Chapter I: Smaller Measures of Length

II. LARGER MEASURES OF LENGTH.
III. DRY MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
IV. LIQUID MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
V. MEASURES OF WEIGHT.
VI. MEASURES OF VALUE.

INDEX TO AND MAP OF PALESTINE 151-155

INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 156

INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER 157, 158

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

MAPS.
PAGE
Alexander's Empire, Division of 94
Ancient Jerusalem in New Testament Period 72
Ancient World, and Descendants of Noah 24
Assyrian Empire 92
Babylonian Empire and its Surroundings 92
Beth-horon and Vicinity 50
Conquest of Canaan 50
Corinth and Vicinity 123
Damascus and Vicinity 114
Division of Solomon's Empire 86
Early Apostolic History 112
Empire of Chedorlaomer 34
Empire of David and Solomon 68
Environs of Jerusalem 82
Island of Cyprus 119
Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132
Isle of Patmos 134
Journeys of the Patriarchs 36
Kadesh-barnea and Vicinity 48
Kingdom of Egypt at its greatest extent under
Rameses II 42
Kingdom of Herod the Great 100
Kingdom of Saul 64
Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 44
Modern Jerusalem 81
Modern Palestine 152, 153
Modern World and Bible Lands facing title
Mount Sinai, Vicinity of 44
Natural Features of Jerusalem 75
Nineveh and Vicinity 96
Old Testament World 18, 19
Oriental World in the Time of David 70
Outline Map for Review 26
Outline Maps (Geography of Palestine) 143-146
Palestine among the Tribes 58
Palestine as Promised and Possessed 53
Palestine before the Conquest 36
Palestine during the Ministry of Jesus 102
Palestine under the Judges 60
Palestine under the Maccabees, B.C. 100 96
Paul's First Missionary Journey 116
Paul's Second Missionary Journey 120
Paul's Third Missionary Journey 124
Paul's Voyage to Rome 126
Paul's Last Journeys 130
Period of Preparation. (Life of Christ) 104
Period of Inauguration. " 104
Period of Early Galilean Ministry. " 106
Period of Later Galilean Ministry. " 107
Period of Retirement. " 107
Period of Judæan Ministry. " 108
Period of Peræan Ministry. " 109
Period of the Passion. " 109
Persian Empire 94
Peter's Journey 112
Philip's Journey 112
Physical Palestine 28
Plain of Esdraelon 60
Restoration of Israel, B.C. 800 89
Roman Empire in New Testament Period 98
Saul's Last Battle 64
Saul of Tarsus' and Barnabas' Journeys 112
St. Paul's Bay, Malta, enlarged 128
Syrian Period, B.C. 884-840 88
The Two Provinces, A.D. 44-70 102

ENGRAVINGS.

Ancient Coins 149, 150
Antioch in Syria 117
Arches under Temple Area 147
Areopagus at Athens 121
Assyrian Palace 91
Babylon 95
Bashan, View in the Eastern Table-Land 55
Bethany 150
Bethlehem 105
Bible Measures 148, 149
Birs Nimroud (supposed Tower of Babel) 23
Black Obelisk 93
Brazen Altar 137
Capernaum and the Sea of Galilee 101
Church of the Ascension 54
Church of the Holy Sepulchre 16
Church of Nativity, Bethlehem 71
Colosseum at Rome 97
Damascus 113
David's Tomb 73
Defile between Jerusalem and Jericho 83
Dome of the Rock (Site of the Temple) 139
Egyptian Temple 41
Entry of Pilgrims into Bethlehem xii
Garden of Gethsemane 49
Gethsemane 85
Grotto of Jeremiah 99
Hebron 39
Jericho 67
Jericho and the Jordan 37
Jews' Wailing Place at Jerusalem 27
Laodicea from Hierapolis 133
Moabite Stone 88
Modern Jerusalem, Panorama and Description of 78, 79
Mosque El Aska 90
Mount Ararat 20
Mount Tabor 61
Mount Zion 115
Mugheir (supposed to be Ur of the Chaldees) 33
Nazareth 110
Pool of Siloam 103
Râs es Sufsafeh (Mount Sinai) 43
River Jordan 30
Round about Jerusalem 59
Shechem 51
Solomon's Pools 84
Tabernacle 135
Tower of David 69
Table of Shew Bread 136
Via Dolorosa 111

CHARTS.

Bible History 14, 15
Chronological Chart of Kings of Israel and Judah 87
Paul's First Journey, Review 119
Table of Nations, Review 27

COMPARATIVE DIAGRAMS.

Age of the Patriarchs, before and after the Deluge 34
Areas of Asia Minor and Texas, U.S. 118
Area of Egypt 42
Areas of Palestine and New England 29
Area of Palestine at Different Periods 70
Areas of Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Empires 93
Height of Bible Mountains 17
Height of Mountains in Palestine 32
Population of the Twelve Tribes at Entrance into
Canaan 57
Size of the Territory of the Tribes 56
United States and Old Testament World 17

PLANS.

Antioch, Ancient 114
Athens, Ancient 122
Babylon 93
Camp of Israel 47
Ephesus and Vicinity 125
Rome, Ancient 129
Sacred Enclosure (Herod's Temple) 141
Section of Palestine, North to South 31
Section of Palestine, East to West 31
Section Through the Middle of Temple, East to West 140
Solomon's Temple 71
Temple in the Time of Christ (Herod's) 138

CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY.

THE Geography and the History of the Bible are so closely united that neither subject can be studied to advantage without the other. We therefore present at the opening of our work the Chart of Bible History, upon which the leading events of Bible History and those of the ancient world in general are arranged in parallel columns. The blue lines extending across the page represent the centuries before Christ, each space between them being 100 years. Until recently the common chronology found in all reference Bibles and Biblical works, was that prepared by Archbishop Ussher, who died in 1656, long before the present sources of information from "the monuments" had been discovered. His chronology has not been regarded as trustworthy by scholars for thirty years past; but until recently it has been retained because students of Biblical and Ancient History were not agreed as to the dates which should be given in place of it. But there is now a substantial, though not complete agreement among scholars; and we therefore discard the Ussherian system, and adopt that obtained from the information given in the inscriptions of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, when compared with statements in the Bible.

We begin at the date 2500 B.C. as the events of Bible History earlier than 2500 B.C. cannot be fixed with any certainty. And it must be admitted that none of the dates earlier than 1000 B.C. can be regarded as established.

I. =General Periods.= In the first column we note the five great periods of Bible History. These are the natural divisions of the events contained in the Bible story.

1. The Period of the Early Races, from the Deluge, at a date unknown, to the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280. Before the Call of Abraham, the history in the book of Genesis is introductory.

2. The Period of the Chosen Family, from the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280, to the Exodus from Egypt, about 1250 B.C.

3. The Period of the Israelite People, from the Exodus, 1250 B.C., to the Coronation of Saul, about 1050 B.C.

4. The Period of the Israelite Kingdom, from the Coronation of Saul, 1050 B.C., to the Captivity in Babylon, B.C. 587.

5. The Period of the Jewish Province, from the Captivity in Babylon, 587 B.C., to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, A.D. 70.

II. In the second column the larger periods are broken up into =Subdivisions=. 1. In the _Period of the Early Races_ the line of division is made at the Dispersion of the Races, to which no date is assigned. 2. _The Period of the Chosen Family_ is subdivided at the Descent into Egypt by Jacob and his family, about 2060 B.C. 3. _The Period of the Israelitish People_ has three subdivisions. (1.) The Wandering in the Wilderness, from the Exodus, B.C. 1250, to the Entrance into Canaan, B.C. 1210. (2.) The Settlement, extending to the Mesopotamian Oppression, B.C. 1180. (3.) The Rule of the Judges, to the Coronation of Saul, B.C. 1050. 4. _The Period of the Israelitish Kingdom_ naturally divides itself into three sections. (1.) Unity, to the Division of the Kingdom, B.C. 935. (2.) Division, to the Captivity of the Ten Tribes, B.C. 721. (3.) Decay, the stage of the kingdom of Judah alone, from B.C. 721 to 587, the Babylonian Captivity. 5. _The Period of the Jewish Province_ has five subdivisions. (1.) Chaldean Rule, to the Return from Captivity, B.C. 536. (2.) Persian Rule, to the Conquest by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. (3.) Greek Rule, under the kingdoms of Alexander's successors to the Revolt of Mattathias, B.C. 168. (4.) Jewish Independence, to the Annexation of Judæa to the Roman Empire, A.D. 6. (5.) Roman Rule, to the final Destruction of Jerusalem, A.D. 70.

III. Next, we notice the prominent =Persons and Rulers= in Sacred History. The perpendicular lines opposite the names of the patriarchs indicate the duration of their lives, according to the common chronology. Only the most important of the Judges are named, and with each is given his number in the order of the list. The crowns show the kings, and the years show the period of their reigns. The chronology during the age of the Judges is very uncertain, and the dates are only conjectural.

IV. =The Events of Bible History=, given in the fourth column, are too numerous to be recapitulated. The student should divide them according to the Subdivisions of the Periods, already given.

V. =The History of Egypt= occupies the fifth column. The opinions of scholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first eighteen dynasties, some of them differing by a thousand years. The ancient history of Egypt is divided into three sections. (1.) The Old Kingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by ten dynasties in succession. (2.) The Middle Kingdom, from about 2900 B.C. to 1570 B.C., Dynasties XI. to XVII. (3.) The New Kingdom, from 1570 B.C. to 525 B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII. Egypt was part of the Persian Empire from 525 to 332 B.C. After 323 B.C. it was governed by a line of Greek kings, who bore the name of Ptolemy, until 30 B.C., when it became a Roman province.

VI. =The Kingdoms of the East=, Babylonia and Assyria, appear on the sixth column; beginning with a number of states in Babylonia; becoming an empire under Hammurabi about 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak until about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrian empire arose, overpowering Babylon. The Assyrian Empire lasted until 625 B.C., when Babylon again arose to power, though the Chaldean Empire did not begin until 606 B.C. In 536 B.C. it fell before the Persian conquerors, and the whole world of the Bible was under Persian control until 330 B.C., when Alexander the Great won it. No world-empire arose after the death of Alexander, until the Roman period.

[Transcriber's Note: This time-line has been changed from the original layout due to width and text constraints. Originally, there were eight columns across with the Roman numeral major divisions noted below and the century marks ran down the left and right margins. The original is also color-coded to indicate eras of history such as the Roman Rule of Israel. To try to make this time-line still useful in a text format, each item from each column has been arranged in order with a letter indicating its original column title. This leads to some necessary repetion. For example:

[C] c. 1010. David, King.
[D] 1010--David King over Judah.

because David was both a "Ruler in Bible History" and a part of the "History of Israel." Below this linear timeline is a format more like the original but with only one, two or three columns in a section depending on the space available.]

A I. General Periods
B II. Subdivision of General Periods
C III. Persons and Rulers in Bible History
D IV. History of Israel
E V. Egypt
F VI. Kingdoms of the East
G VII. The Oriental Empires
H VIII. The World in General

Pre-2500 B.C.
[A] Period of Early Races, from the deluge. (Date unknown)
[B] The United Races to the Dispersion. (Date unknown)
[D] [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., and
are given tentatively. The dates are not sufficient for a
complete and sure chronology].
[E] 4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes. Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.).
Memphis earliest capital.
[F] 4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in Babylonia.
[H] Dates earlier than 700 B.C. traditional and uncertain.
[F] 3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power.
[E] 3500(?)--Pyramids built (Dynasty IV.).
[F] 3000--Nineveh in existence.
[E] 2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins (Dynasties XI.-XVII.).
[H] 2850--China founded by Fu-hi.

2500
[A] 2500-2280--I. Period of the Early Races to the Call of Abraham
c. 2280.
[B] 2500-2280--II. The Dispersed Races to the Call of Abraham.
[F] 2454(?)--First dynasty of kings begins to reign at Babylon with
Su-mu-abi.
Eleven kings reigning 2454 to 2151(?).

2400
[F] 2357--Lao reigning in China.
[E] During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 B.C. Thebes was capital until
about 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, but between 2500
and 2000 B.C. the kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300.
[C] c. 2355 Abraham.

2300
[A] 2280-1250--II. Period of the Chosen Family.
[B] 2280-2060--Journeys of the Patriarchs.
[G] 2280-1120--EARLY BABLYLONIAN EMPIRE
[F] 2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?)) (Gen. 14), sixth king of the
first dynasty reigning at Babylon. He conquered many states,
established a code of laws, and may be regarded as founder of
the early Babylonian Empire.
[D] c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham.
[D] c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14]
[B] c. 2256 Isaac.
[D] c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah.
[H] 2205--Chinese History Begins

2200
[C] 2195--Jacob
[F] 2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings at Babylon begins with An-ma-an.
(According to records, not certain, it lasted until 1783 B.C.)
[D] c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham.
[D] c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram.
[C] 2103--Joseph
[D] c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan.

2100
[D] c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt.
[D] c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt.
[B] 2060-1250--Sojourn in Egypt.
[D] c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down to Egypt; Beginning of
the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES.
[D] c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt.
[E] About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt fell under the power of invaders from
the desert, who were called Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their
capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very little is known of their
history, and their names cannot be given with certainty, as
their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them, and
their inscriptions may have been obliterated. They ruled Egypt
until about 1570 B.C.(?), though the dates both of their
conquest and their departure are uncertain.
[F] 2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of second dynasty, reigning at
Babylon.
[H] 2000--Aryan migration to India(?).

2000
[D] 1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt. The Israelites remain in the
Land of Goshen, between Egypt and the Wilderness, from about
2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very very uncertain]. During most
of this period the Hyksos or Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the
Israelites, were ruling in Egypt.
[H] 1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as money.
[F] 1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in existence, but subject to Babylon.
Asshur, its capital.
[F] 1782--Third dynasty of kings of Babylon, beginning with Gandish,
reigning 1782-1767. This dynasty, known as Kassites, came from
Elam, conquered Babylonia, and held rule until 1207. Not much
is known of Babylonian history during this period; but the
kingdom was declining.
[E] About 1570 the war of liberation from the Hyksos began under
Dynasty XVIII., and the New Kingdom opened.
[E] 1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII. reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, Queen
Hatasu, Thutmosis (or Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., Amenophis
III., Amenophis IV.). A period of conquest. Egyptian invasion
of Syria about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). Battle of Esdraelon
in Canaan. Tell-el-Amarna letters written in reigns of
Amenophis III. and IV.
[H] 1556--Athens founded. (traditional.)
[H] 1546--Traditional founding of Troy.
[H] 1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens.
[D] 1500--The Israelites still in Egypt.
[F] 1500-1207--Kassite dynasty still reigning at Babylon.
[H] 1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet introduced by Cadmus.
[H] c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern Asia Minor.

1500
[F] 1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of Assyria. (From this reign,
regular lists of Assyrian kings; and their kingdom grows in
power.)
[H] 1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia Minor.

1400
[E] 1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins. Seti I. powerful ruler and
conqueror. Rameses II., "Pharaoh of the Oppression"(?).
Merenepthah, "Pharaoh of the Exodus"(?). Decline of Egyptian
power. Rameses III., date unknown.
[C] c. 1330 Moses.
[D] About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under
Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?) Moses was
born. All the dates of this period are uncertain.
[F] 1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, begins conquests. Calah
becomes capital.

1300
[F] 1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King of Assyria, conquers Babylon; but it
soon regains its independence. Babylonian Kingdom declining
in power.
[C] 1260--Joshua.
[A] 1250-1050--III. PERIOD OF THE ISRAELITE PEOPLE.
[B] 1250-1210--WANDERING.
[D] 1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the
Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. Death
of Moses.
[H] 1235--Theseus, King of Athens.
[H] 1233--Carthage founded.
[B] 1210-1180--CONQUEST.
[D] 1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the
Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?).
[F] 1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in Babylon; wars between Assyria and
Babylonia; continued decline of Babylonia and rise of Assyria.
[H] 1200--Dorian migration into Greece.

1200
[H] 1193--Trojan war begins.
[B] 1180-1020--Rule of the Judges
[D] 1180(?)--Death of Joshua.
[D] 1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins.
[C] c. 1170. Othniel, Judge.
[C] c. 1130. Gideon, Judge.
[D] 1130--Gideon ruling in Israel.
[H] 1120-626 B.C. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
[F] 1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I., the first great king of Assyria,
conqueror over many lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE begins.
[H] 1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China.
[C] c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge.

1100
[E] 1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of kings of foreign race who
obtained control in Egypt.
[C] 1080--Samuel, Judge.
[D] 1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges.
[H] 1070--Codrus; last king of Athens.
[A] 1050-587--IV. PERIOD OF ISRAELITE KINGDOM
[B] 1050-925--UNITY
[C] c. 1050. Saul, King.
[D] 1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel.
[H] 1015--Minos gives laws in Crete.
[C] c. 1010. David, King.
[D] 1010--David King over Judah.
[D] 1003--David King over Israel.

1000
[D] 990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom.
[C] 970. Solomon, King.
[D] 970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom.
[B] 935-721--DIVISION
[C] KINGS OF ISRAEL. KINGS OF JUDAH.
935. Jeroboam. 935. Rehoboam.
[D] 935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes
(Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah.
[E] 925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades Judah, and takes many cities.
[E] 900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), invades Egypt.

900
[H] 886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece.
[F] 885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria.
[C] 875. Ahab (Isr.)
[D] 875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel.
[C] 870. Jehoshaphat. (Jud.)
[D] 870--Elijah the Prophet.
[F] 860-825--Shalmaneser II., King.
[F] 854--Victory of Shalmaneser over Syrians and Israelites (under
King Ahab) at Karkar.
[H] 850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta.
[C] 842. Jehu (Isr.) 842. Athaliah, usurper. (Jud.)
[D] 842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah.
[F] 842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays tribute to Shalmaneser.
[C] 836. Jehoash. (Jud.)
[D] 836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest.
[F] 800--Babylon under Assyrian control.

800
[C] 799. Joash. (Isr.)
[D] 799--Joash, King of Israel.
[C] 783. Jeroboam II. (Isr.) 783. Uzziah. (Jud.)
[D] 783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; Prophet Amos.
[D] 769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity.
[H] 753--Traditional founding of Rome by Romulus.
[H] 750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by Corinthians.
[D] 748--Prophet Hosea in Israel.
[F] 745-727--Tiglath-pileser III., King of Assyria; great conqueror;
receives tribute from Menahem, King of Israel. 732--Damascus
taken.
[C] 741. Menahem. (Isr.)
[D] 738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah.
[C] 735. Ahaz. (Jud.)
[C] 730. Hoshea. (Isr.)
[D] 730--Hoshea, last King of Israel.
[F] 727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King. 725--Siege of Samaria begun.
[E] 725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in Alliance with So (or Sabakon),
King of Egypt.
[F] 722-705--Sargon II., King of Assyria.
[B] 721-587--DECAY
[D] 721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by Sargon II. of
Assyria.
[C] 719. Hezekiah. (Jud.)
[H] 708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces.
[F] 704-687--Sennacherib, King. Nineveh made capital.
[D] 701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah.
[E] 701--Defeat of Tirkahah by Sennacherib, King of Assyria.

700
[C] 690. Manasseh. (Jud.)
[F] 680-668--Esar-haddon, King. 674--Egypt invaded by Assyrians.
Empire of Assyria at its culmination.
[E] 674--Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon, King of Assyria.
[F] 668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King. Decline of Assyrian Empire begins.
[E] 665--Destruction of Thebes by the Assyrians.
[H] 660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu Tenno whose descendants
have reigned since without intermission.
[H] 658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media independent of
Assyria.
[D] 647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later.
[C] 639. Josiah. (Jud.)
[D] 628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry.
[G] 626-536--CHALDEAN EMPIRE
[F] 625-604--Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, founder of Chaldean
Empire.
[D] 621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the Law.
[H] 621--Laws of Draco in Athens.
[F] 609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. Nineveh destroyed by the Medes.
[C] 608. Jehoiakim. (Jud.)
[D] 608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt invades
Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah.
[F] 608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, over Necho,
King of Egypt, at Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE begins
(606-536).
[D] 606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of
Captives to Babylon.
[E] 606--Necho, King of Egypt, defeated at Carchemish by
Nebuchadnezzar.
[F] 604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon.

600
[D] 598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time.
[C] 597. Zedekiah.
[D] 592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea.
[A] 587 B.C.-(?) A.D.--PERIOD OF THE JEWISH PROVINCE
[B] 587-536--CHALDEAN RULE
[D] 586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken to
Babylon.
[F] 586--Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar.
[F] 585-573--Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar.
[H] 583--Laws of Solon in Athens.
[H] 578--Money coined in Rome.
[E] 567--Egypt invaded by Nebuchadnezzar, but not held.
[F] 562--Rapid decline of Chaldean power after death of
Nebuchadnezzar.
[H] 560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens.
[F] 558-536--Nabonidus, last king of Babylon. He associates his son
Belshazzar in the government.
[H] 557--Buddha born in India.
[F] 553--Cyrus, the Persian, conquers the Medes. Beginning of Persian
power.
[H] 550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, the other Chinese sages,
lived in same century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of
Croesus.
[C] 536. Zerubbabel, Prince.
[D] 536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of Exiled
Jews.
[F] 536--Babylon taken by Cyrus. End of Chaldean Empire.
[D] 535--Rebuilding of Temple begun. 522--Discontinued.
[G] 530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
[F] 529-521--Cambyses, King of Persia. Egypt conquered.
[E] 525--Egypt conquered by Persians under Cambyses and annexed to the
Persian empire. From that time until 332 Egypt was under
Persian rule.
[F] 521-486--Darius, King of Persia.
[D] 520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah.
[D] 515--Second Temple completed.
[H] 510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by Consuls begins.
[H] 510--Africa first circumnavigated.
[H] 500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece.

500
[F] 491--Darius, King of Persia, invades Greece. 490--Battle of
Marathon. Greeks victorious over Persians.
[H] 490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy.
[H] 490--Battle of Marathon in Greece.
[F] 486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in book of Esther), King of Persia.
[F] 481--Expedition of Xerxes into Greece.
[F] 480--Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis.
[D] 478--Esther's deliverance.
[F] 466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus, King of Persia. Empire declining
in power.
[C] 458. Ezra.
[D] 458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem.
[C] 444. Nehemiah.
[D] 444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem.
[D] 440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews.
[F] 425--Xerxes II., King of Persia.
[F] 424-404--Darius II., King.
[H] 418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece.
[D] 400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets.
[H] 400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia.
[C] c. 400--END OF OLD TESTAMENT

400
[H] 399--Death of Socrates.
[F] 361--Artaxerxes (or Darius) Ochus, King of Persia.
[C] 350. Jaddua, High Priest.
[D] 350--Jaddua, High Priest.
[F] 336--Darius Codomannus, last king of Persia.
[D] 332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea.
[E] 332--Alexander the Great receives the submission of Egypt.
[B] 330-168--GREEK RULE
[G] 330-60--KINGDOMS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS
[C] 330. Onias, High Priest.
[D] 330--Onias, High Priest.
[F] 330--Persian Empire conquered by Alexander the Great (Battle of
Arbela.)
[E] 328--Ptolemy Soter establishes the Greek kingdom of Egypt.
[F] 323--Alexander the Great dies at Babylon.
[D] 305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. Judea subject to
Egypt.
[F] 301--Alexander's empire divided among his four generals Ptolemy,
Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus.
[C] 300. Simon the Just, High Priest.
[D] 300--Simon the First, High Priest.

300
[E] 286--The Alexandrian library and Museum began by King Ptolemy II.,
Philadelphus.
[D] 275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun
(Septuagint.)
[H] 264--First Punic war begun by Rome.
[E] 247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, ablest and most powerful of
the Ptolemies.
[H] 216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of Hannibal.
[H] 211--Wall of China completed.
[E] 205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes.

200
[D] 197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under Antiochus III.
[F] 187--Seleucus IV., Philopator, King of Syria.
[F] 175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria.
[B] 168-43--JEWISH INDEPENDENCE
[D] 168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes).
[D] 168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule.
[C] 166. Judas Maccabeus.
[D] 166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea.
[E] 165--The Roman senate intervenes in Egypt.
[F] 162--Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria.
[D] 142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler.
[H] 123--The Gracchi in Rome.
[D] 107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea.
[D] 105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees.

100
[F] 69--Syria and Armenia conquered by Romans.
[C] 63. Antipater.
[D] 63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea.
[D] 63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority.
[G] 60 B.C.-100 A.D.--ROMAN EMPIRE
[E] 52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.
[B] 43--START OF ROMAN RULE
[C] 43. Herod the Great.
[D] 43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate.
[H] 41--Assassination of Julius Caesar.
[E] 30--Egypt becomes a Roman province.
[F] 27--Syria made an imperial province of Roman empire.
[H] 27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World.
[D] 4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem. 4 B.C.--Death of Herod.

A.D.
[H] 14--Tiberius, Emperor.
[C] 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator.
[D] 26--Ministry of John the Baptist.
[D] 30--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ.
[D] 37--Conversion of St. Paul.
[C] 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea.
[H] 41--Claudius, Emperor.
[D] 50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem.
[C] 52. Felix, Procurator.
[H] 54--Nero, Emperor.
[C] 60. Festus, Procurator.
[D] 68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire.
[D] 68--Martyrdom of St. Paul.
[D] 70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.
[H] 79--Titus, Emperor.

B.C. I. II. III.
GENERAL SUB DIVISION PERSONS AND RULERS IN BIBLE
PERIODS. OF GENERAL HISTORY.
PERIODS.