Chapter LI: Appendix: V (1)

MERCATOR’S PROJECTION

THE JUST CLAIM OF THE ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN,
EDWARD WRIGHT

MERCATOR, GERARDUS (latinized form of Gerhard Kremer), 1512–1594, a Flemish geographer and mathematician, who is mentioned at pp. 79, 508, 516 of this “Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism,” is reported to have invented a new method of making maps. The name of Mercator, it is said, was given to Kremer on account of the great usefulness of his reported invention to mercators or merchants.

Mercator’s earliest map was published in 1537. One year later appeared his Map of the World (rediscovered during 1878 in New York), and, in 1541, he introduced a terrestrial globe which was followed, ten years afterwards, by his equally well-known celestial globe. Then appeared, in 1568–1569, the first edition of his celebrated planisphere, intended for use in navigation, which is the earliest known map on what is called “Mercator’s Projection,” and, in later years, he brought out many other maps as well as geographical tables, etc., which are too numerous to be specified here. [See article _Mercator_ in the Belgian “Biographie Nationale,” Vol. XIV, 1897, and consult likewise “L’œuvre géographique de Mercator” by Van Ostroy, “Meyers Konversations Lexikon,” 1897, Vol. XII, pp. 153–154, also “La Nouvelle Biographie Générale” de Mr. le Dr. Hœfer, Vol. XXV. p. 11.]

The original constructor of the chart known as “Mercator’s Projection” is, however, said to be a very able English mathematician, Edward Wright (1560–1615) who is alluded to herein at pp. 78, 79, 520, 524, 532. He was the designer of a very large sphere for Prince Henry, which showed the motion of the planets, etc., and he predicted the eclipses for a period of 17,100 years.

So much has been said herein regarding different well-known maps that the following cannot but prove interesting. It is in apparently just claim on behalf of Edward Wright to the above-named invention, and, as stated in the volume published during 1880 by John Davis for the Hakluyt Society, the first Map of the World that was engraved in England on Wright’s (Mercator’s) projection is fully described by Mr. C. M. Coote in a Note at pp. 85–95 of the Davis “Voyages and Works.” That map, he says, was published one year after Wright had explained the principle of the projection in his “Certain Errors.” From Mr. Coote’s description, the following is extracted:

What appears to have escaped the notice of Hallam, and those who have attempted to describe it at various times down to our day, is, that our map is laid down upon the projection commonly known as Mercator’s. So little appears to be known as to the early history of this projection, that as recently as April 16, 1878, it has been suggested by Mr. Elias F. Hall that charts upon this projection were not in general use among seamen at a period much earlier than 1630. Still more recently it has been gravely asserted that a distinguished Admiral of the American navy only knew of it as the Merchant’s projection, and that he never knew that there was such a man as Mercator. In 1569 was produced at Duisbourg, Mercator’s well-known _Mappemonde_, and many years elapsed before it attracted the notice of other mapmakers. However interesting it may be to us as a monument of geography, it is now admitted that, as regards the projection, it is only approximately correct up to latitude 40. For the want of a demonstration of the true principles upon which such a projection was to be laid down, beyond the legend on the _Mappemonde_, it found but few imitators. The only three known to us are Bernardus Puteanus of Bruges in 1579, Cornelius de Jode in 1589, and Petrus Plancius in 1594. Of the first and third no examples of their maps on this projection are known to exist, these two doubtless had all the imperfections of the original Mercator. De Jode’s “Speculum Orbis Terrarum” of 1589 is remarkable, as, while being on the old plane projection with the lines of latitude and longitude equidistant, there is to be seen on it a feeble attempt to divide the central meridional line according to the idea of Mercator, one of the best possible proofs how imperfectly this idea was understood by Mercator’s own fellow-countrymen. About 1597 was published by Jodocus Hondius in Amsterdam, a map entitled Typus Totius Orbis Terrarum, etc., easily to be recognized by an allegorical figure, at the bottom of it, of a Christian soldier armed for the fight against all the powers of evil. This is on the true projection, known as Mercator’s, but which is really that of Edward Wright. From Hondius’ connection with Mercator, and whose joint portraits from the frontispiece of the well-known Atlas of the latter, it might with good reason be supposed that Hondius acquired the art of projecting this map from Mercator, yet if one thing is more certain than another in the history of this projection, it is the fact that Hondius did not acquire this art from Mercator or his map, but from Edward Wright, the friend and colleague of Hakluyt.

In proof of this, the following evidence is adduced. We learn from Blundeville that, at some previous period, probably as early as 1592, Wright sent his friend, the author, “a table to drawe thereby the parallells in the Mariner’s Carde, together with the vse thereof in trewer sort, with a draught” or diagram of the projection. These, it is evident, were extracts from Wright’s “Errors in Navigation,” then in MS. Wright, in his preface to the reader, in his work when printed, bitterly complains that he was induced to lend MS. to Hondius, who, with its aid and without Wright’s consent, prepared and published several “mappes of the World, which maps had been vnhatched, had not he [Hondius] learned the right way to lay the groundwork of some of them out of his book.” That the above Typus is one of the printed maps complained of, seems to be proved by the allusion to Wright to be found on it.

The strongest evidence against the theory of Hondius having acquired this art from Mercator, is the fact that in none of the subsequent editions of Mercator’s Atlases edited by him is there a map on this projection to be found. The truth is, that to Wright, and not to Mercator, is due the honour of being the first to demonstrate the true principles upon which such maps were to be laid down by means of the now well-known Tables of meridional parts.

The first legitimate attempt to lay down a map upon the really true projection, is no other than the original of our map. Before proceeding to point out some of its remaining points of interest, it will be convenient here to endeavour to remove one or two misapprehensions respecting it, which are even now entertained by more than one of our eminent booksellers.

Mr. Quaritch, without adducing the least amount of evidence, asserts that “Hakluyt intended to insert this map in his work of 1589.” This is impossible, as from internal evidence it could not possibly have been produced at an earlier period than 1598 or 1599, as has been before pointed out. Upon this point we fear that Mr. Quaritch has allowed himself to be misled by the pardonable blunder of Hallam. Again he says, that Hakluyt calls the original of our great map a terrestrial globe. This is also a mistake. When Hakluyt said a globe, he meant one, and not a map; such a globe as he describes was forthcoming in 1592, at a period midway between the first edition of the “Voyages” and the appearance of our map. The only example of this globe at present known to exist is preserved in the Library of the Middle Temple.

Hitherto one of the difficulties in describing and establishing the identity of this map has been its anonymous authorship. Mr. Quaritch, in an otherwise fair appreciation of the writer’s labours in this direction, has thought fit, in another part of his catalogue, to charge the writer with appropriating Mr. Quaritch’s labours in this matter of authorship. The charge has found no foundation in any fact whatsoever. The writer’s conclusions about it were based solely upon a comparison made between our map and a globe, two things which Mr. Quaritch has confounded. The globe referred to is known to be by Molyneux, the reference to it in the title of the map led the writer to the not unnatural inference that they were by one and the same author. This position the writer strengthened by two quotations from a scarce tract by the late Dr. J. G. Kohl of Bremen, which was published twenty years before Mr. Quaritch’s catalogue of 1877 [No. 11919] saw the light. The conclusion arrived at by the writer, without any assistance from Quaritch, was that our map, circa 1600, was a new one, on a new projection, made by one of the most eminent globe-makers of his time, probably under the superintendence of Hakluyt. The evidence upon this point is of course strongly circumstantial only, which future research may either refute or confirm. Be this as it may, one thing is now quite certain, namely, that our map, to a very great extent, bears evidence upon the face of it of the handiwork of another of Hakluyt’s friends and colleagues, hitherto unsuspected, we take it, even by Mr. Quaritch. Allusion has been already made to Wright’s “Errors in Navigation,” the first edition of which was published in 1599. In 1610 appeared the second edition, in which mention is made of a general map, which map it has not been our good fortune to see, as the copy in our national library is without it. Several editions were subsequently published by Moxon. In these are to be seen copies of a map laid down upon lines almost identical with ours. They have geographical additions up to date, and also indicate the variations of the compass. These later maps are avowedly ascribed to Wright, and a comparison of any one of them with our map most certainly points to one common source, namely, the original. The conclusion is therefore irresistible, that whatever may be due to Molineux or Hakluyt in the execution of the original, it also represents the first map upon the true projection by Edward Wright. It will be observed as a somewhat happy coincidence that Hallam’s almost first words of introduction to our map are a reference to the Arctic work of Davis, 1585–1587. On the map is also to be observed a record of the discovery by the Dutchman Barents, of northern Novaya Zemlya, in his third voyage in 1596. This is the latest geographical discovery recorded upon it, which serves not only to determine the date of the map, but to establish for it the undoubted claim of being the earliest one engraved in England, whereon this last important Arctic discovery is to be found. The striking similarity between our map and Molineux’s globe, in the delineations of these Arctic discoveries of Davis and Barents, seems to point to the conclusion that, so far as the geography is concerned, they both came from one source, namely, the hands of Molyneux.

Arctic discovery did not escape the notice of our immortal Shakespere. In some fifty lines preceding his supposed reference to our map in “Twelfth Night,” occur the following words. “You are now sailed into the north of my lady’s opinion, where you will hang like an icicle on a Dutchman’s beard.” The antithetical idea being of course the equatorial region of the lady’s opinion. If the date assigned to it is correct it is probable in the extreme that the thought underlying these words was suggested to the mind of Shakespere by a glance at the upper portion of our map, evidently well known in his time as a separate publication. The remaining points that call for notice are as follows. The improved geography of the whole of the eastern portion of our map, as compared with its contemporaries, and the traces of the first appearance of the Dutch under Davis and Houtman at Bantam. On all the maps was to be seen the huge Terra Australis of the old geography. This, as Hallam remarked, had been left out on our map; but what is so remarkable is that upon it is to be observed, rising “like a little cloud out of the seas, like a man’s hand,” the then unknown continent of Australia. It will be observed that Hallam describes the original as “the best map of the sixteenth century.” Mr. Quaritch improves upon this, and says it is “by far the finest chartographical labour which appeared, from the epoch of the discovery of America down to the time of d’Anville.” If this implies a reference to our map as a work of art, _i. e._ an engraving, we beg to differ from him, as such terms are misleading. As a specimen of map engraving, it will not compare with even its pirated prototype by Hondius. The art of engraving by Englishmen, more particularly that of maps, was at this period, as is well known, in its infancy. Maps and illustrations for books were for the most part executed abroad, and those who did work here were almost all foreigners. The two best known were Augustus Ryther, who executed among other things the maps for Saxton’s Atlas, and Hondius, who did those for Speed’s Atlas. Mr. Richard Fisher writes: “We have scarcely any record of any Englishmen practising engraving in this country prior to the commencement of the seventeenth century.” The names, however, of two are afforded us by Davis himself in his Introduction to the “Seaman’s Secrets,” namely, those of Molyneux and Hillyer. It is to be hoped that the position of our map in the history of cartography is secured upon firmer grounds than those suggested by the best intentions of Mr. Quaritch. It was the writer’s belief in this that first led him to express the hope that the original of the facsimile, so admirably done for the Society, would henceforth be as firmly associated with Shakespere’s “Twelfth Night” as it certainly is now, not only with the page of Hakluyt, but with the publications of the Society that bears his name.

INDEX

(_Embracing much additional data._--See _Preface_)

A

Abano--Apponensis, Aponus, Apianus, Apian, Bienewitz--Pietro di,
“Tractatus de Venenis”; “Conciliator differentiarum ...,” 26,
35, 124, 501, 515, 526, 527.
_See_ Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori ...,” Vol. I. Part I.
pp. 1–11; Bayle, Pierre, “Dictionnaire Historique ...,” Vol.
I. pp. 383–386.

Abbas Messanensis. _See_ Maurolico.

Abbeville, Hist. Chr. d’, par Nicolas Sanson, 108

Abbott, Evelyn, translator of Max Duncker’s “History of Antiquity,”
7

Abd-Allatif--Movaffik, Eddin--Arabian physician (1162–1231),
“Relation de l’Egypte,” 299

Abderites (_at_ School of Athens), 543

Abel, Dr. Clarke, of Brighton (_at_ A.D. 1816, Phillip, W.), 437

Abercorn, J. Hamilton, Earl of, “Calculations ... loadstones.”
_See_ Hamilton, James.

Aberdeen University (_at_ Sir David Brewster), 466

Aberg, Ulrich Johann, “Comparatio ... magneticam,” 1792, 556

Abhand. Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften, 192

Abhand. d. Göttingen Kön. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 445

Abhand. d. Mathem. ... Kön. Baierische Akad. der Wissenschaften:
München, 1808–1824, 433, 477

Abhand. d. Naturforschende Gesellschaft: Halle, 414

Abhand. zur Geschichte der mathematik: Leipzig, 126, 520, 535, 538,
541

Abilgaard, Peter Christian (1740–1801), “Tentamina electrica,” 249

Abohalis. _See_ Avicenna.

Abrégé de l’Astronomie. _See_ Lalande, J. J. le François de.

Abrégé de l’histoire des Sarrazins. _See_ Bergeron, Pierre.

Absorption, dielectric (_at_ Faraday, Michael), 498

Abstracts of the papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions,
548.
_See_ Royal Society, London.

Abul-Wéfa (Aboulwéfa), al bouzdjani (930–998), 93, 94, 512, 516

“Academia cæsarea leopoldino-carolina ... naturæ curiosum. ...”
Hist. Nova Acta, etc.: Breslau Academy, 216, 273, 451

Academia electoralis inoguntina scientiarum utilium. Nova Acta,
etc.: Erfurt, 12 Vols., 218

Academia electoralis scientiarum, _also_ called Academia
Theodoro-Palatina.

Academia scientiarum imperalis petropolitana. Commentarii, Nova
Acta, etc.: St. Petersburg Imperial Academy, 140, 204, 214,
232, 273, 274, 368

Academia secretum naturæ, 75

Academia Theodoro-Palatina ... Commentarii (Historia et
Commentationes). _See_ Manheim, _also_ Hemmer, J. J.

Académie de l’industrie française, Journal des travaux de l’, 421

Académie de Marine, 274

Académie de Médecine: Paris, 237

Académie des Curieux de la Nature. _See_ Academia ... naturæ
curiosum....

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres: Paris, 8, 520, 533

Académie des Sciences (Institut), Paris, Mémoires, Histoire, Table,
etc. (_Comptes Rendus, Les_, will be found under separate
head), 18, 34, 72, 81, 115, 129, 130, 132, 138, 139, 140, 142,
144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 158, 160,
161, 162, 169, 171, 177, 178, 183, 190, 192, 198, 200, 201,
204, 205, 207, 214, 218, 220, 235, 237, 240, 248, 249, 262,
264, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280,
286, 288, 299, 300, 302, 303, 320, 329, 335, 337, 354, 380,
386, 387, 389, 395, 396, 407, 411, 412, 454, 455, 456, 460,
462, 466, 471, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 497

Académie du Gard, 10

“Academy and Literature,” 99. (In June 1902, “Literature” was
incorporated with “The Academy.”)

Academy of Lignitz, 174

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A., 356

Academy of Sciences. _See_ American, Bavarian, Barcelona, Belgium,
Besançon, Brescia, Brussels, Cambridge (U.S.A.), Copenhagen,
Genoa (147), Lyons, Madrid, Manheim, Montpellier, Padua, Paris,
Prague, Naples, Saint Petersburg, Stockholm, Turin, Washington,
etc.

Accademia Bonon. et Istituto, Commentarii, 7 Vols. 1731–1791.
_See_ Bologna Academy.

Accademia del Cimento, Saggi di naturali esperienze (Essays of
natural experiments), Firenze (Florence), 96, 129, 143, 554.
_See_ Tozzetti, Antinovi, _also_ Magalotti,
Iatromathematical school. Experiment at A.D. 1684, 143

Accademia Etrusca, Cortona, Italy, Memoirs, etc., Vols. I.-IX.
1755–1791, 58

Accademia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei, Roma, Atti, etc., 71, 380

Accumulator, electrical (secondary battery), first constructed by
Ritter, J. W., 380

Acerbi (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V.), 363

Achard, Franz Carl (1753–1821), 262–263, 275, 282, 327, 332

Achromatic telescope, first construction, 214.
_See_ Kelly, John.

Acide galvanique (Journal de Paris, No. 362).
_See_ Robertson, E. G., 351

Ackermann, Johann Friedrich (1726–1804), “Medicinisch-chirurgische
Zeitung”--on the contact theory--1792; “Versuch einer ...
Körper”; “Nachrichten ...,” 249, 284, 327

Acoromboni, Francesco (_at_ Sarpi, Pietro), 112

Acosta, C. d’, and Monardes, Nicholas, 516

Acosta, Joseph d’ (1540–1599), 21, 78, 118

“Acta Helvetica Physico-Mathematico. ...”
_See_ Basle, Basel.

Acton, J. (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314

Adam, Melchior, “Vitæ Germanorum Medicorum,” 508, 513

Adamantus. _See_ Origen.

Adamas, 15

Adams (_at_ Hali Abbas), 518 (_Appendix_, Barker’s Lemprière).

Adams, Charles Kendall, 38.
_See_ Johnson’s Universal Cyclopædia, 38

Adams, George (1750–1795), “Essay on Electricity,” 1784, 1785,
1787, 1792, 1799; “Lectures ...,” 22, 160, 174, 201, 205, 206,
212, 231, 241, 258, 262, 263, 271, 280–281

Adams, John, President of U.S., 328

Adams’s language, the language of the Germans or Teutonic, 517

Adanson, Michel (1727–1806), 192–193, 218, 230, 296, 298, 374;
“Histoire naturelle du Senegal,” etc.

Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), “The Spectator” (March 1, 1711 to
Dec. 6, 1712), 99

Adelard (Aetheland) of Bath--Adelardus Bathonïensis (twelfth
century), 1302, 57

Adsigerius, Petrus, by W. Wenckebach, 1865, 48, 53

Ægineta--Æginata, Ægenita--Paulus.
_See_ Paulus Ægenita.

Ælianus, Claudius (Greek writer who fl. _c._ A.D. 250), 270

Æneas, the tactician (_at_ 341 B.C.), 12

“Æpinus atomized,” 218

Æpinus, Franciscus Maria Ulricus Theodorus (1724–1802),
Mathematical theory of electricity (_at_ A.D. 1759); “Sermo
Academicus de similitudine vis electricæ atque magneticæ”;
Petropoli, 1758; “Exposition de la théorie de l’électricité de
M. Æpinus”: Paris, 1787, 17, 185, 205, 215, 217–218, 286, 309,
310, 353, 415, 472, 553

Aerolites, Meteorites, Meteorolites, Meteors, 125, 151, 161, 258,
295, 313, 314, 315, 376, 380, 396, 414, 503. _See_ Fisher, E.
G.; Fletcher, L.; Naidinger, W. R. von; Bjorn, Hans O.; Moigno,
F. N. M.; Perego, Antonio; _also_ the references given by S. P.
Thompson in his “Notes on the _De Magnete_ of Dr. William
Gilbert,” 1901. _Consult_, likewise, the A.D. entries herein,
as follows: 1790, Vassalli-Eandi, p. 295; 1794, Chladni, p.
313; 1801, Fourcroy, p. 354; 1803, Biot, E. C., p. 380; 1820,
Laplace, p. 462

Aerolites, spontaneous ignition of, 313

Æschylus (525–456 B.C.), 3, 4.
_See_ Euripides.

Æther--Ether--Ether theory, 12, 133, 183, 184, 213, 254, 360, 404,
498, 503

Ætius, Amidenus, Greek physician (fl. fifth to sixth century), 26,
27

“Afhandl. i Fisik” (Berzelius), 370

Affaitatus, Fortunius--Affaydatus--Italian physicist, 71. _See_
Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori,” Vol. I. Part I. p. 165.

Africanus, Sextus Julius, Optical signals, 22

Agamemnon’s line of optical signals, 3, 4

Agathias of Myrene (fl. sixteenth century), “De imperio ... gestis
Justiniani,” 1648, 10

Agencies of electricity (Humphry Davy), 364

Aglave et Boulard, “Lumière Electrique,” 150, 152, 154, 166, 350

Agricola, Georgius--Bauer--Landmann (1494–1555), “De re metallica,”
501–502.
_See_ Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 139–140.

Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (1486–1535), 82, 502;
“De occulta philosophia,” etc. _See_ Bayle, Pierre, “Dict.
Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 145–156.

Agulhas (Aguilhas), Cape (the Needles)--Capo d’Agulhas, most
southerly point of Africa. _See_ Wm. Gilbert, by Gilbert Club,
1900, p. 178; _also_ Wm. Gilbert, by P. F. Mottelay, 1893, p.
266.

Ahrens, J. E. W., “Dissertatio ... qualitate et quantitate
electricitis ...”: Kiel, 1813.

Aikin, John (1747–1822), “General Biography,” 10 Vols. 1799–1815,
92, 131, 245, 311

Air, plate of, electrified like a plate of glass, 205, 215, 217

Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801–1892), 335, 461

Akademie der Wissenschaften und ihre Gegner. _See_ Bavarian
Academy.

Akenside, Mark, “The pleasures of imagination,” 555

Akin, C. K., on the origin of electricity (Trans. Phil. Soc.
Cambridge), 1866.

Albategnius, Mahometes--Machometes Aractensis--Al-Battānī, a very
prominent Arabian astronomer and mathematician (_d._ A.D. 929),
502

Al-Battānī. _See_ Albategnius.

Albert, M., “Amer. Ann. d. Artz,” 224

Albertus Magnus, the “Universal Doctor” (1193–1280), “De
Mineralibus,” 16, 17, 18, 27, 34, 35–37, 39, 72, 82, 119, 125,
171, 524–525

Albinus, F. B., “Specimen ...” (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314

Albo, Comte Prosper (_at_ Galvani, A.), 284

Albrecht, Duke of Prussia, 70

Albrecht, G. T., “Geschichte der Electricität,” 206

Albumazar (A.D. 805–885), prominent Arabian astronomer.

Alcazar, Ludovicus (_at_ Zahn, F. J.), 146

Alchimie d’ Avicenne, 40

Alchimie et Alchimistes, 506.
_See_ Figuier, Louis G. _Consult also_ “English books on alchemy”
in Notes and Queries, 8th ser., xi, 363, 464.

Alchimistes du moyen-âge, 514

“Alchemy of Happiness,” by Mohammed Al-Ghazzali, 38

Alchemystical Philosophers, Lives of, 516

Alcibiades (_c._ 450–404 B.C.), 543

Aldini, Giovanni, nephew of Aldini (1762–1834), 270, 283, 304, 306,
326, 327, 331, 365, 366, 367, 374, 375, 393, 418, 419.
_See_ “Essai théorique et expérimental sur le galvanisme,” 1804.

Aldrovandi--Aldrovandus--Ulysses, Ulisse (1522–1607), 8, 13, 72,
112, 113, 114, 126. “Musacum Metallicum.”

Alemanni, P. (Phil. Mag., Vol. XXVII. p. 339, 1807), 393

Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ (1717–1783), French mathematician,
“Eléments de philosophie,” 1759; “Traité de dynamique”: Paris,
1743, 1781, 1796.

Alessandrini, Antonio, “Biografia Italiana”: Bologna, 1858. _See_
Bologna, “Nuovi Annali.”

Alexander Aphrodisacus--Aphrodisiensis (second century A.D.), 503,
511, 512.
_See_ Speng, _also_ Joannes Petrus, _Lucensis_.

Alexander, Emperor of Russia (_at_ Schilling, P. L.), 421

Alexander, James (_at_ Franklin, B.), 197

Alexander of Hales (_d._ 1245), 35, 38–39. _Doctor Irrefragabilis._

Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (356–323 B.C.), 81, 333, 530

Alexandre, Jean (_at_ A.D. 1802), 360–361

“Alexandria and her schools,” Charles Kingsley, 534

Alfarabius--Alpharabius--Al-Farabi (870–950), 37–38

Alfonso Diego. _See_ Diego.

Alfonso el IX. (Alfonso--Alonzo--X., according to chronological
order); “Las siete Partidas ...,” 60, 544

Alfonso the Tenth. _See_ Alfonso el IX.

Al Gazel--Al Ghazzali (1058–1111), 37, 38

Alibard, Thomas François d’. _See_ Dalibard.

Alibert, C., “Eloges ...,” 240, 258, 284

Alizeau (_at_ Aldini, G.), 305

Alkalies, fixed decomposition of, 340, 341, 343, 372

Allamand, Jean Nicholas Sebastian (1713–1787), 170, 173, 299

Allen, Z., “Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature,” 1852.

Allen, Z., and Hare, R., 449

Allen, Z., and Pepys, W. H., 372.
_See also_ Romagnosi; Mazzuchelli, G. M., “Gli Scrittori,” Vol.
I. Part I. 403–408; Bayle, Pierre, “Dict. Historique,” Vol.
I. pp. 212–213.

Alleyne, S. F., Translator of E. Zeller’s “Hist. of Greek
Philosophy,” 511

Allgem. ... Annal. der Chemie. See Scherer, A. N.

Allgem. bauzeitung ... von Förster, L. von: Wien, 1836–1876, 422,
440

Allgem. Deutsche Bibliothek, 256

Allgem. Deutsche Biographie: Leipzig, 218, 384.
_See_ Mitscherlich and Tralles, J. G.

Allgem. Encyklopædie. _See_ Ersch and Gruber.

Allgem. Gelehrten Lexicon. _See_ Jöcher, C. G., 71

Allgem. Journal der Chemie. _See_ Scherer, A. N.

Allgem. Koust-en-Letterb. _See_ Vorsellmann de Heer.

“Allgem. Literatur-Zeitung”: Halle, 413

Allgem. Magazin der Natur-Kunst. _See_ Lipsiae.

“Allgem. Nördlische Annalen der Chemie ...” _See_ Scherer, A. N.

Alliaco, Cardinal Petrus de--Pierre d’ Ailly (1350–1420),
Chancellor of the Paris University; “Imago Mundi,” 34

Allibone, S. Austin, “Critical Dictionary of English Literature,”
92, 102, 132

Almagests of Aboulwéfa, Ptolemy, Riccioli, and others, 55, 512,
513, 516

“Almagestum Novum. Astronomiam ...”; Bologna, 1651. _See_ Riccioli,
G. B.

Al-Majusi--Hali Abas, 518

Alphabetical, Autographic, Autokinetic, Automatic, and other
telegraphs. _Consult_ Index to Catalogue of Wheeler Gift to Am.
Ins. El. Eng., Vol. II. pp. 453–463.

Alphonso Diego. _See_ Diego.

Alphonso, King of Arrago (_at_ School of Athens), 544

Altdorf (Franconia), University of, 129

Althaus, Julius von (_b._ 1791), “Versuche ... elektromagnetismus
...”: Heidelberg, 1821, 326

Alvord, General B. H. W., U.S.A., 259, 260

Amænitates academicæ ...: Stockholm.

Amænitates literariæ ..., 202

Amand, Walkiers de Saint, of Brussels (Lichtenberg Mag., III., 118,
1785), 448, 449

Amatus Lusitanus. _See_ Lusitanus Amatus.

Amaury, Marrigues à Montfort l’, 1773, 385

Amber. _See_ Electron, 10

Amber and the Magnet, different names given to them by the
ancients. _See_ the numerous citations made by Dr. S. P.
Thompson in his “Notes” on Gilbert’s _De Magnete_.

Amber, historical account of, in Phil. Trans. for the year 1699,
Nos. 248 and 249

Amécourt, Ponton d’, 285

America, name given to New World in honour of Am. Vespuccius, 535

American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Boston, 199, 259, 371

American Annual of Scientific Discovery. _See_ Annual.

American Association, 1868, 389, 487

American Association for the advancement of science, 260, 315

American Electrical Society Journal: Chicago, Ill.

American Electrician: New York, 1896–1905.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers: New York, xiv

American Journal of Psychology, 445, 476

American Journal of Science and the Arts: New Haven, U.S.A., 1818
to date. _See_ Silliman, B.

American Meteorological Journal, 321

American Philosophical Society. Transactions, etc.: Philadelphia,
Penn., 67, 193, 228, 237, 241, 259, 282, 283, 298, 299, 319,
327, 328, 329, 337, 354, 373, 448, 449, 557

American Polytechnic Review, 367

Amerigo Vespucci, the Florentine. _See_ Vespucci.

Ames, Joseph, Typog. Antiq. (Herbert): London, 1749, 95

Ammersin, Rev. Father Windelinus--Wendelino, of Lucerne, 209

Ammoniacal amalgam first explained by Berzelius and Pontin, 370

Amontous, Guillaume (1663–1705), 143, 149, 254, 301, 434

Amoretti, Carlo (1741–1816), “Nuova scelta d’opuscoli,” 2 Vols.:
Milano, 1804 and 1807; “Scelta di Opuscoli,” 36 Vols., and its
sequel in 22 Vols.: Milano, 208, 224, 233, 248, 252, 253, 254,
257, 295, 298, 337, 347, 367, 383, 387, 393, 401. _See_ Ritter,
Johann Wilhelm.

Amort, Eusebius (1692–1775), “Philosophia Pollingana ...”:
Augsburg, 1730.

Ampelius, Ansonio Lucius (fl. third century A.D.), “Liber
Memorialis,” 18

Ampère, André Marie (1775–1836), “Théorie des phénomènes
électro-dynamiques ...,” 1826; “Memoires sur l’action mutuelle
...,” 1820–22, 1826, 1827; “Analyse des Mémoires ...” (Ann. de
Phys. de Bruxelles, Vol. VII.), 7, 344, 352, 356, 375, 380,
420, 421, 422, 452, 454, 455, 456, 458, 459, 460, 471–476, 478,
482, 483, 484, 485. The unit of current was named after Ampère;
the other electrical measures are: the Volt, unit of pressure;
the Ohm, unit of resistance, and the Watt, unit of power.

Ampère, A. M., and Babinet, J. _See_ Babinet Jacques; _also_
Nipher, Francis Eugène.

Ampère, Jean Jacques Antoine (1800–1864), 476

Amsterdam, “Vaderlandsche Biblioteek ...,” I., 1773–1796.

Amyot--Amiot--Le Père (1718–1794), 259

Anacharsis, Travels in Greece, 291

Analogia electricitatis et magnetismi. _See_ Swinden, J. H. van,
272; _also_ Cigna, G. F., 224

Analogy between caloric and the electric fluid, 386

Analogy of electricity and lightning. _See_ articles on Franklin
and on Nollet.

Anaxagoras of Clazomene (500–428 B.C.), one of the greatest Greek
philosophers, 15, 503, 511, 512, 524, 532, 542

Anaximander of Miletus (610–547 B.C.), 503; successor of Thales.

Anaximenes of Miletus (born _c._ 528 B.C.), 503. _See_ Speng.

Andala, Ruardus, “Exercitationes academicæ ...,” 1708, 122

Anciennes relations des Indes et de la Chine, par E. Renandot, 60

Andrew, the Florentine--(Andrea Florentino--mentioned in Guerino’s
Venetia, 1477 folio), 57

Andrews, Professor (_at_ Keir, James), 297

Andrieux, Professor François Emile, “Mémoire ...,” 1824, 326, 476

Andry et Thouret, “Observations et recherches sur l’aimant,” 245.
(Reuss, Repertorium, xii, 18.)

Angell, John, “Magnetism and electricity,” 28

Angelstrom, D. (_at_ Dalton, J.), 308

Anglade, J. G., “Essai sur le galvanisme,” 326

Angos, Mr. le Chevalier d’, 235

Angström, Anders Jöns (1814–1874), Swedish physicist who wrote
extensively on magnetism, heat, and on the Zodiacal Light, 141

Animal Magnetism. _See_ Magnetism, Animal.

Annalen der chemie. _See_ Scherer, A. N.

Annalen der chemie, von Liebig (Justus von): Heidelberg.

Annalen der pharmacie. _See_ Liebig, Justus von.

Annalen der physik und chemie, Johann Christian Poggendorff:
Leipzig. _See_ Journal der Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.

Annalen der physik und chemie. _See_ Halle, _also_ Journal der
Physik, von F. A. C. Gren.

Annalen der physik und der physikalischen chemie, L. W. Gilbert:
Halle und Leipzig. _See_ Halle, _also_ Journal der Physik,
von F. A. C. Gren.

Annalen der telegraphie. _See_ P. W. Brix, _also_ “Zeitschrift des
Deutsch-Oesterreichischen ...”

Annalen für das universalsystem der elemente ... von Sertürner:
Göttingen.

Annalen für meteorologie.... _See_ Johann Lamont.

Annales de chimie. _See_ Mons, Jean Baptiste van.

Annales de chimie et de physique, par Gay-Lussac, etc., Vols.
I.-LXXV, etc.: Paris, 119, 140, 157, 195, 218, 230, 233, 247,
248, 249, 261, 270, 279, 280, 284, 290, 291, 294, 297, 299,
306, 321, 335, 340, 344, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 363,
368, 370, 372, 376, 378, 383, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393,
394, 396, 406, 412, 414, 416, 420, 423, 426, 434, 441, 454,
455, 459, 462, 464, 473, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 482, 483,
485, 487, 494, 495

Annales de chimie ..., par De Morveau, etc., Vols. I.-XCVI.,
1789–1815. _See_ Paris.

Annales d’électricité et de magnétisme ... publicés, par Mr.
Georges Dumont: Paris, 1889–1890.

Annales de geographic et de bibliographie, 34, 58, 59, 536

Annales de la Société de Médecine de Montpellier. _See_
Montpellier.

Annales de la Société des Sciences d’Orléans, Vols. I.-XIV.,
1819–1836.

Annales de l’électricité: Bruxelles, 1882–1884.

Annales de l’électricité médicale, 326

Annales de l’Observatoire de Bruxelles. _See_ Brussels, _also_
Quetelet, L. A. J.

Annales de physique de Bruxelles, 476

Annales des mines, 380, 455

Annales des sciences et des arts ... par Maisonneuve: Paris,
1808–1809.

Annales des sciences faisant suite au Journal des Savants, 551

Annales du Magnétisme Animal: Paris.

Annales du Museum d’histoire naturelle. _See_ Museum.

Annales Encyclopédiques. _See_ Millin de Grandmaison.

Annales générales de sciences physiques et naturelles: Bruxelles,
1819–1831, par MM. Bory de St. Vincent, Drapez et Van Mons, 255

Annales Mundi. _See_ Briet, Philippe.

Annales, or, a generalle chronicle of England, by Stow, John, 211

Annales Ord. Min. _See_ Wadding.

Annales politiques, 265

Annales télégraphiques: Paris, 368, 423

Annali del Reale Osservatorio Meteorologico ... Napoli. _See_
Palmieri, Luigi.

Annali delle scienze del Regno Lombardo Veneto, del Fusinieri
(Ambrogio): Padova, Milano, Venezia, 298, 314

Annali delle scienze naturali: Bologna.

Annali delle scienze naturali. _See_ Padua.

Annali di chimica, dall Polli, Vols. I.-XLVIII.: Milano, 1845–1868.

Annali di chimica ..., di Brugnatelli, L. V.: Pavia.

Annali di fisica, chimica ..., Majocchi, Giov. Aless.: Milano.

Annali di fisica ..., dell’ Zantedeschi, Franc.: Padova.

Annali di matematica pura a applicata ..., da Tortoloni, Barnàba:
Roma, 54

Annali di scienze ... da Tortoloni, Barnaba, etc.: Roma.

Annali di scienze matematiche e fisiche, da Tortoloni, Barnaba, 8
Vols.: Roma, 1850–1857.

Annali di storia naturale: Bologna.

Annalium Hirsaugiensium ... 1690. _See_ Trithemius, Johannes.

Annals of Caius Cornelius Tacitus, 140

Annals of chemistry ... electricity, galvanism ...: London.

Annals of chemistry. _See_ Philosophical Magazine.

Annals of Clan-mac-noise, 139

Annals of electricity, magnetism and chemistry. _See_ Sturgeon,
Wm.: London, 1836–1843.

Annals of philosophical discovery.... _See_ Sturgeon, Wm.

Annals of philosophy, or magazine of chemistry ... and the arts.
_See_ Thomson (Thos.); united with the Philosophical Magazine.

Annals of Turin Observatory. _See_ Turin.

Année Scientifique et Industrielle. _See_ Figuier, Louis.

Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes, 195, 266, 315, 321, 481

Annual of scientific discovery: Boston 1850–1851; edited by Wells,
D. A. and others (continued as Annual Record of Science and
Industry), 300, 330, 386, 416, 445, 449, 460, 476, 481, 498

“Annus Magnus,” the work of Aristarchus of Samos, covering 2484
years, 505

Anschell, Salmon (_at_ Humboldt, Alex. von), 333

Anselmo, Georgio (_at_ Aldini, Giov.), 305

Ansicht der chemischen naturgesetze. _See_ Niebuhr Karsten.

Antheaulme--Antheaume, M. de l’académie des sciences, “Traité sur
les aimans artificiels,” 1760, 190, 274

Anthony of Bologna, called the Panormitan, 56

Anthropo-telegraph of Knight Spencer, 400

“Anti-Jacobin Magazine,” 311

Anti-magnetic bodies, observations on, 387

Anti-Nicene Christian Library, 525

Antinori, “Notizie istoriche ... Accad. del Cimento”: Firenze,
1841; Antinori and Nobili, 477

Antiochenus, Stephanus (_at_ Hali-Abas), 519

Anti-phlogistic doctrine, 261, 386

Antipodes and rotundity of earth ridiculed, 523–525

Antiquitates Americanæ, 115

Antiquitates Italiæ Modii-Acri, 539

Antisthenes, Greek philosopher (_b._ 423 B.C.); founder of the
Cynic school of philosophy, 543

“Antologia, giornale di scienze ..., dir Vieusseux”: Firenze, 256,
482

Antologia Romana. _See_ Gandolfi, B.

Antonia, Paola (Novelli), 505

Antonii, Bibl. Hisp. Vetus., 39

Antonio, Nicolas, “Bibl. Hisp. Nova,” 528

Antonius de Fantis. _See_ Fantis.

Antonius Musæ Brasavolus. _See_ Brasavolus.

“Aperçus historiques sur la boussole.” _See_ Avezac d’.

_Aphron_ (south) and _Zohron_ (north), 33, 35

Apianus. _See_ Abano.

Apjohn, James (_at_ Pearson, Geo.), 325

Apollo (_at_ School of Athens), 543

Apollonius of Perga (born _c._ 262 B.C.), 540, 541

Apollonius of Tyana (fl. first century A.D.). Life of, by
Philistratus, 8, 533

Aponus. _See_ Abano.

Appleton and Company, “New American Cyclopædia,” 22 Vols.;
“Dictionary of Machines, Mechanics ...,” 22, 149, 255, 286,
316, 317, 318, 446, 449, 481

Apuleius--Appuleus (fl. second century), “Apologia and Florida”:
Leipzig, 1900, 8

Aquinas. _See_ Thomas Aquinas.

Aractensis Machometes. _See_ Albatagnius.

Arago, Dom. François Jean (1786–1853), vii, 126, 138, 142, 166,
190, 195, 208, 228, 248, 259, 266, 309, 315, 321, 344, 375,
380, 389, 396, 412, 416, 417, 455, 461, 464, 472, 476,
477–481, 482, 484, 485, 520

Aranjuez-Madrid, telegraph line, 1798, 318

Aratus of Soli, in Cilicia (born _c._ 315 B.C.), 533

Arcana of science and art ...: London, 1828–1838.

Archelaus, Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., surnamed
_Physicus_, 503, 532, 542

“Archeologia philosophica nova ...”: London, 1663, 4, 210. _See_
Harvey, Gideon.

Archimedes (_c._ 287–212 B.C.), whom Lodge calls the “father of
physics,” 533, 540, 541, 544

Archives de l’électricité, par Rive, M. A. de la; Supplément à la
“Bibliothequè Universelle,” de Genève.

Archives der mathematik und physik. _See_ Grundig, C. G.

Archives des sciences.... _See_ Genève.

Archives des sciences physiques. _See_ “Bibliothèque Universelle”:
Genève.

Archives du magnétisme animal, 237

Archives du Musée Tyler, 160

Archives du Nord, pour la physique et la médecine: Copenhagen, 353

Archives ... Ges. Natural, 288

Archives für chemie und meteorologie. _See_ Kastner, K. W. G.

Archives für ... naturlehre. _See_ Kastner, K. W. G.

Archives littéraires, 351

Archives Néerlandaises, 142

Archytas of Tarentum (_c._ 428–347 B.C.), Greek scientist of the
Pythagorean school, 532, 544

Arcothea (_at_ School of Athens), 543

Arcueil, La Société d’, 236, 386, 389

Arcy, Patrik d’ (1725–1799), 177

Arderon, M. (_at_ Milly, N. C. de Thy), 235

Ardoniis--Ardonyis--Santes de, _Pisaurensis_; “Liber de Venenis,”
1492, 26

Arella, Carnerale Antonio, “Storia dell’ Elettricita,” 2 Vols.,
1839, 296

Arezzo, Ristoro d’, 50

Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1799–1875), in the Vörtragen
geh. in der Königsberg Gesellschaft, 139

Argelatti, Philippo, native of Bologna (1685–1755), “Biblioth.
Mediol.,” 528, 540

Argentelle, Louis Marc Antoine Robillard d’ (1777–1828), 302, 303

Argolus, Andreas, “Epistola ad Davidem,” 1610, 553

Aristarchus of Samos (fl. 280–264 B.C.), Greek astronomer, 505,
519, 530, 533, 541

Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), xix, 7, 11, 15, 21, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39,
40, 41, 43, 57, 81, 88, 124, 129, 136, 230, 323, 333, 370,
503, 504, 507, 511, 524, 532, 533, 537, 539, 541, 543. “De
Anima, libri tres ...”; “De Cœlo, libri quatuor ...”; “De
Generatione ... libri duo ...”; “Meteorologicorum, libri
quatuor ...”; “De naturali auscultatione ...”; Joannes a
Trinitate; Joannes Baptista, 1748; Joannes de Mechlinea. _See_
Jourdain, C. M. G. B.; Scaliger, J. C.; Speng, Leonhard;
Taylor, Thomas.

Arlandes, Comte d’ (_at_ Charles, J. A. C.), 288

Arlensis, “Sympathia septem metallorum,” 1610, 553

Arlincourt, M. d’ (_at_ Cruikshanks, Wm.), 338

Armagh Observatory, 92

Armangaud, Jeune. _See_ “Electricité L’.”

Armed loadstones or magnets, 86 (Gilbert), 100 (Bacon).

Armées Météores, Les, 115

Armstrong and Faraday (_at_ Schübler, G.), 416

Armstrong, Sir William George, First Lord, F.R.S., “Electric
Movement in Air and Water” (1810–1900).

Arnaldus de Villa Nova--Arnaud de Villeneuve, dit de Bachuone
(1235–1312); “Tractatus de virtutibus herbarum,” 27, 505–506

Arnaud and Porna, 385

Arnim, Ludwig Achim von (1781–1831), “Versuch. einer theorie ...”;
“A treatise on the magnet”: Halle, 1799, 285, 393, 557

Arnold, Brother, “La Salle Institute” (Peregrinus), 45

Arnold, Matthew, Oxford Lectures, 6

Arrais, Edoardo, Madeira--Arraes, Duarte Madeyra, 135–137

Arrhenius, Claudius--Claes--Clas (1627–1694), 140, 141. _See_
“Nouv. Biogr. Univ.”, 351–352

Arrhenius, Svante August, Director of the Physico-Chemical
Department of the Nobel Institute, Stockholm (1859), 391, 392

Arriaga, Rodericus de, 505

Arsaces, Queen of Ethiopia, 8

Arsinoë, temple of, 18

Arsonval, Arsène d’ (1851), 420

Artaxerxes Mnemon, King of Persia (404–358 B.C.), 196

“Art de vérifier les dates....” _See_ Saint Allais, 2

Art of making signals, both by sea and by land, 149

Arts and Sciences, New Universal History of, 155

Arts (Royal), Society of, London. _See_ Journal of the Society of
Arts: London.

Asclepius, the _ascendants_ or _horoscopes_ of, 541 (fl. end of
fifth century A.D.).

Ash, Dr. Edward (_on_ the action of metals ...), 337

Ashburner, Dr. John, translator of Reichenbach’s
“Physico-Physiological Researches,” 140, 401

Askesian Society, founded by Pepys, W. H., and others, 371

Association, British, for the advancement of science. _See_ British
Association.

Astatic needles, invented by Ampère (A.D. 1820), 473, 475

Asterisks, large and small, in Gilbert’s _De Magnete_, 83, 545

Astrolabe (_at_ A.D. 1235–1315), invented by Hipparchus, 32, 46,
54, 148 (Bion), 520, 530

Astronom. Jahrbuch of Schumacher for 1838 (entered _at_ Oersted,
A.D. 1820), 455

Astronomia Britannica. _See_ Newton, John.

Astronomical Society of France. _See_ Paris.

Astronomical Society of Great Britain. _See_ London.

Astronomische Abhandlungen of Schumacher (entered _at_ Fraunhofer,
A.D. 1814–1815), 432

“Astronomische Gesellschaft Vierteljahrschrift:” Leipzig,
1866–1876, 165

Astronomy, Historical account of, 521

Astruc, Jean, “Historie de la faculté de médecine de Montpellier,”
506

Ateneo, Commentarii, Perego, Antonio: Brescia.

Ateneo di Venezia. _See_ Venetian Athenæum.

Athenæ Britannicæ. _See_ Davies, Myles-Miles.

Athenæ Cantabrigienses. _See_ Cooper, C. H.

Athenæ Oxionenses. _See_ Wood, Anthony à.

“Athenæum:” London, 33, 134, 209, 495, 496

Athenæum of Treviso, 253

Athens, School of, 542–544

Atkinson, H. (_at_ Chladni, E. F. F.), 314

Atlantic line of no declination, 64

“Atlantic Monthly,” 114

Atlas showing charts of magnetic variation, 62

Atmosphere, electricity of the, 319–321

Atmospheric electricity. _See_ Electricity, atmospheric.

“Atmospheric magnetism” (taken from Jameson’s Journal), 498

Atomic doctrine of Leucippus and Democritus, 512

Atomic theory of chemistry, 307

Atomistic philosophy, 512

Atoms, doctrine of, 543

Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei: Roma.

Atti (also Memorie) dell’ I. R. Istituto Venet. di scienze. _See_
Venetian I. R. Institution.

Attractive poynt of Robert Norman, 76

Atwood, George, “A description ... natural philosophy,” 1776, 212

Aubenas, George Adolphe. _See_ Miller, B. E. C.

Aubert, H., “Electrometrische Flasche”: Paris, 1789, 282

Aubrelicque of Compiègne, 34

Augé, Claude. _See_ Larousse, Pierre.

Augustin, Friedrich Ludwig (_b._ 1776), “Vorn Galvanismus ...”:
Berlin, 1801; “Versuch einer geschichte ... elektricität ...,”
1803, 326, 383

Augustine, Aurelius, Saint (354–430), the most prominent of the
Latin Fathers of the Church, xix, 18, 20, 21, 25–26, 73, 74,
124, 523, 525.
_See_ Monroe Cyclopædia, Vol. I. pp. 300–301.

Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d’Orleans, duc d’ (1822–1907).
_See_ Dazebry, Charles, et Bachelot, The., “Dictionnaire ...” p.
300, xix.

Aurifaber, Andreas (1512–1559), “Succini historia”: Konigsberg,
1551, 8

Aurora Australis, or Southern Polar Light, 141.
_See_ Ulloa, A. de, 165–166

Aurora Borealis, or Northern Polar Light, 138–141; its first
distinctive name, _Nororljós_, was given it by the Icelandic
settlers of Greenland (Cleasby and Vigfusson’s Dictionary),
114, 396. _Consult_ the entries herein under A.D. 1683, pp.
137–141, _also at_ Dalton, pp. 307–308; 1793–1797, Robison, pp.
308–311; 1799, Humboldt, pp. 330–335; 1807, Young, pp. 395–396;
1820, Arago, pp. 477–481. _Consult_ Ramus, J. F., and Capron,
J. Rand.

Auroræ Boreales, Catalogue of, 140

Auroræ Boreales, Chronological Summary of Authors, 140

Auroræ Boreales, Theory of Max Hell, 233

Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (_c._ A.D. 309–393), “Mosella,” 11, 18

Austen. _See_ Roberts, Austen.

Autolycus of Pitana, Greek astronomer, author of “De Sphæra”
(fourth century B.C.), 541

Autun, Honorius d’, “Imago Mundi,” 35

Autun. _See_ Société d’Agriculture.

“Avazamenti della Medicina e Fisica.” _See_ Brugnatelli, L. V.

Avelloni, D. d’, “Lettera ... al fuoco elettrico,” 315, 555

Avempace, Arabian philosopher (_d._ 1138), 36, 39

Averroës, Muhammed Ibn Ahmed Ibn-Roschd (1120–1198), 36, 38, 39–40,
124, 544.
_See_ Bayle, P., “Dict. Historique,” Vol. I. pp. 552–562

Averroës et l’Averroïsme. _See_ Renan.

Averroïsme au xiii^e siècle, 37, 505

Avezac, M. d’, “Aperçus historiques sur la boussole,” 1858–1860,
63, 536

Avicenna--Abu ’Ali Hufain Ibn ’Abd Allah, Ibn Siná, _Abohalis_
(980–1037), 22, 26, 27, 36, 37, 40, 169, 509, 516

Avogadro, Amadeo, Comte de Quaregna (1776–1856). _Consult_ Bibl.
Univ. Suppl. Arch. l’Electricité, Vol. II. pp. 102–110; Mem. di
Torino for 1823 and 1846; Botto, G. D.

Axon, William Edward Armitage (Proc. Phil. Soc. of Manchester, Vol.
16, pp. 166–171, 1877, relative to Strada); “On the history of
the word telegraph” (Proc. Lit. Soc. of Manchester, Vol. 19,
pp. 182–184, 1880).

Ayres, Brown (Journ. Franklin Inst., Ser. 3, Vol. 75, pp. 378–393
and Scientific American Supplement, July 6, 1878, concerning
the telephone).

Ayrton and Perry (_at_ Faraday, M.), 492

Ayrton, William Edward. _See_ Romagnosi (Journ. of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, 1871), 492

Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe (_b._ 1766), “Theorie générale de
l’électricité, du galvanisme et du magnetisme,” 1807, 248

Azuni, Domenico Alberto (1749–1827), “Dissertation sur l’origine de
la boussole,” 1805 (Dissertazione sull’ origine della bussola
nautica, 1797), 1, 3, 17, 22, 30, 31, 33, 43, 55, 57, 60, 69

Azyr, Vicq d’, 302, 303

B

Babbage, Charles (1792–1871) _at_ p. 467 and mentioned at p. 466

Babinet, Jacques (1794–1872) and Ampère, A. M., “Exposé des
nouvelles découvertes, par Oersted ...”: Paris, 1822, 475, 482,
483

Babington, Dr. William (1756–1833), (_at_ Cruikshanks, Wm., A.D.
1800), 338

Babini, G. (_at_ Morichini, D. P., A.D. 1812–1813), 424

Bacelli, Liberto Giovanni (1772–1835), “Risultati dell’ esperienze
...,” 455, 479

Bache, Dr. William (_at_ Mesmer, F. A., A.D. 1772), 237

Bacher, Alex. André Philippe Frédéric, Recueil périodique: “Journal
de médecine,” 307

Bacon, Francis, Baron Verulam, called by Sir Oliver Lodge “the
herald of the dawn of science” (1561–1626), “Novum
Organum”--Novum Organon--Bibliographical Account, xiv, 88, 89,
90, 92, 99–103, 129, 167, 171, 511

Bacon, Roger--Bacconis, Rogerii--(1214–1294), les éditions de.
_See_ Monroe, “Cyclopædia,” Vol. I. pp. 316, 317, _also_ pages
herein, 16, 34, 36, 37, 41–43, 45, 59, 119, 124, 137, 171

Baddam, Benjamin. _See_ Royal Society.

Bærle, K. van. _See_ Barlæus.

Baffin, William, Baffin’s Bay, 98

Bagdad Observatory; _also_ Bagdad University, 38

Baguette divinatoire. _See_ Divining rod.

Baierischen (Bavarian), Akad. Neue Abhandlungen, 272, 316

Baïlak--Baïlik--of Kibdjack, 55, 59, 87

Bailey, Nathan--Nathaniel--(_d._ 1742), “Dictionarium Britannicum
...,” 1736, 555

Baillet, Adrien, “Jugement des savants,” 109, 515

Bailly, Jean Sylvain, “Histoire de l’astronomie moderne,” 513

Bain, Alexander (_at_ Coxe, John Redman, A.D. 1816), 436

Bain, William (1775–1853) (_at_ Barlow, Peter, A.D. 1820), 457

Bajon, M. (_d._ 1790) (_at_ Bancroft, Edward Nathaniel, A.D. 1769),
230

Baker, H. (_at_ Ingen-housz, Johan), 257, and (_at_ Pearson,
George), 326

Bakewell, Frederick C., “A manual of electricity,” 3rd ed., publ.
in 1859; “Electric Science, its history ...,” 1853, 152, 223,
284, 338, 347, 381, 478, 487, 490

Balbi, Count Pado Battista (1693–1772), 294

Balck, Uldericus Dominicus (_at_ Helmont, J. B. van, A.D. 1621),
104

Baldwin, J. M., “Dict. of Philosophy and Psychology,” 32, 39, 40,
519, 520

Baldwin, Loammi (1745–1807), 199, 281

Balfour, Dr. John Hutton, of Edinburgh (1808–1884), 463

Ball, Sir Robert (_at_ Newton, Sir Isaac), 133

Ball, Walter W. Rouse, “History of Mathematics,” 541

Ballard, “Magnetism of Drills,” 554

Ballot, Christopher Hendrik Buÿs-, “Meteor. Preisfrage,” 1847, 440

Bammacaro, Niccolò, “Tentamen de vi electrica,” 273

Bancalari, Michele Alberto (_b._ 1805), 426

Bancroft, Edward Nathaniel (1744–1820), 129, 229, 239, 298

Banks, Sir Joseph (1743–1820), 247, 250, 252, 456

Barbarossa--Emperor Frederick I.--water compass, 30, 146

Barbarus, Hermolaus (1454–1495), “Compendium scientiæ ...,” 506.
_See_ Bayle, Dictionary, Vol. I. pp. 633–638.

Barbazan, Etienne, “Fabliaux,” 30

Barberet, Denis (1714–1776), 167, 321

Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques (1709–1779), 196

Barcelona Academy of Sciences, 317, 318

Bardenot, J. R. P., “Les recherches ... refutées”: Paris, 1824, 305

Barents, discoverer of Novaya Zemlya, 562, 563

Baret, E. (_at_ Themistius of Paphlagonia), 540

Baretus and Oviedo, narrative of, 1554, 192

Barlæus--Bærle--Kaspar van, “Observ. ... magnesteen en de
magnetische ...,” 1651, 136

Barletti, Carlo (_d._ 1800) “Nuove sperienze,” 1771, 207, 249, 556

Barlocci, Saverio (1784–1845), 423

Barlow, Peter (1776–1862), 398, 427, 457–460, 465, 467, 473, 476,
484. “Essay on magnetical attractions ...,” 1823, 1824;
“Encyclopædia of British Arts, Manufactures ...,” 1855.

Barlow, William Henry, 449, 460

Barlowe--Barlow--William (_d._ 1625), 18, 27, 57, 76, 78, 79, 80,
87, 90, 97, 141. “Magneticall Advertisements ...,” 1613, 1616,
1618, 1843; “Navigator’s supply ...,” 1597.

Barnes, Robert (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330

Barneveldt--Barneveld--Joan van Olden--Oldenbarneveld (1549–1619)
(_at_ Grotius, Hugo), 518

Barneveldt--Barneveld--Wilhelm van (1747–1826), 6, 325, 326

Baronio, Dr. Joseph, of Milan, 393

Barral, G. (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 362

Barral, J. A. (_at_ Arago, D. F. J., A.D. 1820), 481

Barrow, Sir John, F.R.S. (1764–1848), 114, 438, 439, 467

Bart and Schweigger researches, 414

Barthélémy, Jean Jacques (1716–1795), 291, 301

Barthema. _See_ Varthema.

Bartholinus, C. Thomas (1688), 554

Bartholinus, Erasmus, “De Cometus,” 122

Bartholinus, Thomas (1616–1680), “De Luce animalium”; “De naturæ
...,” 29

Bartholomacus de Glanvilla--Anglicus--(fl. 1230–1250), “Liber de
proprietatibus rerum,” 13, 16, 34, 37, 124. _See_ “Dict. of
Nat. Biogr.,” 1908, Vol. VII. pp. 1288–1290.

Bartoli (_at_ Eandi, G. A. F. G., A.D. 1790), 294

Baruffaldi, Girolamo (_at_ Brasavolus, A. M.), 506

Barwick, G. A., xx

Basilica chimica. _See_ Crollius, Oswaldus.

Basle--Basel--Acta Helvetica Physico Mathematico--Botanico--Medica,
8 Vols.; Nova Acta, etc., 1751–1787, 299.
_See also_ Bernoulli I., James.

Basle--Basel--University, 147

Basse, Frédéric Henri, of Hamel (_at_ A.D. 1803), 384

Batavæ, De Antiq. Reipubl., 517

Batavi Scientific Society. _See_ Haarlem.

Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy. _See_ Rotterdam.

“Bath Chronicle,” 128

Bathanarius, once Count of Africa, 25

Bathseba, mentioned at p. 5 (1033–975 B.C.).

Batines, Colomb de, “Bibliog. Dantesca,” 1845–1846, 44

Batteries (piles), electric, galvanic, etc.: Volta, 1775; Van
Marum, 1785; Children, Cruikshanks, Davy, Tromsdorff,
Babington, Eastwick in 1800; Wollaston, 1801; Pepys, Parrot in
1802; Ritter, Hachette in 1803; Behrends and Dyckoff,
Gay-Lussac in 1804; Maréchaux, 1806; Deluc, 1809; Zamboni,
1812; Dana, 1819.

Bauer, L. A., “U.S. Magnetic Tables ...”; “Terrestrial Magnetism
...,” 60, 70, 79, 81, 91, 92, 138

Baumgarten--Crusius--Ludwig Friedrich Otto, 520

Baumgartner, Andreas von, Baron (_b._ 1793), 423. _See_
Ettinghausen, _also_ “Zeitschrift für physik....”

Bavaria, Electoral Academy of. _See_ Baierischen, 272

Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich, 273, 380, 406, 407, 424, 432,
433, 477

Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), “Dictionnaire historique et critique,”
502: London edition, 1734.

Bayly and Wales, 242

Bayly, William, astronomer (_d._ 1810), 348

Bazin, Gilles Augustin (_d._ 1754), 208, 273.
_See_ Nouv. Biogr. Gén., IV., 887.

Beacon fires (_at_ 1084 B.C.), 4

Beaufoy, Col. Mark (1764–1827), 157, 426, 427

Beaume. _See_ La Beaume.

Beaumont, Elie de, “Memoir of Oersted,” 455

Beauvais, M. (_at_ Alexandre, Jean, A.D. 1802), 361

Beazley, C. Raymond (_at_ Empedocles), 511–512

Becani, Joannis Goropii. _See_ Goropus.

Becanus. _See_ Goropius.

Beccari--Beccaria--Jacopo Bartolommeo (1682–1767), 199, 208; “De
artif. elect.”; “A series of experiments,” 1775.

Beccaria, Giovanni Battista (1716–1781), 178, 189, 199, 206–208,
224, 226, 246, 253, 294, 320, 416

Beccher--Becher--Johann Joachim (1635–1682), 261, 262, 502

Beck, M. van. _See_ Moll.

Beckensteiner, C. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine), 386

Becket, John Brice (_at_ Wilkinson, C. H.), 269, and (_at_
Thillaye-Platel), 385

Beckmann, Johann (1739–1811), “A history of inventions ...,” 17,
27, 148, 152, 233

Becquerel, Adolphe, “Des applications de l’électricité ...”:
Paris, 1856–1860, 386

Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond (1820–1891), 218, 295; (Comptes Rendus,
1840, 1843–4–6–7, 1864); “Memoir on Dia-Magnetism.”

Becquerel, Antoine César (1788–1878), “Eléments d’electro-chimie,”
1843; “Traité experimental de l’électricité et de magnetisme,”
1834–5–6–7, 1840; “Expériences sur la développement de
l’électricité ...,” 1823; “Traité de Physique ...,” 1844, 8,
29, 31, 55, 195, 204, 258, 293, 321, 347, 352, 353, 370, 373,
389, 403, 417, 426, 433, 441, 463, 494.
_See_ Vapereau, G., Dictionnaire, p. 119, _also_
Electro-capillary phenomena.

Becquerel, A. C., and Becquerel, Edmond (1820–1891), “Traité
d’électricité et de magnétisme ...”: Paris, 1855, 1856;
“Eléments de Physique ...”: Paris, 1847; “Résumé de l’historie
de l’électricité et du magnetisme”: Paris, 1858, 24, 29, 30,
54, 110, 129, 153, 271, 315, 380, 388

Becquerel, A. C., and Brachet, A., 241, 271; Concernant des
expériences sur la torpille (Comptes Rendus, III., 135).

Becquerel, Edmond, and Frémy, Edmond, “Recherches électro-chimiques
sur les propriétés des corps electrisés”: Paris, 1852.

Beddoes, Thomas (1760–1808), 392

Beeck, A. van, Van Beck and Bergsma, 463, 473

Beer, Aug., 1868 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 386

Beetz, W. von (_at_ Zamboni, Giuseppe, A.D. 1812), 420

Behaim--Behm--Martin (1430–1506), 67

Behmen. _See_ Boehm.

Behrend (_at_ Bohnenberger, J. J. F. von), 434

Behrends, T. G. B. (_at_ Reinhold, J. C. L., and _at_ Humboldt, F.
H. Alex. von), 327, 333

Behrends, Wilhelm, of Francfort, 284, 387

Belcher, Sir Edward, 446

Belgium, Royal Academy of Sciences, 243, 259, 280

Belgrado, Giacomo (1704–1780), 420, 555

Bell, Alexander Graham (1847), 72, 234

Bell. Jud. Adv. Roman, 10

Bellani, Angelo (_at_ Volta Alessandro, A.D. 1775), 248

Bellay, Joachim du (1524–1560), “Comme le fer qui suit la
calamite,” 16

Belleau, Rémy (1528–1577), “Bergeries,” 16

Belli, Giuseppe (1791–1860) (_at_ Tralles, J. G., A.D. 1790), 293

Bellingeri--Berlingieri--Carlo Francesco (_d._ 1848), 284, 355

Beloe, William (1756–1817), “The Sexagenarian,” 324

Belon, Pierre (1517–1564), 270

Beltrami, P., 1823 (_at_ Gay-Lussac, J. L., A.D. 1804), 389

Bembo, Cardinal (_at_ School of Athens), 542

Bencora--Ben Konah--Thebitius, 540–541

Ben David--Bendavid--Lazarus, “Ueber die religion der Ebräer von
Moses,” 9

Benedictus, Joannes Baptista (1530–1590), 506

Benham, Charles E. (_at_ Gilbert, William, A.D. 1600), 92

Bennet, Abraham, Curate of Wirksworth, F.R.S. (1750–1799), 127,
282, 289, 303, 336, 373, 430, 470

Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich (1777–1846), 208, 314

Bérard, Frédéric (1789–1828), 423 (_at_ Morichini, D. P., A.D.
1812–1813).

Béraud--Berault--Laurent (1703–1777), “Dissertation ...
électricité”; “Theoria electricitatis,” 1755, 163, 164, 167,
258, 259

Bercy, Ugo di. _See_ Sercy.

Berdoe, M., “Inquiry into the influence of the electric fluid ...,”
1771, 556

Bergen, Carolus, Augustus van (_at_ Jallabert, J. L., A.D. 1749),
189

Bergerac, Savinien, Cyrano de (1629–1655), 103, 171

Bergeret--Berjeret--a physician of Dijon, 183

Bergeron, Pierre (second half of sixteenth century), “Abrégé de
l’historie ...,” 60

Bergmann--Bergman--Sir Torbern Olof (1735–1784), “Bemerkung ...
Krystales”; “Commentarius ... turmalini”; “Elektrische versuche
...,” 32, 220, 221; History of Chemistry and other sciences.

Bergsma and Van Beek (_at_ Dutrochet, R. J. H., A.D. 1820), 463

Berio (_at_ Alexandre, Jean, A.D. 1802), 361

Berkel, A. van (_at_ Shaw, George, A.D. 1791), 299

Berkeley, George, the works of, 511, 515, 520

Berlin, Astronomer Royal (Bernoulli), 147

Berlin Academy--University--Memoirs, History and
Reports--Abhandlungen, 153, 155, 170, 173, 192, 214, 217, 218,
220, 223, 225, 226, 230, 262, 263, 276, 288, 299, 308, 352,
392, 471, 478

Berlingieri, Francesco Vacca Leopold (1732–1812), 206, 270, 300,
305, 327, 331

Bernoulli, Christoph (_at_ Ritter, J. W., A.D. 1803–1805), 381

Bernoulli, Daniel (1700–1782) (_Acta Helvetica_, III. 1758, p.
223), 147, 160, 213

Bernoulli, family, 146–147, 155, 450

Bernoulli, James I. (1654–1705), 147

Bernoulli, John I. (1667–1748), 146, 226

Bernoulli, John II. (1710–1790), 147, 214

Bernoulli, John III. (1744–1807), 147, 226

Berrutti, S., “Elogio del ... Vassalli Eandi,” 1839, 29

Bertelli--Barnabita, Timoteo (1826–1905), 30, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50,
51, 57, 59, 60, 71, 72, 110, 111, 112, 526, 531; “Memoria
sopra P. Peregrino.”

Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcellin, Membre de l’Institut, F.R.S.,
“Chimie organique ...”

Berthier, J. E., “Attractions et répulsions électriques,” 1751, 555

Berthollet, Claude Louis de (1748–1822), “Discours ...,” 233, 236,
279, 377, 386, 388

Bertholon de St. Lazare, Nicolle Pierre (1742–1800), “De
l’électricité du corps humain,” 1780; “De l’électricité des
végétaux,” 1783; “De l’électricité des météores ...,” 1787, 20,
129, 178, 189, 223, 229, 240, 243, 256, 257, 258, 259, 263,
270, 295

Bertholot, Marcellin Pierre Eugène (1827–1907), “Collection des
anciens alchimistes grecs”; “Traditions du moyen-âge”; “La
révolution chimique,” x, 17, 262, 514;
“La Grande encyclopédie.” _There is also_ a Berthelot, Th.,
mentioned in Dezebry, Ch.

Berton, Henri Montan (1766–1844), 329

Bertrand, J. L. F., 276

Berzelius, Jöns Jacob von (1779–1848), “Lehrbuch der Chemie,” 5
Vols.: Leipzig, 1848; “Afhandling Galvanismen”: Stockholm,
1802; “Essai sur la théorie ...”: Paris, 1819, 336, 340, 343,
345, 364, 368–370, 419, 423, 466, 471, 472

Berzelius, J. J. F., and Hissinger, W. (1766–1852), “Forsok med.
elektr. ...:” Stockholm, 1806 (Afhandl. i fisik, kemi och
Mineralogi, De i).

Beseke, J. M. G. (_at_ Lavoisier, A. L., A.D. 1781), 262

Bessard, Toussaincte de, “Dialogue de la longitude,” 1574, 63, 72,
115

Bétancourt, Augustin de, Telegraphic line from Aranjuez to Madrid
(Ronalds’ Catalogue, pp. 57 and 280). _See_ Bétancourt y
Molina.

Bétancourt--Bethencourt--y Molina, Augustin de (1760–1826), 176,
318

_Betylos_, 17

Bevis--Bevans--John (1693–1771), 175, 178

Bew, Ch., 1824 (_at_ Thillaye-Platel, Antoine, A.D. 1803), 385

Beyer, M., Memoirs of, 198, and (_at_ Gay-Lussac, J. L.), 198, 389

Beziers, Collège de, 353

Bianchi, G., 1738 and 1740 (_at_ Dalton, John, A.D. 1793), 186, 308

Bianchi, Iso, 1781, 556

Bianchini, Dr. Giovanni Fortunato (1719–1779), 186, 263, 385

Bianco, Andrea (beginning of fifteenth century, A.D.), 62–63, 64,
65

Bianconi, G. (_at_ Brugnatelli, L. V., A.D. 1802), 363

Bias, native of Iona (fl. _c._ 570 B.C.), 7

Bibl. Acad. Belge de Namur, 256

Bibl. Dantesca. _See_ Batines, Colomb de.

Bibl. Hisp. Vetus. _See_ Antonii.

“Bibliografia Italiana di Elettricità e Magnetismo ...,” Rossetti,
T. E.; Cantoni, G.: Padua, 1881.

Bibliographer’s Manual of William Thomas Loundes, 1863, 547

Bibliografia Italiana. _See_ Alessandrini, Antonio, 256, 257, 293

Bibliographia Britannica.

Bibliographia Poetica. _See_ English Poets.

Bibliographical Dictionary, 503

Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism. General
Cross-Entry Index. _See_ Encyclopædia Britannica, XIV., 2637
B.C. to A.D. 1821, 1–499, 82, 273, 294, 295, 346, 396, 408,
448, 466, 523, 533, 559

Bibliographie Analytique. _See_ Miller, B. E. C.