Chapter LVIII: Appendix: V (8)

Tycho Brahé (1546–1601), 92, 94, 95, 102, 508, 530, 533.
_See_ Jöcher, C. G., “Allgemeines Gel. Lex.,” pp. 1325–1327.

Tyndall, John (1820–1893), “Heat as a mode of motion,” vii, xiii,
14, 131, 132, 142, 166, 170, 173, 177, 231, 255, 282, 314, 344,
346, 380, 383, 396, 411, 433, 487, 489, 492, 495, 497, 498,
499.
_See_ “Lives of the Electricians,” by William T. Jeans, 1887;
“Lessons in Electricity.”
_Also_ Rumford Medal.

Typhon, bone of (Typhoëus, in Greek Legend), 14

U

Uberti, Bonifacio--Fazio degli (_d._ 1368), “Il Dittamondo ...
ridotto,” 44

Ueberweg, Dr. Friedrich (1826–1871), History of Philosophy,
translated by George S. Morris, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
102, 122, 504, 505, 507, 510, 511, 512, 518, 519, 532, 534,
537

Ughelli, Fernandino, “Italia Sacra,” 516

Ugo di Bercy (Sercy) (fl. thirteenth century A.D.), 56, 61.
_See_ Nouvelle Biographie Générale, of Hœfer, V. 783.

Ugollet at Venice, publisher of Ausonius’ “Mosella,” 18

Uhland, W. H. (_at_ Faraday), 498

Ulloa, Don Antonio de, Spanish mathematician (1716–1795). Makes the
earliest recorded reference to the Aurora Australis, 141,
165–166

Ulstadius, Philippus (fl. sixteenth century A.D.), “Cœlum
philosophorum”: Paris, 1544, 553

Undulatory theory of light, interferences in the, Dr. Young, 1807,
395

Unger, Johann Friedrich von (1716–1781), “Abhandlung von der natur
der Electricität”: Braunschweig, 1745 (Hamb. Magaz., VIII.
1751).

“United Service Journal,” 397

United States Japan Expedition (Zodiacal Light), 142

Universal Encyclopædia, 38

Universal Lexicon, Leipzig, 48

Université de Padone. _See_ Boulay, H. de.

Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages.
_See_ Rashdall, Hastings.

Unzer, T. C., 245

Upsala Academy (University), 141, 163, 168, 221, 387

Upsala Botanical Gardens, 259; Compass plant, 259

Upsala Royal Society, 232

Urbanitzky, Alfred von, “Electricity in the service of man ...,”
edited by Richard Wormell, and revised by R. Mullineux
Walmsley, London, 1886; “Les lampes électriques ...”: Paris,
1885 (Bibliothèque des Actualités Industrielles, No. IV.), 162,
219

Ure, Andrew (1778–1857), “Dictionary of Arts,” “Dictionary of
Chemistry,” 354, 370, 417–418, 440, 446, 455

Ursa Major: star referred to by William Gilbert in connection with
Marsilius Ficinus, Cardanus, Lucas Gauricus and Gaudentius
Merula, who believe it to influence magnetic variation, 108

Usiglio, C., 1844 (_at_ Jadelot, J. F. N.), 330

Ussher, Henry (1743–1790) (_at_ John Dalton), 308

V

_Van_: _all additional names with this prefix appear under the
names_.

Vacca, Andrea (1772–1826), 299

Vacca, Leopold (1732–1812), 299

_Vacuo, in._ Propagation of light _in vacuo_, 132, 182, 202, 294.
_See_ Picard, Jean (Anc. Mémoires, Paris, Vols. II. and X.);
Return of electric light _in vacuo_ (Grummert, G. H.), 172;
Attrition of bodies _in vacuo_ (Phil. Trans., XXIV. 2165);
Electric light _in vacuo_ (Dantzig, Memoirs, I. 417).

Vail, Alfred (1807–1859), “History of the American Electro-magnetic
Telegraph ...,” 286, 316, 436

Vairano, Josephus, “Diatriba de electricitate,” 1777, 556

Valenciennes (_at_ Arago), 481

Valens, Flavius, Roman Emperor, 144 (A.D. 328–378).
_See_ Moreri, L., “Grand Dict.,” Vol. VIII. pt. 3, p. 13; Hœfer,
“Nouv. Biog. Gén.,” Vol. XLV. pp. 855–856.

Valentinelli, Giuseppe, Royal Librarian of the Marciana, Venice,
111

Valentinus, Bazilius (fifteenth century)--Basil Valentine,
“Conclusiones ... magnect ...”: Rottm., 1632.

Valère, André, Biblio. Belgica, 538

Vallemont, Pierre Le Lorrain de (1649–1721), “La physique occulte,
en traité de la baguette divinatoire,” 1693; “Description de
l’aimant ...,” 1692, 110, 144, 401

Vallensis, Roberti, “Di veritate ...,” 1593 and 1612, 502

Vallerius, H. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386

Vallesius--Valles de Corarrubias--Francisco, 538

Valli, Eusebio (1755–1816), 249, 270, 285, 302–303, 327, 393, 419

Vallot, Joseph, “Report on difference between chalcedony and
tourmaline,” 288

Vanderlot’s work on the Surinam Eel, 230

Van Etten, Henry, is _pseud._ of Jean Leurechon (1591–1670),
_q.v._, “Mathematical Recreations,” “Récréations
Mathématiques,” 109, 126, 127, 148, 401

Van Swinden. _See_ Swinden.

Van’t Hoff, Professor Jakobus Hendrikus (_b._ 1852, _d._ 1915). He
established, with F. W. Ostwald, the “Lehrbuch der Allegem.
Chemie” and “Zeitschrift für physikalische chemie”; “Dix années
dans l’histoire d’une théorie ...,” 1865.
_See_ Ostwald.

Vapereau, G., “Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains”: Paris,
1893.

Vargas, Bernardo Perez de, “De re metallica,” 502

Variation and dip of the magnetic needle, observations on the.
_See_ Gilpin, George.

Variation charts: Barlow, 1820; Churchman, at 1790–1804; Halley,
1701; Bianco, 1436.

Variation denied by Medina, Pedro de, 63–64

Variation of the compass, first shown by Burrowes--Borough--in
1592, 77

Variation of the declination:--
_Annual_--Cassini at 1782–1791, 117, 266; Cause of errors
investigated, Flinders, 1801, 348; Dip or inclination,
Hartmann, 1544, 70;
Norman, 1576, 75–76;
Peregrinus (1269), 76
_Diurnal_ and _horary_--Beaufoy (1813), 427;
Graham, 1722, 117, 156;
Swinden, 1784, 273;
Cassini IV. 1784, 157, 273
_Intensity_--“The third and most important element of terrestrial
magnetism,” Borda, 1776, 249
_Secular_--Gellibrand, 1635, 117.
_See_ John Mair and John Pell, 1635.

Variation of the variation: Gellibrand, 1635, 117–118;
Wright, Edw., 80;
Petit, P. (Phil. Trans., 1667, p. 502).

Varley introduced the use of compressed air for message
transmission, 408

Varnhagen, Francisco, Adolfo de (_at_ Pedro Nuñez), 531

Varthema. _See_ Vertomannus.

Vasco da Gama. _See_ Gama.

Vasco, on Galvanism, 327

Vasquez y Morales, D. Jos., “Ensayo sobre la electricidad ...,”
1747, 555

Vassalli-Eandi, Antonio Maria (1761–1825).
_See_ Bibliothèque Italienne;
_also_ Mem. Accad. Torino, Vols. 6, 10, 12, 14, 22, 24, 26, 27,
30; Phil. Mag., XV. 319; Journal de Physique, 1799, 1800;
Biblioteca Oltremontana, 1787 and 1788, 9, 207, 224, 257,
259, 270, 274, 285, 294–296, 298, 305, 306, 331, 393, 401,
419, 514

Vauquelin, Louis Nicholas (1763–1829), 247, 333, 344, 349, 352,
354, 355, 389, 419

Veau de Launay. _See_ Delaunay.

Veaumorel, Caullet de, 265, 280

Veen, Otto van (Aquinas, St. Thomas), 505

Venanson, Flamminius--Flamnius, “De l’invention de la boussole
nautique,” 1808, 5, 17, 30, 31, 43, 54, 56, 57

Venetian Athenaeum--Ateneo di Venezia.

Venetian Imperial Royal Institution, Atti ... (_also_ Memorie)
dell’ I.R. Istituto Veneto di science....

Venetus, Paulus. _See_ Sarpi.

Venturi, Giambattista of Modena (1746–1822), 331, 333

Veratti, Giuseppe of Bologna (1707–1793), 186, 204, 213, 264, 384

Vergil--Virgil, “De inventoribus rerum.”

Vergil--Virgil (70–19 B.C.), Publius V. Maro, “Georgics,”
“Eclogues,” “Æneid,” etc., title page.

Vergilius--Virgilius--Bishop of Salzburg from 744 to the time of
his death during the year 784, 523

Verhand, van het Genootsch te Rotterdam, 280, 292

Vernier (_at_ Coulomb, C. A. de), 276

Verona Lyceum, 420

“Verona Poligrafo,” “Poligrafo, Giornale di scienze ...,” 420

Verrall, A. W., translator of the Agamemnon of Æschylus, 4

_Versorium_, introduced by Wm. Gilbert, 83

Vertommanus--Varthema--Ludovico di (_b._ 1480, _d._ early sixteenth
century), 69–70

Vespucci, Amerigo (1452–1512), Italian navigator, in whose honour
the new world was named America, Vespuccius Americus, 536, 537

Vetensk Akad. Nyr. Handl., 216, 257, 288, 299, 370

Vicenza, Giornale Enciclopedico, Vicenza 1779–1784, 253

Vicq d’Azyr, Felix (1748–1794). Sécr. Perpétuel Soc. Royale de
Médecine, 302, 303

“Vidensk. Salsk. Skrift. Ny Samml.,” 557.
_See_ Copenhagen Academy.

Videt, F. F. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386

Viegeron, P. D., “Mémoire sur la force des pointes,” 252

Vienna Academy--“Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften,” 250.
_See also_ p. 408.

Vienna Polytechnic Institute, 407, 408

“Vierteljehrschrift des Astronomischen Gesellschaft,” Leipzig,
1879, 165

Vieta, Francis (1540–1603), 90, 102, 109

Vigenere, Blaise de (1523–1596), 78

Vignaud, Henri, on Toscanelli and on Columbus, 34, 66

Vigneul--Marville--_pseud._ Noel Bonaventura d’Argonne--“Mélanges
d’histoire et de Littérature,” 1699–1701, 97

Vilette, M. F., Paper electrophorus, 249

Vilgerderson, Floke (_at_ Frode, the Wise), 28

Villeneuve, Arnaud de. _See_ Arnaldus de Villa Nova.

Villeneuve, O. de (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385

Vimercati, Guido, Rivista Scientifico-Industriale.

Vincent and Boncompagni in “Bulletino di Bibliogr.,” Vol. IV., 520

Vincent de Beauvais (_c._ 1190–1264), xix, 16, 18, 33–35, 39, 40,
59

Vineis, P. de, 15

Vircy, Jules Joseph (1775–1847), “Dictionnaire des sciences
médicales,” 425

Virgil. _See_ Vergil.

Virginia University, 467

Virgula Divina or divining rod, at Amoretti, 401

Visconti--Visconte--Pietro, author of the oldest known portolan,
1311, 63

Vitalis, H., “De magnetica vulnerum curatione,” 1668, 554

Vitruvius, G.--Marcus Vitruvius Pollio--believed to have flourished
in the time of Julius Cæsar, 505, 510

Vitry, Jacobus de, Cardinal Bishop of Ptolemais (_d._ betw. 1240
and 1244), 30, 56, 59

Vivenzio, Le Chevalier G. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), “Teoria e
practica della elletricita medica,” 1784, 274, 385

Vogel, Johann Ludwig Andreas (1771–1840), “Die wunder des
magnetismus”: Erfurt, 1818.

Vogt, Joannis, author of “Catalogus Historico-Criticus,” 1793, xix

Voigt, Johann Heinrich (1751–1823), “Magazin für das Neueste aus
der Physik,” “Versuche ... magnetismus,” Iena, 1793; “Mag. für
Naturkunde ...”
_See_ Lichtenberg, 314, 316, 318, 327, 368, 380, 383, 452

Volhard, Jacob, in “Le Moniteur Scientifique,” 262

Volland--Voland--Mlle. (_at_ Ledru Comus), 224

Volpicelli, Paolo (1804–1879), “Intorno ... magnete,” “Sul cognito
fenomeno ...,” 71, 353, 470

Volt.... _See_ Nipher, Francis Eugène.

Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827). _See_ “Raccolta Voltania”: Como,
1899, 217, 224, 245, 246–249, 261, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,
284, 285, 288, 293, 295, 304, 320, 327, 331, 332, 337, 338,
339, 349, 350, 351, 361, 368, 389, 395, 416, 419, 424, 426,
443, 447, 461, 462, 470, 483, 487, 490, 491.
_At_ p. 15, Vol. II. of Catalogue of the Wheeler Gift is mention
of Volta’s well-known letter to Sir Joseph Banks, wherein he
announces his discovery of the Voltaic pile, called by him
_Organe électrique artificiel_.

Voltaic electricity, first suggestion as to its chemical origin,
329

Voltaic pile, chemical theory of: Parrot, George Friedrich (1802,
1831, 1838), 367–368

Voltaic pile, preparation of ammoniacal amalgam, 388

Voltaire, F. M. Aronet de (1694–1778), “Essai sur les mœurs ...,”
56, 58–59, 61

Von Vang, first emperor of the Tcheou dynasty, 3

Vorsselmann de Heer, Pieter Otto Coenraad (1809–1841) (Algem.
Konst-en-Letterb., 1836–1838, _also_ Pogg. Ann., 1839, 1841).

Vossius, G., “De Scientiis Mathem ...,” 513

Vossius, Isaac, Canon of Windsor, “De Motu Morium ...,” 1663.

Vuccher, Jean Jacques, “De Secretis ...,” 1596, 26, 553

W

Wadding, Luc (1588–1657), “Annales Ord. Min ...,” “J. Duns Scoti
Opera” in 12 Volumes: Lyons, 1639, 39, 41

Wagenaar, Jan, “Histoire de la Hollande,” 534

Wagner (_at_ Zamboni), 420

Waite, Arthur Edward, “Lives of Alchemystical Philosophers,” 32,
64, 65

Waitz, Jacob Seigismund von (1698–1777), 170, 426

Wa-Kan-san siü-tson-ye, the great Japanese encyclopædia, describes
the compass, 153

Wakeley, Andrew, “The mariners’ compass rectified,” 555

Walchius (_at_ Wilkins, John, and _at_ Kratzenstein, C. G.), 119,
172

Wales, William (1734–1798), English mathematician, 242, 457

Walimer, father of Theodoric and King of the Goths, 29

Walker, Adam (1730–1821), 359–360

Walker and Mitchel (Astronomical Journal, Cambridge, Mass., 1848).

Walker, Charles Vincent (1811–1882), “Electrotype Manipulation,”
“Manual of Electricity, Magnetism and Meteorology,” 379, 384,
495;
Walker, C. V., and Lardner, Dionysius.

Walker, E. (Phil. Mag., XLI. XLII. XLIII., London, 1813–1814).

Walker, Edward, “Terrestrial and Cosmical Magnetism”: Cambridge,
1866, 77, 107, 168, 268, 335

Walker, Ezekiel (_at_ Bennet, Rev. Abraham, and _at_ Murray, John),
291, 429

Walker, Ralph, “Treatise on Magnetism” and “Treatise on the
magnet”: London, 1794 and 1798, 54, 77, 119, 137, 157, 191,
232, 249, 250, 546, 555

Walker, Richard (1679–1764), Royal Society Transactions, 547

Walker, S. C., “Researches ... meteors” (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.,
1843).

Walker, William, Captain, “The magnetism of ships”: London, 1853,
69, 292, 348

Walker, William, senior (“Mem. of Dist. Men of Science”: London,
1862), 440

Walker, William, junior, and Hunt, Robert, “Memoirs of
distinguished men ...”: London, 1864.

Walkiers--Walckiers--de Saint-Amand. _See_ Amand.

Wall, Dr. William, 152, 193

Waller, A. D. (Plant electricity), 260

Waller, Richard, translator of Essays of the Accademio del Cimento,
London, 1684, 143

Wallerius, G. (_at_ Ingen-housz), 257

Wallis, John (1616–1703), 138, 141

Walmsley, R. Mullineux. _See_ Urbanitzky.

Walsh, John (1725–1795), 149, 230, 239–240, 241, 258, 270, 290,
298, 319

Waltenhofen, A. K. Elder von (Sitz. d. K. Akad. d. Wiss., Wien,
1863, 1869, 1870).

Walter and Girardi (Mem. Soc. Ital., III. 553), 298

Walter, Louis H., xi

Walton and Cotton, “Complete Angler,” 1847, 37, 65, 109, 507

Waltzemüller, Martinus Hylacomylus--Waldseemüller--“Cosmographiæ
Introductio,” 535–536

Ward, Henry (_at_ Pasley, C. W.), 398

Ward, John, “Lives of the Gresham Professors,” 143

Ward, Samuel (1617–1689), “Magnetis reductorium ...,” “Wonders of
the loadstone,” 1637 and 1639–1640, 554

Ward, Thomas (1640–1704), 172

Ware (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386

Wargentin, Pierre Guillaume (1717–1783), 139, 157, 168, 190, 308

Waring, Edward John, “Bibliotheca Therapeutica,” 27

Warltire, John, 227, 228

Wartmann, Louis Elie François (1817–1886), author of many
scientific works. The most notable ones on induction appeared
at Geneva 1844, 1845, 1846–1850; “Mémoire sur les étoiles
filantes”: Bruxelles, 1839, 207, 257

Washington (D. C.) National Academy of Sciences, Memoir of, 321.
_See_ Smithsonian Institution.

Water decomposition, methods of and treatises on, 337

Watkins, Fcis. (_at_ Zamboni, G., and _at_ Faraday, M.), 420, 484

Watson, Sir William (1717–1787), 17, 159, 168, 175–177, 178, 186,
189, 196, 197, 198, 221, 227, 231, 251, 320, 385

Watt, Alexander (1823–1892), “Electro-Metallurgy ...,” 1860;
“Bibliotheca Britannica,” 4 Vols. 1824, 97, 238, 240

Watt, Gregory (1777–1804), 339

Watt, James (1736–1819), 126, 190, 208, 228, 297, 308, 339, 520

Watt, Robert, “Bibliotheca Britannica” (1774–1819), 131, 134, 170,
255, 540

Watts, Henry (1815–1884), “Dictionary of Chemistry,” “Dictionary
of Arts ...,” 417, 449

Weale, John, “Rudimentary series,” 366, 471

Weaver, William D., xi

Webb, Jonathan, of Salem, Mass., 234

Weber, Alfred, “History of Philosophy,” translated by Frank Thilly,
26, 41, 122, 504, 505

Weber, Joseph (_at_ Galvani, Aloysio), 285

Weber, Wilhelm Eduard (1804–1891), 3, 263, 314, 422, 445, 489.
_See_ Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777–1855).

Webster (_at_ Reinhold, J. C. L.), 327

Webster, Dr. J. W., Professor at Harvard College, 417

Webster, John (_at_ Murray, John), 429

Webster, Rev. W., translator of “Histoire de l’Arianisme,” 144

Wedgwood, Aaron, 429. He gives a brief notice of a writing
telegraph in his “Book of Remembrance ...”: London, 1814.

Wedgwood, Ralph, 429–430, 439

Wedgwood, Thomas, 429

Weidler, Christian Gottlieb (_at_ Erasmus, R.), 513

Weidler, Johann Friedrich (1692–1755), 122, 130, 308, 505

Weigel, Chr. Ehrenfried, “Grundriss ...,” 1777, 556

Weigsenborn of Weimar (_at_ Franklin, B.), 195

Weiss, Charles Samuel (1780–1856), 431, 432

Weiss, E., Electrometer, 431

Weisse, John A., “Origin ... Engl. language and literature,” 1879,
42

Weld, Charles Richard, “History of the Royal Society,” 66, 75, 103,
114, 132, 155, 167, 168, 181, 191, 196, 239, 252, 446, 456,
462, 471

Wells, Charles William (1757–1817) (Phil. Trans., 1795, p. 246),
“Observatione ... Galvani’s experiments”: London, 1795, 284,
322–323, 327, 419

Wells, D. A., “Annual of Scientific Discovery ...”: Boston, U.S.A.,
1850

Wenckebach--Wenkebach--Edouard (1813–1874), “De Magneto-elektrische
...,” 1838.

Wenckebach--Wenkebach--Wilhelm (1803–1847), “Sur Petrus
Adsigerius,” 48, 53, 54

Wennstrom, John, 358

Wens, Act. Hill, 253

Werner, C., “Die Scholastik ...”: Vienna, 1881, 41

Wernsdorf, Johann Christian, 19

Wesley, John (1703–1791), 212, 213, 216

Westcott’s magnetic guard for needle pointers, 443
(_at_ Pasley, C. W.), 398

Westen, Wynant van, 554

“Westminster Review,” London, 458

Weston--Wheldon, “Catalogue,” 124, 230

Westphal, T. J., “Nikolaus Kopernikus,” 508

Wetzel, Dr., of Upsal, 212

Weyer, Sylvain van de, “Lettres sur les Anglais ...,” 1854, 79, 81

Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802–1875), 422, 430, 440;
Coke, W. F., and Wheatstone, Sir Chas.

Wheeler, Schuyler Skaats, Latimer Clark Library Catalogue, xiv

Wheldon’s Catalogue, 230

Wheler, Granville, 154, 155

Whewell, William (1794–1866), “History of the Inductive Sciences
...,” “Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences ...,” “Physical
Astronomy,” “History of Scientific Ideas,” “Astronomy and
Physics,” 30, 32, 42, 43, 59, 75, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96, 102, 103,
116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 131, 134, 138, 142, 147, 156, 157,
159, 171, 214, 220, 239, 370, 378, 391, 396, 404, 412, 414,
433, 445, 446, 451, 453, 460, 464, 467, 469, 471, 476, 479,
499, 481, 484, 485, 493, 495, 499, 508, 522

Whiston, William (1667–1752), 77, 150, 156, 191.
_See_ “Dict. of Nat. Biogr.,” Vol. LXI. 1900, pp. 10–14.

White, A. Hastings, xi

White, Andrew D., author, 114

White, John, “A rich cabinet ... of inventions,” 135

White, M., associated with Stephen Grey, 161

Whitehouse’s pamphlet on the Atlantic Telegraph, 496

Wiard, Secretary of Mme. Du Deffand, 291

Wiedeburg, Johann Ernst Basilius (1733–1789), “Beobachtungen und
Muthmassungen ...”: Iena, 1771, 140, 308

Wiedemann, G. M. (Pogg. Annal. Volumes for 1848–1862).

Wiedemann, Gustav. Heinrich (1826–1899), “Die lehre von galvanismus
...,” 1861–1863; “Die lehre von der elektricität,” 1882–1885,
441, 498

Wiedemann, Rudolf Franz (Ann. Physik und Chemie, Vol. 89, pp.
497–531).

Wieglib, Johann Christian (1732–1801), editor of “Handbuch der
Allgem. Chemie,” “Die natuerliche ...”: Berlin, 1779, 262

Wien. _See_ Vienna.

Wilcke--Wlik--Johann Carl (1732–1796), 187, 205, 214–216, 217, 288,
315, 386, 410, 444

Wilde, Franz Samuel, “Expériences sur l’électricité des cascades,”
293

Wilkes, C., “Theory of Zodiacal Light,” 142

Wilkins, John, the fourteenth Bishop of Chester and first Secretary
of the Royal Society (1614–1672), “Mercury, or the secret and
swift messenger,” 119, 171, 437

Wilkins, Simon (_at_ Browne, Sir Thomas), 124

Wilkinson, Charles Henry (fl. 1800), “Elements of Galvanism in
theory and practice,” 2 Vols.: London, 1804; “Essay on the
Leyden Phial ...”: London, 1798, 140, 224, 228, 231, 237, 240,
249, 269–270, 279, 280, 281, 284, 289, 306, 307, 312, 323, 325,
326, 327, 331, 333, 337, 339, 347, 353, 355, 361, 365, 379,
385, 402, 419, 483

Wilkinson, George, of Sunderland, 229, 385

William IV, King of England, 466

William, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassell, 93

Williams, Professor Samuel, magnetic observations first made in
U.S., 259

Williamson, H., 230, 299

Willigen, V. T. M., van der, 160

Wilson, Benjamin (1708–1788), “Treatise on electricity,” 1750,
1752; “New experiments and observations ...,” 1777, 155, 176,
178, 180, 183–185, 202, 203, 209, 221, 231, 251, 252, 255,
320, 419.
_See_ Hoadley, Dr. Benjamin, and Wilson, Benjamin, “Observations
on a series of experiments ...”: London, 1756.
_See_ Copley Medal.

Wilson, George, 239, 374, 406

Wilson, James, F.R.S.E., 192, 297, 374

Wilson, Philip--Phillip, 325, 437

Wilson, W. (Phil. Mag., XXII. 260), 337

Winckler, Johann Heinrich (1703–1770), 162, 174, 176, 186, 198,
205, 321, 555

Windelband, Dr., “Hist. of Phil. translated by Jas. H. Tufts,” 37,
40, 41, 102, 122, 505, 510

Wind-roses. _See_ Rose of the winds.

Wingfield, John, “New method increasing ... capacity ... electric
jars,” 231.
_See_ Cuthbertson, John.

Winship, George P., “The Cabot Bibliography,” 69

Winsor, Justin, “Narrative and Critical History ...,” “Bibliography
of Ptolemy’s Geography” (1831–1897), “Description of John G.
Kohl’s Collection of Early Maps,” 62–63, 64, 66, 67, 115, 523,
524, 536

Winter, George K. (_at_ Ingen-housz, J. J.), 256

Winthorp, John (_at_ Newton, Sir Isaac), 134

Wireless Telegraphy, 10, 19

Wischoff, C., “De Wonderwerken Godts ...,” 1729, 555

Witson--Witsen--Nicholaes of Amsterdam, 149

Wittry, Abbé d’Everlange de, 259

Wittry de Abdt. (1764–1840), “On preparation of mosaic gold for
electric machines,” 431

Wöhler--Woehler--Friedrich (1800–1882), “Grundriss der Chemie,”
1833, 340, 370.
_See_ Wöhler, F., and Partsch, P. M., “Analyse des Meteoreis
...”: Wien, 1852; Wöhler, F., and Berzelius, J. J. F. von,
“Jahrsbericht ...,” 1822 to 1851; Cates, L. R., “Dict. of
General Biography,” p. 1552.

Wolf, C., “Histoire de l’observatoire depuis as fondation ...,” 267

Wolf, C., and Bina, A., “Physica experimentalis ...”: Venetiis
1753–1756, 555

Wolf, Christian (1679–1716) (Act. Erudit. 1716), 420

Wolf, M. (_at_ Horrebow, Peter), “Hist. Ordbog.,” 158

Wolf, R., “Geschichte der Astronomie ...,” “Über der Ozongchalt
...”

Wolfart, Dr. Carl Christian, of Berlin, 236

Wolfart, J. F., “Des Guiot von Provins”: Halle, 1861, 30

Wolfe, Samuel, of the Society of Dantzig, 174

Wolfius (_at_ Hauksbee, F., and _at_ Hausen, C. A.), 150, 169

Wolfram, Erdmann (1760–1828), 449 (Ferussac, Bulletin), 1824.

Wollaston, William Hyde (1766–1828), 221, 255, 280, 347, 356–359,
364, 365, 394, 403, 419, 433, 456, 478, 484, 488, 490, 496

Wood, Anthony à, “Athenæ Oxonienses,” 80, 81, 91, 92

Wood, John, 158, 175

Wood, Professor (_at_ Bennet, Rev. A.), 291

Woodbury, Hon. Levi, 368

Woods, S. (Phil. Mag., XXI. 289), 249

Woodward (_at_ Howldy, Thomas), 428

Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke. _See_ Cates, W. L. R.

Woolinch, Royal Military Academy, 434, 457, 497

Worcester, Marquis of, 434

Wordsworth, Christopher, “Ecclesiastical Bibliography,” 513

“World Apple,” Behaim’s celebrated globe, 67

Wormell, Richard, 162, 219

Wornsdorff, “Poetæ Latinæ Minores,” 19

Worsley, Philip Stanhope, translator of Homer’s “Odyssey,” 6

Wotton (_at_ Boyle, Robert), 130, 131

Woulfe, M. (Phil. Trans., 1771), 431

Wren, Sir Christopher (1632–1723), contrives a _terrella_.

Wright, Edward, “The haven-finding art,” being a translation of the
“Portuum Investigandum ratio” of Stevin, Simon, 76, 80, 521,
522, 525, 533, 559–564

Wright, Gabriel (_at_ Nairne, Edward), 265

Wright, Thomas (1810–1877), “Chronicles and Memoirs ... middle
ages,” 1863, 31, 91

Writers, navigators and others alluded to in Giberts’ _De Magnete_,
XVII. 501–542

Wüllner (_at_ Faraday, M.), 492

Wundt, Wilhelm, “Philosophische Studien”: Leipzig, 1886.

Wünshendorff, E., “Traité de télégraphie sous-marine,” 407

Wüstenfeld--Wuestenfeld--Heinrich Ferdinand, “Geschichte der
Arabischen Aertze ...”: Göttingen, 1840, 38, 39, 519

X

Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396–314 B.C.), Greek philosopher, 543

Xenophanes of Colophon, contemporary of Anixamander and of
Pythagoras (sixth century B.C.), 532

Xenophon, Athenian historian (_c._ 434–355 B.C.), 12, 43, 196.
_See_ Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire historique,” Vol. XVIII.
p. 74

Xerxes I (_c._ 519–465 B.C.), 4

Ximenes, Leonardo (1716–1786), “Osservazione dell’ Aurora boreale
...,” 1752–1753.

Y

Yates and Hansteen (Vol. II. Whewell’s Hist. of Ind. Sc.), 446

Yatman, Matthew, “Familiar analysis ... electricity and galvanism
...”: London, 1810; “Letter ... on Davy’s Galvanic girdle”:
London, 1811, 347

“Year Book of Facts in Science and the Arts,” discoveries in
electricity, etc., commenced in London during 1838.

Yelin, Chevalier Julius Konrad von (1771–1826), 327, 473, 477

Youmans, Dr. Edward Livingston, author of “Chemical Atlas,” 1856,
370

Young, Arthur (1741–1820), “Travels in France ...,” “Voyage
Agronomique en France,” 285, 286

Young, C. A., in American Journal of Science, 140

Young, Dr. Matthew (1750–1800), “Analysis of the principles of
natural philosophy,” 387, 405, 467

Young, Sir Thomas (1773–1829), “A course of lectures on natural
philosophy and the mechanical arts”: London, 1807; “Catalogue,”
34, 54, 92, 140, 155, 206, 221, 225, 238, 239, 245, 249, 250,
256, 258, 259, 268, 271, 276, 277, 284, 290, 298, 308, 309,
310, 311, 313, 330, 340, 346, 359, 364, 369, 386, 388, 395–396,
431, 462, 468

Yue-tchang-che, Chinese writer, 3

Yule, Colonel Sir Henry (reviewer of Marco Polo’s Travels), 55

Z

Zaccaire--Zachaire--Zacharias--Denis (1510–1556), 553

Zaccaria, F. A., “Annali letterari ...,” “Storia della
Elettricita ...”: Modena, 1762–1764.

Zach, Franz Xavier, Baron von, “Zach. Mon. Corr. ...,” “Allg. ...
Geographische Ephemeriden,” 462

Zachary, Bishop of Rome (_d._ A.D. 752), 523

Zahn, F. Joannes (1641–1707), 8, 145–146. His “Specula ...,” 3
Vols. 1696, gives a list of writers on the magnet.

Zakarīyā-Ibn-Muhammad Al-Kazwīnī, on Aerolites (Nuova scelta
d’Opuscoli, 9to, ii, 333).

Zamboni, Giuseppe (1776–1846), 249, 257, 364, 388, 420, 447;
Resti-Ferrari, G., “Elettroscopio ... del Zamboni”; Girolamo
Ferrari’s review of the five volumes of the “Corso elementare
di fisica,” published by R. Gerbi: Pisa, 1823–1825.

Zamboni, G., and Fusinieri, A., “Sulla teoria ...”: Padova, 1834,
420

Zanon, Bartolomeo, “Intorno un punto ...”: Belluno, 1840, 257

Zanotii, Francesco Maria (1692–1777), 306, 308.
_See_ Larcher.

Zantedeschi, Francesco (1797–1873), 183, 257, 298, 423, 426, 449.
_See_ Romagnosi, G. D., _also_ Giornale fisico-chimico; Annali
di fisica: Padova, 1849–1850.

Zedler, Johann Heinrich (_at_ Erasmus, R.), 512 (1706–1760);
“Grosses ... universal lexicon ...”

“Zeitschrift des Deutsch-Oesterreichischen Telegraphen-Vereins,”
commenced in Berlin during 1854 and was continued in 1872 as
“Annalen der Telegraphie ...”

Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde, 14

Zeitschrift für Angewandte Elektricitätslehre, edited by Carl, Ph.,
and Uppenborn, F., Jr.

Zeitschrift für mathematischen und naturw. ... von Hoffmann:
Leipzig, 1870–1876.

Zeitschrift für physik und mathematik, edited by Ettinghausen, A.
von, and Baumgartner, Andreas, 10 Vols. published at Wien,
1806–1832, 432, 476

Zeitschrift für physikalische chemie. _See_ Ostwald, F. W.

Zeitschrift für populare mittheilungen ..., von Peters, C. A. F.:
Altona, 1858–1869, 446

Zeller, Dr. Edward (1814–1908), “History of Greek Philosophy,”
“Philosophie der Griechen,” 510, 511

Zend-Avesta (religious book of the Parsees), 541, 542

Zendrini, B. (_at_ John Dalton), 308

Zenger, M. W. (Sc. Am. Suppl., p. 10915), 139

Zeno of Citium, founder of the Stoics, flourished in Cyprus during
third century B.C., and is said to have lived 92 years, 543

Zeno of Elea, the adopted son of Parmenides, born about 500 B.C.,
543

Zeno, Pietro Caterino, “Giornale de Letterati, d’Italia,” 1710, 506

Zetzsche, Karl Eduard (1830–1894), “Geschichte der Elektrischen
Telegraphie,” 316, 384, 421, 439

Zetzell, P., “Anmerkung von der lahmheit,” 1755, 264, 386

Ziemssen, H. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 386

Zimmermann, Wilhelm Ludwig (1780–1825) (Gilb. Annalen, Vol. 28, p.
483).

Zodiacal Light, 141–142, 380

_Zohron_ and _Aphron_, 33, 35

Zöllner, J. K. Friedrich, “Theory of Comets” (Auszug. in Pog. Ann.,
CIX. 1860), 140

Zoroaster--Zarath ’ustra--Zerdusht (_c._ 589–513 B.C.), 520, 542,
544.
_See_ Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire Historique,” Vol. VIII.
p. 115.

Zosimus, Greek historian, who lived under Theodosius II (401–450),
is the first to call attention to the electrolytic separation
of metals, 24.
_See_ Moreri, Louis, “Grand Dictionnaire Historique,” Vol. VIII.
p. 116.

Zuccala, G. (_at_ Volta, Alessandro), 248

Zucchi, Nicolo--Zucchius Nicolaus--“Nova de machini philosophia,”
1649, 146, 554

Zuchold, E. A., “Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis ...”: Göttingen.

Zurich, “Repertorium für organische chemie.” _See_ Löwig, C. von.

Zwinger, F. (_at_ Thillaye-Platel), 385

Zwinger, Theodor, “Scrutinum Magnetis” (1658–1724), 554

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Touching the antiquity of the Chinese nation, the distinguished French author, J. P. Pauthier (“Chine,” Paris, 1839, pp. 20, 27), thus expresses himself: “Son histoire authentique qu’elle fait remonter avec ce charactère de certitude, jusqu’à la 61^e année du règne de Hoang-ti, la première de leur premier cycle, 2637 ans avant notre ère.... Le cycle de 60 années dont les séries se suivent depuis la 61^e année du règne de Hoang-ti, sans interruption et avec autant de régularité que les siècles dans les computs Européens.” And Saillant et Nyon (“Mémoires concernant l’histoire,” Vol. XIII. p. 76) add conclusively: “Depuis l’année courante (1769) jusqu’à la 2637^e avant l’ère Chrétienne, qui répond exactement à la 61^e du règne de Hoang-ti, on peut sans crainte de s’égarer, suivre un des plus beaux sentiers de l’histoire, pendant l’espace de 4406 ans.”

Incidentally, we may add that in his “History of Chaldea,” New York, 1866, pp. 195, 213, 364, Mr. Z. A. Ragozin says that that country can point to a monumentally recorded date nearly 4000 B.C.--more than Egypt can do--and he says, furthermore, “we cannot possibly accept a date later than 4000 B.C. for the foreign immigration, and, for the Shumiro-Accadian culture, less than 1000 years, thus taking us as far back as 5000 B.C. The date of 3750 B.C. is that of Naram-Sin, and 3800 B.C. is now generally accepted for Sargon of Agadê--_perhaps the remotest authentic date yet arrived at in history_. To such as are inclined to doubt the authenticity of these early dates, as well as the truthfulness of “the mensuration of divine periods,” and of “the observations of celestial bodies throughout the whole of time,” it will be interesting to note the following, taken from the Greek “Iamblichus” translation of Thomas Taylor, Chiswick, 1821, p. 318: “Proclus (in _Tim._, lib. iv. p. 277) informs us that the Chaldeans had observations of the stars which embraced whole mundane periods ... likewise confirmed by Cicero, who says (in his first book on Divination) that they had records of the stars for the space of 370,000 years, and by Diodorus Siculus (‘Bibl.,’ lib. xi. p. 118), who states that their observations comprehended the space of 473,000 years!”

[2] “Le monument le plus ancien (de pierre sculptée) signalé par le King-che-so porte sur une façade cette scène d’histoire: ‘Tcheou-Choung, régent de l’empire pendant la minorité de son neveu Tching-Ouang (1110 av. J. C.) reçoit les envois du roi des Yue-tchang-che.... Les anciens auteurs Chinois rapportent que ces ambassadeurs offrirent à la cour de Chine des éléphants et des faisans blancs et que pour leur retour Tcheou-Koung leur fit présent de chars qui montraient le sud.’” (“L’art Chinois,” par M. Paléologue, Paris, 1888, pp. 132–134; J. P. Pauthier, “Chine,” p. 87.)

[3] While the Greeks steered by the Great Bear, which, if a more visible, was a far more uncertain guide, the Phœnicians had, at an early time, discovered a less conspicuous but more trustworthy guide in the polar star, which the Greeks call _The Phœnician Star_ (“History of Antiquity,” Prof. Max Duncker, translated by Evelyn Abbott, London, 1882, Vol. II. p. 293).

[4] The Etruscans “inquired, under the direction of technical rules, into the hidden properties of nature, particularly those of the electric phenomena.” “History of the Romans,” by Chas. Merivale, New York, 1880, Vol. II. p. 395. (Cicero, “De Divin.,” i. 41–42; Diod. Sic., v. 40; Senec., “Nat. Qu.,” ii. 32; Micali, “l’Italie,” ii. 246 foll.).

[5] In this Chapter I of Book II Gilbert says that Aristotle admits only of two simple movements of his elements, from the centre and toward the centre ... so that in the earth there is but one motion of all its parts towards the centre of the world--a wild headlong falling. Johannes Franciscus Offusius (the author of “De divina astrorum facultate,” Paris, 1570), says he distinguishes several magnetic movements, the first to the centre, the second to the pole, traversing seventy-seven degrees, the third to iron, the fourth to a loadstone.

[6] At p. 16, note No. 4, of his “Dawn of Civilization,” New York, 1894, Mr. G. Maspero says that the well-known French archæologist, Charles Théodule Deveria (1831–1871), was the first to prove that the Egyptians believed the sky to be made of iron or steel. This was done in his monograph entitled “Le fer et l’aimant, leur nom et leur usage dans l’ancienne Egypte,” published originally at Paris during 1872 in “Mélanges d’Archéologie,” Vol. I. pp. 2–10; also by M. Charas, in “l’antiquité Historique,” first edition, pp. 64–67, and at pp. 339–356, Vol. V. of the “Bibliothèque Egyptologique,” issued in Paris during 1897. So well established was the belief in a sky-ceiling of iron, says M. Charas, that it was preserved in common speech by means of the name given to the metal itself, viz. _Bai-ni-pit_ (in the Coptic, _Benipi_, _benipe_)--_metal of heaven_. Reference is thereto made in “The Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature,” Vol. XIV. second series, p. 291, by Mr. J. Offord, Jr., who speaks of the splendid and exceedingly valuable papyrus in the Louvre “Catalogue des Manuscripts,” Paris, 1874, pp. 170–171 of M. Deveria, who frequently referred to it in the preparation of the monograph above alluded to upon Iron and the Loadstone in Ancient Egypt (“Zeitschrift für Ægyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde”--Review founded by M. le Docteur H. Brugsch). Deveria says: “Cette matière céleste (dont parle Plutarque) devait être l’aimant, la substance d’Horus, la siderites des Romains, plutôt que le fer non-magnétique, substance typhonienne.... Ils disent aussi que la pierre d’aimant est un des os de Horus et le fer un des os de Typhon: c’est Manathon qui nous l’apprend.” For Deveria, see “La Grande Encyclopédie,” H. Lamirault et Cie., Paris, n. d., Vol. XIV. p. 375.

[7] The word _calamita_ was first used by the Italians. It is employed by Petri de Vineis (Pierre des Vignes), Matthieu de Messine, the notary of Lentino, and by Guido Guinicelli of Bologna (Libri, “Hist. des Sc. Mathém.,” Vol. II. pp. 66–69). Consult likewise C. Falconet, “Dissert. Histor.,” Paris, 1746; “Le Journal des Sçavans” for July-December 1724, Vol. LXXV. pp. 22–28; W. Falconer, Vol. III. of the “Mem. of the Society of Manchester,” also “Bibl. Britan.,” 1798, Vol. VIII. p. 281.

In the “Essai d’un Glossaire Occitanien” (“Le Journal des Savants” for June 1820, pp. 369–370) it is said about M. de Rochegude that he discovered in “La Vie de St. Honorat de Lérins,” written by Raimont Féraut in 1300, the words _caramida_, _caramita_, which he interprets as _calamite_, _aimant_, _boussole_, and that he also read in the “Bergeries” of Remy Belleau (1528–1577) the words _calamite ou aiguille aimantée_. He found that Joachim du Bellay (1524–1560) had written “Comme le fer qui suit la calamite,” and Nicholas Rapin (1540–1608) “Tourne ma calamite,” but, after examining all the ancient works obtainable, he concluded that the poem of Raimont Féraut, admitted by him to have been translated from an old Latin MS., is the earliest publication containing the word adopted by many to designate the compass. The poem alluded to is the only one extant of Raimont Féraut--Raymond Féraudi de Thoard--a troubadour, long at the court of Charles II of Naples, who died about A.D. 1324 (“Biogr. Génér.”--Hœfer--Vol. XVII. p. 354).

[8] “If an adamant be set by iron, it suffereth not the iron to come to the magnet, but it draweth it by a manner of violence, from the magnet, so that though the magnet draweth iron to itself, the adamant draweth it away from the magnet” (Mediæval Lore, “Gleanings from Barthol. de Glanvilla,” by Robert Steele, London, 1893, Chap. IX. p. 32). The great “Liber de Proprietatibus Rerum,” which has been elsewhere cited in this compilation, was undoubtedly written by Glanvilla (who, according to Salimbene, author of the “Chronicles of Parma,” had been a professor of theology in the Paris University) before the year 1260, for, as Steele remarks, he cites Albertus Magnus, who was in Paris during 1248, but does not quote from either Vincent de Beauvais, Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon or Egidius Colonna, all of whom were in Paris during the second half of the thirteenth century.

[9] It is scarcely necessary to add that the afore-named method of suspension is impracticable. This curious problem was deemed worthy of a memoir by M. J. Plateau, communicated to the “Académie des Sciences” at its _séance_ of November 28, 1864 (“Le Moniteur Scientifique,” par le Dr. Quesneville, Vol. VI. p. 1146).

[10] The “Historiæ Hierosolimitanæ” relates all that passed in the kingdom of Jerusalem from 1177 to the siege of Ptolemais inclusively (“History of the Crusades,” Joseph François Michaud, translated by W. Robson, Vol. I. p. 456).

[11] THE ASTROLABE.--For descriptions of astrolabes used by the Arabs, see pp. 338–357 of “Matériaux ... Sciences Mathém.,” by L. A. Sedillot, Paris, 1845, and for plates showing the construction of the compass and other nautical instruments of his time, consult Crescentio (Bartolomeo), “Nautica Mediterranea,” Rome, 1602.

The invention of the astrolabe is ascribed to Hipparchus, and Chaucer’s description in 1391 is the first book treating of it in time and importance. In Chaucer’s “Treatise on the Astrolabe,” he declares his intention of making use of the calendars of the reverend clerks John Somer and Nicholas of Lynne. His reference here is to the Minorite astronomer John Somer--Semur--Somerarius--and to the Carmelite Nicholas, who was lecturer in theology at Oxford (“Dict. of Nat. Biog.,” Vol. LIII. p. 219).

See the illustrated description of an astrolabe by S. A. Ionides, in “Geog. Journ.” for Oct. 1904, pp. 411–417, accompanying references to other works treating of astrolabes; “Le Courrier du Livre,” Quebec, 1899, Vol. III. p. 159, alluding to three works on the astrolabe of Samuel Champlin and Geoffrey Chaucer; “Canada,” by J. G. Bourinot, London, 1897, p. 79, with cut of Champlin’s lost astrolabe made in Paris during 1603; also the entry for Nicholas Bion to be found herein at A.D. 1702.

[12] Vincent de Beauvais desired to facilitate the pursuit of learning by collecting into one large work everything useful to be known in art, history, natural science and philosophy, “so that the great edifice of science should be once more presented with all its halls and porticos forming one harmonious whole, _domed_ over, if we may so express ourselves, with theology and surmounted by the Cross” (“Eccl. History,” Rohrbacher, Vol. XVIII. p. 444, quoted at pp. 86 and 89 of “Christian Schools and Scholars,” London, 1867). His “Speculum Majus,” of which the most trustworthy edition was that published at Strasbourg in ten large folio volumes during 1473, consisted of three parts: “Speculum Naturale,” 32 books and 3718 chapters; “Speculum Doctrinale,” 17 books and 2374 chapters; “Speculum Historiale,” 31 books and 3793 chapters, a total of 80 books and 9885 chapters (“Encycl. Britan.,” ninth ed., Vol. XXIV. p. 235; “Paris et ses historiens,” Paris, 1867, p. 100, note, indicating that, according to Fabricius, the “Speculum Naturale” mentions as many as 350 different names of Arabian, Greek and Latin authors). The influence of the mediæval encyclopædias of Vincent de Beauvais, Brunetto Latini and Bartholomew Anglicus on Western Literature of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is presented in Liliencron’s “Festrede,” München, 1876 (J. E. Sandys, “Classical Scholarship,” 1903, p. 558).

[13] In his “De Mineralibus” (Lyons ed. 1651, Treat. III. lib. ii. cap. 6, p. 243), Albertus says: “One angle ... is to the _zohron_ (north) ... but another angle of the magnet opposite to it attracts to the _aphron_ (south).” Cardan (“De Subtilitate,” Lugduni, 1663); Salmanazar (Book II. “of the Egyptian Hermitus, 19 stars, and 15 stones, and 15 herbs, and 15 figures”: “on one side the magnet attracts iron, on the other side repels it); Pietro d’ Abano (“Conciliator Differentiarum,” Mantuæ, 1472, Diff. 51, p. 104, or the 1520 Venice edition, p. 73: “know that a magnet is discovered which attracts iron on one side and repels it on the other”).

[14] Albertus was the first schoolman who lectured on the Stagirite, and who in his unbounded range of knowledge comprehends the whole metaphysical, moral, physical, as well as logical system of Aristotle (“History of Latin Christianity,” by the Rev. H. H. Milman, London, 1857, Vol. VI. pp. 270, 277). The first knowledge of the Aristotelian philosophy in the Middle Ages was acquired by translators of Aristotle’s works out of the Arabic. The Arabian commentators were considered the most skilful and authentic guides in the study of his system (“Hist. of the Reign of Charles V,” Robertson and Prescott, Philad., 1883, Vol. I. p. 308; Conring, “Antiq. Acad.,” Diss. III. p. 95, Supplem. p. 241; Murat, “Antiq. Ital.,” Vol. III. p. 392; “Aristotle and the Arabs,” at pp. 257–268 of “Classical Studies in Honour of Hy. Drissler,” New York, 1894; Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1860, Vol. II. pp. 215–216).

[15] See “Omar Khayyám and his position in the History of Sufism,” to be found at end of the singularly attractive volume entitled “Sufi Interpretations ...” by C. H. A. Bjerregaard, New York, 1902. For an account of Omar Khayyám--Kheyyám (died in 1123), who was a very distinguished Persian philosopher, mathematician, poet and astronomer, also Director of the Bagdad Observatory, consult the ninth ed. of the “Encycl. Britann.,” Vol. XVII. pp. 771–772; “La Grande Encycl.,” Vol. XXV. pp. 372–373; “The Universal Cyclopædia,” Chas. Kendall Adams, New York, 1900, Vol. VIII. p. 588.

[16] Identified by some authors as John Peckham, a disciple of St. Bonaventura, who became Archbishop of Canterbury from 1278 to 1293 (“Christian Schools and Scholars,” by Augusta Th. Drane, London, 1867, Vol. II. p. 172).

[17] To Peregrinus is due the first inception of the _terrella_. He makes the magnet round, and says, “You must know that this stone bears in itself a likeness of the heavens and contains two points, one North and the other South, thus resembling the poles of the sky....” In his Memoria Prima, “Sopra P. P. de Maricourt,” 1868, P. D. Timoteo Bertelli Barnabita states (Chap. VI. p. 22) that, besides the _terrella_, Gilbert appropriated other observations and experiments of Peregrinus, and, farther on (Chap. VII. p. 28), he gives us the following extract from Thévenot: “_L’on voit encore que la pluspart des choses que l’on attribue à Gilbert et qui luy ont donné la réputation de Père de la Philosophie de l’Ayman estaient scües dès le treizième siècle._” This, says he (in a note, pp. 28–29), is doubtless an exaggeration. That Gilbert took from P. Peregrinus his _terrella_ and many excellent scientific plans on magnetism, the ideas of others also, is probable, but it is indubitable that much was his own, and that, for his time, his work is a _veritable chef-d’œuvre_ of inductive and experimental method and the most finished treatise on magnetism which had up to that time appeared.

In this connection, Bertelli adds (Part III. p. 92): “We must conclude that historical truth was undoubtedly distorted when, for so long a period, it was asserted and repeated, without any sufficient mature investigation, that the famous William Gilbert of Colchester was the real and sole founder of magnetism and of the inductive method in experimental science. We certainly must not deny him the no small merit which is his due, nor the share he had in the discoveries at the commencement of the seventeenth century, but we must, likewise, confess that the copious collection of facts which he gives us, and the experimental and discursive method with which he presents them is neither altogether his own nor is it new” (see W. Wenkebach, “Sur Petrus Adsigerius,” Rome, 1865, p. 8; “Universal Lexicon,” Leipzig, 1741; N. Cabæus, “Phil. Magn.,” Ferrara, 1629, p. 23).

[18] In this same sense does Ristoro d’Arezzo write in his “La Compositione del Mondo ... del 1282,” transcribed by Enrico Narducci, Roma, 1859, pp. 172, 316, xi, xii. Ristoro calls the needle _angola_ (lib. xxxix. p. 326,), which, says he, guides the mariner and which is itself directed (_per la virtu del cielo_) by the star called tramontane (pp. 110, 263–4, 326); see “Pietro Peregrino,” Bertelli, 1858, pp. 55, 130.

[19] Dr. Geo. Miller names (“Hist. Phil. Ill.,” London, 1849, Vol. I. p. 180, note) Guyot de Provins, Jacques de Vitry and Brunetto Latini, as referring to the compass. He adds that the Chronicle of France intimates the use of this instrument under the name of _marinette_ towards the time of the first of the voyages of the Crusaders undertaken by Louis IX, and that Hughes de Bercy, a contemporary of that prince, speaks of it as well known in that country. For these reasons, says he, “the credit of the invention must be denied to Flavio de Melfi, or Flavio Gioia, a Neapolitan, who is commonly said to have constructed the first compass about the year 1302, on account of which the province of Principato, in which he was born, bears one of these instruments for its arms.

[20] It is interesting to note that the “Confessio Amantis,” which went through as many as four editions before the year 1560, is a huge work of nearly thirty-five thousand lines which was written at the desire of King Richard II of England between the years 1377 and 1393.

[21] Les Roses des Vents n’apparaissent pas sur les cartes avant le xvi^e siècle (“Annales de Géographie,” VI. 1897, p. 14 de la Bibliographie). See A.D. 1436 entry.

[22] Incidentally, it may be mentioned that when the laws of Castile were collected in a Code, during the reign of Alfonso the tenth, surnamed _El Sabio_, the learned, the compilers divided the work into seven volumes or parts (_siete partidas_) in order that each volume or part might be dedicated to one of the seven letters constituting Alfonso’s name (“Dedication of Books,” New York, 1881, pp. 17–18).

[23] See “Geographical Journal,” Vol. V. March 1895, No. 3, “Pre-Columbian Discovery of America,” pp. 222, 224, 226, for sketches of Andrea Bianco’s Map of 1448.

[24] In Kohl’s collection of early maps already alluded to as given in “Harv. Univ. Bull.,” Vol. III, reference is made (p. 175) to the portolano--A.D. 1426--of a Venetian hydrographer, Giacomo Giraldi, which has been preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana and which was reproduced at Venice by Ongania in 1881, also (p. 303) to the Map of America published during 1570 by Abraham Oertel--Ortell--_b._ 1527, _d._ 1598, and at p. 365 to the Map of the World by Joannes Oliva, A.D. 1613, as well as to an Atlas by Salvatore Oliva, A.D. 1620, showing both the Americas. In an article headed “The first true Maps,” to be found in “Nature” of December 15, 1904, pp. 159–161, mention is made that the oldest dated portolan is the first of Pietro Vesconte--Visconti--executed in 1311.

[25] For Nautonniez, see Houzeau et Lancaster, “Bibl. Gén.,” Vol. I. part ii. p. 1193, also J-G. T. Græsse, “Trésor de Livres Rares,” Dresde, 1863, Vol. IV. p. 651, and Brunet, “Manuel,” p. 827, at which latter appears the statement of M. Frère to the effect that Guillaume de Nautonnier--Nautonniez--caused to be reprinted, under the above-named title of “Mécométrie de l’Eymant,” the “Dialogue de la Longitude” of Toussaincte de Bessard originally published at Rouen in 1574.

For the reported investigation of Pedro da Medina, who, Gilbert says, (“De Magnete,” Book IV. chap. viii.) does not accept variation and has with many errors disgraced the art of navigation, consult, preferably, the Venetia 1555 edition entitled “L’Arte del navegar,” Libro sesto, “Della Aguggia, over bossolo da navegar,” pp. cviii-cxvi. The leaf xxiii contains a Map of America. This last-named map of the Nuevo Mundo “may be taken to represent the results of Spanish discovery about 1540, Pedro da Medina having been the official examiner of pilots. It is interesting as showing the mouth of the Spirito Santo (the Mississippi) and the lands around the river and gulf of St. Lawrence. The Island of Cape Breton appears as part of Nova Scotia and of the mainland; but Newfoundland is represented as three islands, divided from Northern Canada by a much wider expanse of water than the actual Straits of Belle Isle. This is, however, a striking instance of the great extent of Medina’s geographical knowledge. The river Saguenay is shown at its entry into the St. Lawrence, which is also a remarkable feature in so early a map.”

[26] Behaim’s justly famous globe was made up from the authorities of Ptolemy, Pliny and Strabo, as well as from the reports of Marco Polo’s travels and the semi-fabulous travels of Sir John Mandeville (“English Cyclopædia,” Vol. I. p. 617).

[27] Aguilhas, in Portuguese, signifies needles: Walker, “Magnetism of Ships,” 1853, p. 2; Sir Thomas Browne, “Pseud. Epidem.,” Book II. p. 70.

[28] It is in the “Epistle Dedicatorie” to this work that Barlowe is shown to have been the first to make use of the word _magnetisme_.

[29] “Imperial Dict. of Universal Biography,” Vol. II. p. 626.

[30] The earth itself is a magnet according to Gilbert, who considered that the inflections of the lines of equal declination and inclination depend upon the distribution of mass, the configuration of continents, or the form and extent of the deep, intervening ocean basins. It is difficult to connect the periodic variations which characterize the three principal forms of magnetic phenomena (the isoclinic, the isogonic and the isodynamic lines) with this rigid system of the distribution of force and mass, unless we represent to ourselves the attractive force of the material particles modified by similar periodic changes of temperature in the interior of the terrestrial planet.... Of these lines, the isogonic are the most important in their immediate application to navigation, whilst we find from the most recent views that the isodynamic, especially those which indicate the horizontal force, are the most valuable elements in the theory of terrestrial magnetism (Humboldt, “Cosmos,” 1859–1860, Vol. I. pp. 180–181, 185; Vol. II. p. 334, wherein references are made to Gauss, “Resultate der Beob. des Magn. Vereins,” 1838, s. 21; Sabine, “Report on the Variations of the Magnetic Intensity,” p. 63).

[31] The reader is referred to Appendix I herein for “Accounts of early writers and others alluded to in Gilbert’s ‘De Magnete,’ not already disposed of throughout this Bibliographical History.” Gilbert says that only a few points touching the loadstone are briefly mentioned by Marbodeus Gallus, Albertus, Mattæus Silvaticus, Hermolaus Barbarus, Camillus Leonhardus, Cornelius Agrippa, Fallopius, Joannes Langius, Cardinal de Cusa, Hannibal Rosetius Calaber, all of whom repeat only the figments of others.

[32] Sir Kenelm Digby (“Treatise of the Nature of Bodies,” 1645, Chap. XX. p. 225) says that the manner in which Gilbert “arrived to discover so much of magnetical philosophy” and “all the knowledge he got on the subject, was by forming a little loadstone into the shape of the earth. By which means he composed a wonderful designe, which was to make the whole globe of the earth maniable; for he found the properties of the whole earth in that little body ... which he could manage and try experiments upon at his will....” In the note at p. 47 (P. Peregrinus, A.D. 1269), it will be seen that the _terrella_ was constructed by both in practically the same manner: only Peregrinus considered it “a likeness to the heavens,” whilst Gilbert regarded it as the earth itself.

[33] The magnetized versorium consisted of a piece of iron, or needle, resting upon a point, or pin, and was put in motion, excited, by the loadstone or natural magnet. The non-magnetized versorium was made of any sort of metal, for use in electrical experiments (“De Magnete,”