Chapter XLII: Book II: chaps. ii. iv. xxiv. xxxviii. xxxix.; Book IV. chap. i.),

and to his “De Sympathia,” of which the first edition is Venet., 1546. This, says Libri, is “an important work in which universal attraction, as well as electric and magnetic motion, is attributed to an _imponderable_ principle.”

REFERENCES.--Baillet (Adrien), “Jugement des Savants,” Vol. II;
Menken (F. O.), “De Vita,” Leipzig, 1731; Teissier (H. A.),
“Eloges des hommes illustres,” tirés de M. De Thou; Libri,
“Hist. des. Sc. Mathém.,” Paris, 1838, Vol. III. p. 100; “Biog.
Gén.,” Vol. XVIII. pp. 418–420; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol.
I. p. 86; Vol. II. p. 697; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. VIII.
pp. 692–693; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. II. p. 135.

=Garcia d’Orta=--Garzia ab Horto--Garcia del Huerto--Garcie du Jardin--a Portuguese physician and the author of “Coloquios dos simples ... pello douctor Garcia Dorta,” 1563, which was translated into French and united to the works of C. d’Acosta and Nic. Monardes (Christophile de la Coste et M. Nicholas Monard) in 1567, 1574 and 1579. The passage which Gilbert alludes to (in _De Magnete_, Book I. chap. xiv.), is to be found in the abridged Latin translation of Garcia’s work made by Charles de l’Ecluse, Antwerp, 1593, lib. i. cap. 56, pp. 178–179. Hakewill observes (“Apologie,” 1635, lib. ii. p. 165): “Remarkable indeed, that is which Garzias ab Horto writes concerning the loadstone in _Simpl. Indiæ_, lib. i. cap. 47.”

REFERENCES.--“Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XXXVIII. p. 887; Machado
(Barb.), “Bibliotheca Lusitana”; Denis (Ferdinand), “Bulletin
du Bibliographe”; Pincio (Léon), “Biblioteca Oriental y
Occidental”; “Histoire des Drogues par Antoine Collin,” Lyon,
1619; “Thesaur. Lit. Bot.,” 1851, p. 127.

=Gauricus=, Lucas (1476–1558), Italian mathematician and astronomer, one of whose pupils was César Scaliger, is the author of twenty-one different works (“Opera Omnia,” Basle, 1575), of which the best known are “Rerum naturalium et divinarum ...” 1540; “Isagogicus ... in tot am astrologiam prædictivam ...” 1546; “Tractatus Astrologicus,” 1552; “Tabulæ de primo mobili,” 1560.

Gilbert says (_De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.) the astrologer Lucas Gauricus held that beneath the tail of Ursa Major is a loadstone, and that he assigns the loadstone (as well as the sardonyx and the onyx) not only to the planet Saturn, but also to Mars (with the diamond, jasper, and ruby), so that the loadstone, according to him, is ruled by two planets. Further, Lucas says that the loadstone belongs to the sign Virgo--and with a veil of mathematical erudition he covers many similar disgraceful stupidities.

REFERENCES.--Ughelli (Ferdinando), “Italia Sacra,” Venetiis
1717–1722; Nicodemo (Francesco), “Biblioteca Napoletana”;
“Chronicum Mathematicorum,” which prefaces the Almagest of
Riccioli; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XIX. pp. 681–683; “La Grande
Encycl.,” Vol. XVIII. p. 617; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol.
VIII. p. 1087.

=Geber=--Yeber--Djaber--Abū-Mūsa-Jābir--Ibn Haiyān--Al-Tarsūsi--who, according to Aboulwefa (Michaud, “Dict.,” Vol. XVI. p. 100) lived in the eighth century A.D., is the earliest of the Great Arabian chemists or alchemists. Rhazès and Avicenna call him “the master of masters,” and, by the author of “The Lives of Alchemystical Philosophers,” he is designated as “the prince of those alchemical adepts who have appeared during the Christian Era.” As many as five hundred different alchemical works have been attributed to him, and a complete list of the most important will be found in M. F. Hœfer, “Histoire de la Chimie,” Paris, 1842.

REFERENCES.--“Journal des Savants,” for May 1851, February 1892,
pp. 118–128 _passim_, and for May 1892 (“Geber et ses œuvres
alchimiques”), pp. 318–329; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. VIII.
pp. 1114–1115; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. II. p.
147; Bolton (H. C.), “Chron. Hist. of Chem.,” pp. 985–986; “La
Grande Encyclopédie,” Vol. XVIII. pp. 680–682; Gilbert, _De
Magnete_, Book I. chap. vii.

=Gemma=, D. Cornelius, a well-known physician of Louvain (1535–1597) and son of the celebrated mathematician Gemma Frisius, is the author of the several works named at p. 854, Vol. XIX of the “Biographie Générale.” Of these, the most important is the “Cosmocritice, seu de naturæ divinis ... proprietatibus rerum” published at Antwerp in 1575.

REFERENCES.--Foppens, “Bibliotheca Belgica”--“Biog. Médicale”;
Linden (Joannes Antonides van der), “De scriptis medicis,”
Amst., 1651, pp. 147–148; Gilbert, _De Magnete_, Book II. chap.
iii.

=Gemma=, Frisius--Rainer--(1508–1555), above alluded to, besides being a mathematician was a medical practitioner. He wrote “De Principiis Astronomiæ et Cosmographiæ ...” Antwerp, 1530 (now of excessive scarcity and Chapters XXX-XXXI of which deal with America), as well as several other similar works published notably in 1539, 1545, 1548. These are standards of the Netherlands geographical schools, whose most brilliant representative was the well-known geographer, Gerard Mercator (1512–1594).

REFERENCES.--“Biog. Générale,” Vol. XIX. p. 854; “La Grande
Encycl.,” Vol. XVIII. p. 702; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl.
Gén.,” Vol. L. part i. p. 1405 and Vol. II. p. 148.

=Goropius=, Henricus Becanus--Jean Bécan--Jean Van Gorp (1518–1572), a Belgian savant who practised medicine at Antwerp and who attempted to prove, in his “Indo-Scythica,” that Adam’s language was the German or Teutonic. We are told by Gilbert, in the first book of _De Magnete_, that Goropius ascribes the invention of the compass to the Cimbri or Teutons, on the ground that the thirty-two names of the winds thereon inscribed are pronounced in German by all mariners, whether they be British or Spaniards, or Frenchmen.

REFERENCES.--“Opera Joannis Goropii Becani,” Antwerp, 1570;
Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. II. p. 457; “Biog. Générale,” Vol.
V. pp. 70–71; and, for additional citations, as well as for
mention of all his works, the “Grande Encyclopédie,” Vol. XIX.

=Grotius=, Hugo, the latinized form of the Dutch _De Groot_--a great theologian and jurist (1583–1645). His singular precocity attracted Joseph J. Scaliger, who undertook to direct his studies at the Leyden University, where it is said he achieved brilliant success in all studies.

One of his biographers remarks that, in the annals of precocious genius, there is no greater prodigy on record than Hugo Grotius, who was able to write good Latin verses at nine (1592), was ripe for the University at twelve (1595), and at the age of fifteen (1598), edited the Encyclopædic work of Martianus Capella--a writer of the fifth century--with the aid of his father, Jan de Groot, the Delft burgomaster. It might be added that, in 1597, he had delivered public discourses on mathematics, philosophy and jurisprudence; in 1598, he was so highly sought for everywhere, that he was asked to, and did, accompany Count Justin of Nassau and Olden Barneveldt on their special embassy to the French Court, and that, in 1599, he not only took his degree of doctor of law and pleaded his first cases before the Hague Courts, but was able, through his superior knowledge of mathematics, to translate into Latin Simon Stevin’s work on navigation. Later on, 1603, he was appointed historiographer of the United Provinces, becoming fiscal general in 1607 (also Council Pensionary at Rotterdam six years later), and during 1609, he published his first work “De Mare Liberum,” which was a treatise against the claims of the English to exclusive right over certain seas. This was followed in 1610 by “De Antiq. Reipub. Batavæ,” and some years afterwards by his chief work, “De Jure Belli et Pacis,” considered the basis of international law and freely translated into all the principal languages. Grotius is twice mentioned in Book IV. chap. ix. of _De Magnete_.

REFERENCES.--Brandt et Cattenbuch, “Histoire de Hugo de Groot,”
1727; Burigny (J. Levêque de), “Vie de Grotius,” 1752; Cras
(Hendrik Constantijn), “Laudatio Hugonis Grotii,” 1796; Dr.
Fried. Ueberweg, “Hist. of Phil.,” (Morris tr., 1885, Vol. II.
p. 31); Rogge (H. C.), “Bibliotheca Grotiana,” 1883; Kœnen
(Hendrik Jakob), “Hugo Grotius,” 1837; “Chambers’s Encycl.,”
Vol. V. pp. 431–432; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol. XIX. pp. 451–452;
“Biographisch Woordenbock,” J. G. Frederiko en F. J. Van den
Branden, Amsterdam, pp. 301–302; Larousse (Pierre), “Dict.
Univ.,” Vol. VIII. p. 1556, giving list of his many works;
Butler (C.), “Life of Grotius,” London, 1826; Creuzer (Georg
Friedrich), “Luther und Grotius,” Heidelberg, 1846; “Biog.
Générale,” Vol. XXII. pp. 197–216 for a complete record of all
his works.

=Hali Abas=--‘Ali Ibn Al-‘Abbás--Al Majusí--celebrated Arabian physician, whose death occurred about A.D. 995, is author of “Ketab-el-Maleki,” _i.e._ the “Royal Book”--_Liber Regius_--in which he pretends to give all that was then known concerning medicine. Mr. Adams explains (Appendix, “Barker’s Lemprière,” London, 1838), that he considers the “Royal Book” as the most complete ancient treatise that has reached us on medicine, and the sciences generally, with exception of the _Synopsis_ of Paulus Ægenita. The Latin translation of this work, given in 1127 by Stephanus Antiochenus, was first printed in Venice, 1492, then at Lyons in 1523.

REFERENCES.--Casiri (Michael), “Bibliotheca Arabico-hispana
Escur.,” Vol. I. pp. 260, 273; Hœfer, “Nouv. Biogr. Univ.,” Vol.
II. pp. 96–97; Michaud, “Biog. Univ.,” Paris, 1843, Vol. I. p.
468; Gilbert, _De Magnete_, Book I. chap. i.; Freind (John),
“History of Physick”; Choulant (Johann Ludwig), “Handbuch der
Bücherkunde ...”; Wüstenfeld (H. F.), “Geschichte d’ Arab.
Ærzte,” p. 59; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. II. pp. 96–97.

=Harriot=, Thomas (1560–1621), one of the learned Englishmen alluded to by Gilbert, at the end of the first chapter, Book I of _De Magnete_, as having on long sea voyages observed the differences of magnetic variation, was a mathematician and astronomer, whose miscellaneous works, noted at pp. 437–439, Vol. XXIV of the “Dict. of Nat. Biog.,” embrace treatises on magnetism, mechanics, etc. The account he has given of his voyage to Virginia was printed in Hakluyt’s “Principal Navigations,” Vol. III and is pronounced “one of the earliest and best examples of a statistical survey made upon a large scale,” at p. 11, Vol. LXXI of the “Edinburgh Review.”

=Heraclides= of Pontus and Ecphantus, was a Greek historian and philosopher who died about 330 B.C. Diogenes Laertius attributes to him many works that have not reached us, and we have nothing of him but fragments of his treatise on the constitutions of the different States which have been printed with the works of Elien. Gilbert commences the third chapter of his sixth book by saying that Heraclides, as well as the Pythagoreans Nicetas of Syracuse and Aristarchus of Samos, and, as it seems, many others, held that the earth moves, that the stars set through the interposition of the earth, and that they rise through the earth’s giving way: they do give the earth motion, and the earth being, like a wheel, supported on its axis, rotates upon it from west to east.

REFERENCES.--Rowles (S.), “De Vita et Scriptis,” 1824, Vol.
VIII; Deswert (Eugenius), “Dissert de Heraclide Pontico,” 1830;
Krische (August Bernhard), “Forschungen ...” p. 325; “La Grande
Encyclopédie,” Vol. XIX. p. 1131; Dr. F. Ueberweg, “History of
Philosophy,” tr. by Geo. S. Morris, New York, 1885, Vol. I.
pp. 38–42; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1860, Vol. II. p. 309; “Essai
théorique ... des connaissances humaines,” par G. Tiberghien,
Bruxelles, 1844, Vol. I. pp. 182–185; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,”
Vol. IX. p. 200.

=Hermes Trismegistus= (or “thrice great”) is the supposed author of many Greek works that have reached us and which constitute an encyclopædia of Egyptian wisdom in that they treat of astronomy, medicine, and other sciences. As one of his biographers has it, the principal tenets of the Hermetic Books are that the Creator made the Cosmos by his word out of fluid ... that death and life are only changes and that nothing is destructible ... that passion or suffering is the result of motion.... Gilbert only refers to him in Book V. chap. xii. by saying that Hermes, Zoroaster and Orpheus recognize a universal soul. Clemens Alexandrinus, who has given an account and catalogue of his writings, makes him the author of six books of physic and of thirty-six books of divinity and philosophy.

REFERENCES.--“The Works of George Berkeley,” by A. C. Fraser,
Oxford, 1901, Vol. III. pp. 209, 253–255, 261, 267, 280;
Baumgarten--Crusius (Ludwig Friedrich Otto), “... de librorum
Hermeticorum ...” 1827; “Dict. of Philos. and Psychol.,”
by J. M. Baldwin, New York, 1901, Vol. I. p. 475; “Hermes
Trismegistus,” by Scheible (J.), 1855; Alex. Chalmers, “Gen.
Biog. Dict.,” London, 1814, Vol. XVII. p. 396; “Hermes
Trismegistus,” by Parthey (Gustav Friedrich Constantin), 1854;
Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. I. part i. pp. 427–428,
691–694; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. IX. p. 228; and the long
list of citations in “Biog. Générale,” Vol. XXIV. pp. 377–382.

=Hero=--Heron--of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician, pupil of the celebrated Ctesibius who flourished in the third century before Christ and to whom have been attributed many ancient writings upon different technical subjects. Allusion is made by Gilbert (_De Magnete_, Book II. chap. ii.), to Hero’s “Spiritualia,” which is his most valuable known work and which has been often translated, notably into Latin, 1575, 1680, 1683, into Italian, 1547, 1589, 1592, 1605; and into German, 1687, 1688.

REFERENCES.--Hultsch (Friedrich), “Heronis Alex.,” 1864–1874;
Montucla (J. F.), “Hist. des Mathém.,” Vol. I. p. 267;
“Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik,” Vol. VIII.
pp. 175–214; Martin, “Sur la vie et les ouvrages d’Héron
d’Alexandrie”--Mém. de l’Acad. des Ins. B. L., Paris, 1854, ss.
438–439; Arago (François), “Eloge de Watt” (_Œuvres_, Vol. I);
Fabricius (Johann Albert), “Bibliotheca Græca,” Vol. IV. p. 234;
Figuier (Louis), “Hist. des principales découvertes,” Vol. I. p.
42; “A short history of Greek Mathematics,” Jas. Gow, Cambridge,
1884, pp. 276–286; Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. IX. p. 241;
“Chambers’s Encyclopædia,” Vol. V. p. 689; ninth “Encycl.
Britan.,” Vol. XI. p. 760; “La Grande Encyclopédie,” Vol. XIX.
p. 1200; “Journal des Savants” for March 1903, p. 147, and for
April 1903, p. 203; “Biogr. Générale,” Vol. XXIV. pp. 447–449;
Th. Martin (“Mém. Ac. des Inscr.,” 1854); also two papers by
Boncompagni and Vincent in “Bulletino di Bibliog.,” Vol. IV.

=Hipparchus= the Rhodian, “le plus grand astronome de l’antiquité”--born, according to Strabo, at Nicæa in Bithynia, 160–145 B.C.--is the inventor of the astrolabe[64] and discoverer of “the precession of the equinoxes.” He is mentioned by Gilbert five times in Book VI. chaps, ii. viii. ix. of _De Magnete_, and is extensively treated of in the “Journal des Savants” for November 1828, January 1829, August and September 1831, October 1843, August and September 1848, July 1859; also by the Rev. H. M. Close, in “Proc. of Roy. Irish Acad.,” Series III. vol. vi. No. 3, in Larousse, “Dict. Univ.,” Vol. IX. p. 286, in the “Historical Account of Astronomy,” by John Narrien, London, 1833, pp. 219–244, and in the “Astronomy” article of the “Encyclopædia Britannica.”

By Humboldt, Hipparchus is called the founder of scientific astronomy and the greatest astronomical observer of antiquity. He was the actual originator of astronomical tables amongst the Greeks and, in the new map of the world which he constructed and founded upon that of Eratosthenes, the geographical degrees of latitude and longitude were based on lunar observations, and on the measurement of shadows, wherever such an application of astronomy was admissible (“Cosmos,” London, 1849, Vol. II. p. 545; Ideler, “Handbuch der Chronologie,” Vol. I. ss. 212, 329).

The mathematician Eratosthenes, alluded to above, was a native of Cyrene, and pronounced the most celebrated of the Alexandrian librarians. He is reported to have made the earliest attempt at measurement of an arc of the meridian. The next measurement of record is that of the astronomers of Almamon in the plains of Mesopotamia (“Encycl. Brit.,” ninth edition, Edinburgh, 1876, Vol. X. p. 177). The first arc of the meridian measured in modern times with an accuracy any way corresponding to the difficulty of the problem was by Snellius, who has given an account of it in his most remarkable work called “Eratosthenes Batavus,” published at Leyden in 1617 (“Ency. Brit.,” ninth edition, Vol. VII. pp. 597, 606, also eighth edition, Vol. I. pp. 617–618; “Cosmos,” London, 1849, Vol. II. p. 544, and Chasles, “Recherches sur l’astronomie ...” in the _Comptes Rendus_, Vol. XXIII, 1846, p. 851). The biographers of Snellius--Snell van Roijen (Willebrood)--state that he was a very celebrated Dutch astronomer (1591–1626), the discoverer of the law of refraction generally attributed to Descartes (Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1849, Vol. II. p. 699), the author of a treatise on navigation (“Tiphys Batavus,” Leyde, 1624) after the plan of Edward Wright, and that the method he employed (with imperfect instruments), for measuring an arc of the meridian has since been followed by all scientists (“La Grande Encyclopédie,” Vol. XXX. p. 115; “Nouv. Biog. Gén.,” de Hœfer, Vol. XLIV. p. 83; Montucla, “Hist. des Mathém.,” Vol. II; Larousse, “Dist. Univ.,” Vol. XVI. p. 795; Delambre, “Hist. de l’astronomie moderne,” Vol. II. pp. 92–119; “Ency. Brit.,” Akron, Ohio, 1905, Vol. XXII. p. 211).

REFERENCES.--Theodor Gomperz, “Greek Thinkers,” translation of L. Magnus, London, 1901, p. 544; Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. I. part i. pp. 413–414, and Vol. II. p. 164; “Geographical Journal” for October 1904, p. 411; Wm. Whewell, “Hist. of the Ind. Sc.,” New York, 1858, Vol. I. pp. 145–156; “Journal des Savants” for 1828, 1831, 1843; Alex. Chalmers, “Gen. Biog. Dict.,” London, 1814, Vol. XVII. pp. 505–506.

=Hues=--Hood--Robert (1553(?)-1632), another of the English sea voyagers named by Gilbert at the end of his first book, was a mathematician and geographer who sailed around the world with Thomas Cavendish and is the author of “Tractatus de Globis ... et eorum usu,” 1593, 1594, 1627, which was written for the especial purpose of being used in connection with a set of globes by Emery Molyneux. This work was shortly afterwards followed by another in the same line entitled “Breviarum totius orbis”--“Breviarum orbis terrarum” (“Dict. of Nat. Biog.,” Vol. XXVIII. p. 156).

=Kendall=--Kendel--Abram, who has already been mentioned (Gama, A.D. 1497; Norman, A.D. 1576), is called by Gilbert “the expert English navigator.” He was sailing master of the “Bear,” a ship belonging to Sir Robert Dudley (1573–1649), on the voyage which is referred to in Vol. IV of Hakluyt’s “Collection of the early voyages, travels and discoveries,” London, 1811. Therein, at pp. 57 and 58, mention is made of Kendall, who is also favourably alluded to in the very attractive and justly prominent work of Sir Robt. Dudley, published in three volumes at Florence, 1646–1647, 1661, and entitled “Dell Arcano del Mare di Roberto Dudleio, Duca di Nortumbria e Conte di Warwick.”

REFERENCES.--“Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. XVI. p. 125; also
Libri’s “Catalogues,” 1859, Vol. I. p. 160, and 1861, Vol. I.
p. 268; Vol. II. p. 573, wherein it is said that amongst the
_Portulani_ are those of Abraham Kendall and John Diez for the
coasts of America and the West Indies.

Kendall is said to have joined, during the year 1595, the last expedition of Francis Drake and to have died the year following. Drake is alluded to in the address by Edward Wright in connection with Thomas Candish (Cavendish), and they are both also mentioned together (_De Magnete_, Book III. chap. i.), where Gilbert calls Drake “our most illustrious Neptune,” and Cavendish “that other world-explorer.”

REFERENCES.--David Hume, “History of England,” London, 1822,
Vol. V; “Lives of Drake, Candish and Dampier,” Edin., 1831;
“Collection of Voyages and Discoveries,” Glasgow, 1792; “English
Seamen of the Sixteenth Century,” by James Anthony Froude, New
York, 1896, pp. 75–103, detailing Drake’s voyage around the
world; “Life of Sir Francis Drake and Account of his Family,”
reprinted from the “Biog. Britannica,” 1828; “The Works of John
Locke,” London, 1812, Vol. X. pp. 359–512, for the “History of
Navigation from its Origin to this Time” (1704), prefixed to
“Churchill’s Collection of Voyages,” and embracing the voyages
of Stephen Burrough, Sebastian Cabot, Sir Thos. Candish,
Christopher Columbus, Sir Francis Drake and Vasco da Gama,
as well as the discoveries attributed to Gioia and others;
making, for the polarity of needle, special mention of Bochart’s
“Geog. Sacra,” p. 716, Purchas’ “Pilgrims,” p. 26 and Fuller’s
“Miscellanies,” lib. iv. cap. 19; Franciscus Drakus, 1581, is
Epig. 39, Liber Secundus, p. 28 of 1747, Amsterodami ed. of
“Epigrammatum Ioan Oweni” (John Owen, 1560–1622, “Dict. of Nat.
Biog.,” Vol. XLII. pp. 420–421). At pp. 437 and 444, Vol. I. of
“The History of No’ America,” by Alfred Brittain, Philadelphia,
1903, will be found a plate portrait of Sir Francis Drake and
the reproduction of a page from “Sir Francis Drake Revived,”
originally published in 1626. The latter is “a true relation of
foure severall voyages ... collected out of the notes of Sir
Francis Drake, Philip Nichols and Francis Fletcher ...”; “The
Voyages of the Cabots,” in “Narrative and Critical History of
America,” by Justin Winsor, Boston, 1889, Vol. III. pp. 1–59–84
for Drake, Hawkins and Cavendish. “Life of Sir Rob. Dudley ...”
by John Temple Leader, Florence, 1895. For Sir Francis Drake
and Thos. Candish, consult also Vols. XV and XVI, as per Index,
p. 412 of Richard Hakluyt, “The Principal Navigations ...”
Edinburgh, 1889; “General Biog. Dict.,” Alex. Chalmers, London,
1813, Vol. XII. p. 305 for Sir Francis Drake and pp. 414–418 for
Sir Rob. Dudley.

=Lactantius=--Lucius Cœlius Firmianus--celebrated orator of Italian descent, called “the Christian Cicero,” died about 325–326 A.D. He was a teacher of rhetoric in Nicomedia, Bithynia, was entrusted by Constantine the Great with the education of his son Crispus Cæsar (“History of Christianity,” Rev. Hy. Hart Milman, London, 1840, Vol. II. p. 384), and became a very extensive writer. Dufresnoy enumerates as many as eighty-six editions of his entire works, besides separate publications of his different treatises, appearing between the years 1461–1465 and 1739; the best editions being given in Vols. X-XI of the “Bibliotheca Patrum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum ...” by Gersdorf (Ephraim Gotthelf), Leipzig, 1842–1844 and in Migne (Jacques Paul) “Patrologiæ,” Vols. VI-VII, 1844. His principal work is the “Divinarum Institutionum,” the third book of which (“De falsa sapientia”) is referred to by Gilbert (_De Magnete_, Chap. III), when he says that Lactantius, like the most unlearned of the vulgar, or like an uncultured bumpkin, treats with ridicule the mention of antipodes and of a round globe of earth.

Geo. Hakewill, who has already appeared in this “Bibliographical History,” at A.D. 1627, alludes to the above (“Apologie,” Oxford, 1635, lib. iii. p. 281), in manner following: “Yet that which to me seemeth more strange is that those two learned Clearkes, Lactantius (_Divin. Inst._, lib. iii. cap. 24), and Augustine (_De Civitate Dei_, I. lib. xvi. cap. 9), should with that earnestnesse deny the being of any antipodes.... Zachary, Bishop of Rome, and Boniface, Bishop of Mentz, led (as it seems), by the authority of these Fathers, went farther herein, condemning one Vergilius, a Bishop of Saltzburg, as an heretique, only for holding that there were antipodes.” Madame Blavatsky (“Isis Unveiled,” Vol. I. p. 526) says: “In 317 A.D. we find Lactantius teaching his pupil Crispus Cæsar, that the earth is a plane surrounded by the sky, which is composed of fire and water, and warning him against the heretical doctrine of the earth’s globular form!”

The following notes concerning the antipodes are likely to prove interesting:

“Pythagoras left no writings--Aristotle speaks only of his school--but Diogenes Laertius in one passage (‘Vitæ,’ VIII. I. Pythag. 25), quotes an authority to the effect that Pythagoras asserted the earth to be spherical and inhabited all over, so that there were antipodes, to whom that is _over_ which to us is _under_.... Plato makes Socrates say that he took up the work of Anaxagoras, hoping to learn whether the earth was round or flat (‘Phædo,’ 46, Stallb. I, 176).” In Plutarch’s essay, “On the face appearing in the orb of the moon,” one of the characters is lavish in his ridicule of the sphericity of the earth and of the theory of antipodes. (Justin Winsor, “Narrative and Critical History,” Boston, 1889, Vol. I. pp. 3–5, notes; Lucretius, “De Rerum,” V. pp. 1052, etc., and vi. p. 630; Virgil (Publius V. Maro), “Georgics,” I. p. 247; Tacitus (Publius Cornelius), “Germania,” p. 45.)

Speaking of the lower hemisphere or antipodes, as well as of islands of magnetic power drawing vessels on their rocks, Albertus Magnus says, in the book “De Natura Locorum,” contained in his “Philosophus Philosophorum Princeps”: “Perhaps also some magnetic power in that region draws human stones, even as the magnet draws iron.” See the Legends, in Reisch’s--Reysch’s--“Map of the World,” Rome, 1508 (“Christ. Colombus,” by J. B. Thatcher, New York, 1903, Vol. I. pp. 165–166).

At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the roundness of the earth and the antipodes were generally recognized. Mention thereof is to be found in the “Trésor” of Brunetto Latini, in the “Divina Commedia,” in the “Convito” (Dante, Opere Minori, Vol. I. p. 93), and in the “Acerba” of Francesco degli Stabili (Cecco d’Ascoli), at ff. 8–11, lib. i. cap. 3; as well as in most cosmographical treatises of the fourteenth century (Libri, Vol. II. p. 197, note).

The passage in Lactantius (lib. iii. cap. 24), begins _Ineptum credere_. In the 1570 edition, it commences at Chap. XXIII, “_Aut est_ ...” p. 178. In the “Works of Lactantius,” Edinburgh, 1871, Vol. I. chap. xxiv. pp. 196–197, the translator, Wm. Fletcher, says that he thus ridicules the antipodes and the roundness of the earth: “... the rotundity of the earth leads, in addition, to the invention of those suspended antipodes,” whilst, at Vol. II. chap. xxxix. p. 122, Lactantius says again that “about the antipodes, also, one can neither hear nor speak without laughter.”

In “Christian Schools and Scholars,” Augusta Th. Drane, London, 1867, p. 70, Albertus describes the antipodes and the countries they embrace.

Robert Steele, in his “Mediæval Lore,” London, 1893, p. 75, has it: “And fables tell, that there, beyond the antipodes be men that have their feet against our feet.”

At p. 200 of André Pezzani’s “La Pluralité des Existences de l’Ame,” Paris, 1866, he mentions that Cardinal Nicolas De Cusa admits the roundness of the earth, the plurality of worlds, etc.

For antipodes and roundness of the earth see, likewise: Libri, “Hist. des Sc. Mathém.,” Vol. II. pp. 178, 182, note; Ch. W. Shields, “The Final Philosophy,” New York, 1877, p. 46; “Le Journal des Sçavans,” Vol. XXXVI for 1707, p. 510, wherein it is said that Plutarch denied the antipodes, as did both Lactantius and Saint Augustine. Consult, also, the volumes of “Le Journal des Sçavans” for the years 1710 and 1721.

REFERENCES.--Dupin (André M. J. J.), “Biblioth. des Auteurs
Eccles.,” Vol. I. p. 295; Celier (Léonce), “Hist. des Auteurs
Sacrés,” Vol. III. p. 387; Schöll (Carl), “Hist. de la Lit.
Romaine,” Vol. IV. p. 26; “Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XXVIII. pp.
611–620; ninth “Encycl. Brit.,” Vol. XIV. pp. 195–196; Lenain de
Tillemont, “Hist. Eccles.,” Vol. VI; Fleury (Claude), “Historia
Ecclesiastica” (“The Eccles. History from A.D. 400 to A.D.
456”), Vol. I; “History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire,” by Edward Gibbon (Milman), Philad. 1880, Vol. II.
p. 248 note; “Anti-Nicene Christian Library,” edited by Drs.
Roberts and Donaldson.

=Lusitanus=, Amatus--Joan Rodrigo Amato--Portuguese physician (1511–1568), is author of several medical essays wherein he advocates the views of Galen and of the Arabian School. His most important work is “Curationum medicinalium centuriæ septem,” and is so named because it is divided into seven parts, each containing a hundred different observations and reports on medical cures, etc. In _De Magnete_,