98, 100
_Nonionina_, 96
_Normanites_, 209
_Notasaphus_, 227
_Notidanus_, 268, 269, 270, 271
_Notochelone_, 53, 277
_Notophyllia_, 118
_Nototherium_, 293
_Nubecularia_, 97, 98
_Nucleospira_, 160
_Nucula_, 175, 177, 178, 183, 184, 185
_Nuculites_, 177, 178
Nullipore limestone, 75
_Nummulites_, 65, 99
Nummulitic limestone, 73
_Nyroca_, 283

OCTOPODA, 205
_Octopus_, 205
_Odontaspis_, 269, 270, 271
ODONTOCETI, 295
_Odontopleura_, 229, 231
_Odostomia_, 198, 200
_Oenonites_, 153
_Olenellus_, 226, 227
_Oliva_, 204
_Ommatocarcinus_, 247
_Omphalotrochus_, 194
Oolitic ironstone, 81
_Ophileta_, 192, 193
OPHIUROIDEA, 141
_Orbiculoidea_, 160
_Orbitoides_, 99
Ordovician bivalve, 177
" brachiopods, 159
" cephalopods, 205
" corals, 113
" crinoids, 135
" gasteropods, 193
" Phyllocarida, 244
" Radiolaria, 102
" sponges, 108
" trilobites, 227
_Ornithorhynchus_, 286, 287
_Orthis_, 159, 160, 161, 162
" limestone, 74
_Orthoceras_, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208
_Orthonota_, 177
_Orthothetes_, 162
OSTRACODA, features of carapace, 234
" habits of, 234
" structure of, 233
_Ostrea_, 182, 184, 187
_Otaria_, 299
_Oxyrhina_, 269, 270, 271
OXYSTOMATA, 247
_Oxytelus_, 250

_Pachydomus_, 181
_Pachyornis_, 282, 283
_Pachypora_, 73, 116
_Palaeaster_, 140, 141
_Palaeeudyptes_, 280, 281
_Palaeohatteria_, 276
_Palaeolycus_, 250
_Palaeoneilo_, 177, 178
_Palaeoniscus_, 261, 263, 274
_Palaeopelargus_, 283
Palaeozoic chitons, 189
" Cladophora, 122
" Cryptostomata, 156
" errant worms, 153
" strata, 47
" Trepostomata, 155
_Palissya_, 89, 164
_Pallymnarchus_, 279
_Palorchestes_, 290
_Panda_, 203
_Panenka_, 177
_Paracyainus_, 118
_Paracyclas_, 177, 179
_Paradoxechinus_, 145
_Paradoxorhyncha_, 239
_Parasqualodon_, 295, 296
_Pareiasaurus_, 276
_Patella_, 190, 191
_Pecten_, 175, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188
PELECYPODA, characters of, 174
" hinge structure of, 175
Pelican, 283
_Pelicanus_, 283
_Pelosina_, 97
_?Peltopleurus_, 262
_Pentacrinus_, 137, 138
_Pentagonaster_, 141
_Pentamerus_, 160, 162
_Penteune_, 91
_Peragale_, 289
_Perameles_, 289, 295
_Perisphinctes_, 209
Permian and Triassic reptiles, 276
_Perna_, 187
_Peronella_, 148
_Persoonia_, 90
_Petaurus_, 295
_Petraia_, 113
_Phacops_, 229, 230, 231
Phalanger, 295
_Phanerotrema_, 194
_Phascolomys_, 289, 295
_Phascolonus_, 289
_Phialocrinus_, 137
_Phillipsia_, 232
_Phoenicopsis_, 88
_Pholas_, 177
_Pholidophorus_, 262, 263
_Phos_, 198
_Phragmoceras_, 207
_Phryganea_, 75
PHYLACTOLAEMATA, 155
PHYLLOCARIDA, structure of, 243
_Phyllocladus_, 90
_Phyllograptus_, 123, 126
PHYLLOPODA, 233
_Phyllotheca_, 274
_Physa_, 191
_Physonemus_, 261
Pigeon, 283
_Pinna_, 186
PINNIPEDIA, 299
_Pisania_, 202
_?Pisocrinus_, 136
_Placopsilina_, 97
_Placotrochus_, 118
_Placunanomia_, 184, 187
_Plagiarca_, 184
_Plagiaulax_, 286
_Planorbis_, 191
Plants, fossil, 66
Plant series, characters of, 39
_Platalea_, 283
_Platyceps_, 273
_Platyceras_, 192, 194, 195, 196
_Platycoila_, 91
_Platycrinus_, 137
_Platyschisma_, 196
_Platysomus_, 263
_Plaxiphora_, 190
_Plectroninia_, 112
_Pleioclinis_, 91
Pleistocene birds, New Zealand, 283
" bivalves, 188
" carinate birds, 283
" diprotodonts, 289
" fish, 272
" Foraminifera, 101
" gasteropods, 202
" lobster, 248
" plants, 91
" seal, 299
_Plerophyllum_, 117
_Plesiastraea_, 119
_Plesiolampas_, 148
_Plesiosaurus_, 279
_Pleuracanthus_, 263
_Pleurodictyum_, 114
_Pleuromya_, 183
_?Pleurostomella_, 98
_Pleurotoma_, 198, 199, 202
_Pleurotomaria_, 194, 196, 197, 200, 202
_Plicatula_, 186
Pliocene moa, New Zealand, 281
_Pliosaurus_, 278
_Plotus_, 283
_Podocarpus_, 90
_Poecilodus_, 262
_?Pollicipes_, 243
POLYCHAETA, 152, 154
_Polycotylus_, 279
_Polymastodon_, 286
_Polymorphina_, 98, 100
POLYPLACOPHORA, 189
_Polypora_, 157
POLYPROTODONTIA, 287
_Polystomella_, 101
POLYZOA, characters of, 59, 155
" subdivisons of, 155
Polyzoal limestone, 74
_Porcellia_, 196
Porcupine fish, 270, 271
_Porina_, 158
_Porphyrio_, 283
_Portheus_, 268
_Poteriocrinus_, 137
Prehensile Rat-kangaroo, 295
Preservation of fossils, 319
_Primitia_, 236, 237
_Pristisomus_, 262
_Procoptodon_, 290
_Productus_, 162, 163, 164
_Proechidna_, 287
_Proetus_, 229, 232
_Progura_, 283
_Prosopon_, 246
_Protaster_, 142
_Protocardium_, 185
_Protopharetra_, 113
_Protoretepora_, 157
_Protospongia_, 107,108
PROTOZOA, characters of, 36, 65, 95
_Psammechinus_, 145
_Pseudamaura_, 197
_Psilichthys_, 264
PTERIDOPHYTA, characters of, 40
PTERIDOSPERMEAE, characters of, 40
_Pterinea_, 178, 179
_Pteris_ (_Pteridium_), 91
PTEROPODA, 190, 192, 193, 194
_Pterygotus_, 248, 249
_Ptilograptus_, 122
_Ptychoparia_, 226, 227
_Pugnellus_, 184
_Pulvinulina_, 98
Purbeck marble, 74
_Purisiphonia_, 110
_Purpura_, 191

RADIOLARIA, characters of, 36, 66
" habitat of, 101
" structure of, 101
" subdivisions, 102
Rail, 283
Raised beaches as distinct from middens, 29
_Ranella_, 204
Range-in-time of fossils, 50
_Raphistoma_, 193, 195
Rat-kangaroo, 295
_Receptaculites_, 109
Regular echinoids, 144
_Reinschia_, 78
Reptiles, fossil, 53
" dentition of, 275
" structure of, 274
_Reteocrinus_, 135
_Retepora_, 158
_Reticularia_, 164
_Retiolites_, 124, 128
_Rhacopteris_, 86
_Rhinopterocaris_, 244, 246
_Rhipidomella_, 162
_Rhizophyllum_, 113
_Rhodocrinus_, 135
_Rhombopora_, 156
_Rhynchonella_, 158, 165, 166
RHYNCHOTA, 250
_Rhynchotrema_, 160
_Ringicula_, 202
_Risella_, 191
_Rissoa_, 198
_Rissoina_, 197
_Rostellaria_, 198
_Rotalia_, 96, 101
Rugose corals, 113

_Saccammina_, 96
_Saccocaris_, 244
_Sagenodus_, 263
_Salterella_, 192
Sandstones, 71
_Sanidophyllum_, 115
_Sarcophilus_, 287, 295
_Sargus_, 272
_Scala_, 191, 198, 199, 200, 202
_Scalaetrochus_, 194
_Scaldicetus_, 297
_Scaphella_, 202
_Scaphites_, 209
SCAPHOPODA, 188
_Scenella_, 193
_Sceparnodon_, 289
_Schizaster_, 148
_Schizodus_, 175
_Schizophoria_, 162
_Schloenbachia_, 209
_Scutellina_, 146
Sea-beds far from the present coast, 29
Sea-bream, 272
" -cucumbers, 148
" -firs, 119, 122
" -mats, 154, 155
" -pen, 119
" -urchins, 59, 143
" characters of, 144
Sedentary worms, 154
_Seguenzia_, 199
_Selenaria_, 158
_Semele_, 185
_Semicassis_, 198
_Seminula_, 164
_Semionotus_, 262, 263
SEPIOIDEA, 205
_Serpula_, 154
Serpulite limestone, 74
_Sertularia_, 119, 122
Shales, 69
Sharks, 267, 269, 270, 271
Shell-limestone, 74
_Shumardia_, 227
_Sigsbeia_, 143
Siliceous rocks, 71
Silicified wood, 24
_Siliquaria_, 198
Silurian bivalves, 177
" brachiopods, 160
" brittle-stars, 142
" cephalopods, 206
" cirripedes, 241
" conodonts, 153
" corals, 113
" crinoids, 135
" Foraminifera, 96
" gasteropods, 193
" graptolites, Victoria, 128
" Hexacoralla, 114
" Octocoralla, 115
" Ostracoda, 235
" palaeechinoids, 144
" Phyllocarida, 246
" plants, 82
" Radiolaria, 102
" sponges, 109
" starfishes, 140
" stromatoporoids, 121
" trilobites, 228
_Siphonalia_, 198
_Siphonia_, 110
_Siphonotreta_, 160
SIRENIA, 298
_Sistrum_, 202
Slate, 70
Smith, William, 26
Smittia, 158
_Solarium_, 198
_Solenocurtus_, 187
_Soletellina_, 188
Sphaerosiderite, 80
_Sphenopteris_, 85, 89
_Sphenotrochus_, 118, 119
_Sphenotus_, 177, 179
_Sphyrna_, 270
_Spirifer_, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164
_Spiriferina_, 165
" -beds, 208
_Spirillina_, 96
_Spirorbis_, 154
_Spirula_, 205
_Spirulirostra_, 205, 210
_Spisula_, 188
_Spondylostrobus_, 91
_Spondylus_, 175, 184, 185
SPONGES, characteristics of, 64, 107
_Spongilla_, 72
_Spongodiscus_, 103
_Spongophyllum_, 116
Spoonbill, 283
Spore coal, 76
_Squalodon_, 295
_Stacheia_, 97
Star-corals, 119
Starfishes, characters of, 61, 139
_Staurolonche_, 103
_Stauroneis_, 92
Steno, 25
_Stenopora_, 117
_Stenotheca_, 192
_Stephanella_, 109
_Stephanograptus_, 126
_Stephanotrochus_, 118
_Sthenurus_, 290
Sting-ray, 271
_Stomatopora_, 158
Storing fossils, 320
Stork, 283
Strata, superposition of, 41
" vertically arranged, 44
Stratigraphical series, general thickness, 44
Stratigraphy, 27
_Strepsodus_, 261
_Streptelasma_, 113
_Stricklandinia_, 160
_Stromatopora_, 120, 121
_Stromatoporella_, 121, 122
STROMATOPOROIDS, 63, 120
_Strombus_, 184, 204
_Strophalosia_, 163
_Stropheodonta_, 160, 161
_Strophonella_, 160
_Struthiolaria_, 202
_Studeria_, 148
_Sturtzura_, 143
_Stutchburia_, 180
STYLASTERIDS, 119
_Subemarginula_, 198
Submerged forests, 30
_Sunetta_, 187
Superposition of strata, 41
_Synaphe_, 238
SYNDACTYLA, 288
_Synedra_, 92
_Syringopora_, 114
_Syringothyris_, 164

_Tabellaria_, 92
_Taeniopteris_, 88, 89, 164, 250, 265
_Taniwhasaurus_, 279
_Taphaetus_, 283
Tasmanian devil, 287, 295
" wolf, 287, 295
Tasmanite, 77
_Taxocrinus_, 135
_Tellina_, 185, 187, 188
_Temnechinus_, 146
_Tentaculites_, 193, 194, 195
_Terebra_, 198, 199, 202, 204
_Terebratella_, 166, 168
_Terebratula_, 166
_Terebratulina_, 166, 167
Tertiary ironstone, 81
_Tessarodoma_, 158
TETRACORALLA, 113
Tetractinellid sponge, 110, 112
_Tetragraptus_, 124, 126
_Textularia_, 98, 100
_Thalassina_, 248
THALLOPHYTA, characters of, 39
_Thalotia_, 200
_Thamnastraea_, 118
_Thinnfeldia_, 88, 89, 182
_Thurammina_, 97
_Thyestes_, 258
_Thylacinus_, 287, 295
_Thylacoleo_, 293, 303
Time-range of fossils, 50
_Tomodus_, 262
Toothed whales, 295
Torbanite, 77
_Torlessia_, 154
_Trachyderma_, 153, 154
_Trachypora_, 117
_Trematonotus_, 194
_Trematotrochus_, 118, 119
TREPOSTOMATA, 155
_Tretocalia_, 112
Triassic bivalves, 181
" brachiopods, 164
" cephalopods, 208
" crinoids, 137
" fishes, 262
" Foraminifera, 98
" labyrinthodonts, 273
" Ostracoda, 238
" Phyllopoda, 233
" plants, 88
" reptiles, New Zealand, 276
_Tribonyx_, 283
_Tribrachiocrinus_, 137
_Trichograptus_, 124
_Tricoelocrinus_, 139
_Trigonia_, 175, 182, 183, 184, 187
_Trigonograptus_, 126
TRILOBITES, habits of, 222
" structure of, 223
_Tritylodon_, 276, 286
_Trivia_, 198, 199
_Trochoceras_, 205
_Trochonema_, 195
_Trochus_, 191, 194, 195
_Trophon_, 202
_Truncatulina_, 98, 100
_Tryplasma_, 113
Tuatera, 276
_Tudicla_, 201
TUNICATA, 257
_Turbo_, 197, 200
_Turrilepas_, 241, 243
_Turritella_, 191, 198, 200, 201, 202
_Turritella_ -limestone, 74
_Tylosaurus_, 279
_Tylospira_, 198, 202
_Typhis_, 198

_Uncinulus_, 162
_Unio_, 181, 182
_Unionella_, 181
Upper Cambrian trilobites, 227
" Cretaceous bivalves, 184
" Cretaceous brachiopod, 166
" Cretaceous cephalopod, 166
" Triassic fishes, 262
" Ordovician graptolites, New South Wales, 127
" Ordovician graptolites, Victoria, 126
_Urasterella_, 140
_Urosthenes_, 262

_Vaginella_, 198, 199
_Vaginulina_, 98
_Valvulina_, 97, 98
_Venus_, 177, 185, 187, 188
VERMES, characters of, 37
_Vertebraria_, 264
VERTEBRATA, characters of, 38, 257
_Verticordia_, 186
_Vetotuba_, 194
_Voluta_, 198, 201, 202
_Volutilithes_, 198, 201, 202
_Volvox_, 78
_Volvulella_, 201

Warrnambool footprints, 301
Werrikooian bivalves, 187
" gasteropods, 202
Whales, 295
White coal, 77
_Wilsonia_, 160
Wombat, 289, 295
Worms, fossil, 59, 152
Worm-tracks, 154
Wrasse family, 271
_Wynyardia_, 294

Xenophanes, 24
_Xenorhynchus_, 283
_Xestoleberis_, 237
_Xiphosphaera_, 103

_Yvania_, 196

_Zaphrentis_, 117
_Ziphius_, 296

INDEX TO AUSTRALASIAN LOCALITIES.

Appended letters indicate the State or Country:--

N.S.W., New South Wales; N.T., Northern Territory; N.Z., New Zealand; Q., Queensland; S.A., South Australia; T., Tasmania; V., Victoria; W.A., Western Australia.

Adelaide, S.A., 102
Aire Coast, V., 138
Airly, N.S.W., 273
Alice Springs, S.A., 193
Altona Bay, V., 112
Arcola, Q., 279
Arcoona, S.A., 91
Ardrossan, S.A., 82, 107

Bacchus Marsh, V., 88, 90
Balcombe's Bay, V., 190, 239, 317
Bald Hill, V., 88
Barker Gorge, W.A., 196, 232, 259
Barraba, N.S.W., 93, 102
Batesford, V., 73, 100, 138, 141
Baton River, N.Z., 195, 207
Bay of Islands, N.Z., 93
Beaumaris, V., 119, 243, 248, 270, 271, 296, 297, 317
Bendigo, V., 108, 109, 124, 246
Berwick, V., 68
Bindi, V., 109, 121, 161, 195
Bingera, N.S.W., 102
Boggy Creek, V., 112
Bowen River, Q., 117, 137, 164
Bowning, N.S.W., 144, 153, 207, 231, 241
Bowral, N.S.W., 274
Brighton, N.Z., 146, 248, 280
Broadhurst's Creek, V., 231
Broken River, N.Z., 146, 167
Broken River, Q., 136
Broome, W.A., 183
Brunswick, V., 136
Buchan, V., 79, 109, 115, 136, 161, 195, 203, 207, 231, 237, 258
Bulla, V., 122
Bungonia, N.S.W., 300
Burdekin, Q., 115, 116
Burnt Creek, V., 259
Burragorang, N.S.W., 180

Camperdown, V., 74
Canobolas district, N.S.W., 114
Canowindra, N.S.W., 162
Canterbury, N.Z., 154
Cape Liptrap, V., 71
Cape Otway, V., 119, 296
Cape Palliser, N.Z., 203
Cape Paterson, V., 265, 276
Carapook, V., 264
Caroline Creek, T., 227
Casterton, V., 265
Castlemaine, V., 126, 246
Cavan, N.S.W., 109
Cessnock, N.S.W., 237
Chatham Ids., 138
Chillagoe, Q., 115
Chinchilla, Q., 279
Clarence Town, N.S.W., 139, 162
Cliftonwood, N.S.W., 237
Clunes, V., 279
Cockatoo Id., N.S.W., 274
Collie, W.A., 98
Collingwood, V., 206
Coole Barghurk Creek, V., 193
Cooma, N.S.W., 93, 102
Copeland, N.S.W., 85
Corio Bay, V., 270
Corner Creek, Q., 237
Croydon, Q., 89, 166
Curiosity Shop, N.Z., 138, 280
Curlewis, V., 112, 247
Curramulka, S.A., 108, 177, 192, 235
Currowang, N.S.W., 127

Dalton, N.S.W., 90, 91
Dargo High Plains, V., 91
Darling Downs, Q., 53, 110, 282, 283, 298
Darling River, N.S.W., 154, 157
Darriwill, V., 126
Delegate River, N.S.W., 114
Derrengullen Creek, N.S.W., 190
Diggers' Rest, V., 126
Dolodrook River, V., 193, 227
Dromana, V., 246
Dundas Co., V., 264

East Maitland, N.S.W., 154
Elizabeth River, S.A., 91

Fanning River, Q., 207
Farley, N.S.W., 180, 237
Fernbrook, N.S.W., 109
Fifield, N.S.W., 237
Flemington, V., 136, 142, 143, 206, 318
Flinders, V., 65, 112
Flinders River, Q., 183, 250, 267, 277, 278
Florentine Valley, T., 159, 227
Fraser's Creek, V., 231

Gascoyne River, W.A., 117, 136, 137, 232, 262
Geelong, V., 100, 119, 120, 243
Geilston, T., 203
Gellibrand River, V., 199
Geraldton, W.A., 98, 197, 238
Gippsland Lakes, V., 168, 243
Gisborne, V., 299
Glenelg River, V., 168
Glenwilliam, N.S.W., 139
Goodradigbee River, N.S.W., 109
Goonoo, N.S.W., 85
Gordon River, T., 115
Gosford, N.S.W., 53, 262, 263, 273
Grampians, V., 261
Grange Burn, Hamilton, V., 143, 270, 271, 296, 297
Greenough River, W.A., 165, 182, 209
Grey River, N.Z., 78
Grice's Creek, V., 317
Grose Vale, N.S.W., 238
Gulgong, N.S.W., 279, 286
Gunning, N.S.W., 91

Haddon, V., 68
Hallett's Cove, S.A., 119
Hall's Sound, Papua, 201
Hamilton, N.Z., 285
Hamilton, V., 190, 243, 270, 271, 295, 296, 297
Hamilton River, Q., 267
Hatton's Corner, N.S.W., 114, 231
Heathcote, V., 160, 177, 227
Hobart, T., 68, 203
Hokonui Hills, N.Z., 164, 165
Hughenden, Q., 267, 268

Iguana Creek, V., 85
Irwin River, W.A., 97, 98, 137, 207
Island of Timor, 163

Jenolan Caves, N.S.W., 102, 121, 300

Kakanui, N.Z., 280
Kamileroy, Q., 267
Keilor, V., 128
Kent's Group, T., 203
Kilmore, V., 144, 206, 231, 246
Kilmore Creek, V., 231
Kimberley, W.A., 136, 137, 192, 207, 262
King Island, T., 53, 104, 283
King's Creek, Q., 282
Kirrak, V., 265
Knocklofty, T., 264
Knowsley, V., 227
Koroit, V., 305
Kowhai River, N.Z., 189

Lake Callabonna, S.A., 51, 282
Lake Connewarre, V., 270
Lake Eyre, S.A., 166, 183, 189, 197
Lake Frome, S.A., 91
Lancefield, V., 93, 108, 122, 124, 246
Laurie's Creek, S.A., 193, 205, 228
Lawson, N.S.W., 127
Leichhardt River, Q., 267
Leigh's Creek, S.A., 193
Lennard River, W.A., 208
Lilydale, V., 73, 82, 96, 114, 121, 190, 229, 231, 236, 243, 318
Limeburners Point, V., 79
Limestone Creek, Glenelg River, V., 202
Limestone Creek, Yass, N.S.W.; 136, 231
Loddon Valley, V., 279
Lord Howe Id., 279
Loyola, V., 109, 121, 229, 231
Lyndhurst, N.S.W., 227

Maddingley, V., 90
Mallee, V., 71, 101, 119, 138, 141
Mandurama, N.S.W., 102, 127, 227
Manly, N.S.W., 88
Mansfield, V., 53, 122, 154, 231, 259
Marathon Station, Q., 277
Maria Id., T., 180
Maryborough, Q., 146, 184, 304
Maryvale Creek, Q., 279
McMahon's Creek, V., 207
Melbourne, V., 82, 136, 140, 153, 178, 246
Mersey River, T., 77, 97, 193
Milburn, N.Z., 296
Mitchell Downs, Q., 137
Mitta Mitta River, V., 114
Molong, N.S.W., 114
Moonee Ponds Creek, V., 229, 318
Moorabool River, V., 112, 120, 202
Mornington, V., 65, 70, 90, 112, 118, 258, 269
Mosquito Plains, S.A., 300
Mount Angas, Q., 166
" Buninyong, V., 303
" Gambier, S.A., 71, 91, 119, 120, 138, 147, 282, 296
" Lambie, N.S.W., 85
" Macedon Cave, 298
" Potts, N.Z., 276
" Victoria, N.S.W., 88
" Wellington, V., 126, 134, 159, 193
" Wyatt, Q., 109
Muddy Creek, Hamilton, V., 141, 147, 243, 269, 295
Mudgee, N.S.W., 109
Muree, Raymond Terrace, N.S.W., 238
Murray River Cliffs, S.A., 58, 210
Murrumbidgee River, N.S.W., 114, 189, 259

Napier Range, W.A., 232
Narrengullen Creek, N.S.W., 237
Nelson, N.Z., 78, 126, 164, 165, 182, 233, 248
Newcastle, N.S.W., 233
Ngapara, N.Z., 296
Nimbin, Richmond River, N.S.W., 272
Norseman district, W.A., 110
Nugget Point, Otago, N.Z., 274
Nungatta, N.S.W., 85
Nyrang Creek, N.S.W., 162

Oakey Creek, N.S.W., 178
Oamaru, N.Z., 110, 280
Orakei Bay, N.Z., 158
Otway Coast, V., 90

Pakaraka, N.Z., 93
Papua, 100, 146, 148, 184, 187, 188, 201, 203, 209, 210
Paroo River, Q., 282
Peak Downs, Q., 282
Penola, S.A., 300
Petermann Creek, S.A., 193
Phillip Co., N.S.W., 282
Pine Creek, Q., 93
Pitfield Plains, V., 90
Pitchery Creek, Q., 278
Pokolbin, N.S.W., 97, 180
Port Campbell, V., 247
Port Darwin, N.T., 103, 248
Port Stephen, N.S.W., 262
Preservation Inlet, N.Z., 126

Ravensfield, N.S.W., 180
Reid Gap, Q., 207
Richmond Downs, Q., 267
Richmond River, N.S.W., 93
Rock Flat Creek, N.S.W., 206
Rockhampton, Q., 110, 139, 144, 153, 164, 196, 261
Rough Range, W.A., 116, 122

Sale, V., 112
San Remo, V., 122
Sebastopol, V., 93
Seville, V., 229, 231
Shakespeare Cliff, N.Z., 146
Southland, N.Z., 285
South Yarra, V., 128, 136, 143, 206, 229, 249, 318
Spring Creek, Torquay, V., 141
St. Peter's, Sydney, N.S.W., 262
Stanwell, Q., 137
Stockyard Creek, N.S.W., 127
Stroud, N.S.W., 86
Studley Park, V., 128, 318
Sunbury, V., 126

Table Cape, T., 74, 190, 269, 270, 294, 296
Talbot, V., 93
Talbragar, 267
Tallong, N.S.W., 127
Tamworth, N.S.W., 85, 103, 115
Taranaki, N.Z., 203
Tempe Downs, S.A., 193, 205, 228
Thompson River, Q., 277
Thomson River, V., 229
Tinderbox Bay, T., 264
Tingaringi, N.S.W., 127
Toongabbie, V., 74, 135
Torquay, V., 74, 141, 148, 243, 269, 296
Tyer's River, V., 82, 144

Upper Finke Basin, S.A., 159
Upper Yarra, V., 206, 207, 231, 236

Vegetable Creek, N.S.W., 91

Waihao, N.Z., 296
Waikari River, N.Z., 141
Waikouaiti, N.Z., 296
Wairoa, N.Z., 274
Wairoa Gorge, N.Z., 137, 162
Waitaki Valley, N.Z., 296
Walhalla, V., 114, 121, 128
Wandong, V., 229, 231
Wanganui, N.Z., 299
Wannon River district, V., 53, 90
Waratah Bay, V., 114, 121, 229
Warburton, V., 207
Warrnambool, V., 282, 299, 301, 302
Waurn Ponds, V., 90, 119, 141, 243, 269, 296
Wellington Valley, N.S.W., 287, 298, 300
Well's Creek, N.Z., 165
West Melbourne Swamp, V., 51
Westport, N.Z., 78
Wharekuri, N.Z., 248
White Cliffs, N.S.W., 138, 179, 183, 184, 195, 279
Whittlesea, V., 206
Wilberforce, N.Z., 189
Wilcannia, N.S.W., 138
Wirrialpa, S.A., 159
Wollumbilla, Q., 98, 137, 154, 157, 166, 183, 189
Wombat Creek, V., 109, 126
Woori Yallock Creek, V., 231
Wormbete Creek, V., 74
Wynyard, T., 246

Yan Yean, V., 318
Yass, N.S.W., 65, 109, 114, 121, 153, 161, 179, 190, 207, 231, 237, 241
Yering, V., 142
Yorke Peninsula, S.A., 226
Yule Id., Papua, 146, 187, 201

Zeehan, T., 154

* * * * *

* * * * *

CORRIGENDA.

Page 65, for head-line "_Protozoa_" read "_How Fossils are Found_."

Page 147, for head-line "_Characteristic Fossils_" read
"_Sea-urchins_."

Page 273, for head-line "_Reptiles_" read "_Amphibians_."

[Transcriber Note: These changes were not utilized here as they only
apply to the titles at the top of the printed pages.]

* * * * *

ERRATUM--Page 47.

_In 1st column_--_for_ "Mesozoic or Secondary (continued)."

_Read_ "Palaeozoic or Primary" and omit divisional line.

[Transcriber Note: These changes were applied to the text.]

* * * * *

Transcriber Note

Images were moved so paragraphs were not split. Minor typographical errors were corrected. Hyphenation was standardized to the most prevalent form utilized. As the æ ligature was only used five times and "ae" was used more than 50 times, the ligature was converted to "ae".

End of Project Gutenberg's Australasian Fossils, by Frederick Chapman