Chapter XVI (2)

Adoption, Amerind system of, 84

Agent cuts off native's ears, 269

Agriculture, early, in New Mexico, 267

Aguardiente, 268

Aguilar goes north of Mendocino to great river, 142

Alarçon, Hernando de, goes up the coast, 40;
discovers the Colorado, 111

Alaska boundary, 254

Alcaraz, Captain, meets Cabeza de Vaca, 101

Alcohol, 94;
sold to natives, 179

Algonquian stock, 63;
range of, 64

Allencaster, governor of New Mexico, 191

Alta California, 120;
Missions first planted there, 122

Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, 2, 104, 106, 107, 108-111

Ameies, villages of, found by Espejo, 114

American Fur Company, organised, 197;
rendezvous in Green River Valley, 275;
comes near ruin in the whiskey-still matter, 286

American River, gold discovery on, 308

Americans attack Juan José, 265;
barred from Oregon, 289

American settlers in California, 308;
ships on the Pacific coast, 146

Amerind, 132;
adoption, 84;
attacks on Pacific Railway constructors, 330;
believed by the Mormons to be descended from some of those
dispersed at the Tower of Babel, 304;
beverages, 70;
bread, 72;
ceremonials, 72;
character of, 12, 56;
colour of, 54;
cooking, how done, 72;
cruelty, 100;
destroy railway property, 330;
domestic animals of, 56;
dress, 88;
dwellings, 68;
eating of human flesh, 79;
explanation of term, 54;
fear of camera, 92;
hospitality, 82;
jargons, 63;
kindness of, 88;
knowledge of the Wilderness, 89, 168;
knowledge, 102;
languages, 61;
linguistic map, 62;
manufactures, 70;
map drawing, 89;
marriage, 82;
method of expressing astonishment, 292;
musical instruments of, 72;
of Louisiana, goes to the Columbia, 140;
of the Wilderness, 63;
sense of humour, 93;
sign language, 62;
shooters, 278;
women, place of, 77

Amerinds, classification by language, 60;
removed west of the Mississippi, 60;
shot for sport, 277, 278, 280;
subsistence of, 75;
three conditions of, 75;
titles to railway lands extinguished, 329;
tobacco, kinds of, 79;
traits, 57;
treatment of, by whites, 60, 243;
understanding of territorial limits of, 89;
unit of organisation, 82;
winter life of, 92;
words derived from languages of, 79

Ames monument, 334

Anian, Strait of, 142;
a myth, 147

Anza, Captain, journey of, 124;
to San Francisco Bay, 124

Apache, 266.

Apache tribe, where classed, 61, 66;
like the Iroquois, 66;
punished by Spanish expeditions, 117

Apaches, kill one of Pattie advance party, 248;
become deadly enemies of Americans, 265

Arapaho tribe, where classed, 64;
visit Stuart's camp, 218;
hostility of, 243;
scalped by whites, 296

Arc tribe, 139

Area owned by United States after Mexican treaty of 1848, 301

Arikara tribe, where classed, 64

Arkansas River, 6;
Bell goes down it, 226;
boundary of Louisiana, 221;
proper spelling and pronunciation of the word, 225

Armijo, governor of New Mexico, 265;
imposes heavy tax on American goods, 238

Army sent to Utah, 310

Arroyo del Cibolo, named by Escalante, 36

Asa, at the mouth of the Virgin, helps Powell, 325

Ashley, 232, 271;
arrives at St. Louis, 242;
battle with Arikaras, 234;
becomes rich, 242;
boats used by, 238;
builds fort on the Yellowstone, 233;
canyons traversed by, 295;
comes out into Brown's Park, 240;
decade, the, 233;
descends Green River through Red Canyon, 238;
elected member of Congress, 232, 244;
Fall, 240;
first to navigate Green River, 238;
goes to Salt Lake, 240;
his methods, 259;
home in St. Louis, 244;
Lake, 242;
loses boats, 239;
made a brigadier-general, 232;
made lieutenant-governor, 232;
meets General Atkinson, 242;
meets Ogden at Salt Lake, 240;
meets Provost in Brown's Park, 240;
name record in Red Canyon, facsimile of, 240;
organisation, 258;
parts from his men, 244;
second trip to the mountains, 242;
sells out, 244;
takes cannon to Utah Lake, 272;
through Flaming Gorge, 294;
writes his name in Red Canyon, 240

Assiniboine, British trading posts on, 158

_Assiniboine_, steamboat, 285

Asuncion, Bahia de la, 142

Astor, John Jacob, his opinion of the sale of Astoria, 219;
organises American Fur Company, 197;
organises Pacific Fur Company, 198

_Astoria_, Irving's work, cited, 287

Astoria, Captain Biddle takes possession, 219;
enterprise ended, 219;
Hunt arrives, 214;
named, 200;
Prevost receives actual transfer back to United States, 219;
rebuilt, 283;
renamed Fort George, 218;
restored to United States, 219;
sold to Northwest Company, 218;
taken by British, 218

Astronomer of Ingolstadt, 124

Athabasca country, changes in, 34

Athapascan stock, range of, 64

Atkinson, General, 242

Atole, Mexican drink, 268

Attacapan stock, location of, 68

Austin leads in the colonisation of Texas, 298

B

Bac, San Xavier del, Mission of, 124

Bahia de la Asuncion, 142

Baird to Santa Fé, 1812, 257

Balboa, cited by Frémont, 300

Baldwin, Doctor, with Long, 223

Bandelier, A. F., paper;
on Cabeza de Vaca, 106;
on Villazur, 134;
site for Tiguex, 114

Bar of the Columbia, 142

Baranof, Hunt visits, 215;
Castle, 215

Battle, first, between natives and Europeans in the
Wilderness, 110;
between Comanches and Iotans, 247;
of Pierre's Hole, 273;
of San Jacinto, 298;
of Shiloh compared with Amerind warfare, 72;
with Comanches and Kiowas, 262

Battles of the Fur Companies, 240;
of the Wilderness compared with Amerind warfare, 72

Beadle, J. H., ferried over Colorado by Lee, 318

Beale, E. F., 316

Beale's Road, 316

Bear River, search for mouth of, 242

Beauharnois, 139

Beaver, anatomy, 16;
as a pet, 31;
bait, 29;
bank burrows, 17;
Bradbury's views on their tree felling, 27;
capture of, in bank burrows, 31;
castoreum, 27;
chips, 25;
colour of, 13;
cry of, 31;
dams, 18, 21;
disappearance, 28, 244, 273, 294, 302, 304;
education of the young, 28;
explanation of half-cut trees, 28;
family, members of, 31;
food, 16;
for an emblem, 31;
form of dams, 21;
fur of, 13;
genus of, 16;
incentive to exploration, 12;
in the water, 24;
intellectuality, 17;
intelligence, 13;
kind of trees chosen, 27;
lodges, construction of, 21;
lodges chopped open in winter, 31;
meadows, 24;
meat, 25;
mental qualities, 16;
methods, 16;
method of building, 18;
methods of capture other than with traps, 29-31;
method of cutting, 25;
musk, muskbogs, 27;
nature of, 31;
never found in deep canyons, 17;
never steps backwards, 31;
numbers of, 12;
number trapped in a single night, 15, 18;
on Green River in 1871, 24;
on upper Missouri, Lewis and Clark Expedition, 164;
order to which it belongs, 13;
outcast, 31;
ponds, 21;
reduction of numbers, 26;
sample of tree-gnawing, 26;
search for beaver grounds, 29;
signal of alarm, 24;
size of, 13;
size of trees felled, 27;
spillways, 20;
tail, description of, 24;
tail soup, 25;
taming of, 31;
testing for traps, 28;
time able to remain under water, 27;
time required to fell tree, 27;
trappers' stories, 21;
trapping, profits of, 15;
trapping responsible for breaking trails, 304;
traps, 28;
weight of, 13;
winter food, 21;
works executed by, 16

_Beaver_, Astoria supply ship, 215

Beaver Dam Mountains, 309

Becknell, William, goes to Santa Fé, 1821, 257;
goes west of Santa Fé, 249;
used waggons to Santa Fé, 272

Beckwourth, James P., 263;
a chief of the Crows, 238;
age of, 238;
character of, 238;
with Ashley, 237

Beckwourth and Smith make a raid, 264

Bell, J. R., Captain, with Long, 223

Beltran, Friar, goes to New Mexico, 114

Benavides, route of, 116

Benton, Senator, meets Frémont, 300

Bering explores from Kamtchatka east across the sea, 140

Berkeley, Hon. Grantley F., his description of marrow-bones, 41;
his love for marrow, 41

Bernalillo as the site of Tiguex, 114

Berthoud, E. L., explores road from Denver to Salt Lake, 315;
tries to explore Green River, 314

Beverages of Amerinds, 70

Bible, the Mormon view of it, 304

Biddle, Captain, takes formal possession of Astoria, 219

Bidwell, Captain, cited, 278

Bienville founds New Orleans, 138

Bierstadt, picture of buffalo hunting referred to, 40

Big Medicine Canoe, 285

Big Thunder Canoe, 285

Big trees, 8, 9

Bighorn Mountains, 207

Bijeau, Joseph, guide to Long, 226

Bill Williams Fork, 117

_Bison Americanus_, 32

_Bisonte_, Spanish word for buffalo, 34

Bitter Root Range, Lewis and Clark traverse it, 169

Bitter Root River, 169

Black Canyon, Ives goes to head of, 317;
Johnson takes steamer to head of, 317

Black Hills, 207;
Parker goes that way, 287

Blackfeet a scourge, 244;
attacked by whites, 273;
hostility of, 243;
likened to Iroquois, 244;
tribe, where classed, 63

Blankets of buffalo wool woven by Osages, 50

_Blossom_, British war ship, carries Prevost to Astoria, 219

Blue Mountains, 281;
Hunt crosses them, 213;
Wyeth crosses them, 275

Boats used by Ashley, 238

Bodies destroyed by wolves and dogs, 99

Boiling Spring Creek, 225

Bold, The, Crow chief, captures Meek, 291;
his opinion of the whites, 291

Bonneville, Captain, birth, education, etc., 270, 272;
as a manager, 271;
portrait of, 271;
granted leave of absence, 272;
starts, 272;
outfit, 272;
his waggons not the first to cross the plains, 272;
did not lose a man, 272;
route of, 272;
takes first waggons as far as Green River, 272;
builds fort at Green River, 272;
fails to trade with natives, 273;
goes to Salmon River, 274;
goes to Snake River, 274;
rendezvous in Green River Valley, 275;
sends furs to St. Louis, 275;
ignores orders, 276;
dropped from the army, 276;
claims discovery that Buenaventura River was a myth, 280;
crosses Blue Mountains, 281;
at Nez Perce camp, 281;
goes to the Columbia, 281;
cures chief's daughter, 281;
at Fort Walla Walla, 281;
goes again to the Columbia, 282;
recrosses Blue Mountains, 282, 283;
refused provisions by Hudson Bay Company, 282;
declines guidance of Hudson Bay men, 282;
back at Portneuf, 282;
fails to get a footing on the Columbia, 283;
refused provisions a second time at Walla Walla, 284;
applies his name to Salt Lake, 284;
his name given to an ancient sea, 284;
adjusts his affairs and leaves the Wilderness, 284;
his failure, 284;
his maps copied, 284;
reinstated, 284;
serves in Seminole and Mexican wars, 284;
made brevet brigadier-general, 284;
dies, 284;
Irving's work cited, 287

Bonneville Lake, an ancient sea, 284

Book of Mormon, 304;
of Doctrine and Covenants, 305

Boone, Daniel, age of, 193;
at La Charette, 193

Boundary, British desire to make Columbia River the, 290;
ill-defined United States and Mexican, 315;
of Louisiana, 220;
of Oregon, 289, 290

Brackenridge, Henry, with Lisa, 206;
his opinion of Lisa, 221

Bradbury, goes with Hunt, 204;
leaves Hunt party, 207;
meets Colter, 196;
views on beaver tree-felling, 27

Bridger, James, 232;
age of, 234;
with Ashley, 234;
goes to Salt Lake, 242;
has arrow removed by Whitman, 288;
extricates Meek, 293;
portrait of, 293;
makes a war compact with The Bold, 294;
Fort, 309;
attempts to explore Green River, 314;
with Berthoud explores road from Denver to Salt Lake, 315

British-American agreement as to Oregon renewed, 253

British, on Hudson Bay, 136;
settlement on James River, 131;
take Astoria, 218

Broughton goes up the Columbia, 170

Brown bear, fight with, 164

Brown's Hole, 238

Brown's Park, 238;
position of, 295

Browne, P. T., killed by natives, 330

Buenaventura, Escalante crosses it, 124;
Escalante's name for Green River, 124;
the mythical outlet of Salt Lake, 280

Buffalo, 32;
numbers of, 10, 32;
range of, 10, 34;
disappearing, 32, 302;
in Montezuma's menagerie, 32;
word for, in Isleta dialect, 34;
oscillation of whole mass of buffalo, 34;
when first in Athabasca country, 34;
not migratory, 34;
Coronado sees immense herds, 34;
on Pecos River, 34;
sees robes at first villages, 34;
city of, named after, 35;
bones above mastodon bones, 35;
bones at salt licks of Ohio valley, and at Big Bone Lick,
Kentucky, 35;
in Saskatchewan country, 35;
eastern limit of, 35;
Albert Gallatin lives on buffalo meat, 35;
remains not found in mounds of Mississippi valley, 35;
not found on Moundbuilder pipes, 35;
probability that it would have gone to Alaska, 35;
in Arizona, 36;
limit on west, 36;
no mention of it by Lewis and Clark west of Rocky Mountains, 36;
rock picture of, 36;
seen by Escalante on White River, 36;
skull found at Gunnison, 37;
no mention of, by Espejo or Oñate west of the Rio Grande, 37;
south-western limit, 37;
did not cross Rocky Mountains north of 57 degrees, 37;
crosses to Green and Columbia,37;
in Missouri, 37;
earliest published drawing of, 38;
fossil remains, 38;
painted by Catlin, 38;
prairie buffalo, 38;
wood buffalo, 38;
western range, 38;
by Bierstadt, 40;
wanton killing, 42;
herd, advance of, 44;
herds dashed to death, 44;
drowned in river, 44;
shooting from railway trains, 44;
methods of hunting the, 45;
corral, 46;
dashed over cliff, 46;
hides, process of tanning, 48;
hides, value of, 48;
hunting by Washington Irving, 48;
number of robes sent to market, 48;
stampede, 49;
wallows, 50;
wool woven into blankets by Osages, 50;
dance, 51;
easily domesticated, 51;
white cow skin held sacred, 51;
calf dangerous, 52;
method of forcing to follow horse, 52;
as an emblem, 53;
followed by wolves, 53;
Amerind failure to domesticate, 56;
blood for drinking water, 79;
seen by Espejo, 116;
on upper Missouri, Lewis and Clark, 164

Buildings at railway terminals, 332

Burr, Aaron, 184

Butler, description of northland, 40;
quoted, 146

C

Cabeza de Vaca, 2;
arrives in Mexico, 108;
crosses the Sierra Madre, 107;
cures the people, 106;
duration of his wanderings, 108;
route of, 108;
starts west, 106;
wrecked, 104

Cabrillo coasts north along California, and dies, 119

Cache, definition of, 81

Cactus, blossoms of, 10

Caddo tribe, where classed, 64

Caddoan stock, location of, 63

Caldron Linn, 210, 216

California, Gulf of, 4;
aid to railways, 329;
location of, 8;
missions, names of, number of, and when founded, 122;
routes to, 309;
settlement, 120;
towns of, captured by American ships, 300

Californian stocks, 68

Callville, Rodgers takes steamer to Callville, 317

Campbell, Robert (name also given by some, Richard), 242;
awards discovery of Salt Lake to Bridger, 242;
from Santa Fé to San Diego, 257;
knew the Crossing of the Fathers, 314;
meets Wyeth, 273;
starts with Sublette for St. Louis, 274

Canadian voyageur, 129, 147

Canyon, Split Mountain, Whirlpool, 294;
Desolation, Gray, Labyrinth, Stillwater, 322;
Cataract, Grand, Glen, Marble, Narrow, 324;
Marble-Grand, 324, 325, 326

Canyons of the Colorado, barrier of, 316, 322;
the final problem, 320

Cape Disappointment, 148

Caravans of the Santa Fé Trail, 258, 259;
methods of forming camp, 260

Cardenas, goes to Tusayan, 110;
first to see the Grand Canyon, 110;
time between first sight of the Grand Canyon and Powell's
exploration of it, 325

Carretas, Mexican carts, 267

Carson, Alexander, killed Sioux for fun, 58;
with W. P. Hunt, 204

Carson, Kit (Christopher), 232, 249, 254;
character, 255;
fights duel, 288;
hunter for Fort Davy Crockett, 255;
traps down the Gila and on the Sacramento, 255

Carthage Jail, Joseph Smith murdered there, 305

Cartier, discovers Newfoundland, 128;
up the St. Lawrence, 128;
to site of Montreal, 130

Carver, Jonathan, 180;
tells of the river Oregon, 140

Casa Grande, ruins of, 68;
Kino first to see, 120

Cascade range, 6

Casement, J. S., chief contractor Union Pacific Railway, 330, 337;
Dan, 337

Castoreum, musky secretion of beaver, 27;
used as bait, 27;
in medicine, 27

Cataract Canyon on the Colorado River, 324;
name carved there, 296

Catholics in the northern Wilderness, 308

Catlin, painted buffalo, etc., 38;
on steamer _Yellowstone_, 285

Cavelier, Robert, Sieur de la Salle, 133

Central Pacific Railway, 328

Cerré, with Bonneville, 272

Chaboillez, Charles, 158;
sent note to Lewis, 163

Chaboneau, interpreter to Lewis and Clark, 163;
Creek, 163

Chambers to Santa Fé in 1812, 257

Chamita, site of Oñate's first settlement, 130

Champlain, founds Quebec, 130;
goes westward, 130

Chamuscado enters New Mexico, 114

Charles, Fort, 151

Chepewyan, Fort, founded, 147

Cheyenne, tribe, where classed, 64;
town of, 334

Chichilticalli, 110

Chihuahua, Pike taken to Salcedo's headquarters there, 192

Chittimachan, stock, location of, 67

Chittenden, H. M., on Bonneville, 270;
reference to his book, 270;
quoted, 270, 271, 277, 280;
opinion of Bonneville, 271;
opinion of the Salt Lake exploring project, 277;
on Bonneville's breach of discipline, 284

Children, treatment of, by Amerinds, 85

Chinook jargon, 63

Chippewa tribe, where classed, 63

Chouteau, Auguste, 174, 194

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 304

Cibola, Seven Cities of, 110, 113

Cibola, cows of, 34;
why so called, 34

Cicuye, 112

Cimarron River, 257

Claims of the various Powers in North America, 144

Clan, 82;
life, 82;
names, 86;
property, 82

Clappine drowned, 210

Clark, Chaboneau, and Sacajawea nearly lost, 166

Clark, George Rogers, 153, 157

Clark, William, to go with Lewis, 157;
commissioned lieutenant, 158;
explores Salmon River, 169;
made agent for the western tribes, 174;
made general of militia, 174;
ordered to suppress whiskey still, 286

Clarke hangs a Nez Perce, 243

Clatsop, Fort, 170, 196

Clyburn, his dash for life, 245;
walks to Council Bluffs, 245

Coahuiltecan stock, location of, 67

Coast range, 8

Color of buffalo, 38

Colorado, City, 224;
first American structure in State of, 186;
Plateau, 270

Colorado River, canyons, 4;
canyons a barrier, 316;
canyons avoided, 17;
crossed with difficulty, 314;
Derby explores to Yuma, 315;
final problem, 320;
first steamer on, 315;
headwaters of, 4;
length of, 4;
map showing Marble-Grand Canyon, 326;
Oñate arrived at it, 116;
only one way to explore it, 314;
point where Powell's men left him, 326;
Powell desires to explore it, 320;
remained unknown till Powell, 18;
Sumner and Hawkins the only men to go all the way from Green
River Valley to tidewater, 325;
the close canyons, 322;
tidal bore, 249;
unbroken, 250, 314;
valley, 6;
verticality of walls, 324

Colorado River, Little, 116

_Colorado_, steamboat, 315

Colter, his race for life, 194;
through the geyser region of the Yellowstone, 196;
trapper, 194

Columbia River, Aguilar at mouth of, 142;
bar, 142;
discovery by Heceta, 142;
first at mouth of, 4;
first news of, 133;
Fishing and Trading Company, 283;
Great Britain claims mouth of, 219;
rumours of, 138;
visited by a native of Louisiana, 140

_Columbia_, ship, 4, 150

Comanche, tribe, where classed, 63;
and Kiowa intimately associated, 64;
house, 68

Comal (comalli), 267

Compagnie d'Orient, 138

Conception River, name applied to the Mississippi, 133

Concrete made with clay and gravel, 68

Conejos, Rio, Pike builds fort there, 189

Conflicting territorial claims, 155

Congress, generosity of, 303;
passes railway bill, 328

_Constitution_, ship, sent to convoy the Tonquin, 199

Continental divide, 2

Contractor, chief, of Union Pacific Railway, 330

Cook, Captain, doubts existence of North-west Passage, 148

Cooper goes to Santa Fé in 1822, 257

Copper mines in New Mexico, 267

Corazones, Valle de los (Valley of the Hearts), 107

Coronado, Francis Vasquez de, 109;
arrived near Kansas City, 126;
expedition projected, 108;
expedition, 110;
finds buffalo robes at Cibola, 34;
goes east, 112;
goes with Marcos to see Mendoza, 109;
injured, 113;
referred to, 183;
returns to Mexico, 113;
returns to Tiguex, 113

Corralling buffalo, 46

Cotton cultivated, 93

Coues, discovers Fowler's journal, 235;
suggestion as to Pike's real intentions, 184

Council Bluffs, 222;
Clyburn walks there, 245

Coureurs de bois, 136

Cree tribe, where classed, 63

Creek tribe receive white refugees, 262

Crook, General, 266

Crooks, Ramsay, with Wilson Price Hunt, 205

Crooks, rejoins Hunt, 212;
starts back, 210

Crossing of the Fathers (El Vado de los Padres), 125;
early known to Robert Campbell, 314;
Jacob Hamblin goes that way, 317;
map showing position of, 326

Crow chief's opinion of the whites, 291

Crow method of truce conference, 293

Crow tribe, where classed, 61

Crozat, Antoine, grant to, 138

Cruelty of Amerinds, 100

Cruz, Friar Juan de la, 114

Cruzatte accidentally shoots Lewis, 174

Cruzatte's post, 160

Cunames, town found by Espejo on the Puerco, 114

Currant Creek, Pike camps at mouth of, 188

D

Dakota, tribe, where classed, 61;
tipi, 68

Davis in the Far North, 131

Dawson killed by a white bear, 235

Day, John, reduced to a skeleton, 212;
dies, 216

Dead Sea of America, 304, 305

Deception Bay, 148

Dellenbaugh, Mount, 324

Denver to Salt Lake, road explored, 315

Derby, Lieutenant, explores Colorado up to Yuma, 315

Deseret, State of, 305, 308

De Smet, Father, 308

Desolation, Canyon of, 322

De Soto. _See_ Soto.

Diamond Creek, 317

Diaz, Melchior, sent to reconnoitre, 109;
explores from Corazones to the Colorado River, 111;
finds, letters from Alarçon, 111;
goes back with Marcos, 111;
dies, 111;

Dickson met by Lewis and Clark, 174

Dillon, Sidney, 333

Disappointment, Cape, 148

Diseases, ravages of, 97

Disorder at railway terminals, 336

Dixon, 148

Dixon and Hancock, 194

Dodge, General, 336;
chief engineer Union Pacific Railway, 330

Dog, the only domestic animal of the Amerind of North America, 56;
used as food, 77

Dolores Mission, Sonora, Mexico, 120

Domesticating buffalo, 51

Dorantes, Andreas, 106

Dorion, 161;
lived early with the Sioux, 151;
Pierre, with Hunt, 206;
his squaw and children, 210;
squaw has a child on the road, 213

Dougherty, one of Pike's men, freezes his feet, 190

Drake on California coast, 119

Drake's Bay, 119

Drewyer, interpreter for Lewis and Clark, 163

Drouillard, interpreter for Lewis and Clark, 163

Drunkenness at railway terminals, 332

Duff, John, 333

Dugout house, 332

Dunbar, 181

Dupratz, story of great western river heard by him, 140

Durant, Doctor, 336

Dutch at New York, 132

E

Echo Park, 294

El Real de Dolores, gold mine in New Mexico, 267

El Vado de los Padres (the Crossing of the Fathers), 125

Engineer Cantonment, 222

Entrails of animals eaten raw, 79

Escalante, buffalo seen by him on White River near Green
River, 36;
names Arroyo del Cibolo, 36;
journey of, 124;
abandons attempt to reach San Gabriel, 125;
crosses the Colorado, 125;
route, 168;
mentioned, 317

Escalona, Luis de, remains in New Mexico, 113

Eskimauan stock, 66

_Esmeralda_, steamboat, goes up the Colorado, 317

Espejo, Antonio de, goes to New Mexico, 114;
direction of his route from Tiguex, 114;
goes to Zuñi, 116;
to San Francisco Mountains, 116;
route, 116;
sees buffalo on the Rio Pecos, 116

Espiritu Santo, Rio de, 104

Estevan, companion of Cabeza de Vaca, 106;
guides Friar Marcos, 108;
killed, 108;
Diaz meets some of the natives who were with Estevan when
he went to Cibola, 110

_Evangeline_, Longfellow's poem, cited, 130

Expedition of Lewis and Clark, 157, 158

Expedition of Villazur toward the Missouri in 1720, 117

Exploration of the Colorado by Ives, 317

Explorations of the Californian coast, 119

_Explorer, The_, Ives's steamboat, 317;
picture of, 316

F

Falls of the Missouri, 166

Faith Promoting Series, Books of the Mormon Church, 313

Farnham cited, 295

Father de Smet, 308

Ferrelo explores coast of Oregon, 119

Fidler, Peter, 160;
goes south-west from Saskatchewan to the Rocky Mountains, 151

Fields, Reuben, with Lewis and Clark, kills a Blackfoot, 172

First, highway to the Wilderness, 130;
European settlement in the United States, 130;
traverse of the continent north of Mexico, 148;
American to go to California overland, 250;
American to see the Grand Canyon, 250

Fitzpatrick, with Ashley, 234;
guides Parker, 287

Flaming Gorge, 238;
first of the canyons below Green River Valley, on Green
River, 234

Florida, 127;
conquest of, 103;
ceded to the United States, 220

Floyd, Sergeant, death of, 162

Fontaine qui Bouille, Boiling Spring Creek, 186;
Long camps on it, 224;
Frémont's name for it, 224

Fontenelle guides Parker, 287

Forsyth, Thomas, opinion of methods of treating natives, 269;
tells of abuse of natives, 269

Fort, Chepewyan, 147;
Charles, 151;
Mandan, 162;
Clatsop, 170;
Smith, Long arrives there, 227;
Nonsense, 272;
Walla Walla, 281;
Hall, 283;
Vancouver, 283;
Tecumseh, 285;
Union, whiskey still at, 286;
Davy Crockett, Meek at, 294;
Yuma, position of, 315

Fort Yuma, Derby explores river to, 325;
Sumner and Hawkins go there, 325

Forty-ninth parallel boundary, 219

Forty-second parallel boundary, 220

Fossil remains of buffalo, 38

Fowler, Jacob, builds first house by an American at Pueblo, 235;
goes to Santa Fé, 235;
journal of, 235;
his description of Dawson's condition after the bear fight, 237

Fowler and Glenn, go to Taos, 235;
meet McKnight, Chambers, and Baird, who were imprisoned in
Mexico, 257

Foy killed by Blackfeet, 274

Fraeb hunts through the Rocky Mountains, 280

France loses footing on the continent, 141

Franciscan Order supersedes the Jesuit in California, 122

Francis La Flesche, quoted, 89

Franklin, Missouri, starting-point of Santa Fé Trail, 257

Fraser's fort, 197, 198

Fraser River, 148

Frémont, John C., 225, 271, 298, 303, 304, 308

French, advance by the St. Lawrence route, 129;
settlement on the St. John's River, 130;
on the Saskatchewan, 134;
first to Hudson Bay, 136;
supremacy, 138

Frontenac, 132

Fuca, Juan de, 119;
Strait of, supposed to go through to Atlantic, 142

Fulton, 222

Fur business still great, 304

Fur companies, battles of, 240

Furs confiscated, 253

Fur trade, 145;
rivalry, 286

G

Gadsden purchase, 315

Gallatin, Albert, his classification of Amerinds by language, 60;
cited, 284

Gallatin River, 168

Garces, at the Colorado, 124;
reaches Bac, 124;
journeys of, 124;
Sitgreaves follows trail of, 316

Gate of Lodore, 294

_General Jesup_, steamboat, 315

George, Point, 200

Geronimo, 266

Gila, trapping on the, 248, 255, 269

Glen, Robert, 226

Glenn and Fowler, go to Taos, 235;
their party fight a white bear, 235;
meet McKnight, Chambers, and Baird, 257

Glenn, Hugh, to Santa Fé, 235;
builds first American house at Pueblo, first in Colorado, 235

Golden Gate, 119

Gold, mines in New Mexico, 267;
found at San Fernando Mission, California, 308;
at Sutter's Mill, 308

Goodman leaves the Powell party, 322

Government, aid to science, 303;
sanctions Mormonism, 308;
aid to railways, 328;
to Union Pacific Railway, 329

Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into
Hudson's Bay, or the Hudson Bay Company, 136

Grafton, Mormons settle there, 313

Graham, Lieutenant, takes Long's steamer down, 222

Grande Ronde, the valley of, Bonneville arrives there, 281

Grand Fork of the Arkansas, 185

Grand Island, town of, 334

Grand Pawnee war party, 185

Grand Peak, the, of Pike, or Pike's Peak, 186

Grand River, Powell arrives at its mouth, 322

Grand Wash, Hamblin crosses Colorado there, 317;
Powell arrives there, 324

Grave of Soto, 127

Gray Canyon, 322

Gray, Captain Robert, 4;
discoverer of the Columbia, 142;
exchanges ships with Kendrick, 150;
enters mouth of the Columbia, 150

Great Basin, location of, 6;
southern rim of, 6

Great Britain acquires Canada, 141

Great Britain and the United States agree temporarily as to
North-west Territory, 219

Great Salt Lake, 304

Great Slave Lake discovered by Hearne, 147

Greeley, Lewis, accompanies Hamblin to Moki Towns, 318

Greenhow, Robert, cited, 119

Green River, 4, 208;
named after trapper, 234;
descended by Ashley, 238;
first use of name, 249;
Kit Carson becomes familiar with, 255;
Meek goes down, 295;
map, 295;
Bridger's attempt to explore, 314

Green River Station, Wyoming, 320;
adobe ruins of, 332, 334;
terminal, 334

Green River Valley, 208, 234, 256

Green, trapper with Ashley, 234

Gregg, asserts buffalo herd is easily turned, 45;
book on Santa Fé Trail, 257;
crosses to Santa Fé, 258

Grinnell, Henry, rescues Oatman girl, 310

Gulf of California receives Colorado River, 4

Gun, Amerind acquisition of, a boon, 72

Guns of Lewis and Clark, flintlocks, 164

Gunnison Valley, 322

Gypsiferous clay, 68

H

Halberd, Spanish, found on Reid's farm, 126

Hall, 303

Hamblin, Jacob, 313, 324;
journeys of, 317;
explores a road by the Ute Ford to the Moki Towns, 317;
goes to Moki Towns _via_ Grand Wash, 317;
circumtours the Grand Canyon, 318;
first to cross Colorado by Lee Ferry route, 318;
Grand Wash to Callville by boat, 324

Hammer of silver for driving last spike of Union Pacific, 336

Ham's Fork, Green River Valley, 309

Hancock meets Lewis and Clark, 174

Haney, British trapper, 163;
visits Lewis and Clark, 180

Harmon, Daniel, 158;
his description of the Canadian voyageur, 147

Hawkins, of Powell's party, 325

Heceta, Inlet of, 142

Heceta, Bruno, at mouth of the Columbia, 142

Helay River. _See_ Gila.

Hennepin, 133

Henry, Andrew, 196, 208;
discoverer of South Pass, 234;
crosses Continental Divide in 1809, 234;
with Ashley, 234

Henry's Fork, 238

Hernando de Soto, expedition of, 126

Hidatsa tribe, where classed, 61

Hind, description of a buffalo pound,46

Hoback, trapper, 206;
on headwaters of the Snake, 208

Hochelaga, original name for site of Montreal, 130

Holy Cross, Mountain of the, 8

Horse, coming of the, to America, 72

Horse Prairie Creek, 168

Horses and cattle numerous early in New Mexico, 267

Hospitality, 82

Hostile Ground, 100, 185

House building, nature of, due to surroundings, 70

House-building tribes, 66

House, of the Shoshones, 68;
of the Dakotas, 68;
of tribes of New Mexico, 68;
of California, 68

Houses of the Amerinds, 68

Houston wins battle of San Jacinto, 298

Hubates, 116

Huddart, William, goes from Taos to Green River, 249

Hudson Bay Company, or Governor and Company of Adventurers
of England Trading into Hudson's Bay, treats Amerinds
well, 82;
formed, 136;
battles with North-west Company, 240;
merged with North-west Company, 240;
controls Columbia River, 281;
in control of Oregon, 281, 283, 289;
buys Wyeth out, 283;
opposition to, 290;
taxes McLoughlin, 290;
its governor of Oregon affairs in 1847, 290

Hudson Bay discovered, 132

Hudson River, 132

Human flesh eaten by Amerinds, 79

Humboldt River, 277;
course of, 6;
rise of, 6

Hunchback cows of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, 2, 32, 106

Hunt, Wilson Price, 198;
to go overland, 198;
organises expedition, 203;
leaves St. Louis for Astoria, 204;
outfit, 204;
leaves the Missouri, 206;
route from the Missouri, 207;
builds boats, 210;
has a canoe wrecked, 210;
party splits up, 210;
caches goods at Caldron Linn, 211;
starving, 212;
loses a voyageur, 212;
crosses Blue Mountains, 213;
arrives at the Columbia, 214;
arrives at Astoria, 214;
goes to Russian America, 215

Hunting buffalo, methods of, 45

I

Iberville starts French settlement at the mouth of the
Mississippi, 134

Independence, eastern end of Santa Fé Trail, 257

Indian. _See_ Amerind.

Inlet of Heceta, 142

Iowa tribe, where classed, 61

Iron Trail, the, best route for, 327

Irrigation, by Amerinds, 70;
Rio Grande Valley, 175;
Mexican, 267;
at Salt Lake, 306

Irving, Washington, a buffalo hunter, 48;
kills a buffalo, 49;
on Bonneville, 271;
travels over the plains, 287

Island Park, 294

Iturbide, 257;
proclaims Mexican independence, 228

Ives, Lieutenant, 317

J

Jackson, President, reinstates Bonneville, 262, 284

Jackson's Hole, Wyeth's men killed there, 274

James, Dr. Edwin, with Long, 223;
climbs Pike's Peak, 224;
Peak, first name of Pike's Peak, 225

Jamestown, 132

Jefferson River, 168

Jefferson, Thomas, plans an expedition, 155;
proposes sending party to the Pacific overland, 156;
instructions to Lewis and Clark, 161

Jesuit Order superseded in California, 122

Johnson, George A., contracts for transporting supplies on
Colorado River from the Gulf to Yuma, 315;
takes steamer to head of navigation before Lieutenant Ives, 317

Johnston, Colonel Albert Sydney, moves army against the
Mormons, 310

Joliet, 132

Jones, Ben, 216

Jonquire plans expedition, 140

José, Juan, the Apache chief, 265

Julesburg, 334

Julien, 1836, name cut on the wall of Labyrinth Canyon and
the wall of Cataract Canyon, Colorado River, 296

Juniper tree, 10

K

Kanab, 318

Kansas City, 309

Karankawan stock, location of, 67

Karoskiou River, 139

Kaskaias tribe met by Long, 226

Kearney, General, 300

Kendrick, Captain, goes into Strait of Fuca, 150

Keresan stock, location of, 67

Kichai tribe, where classed, 64

Killbuck with La Bonté, 296

Kino, Friar, 120;
first to see Casa Grande ruins, 120;
map of head of Gulf of California, made by, 120;
astronomer of Ingolstadt, 124

Kiowa tribe, 64

Kiowan stock, range of, 64

Kiva, 93

Knisteneau tribe, 63

Kooskooskie River of Lewis and Clark, 170

L

La Bonté, 213;
battle with Arapahos, 296;
remains at a Ute camp to recuperate, 298

Labyrinth Canyon, name carved there, 296;
Green River, 322

La Charette, Lewis and Clark plan to winter there, 160, 161

La Clede founds St. Louis, 141

Lake Bonneville, situation and character of, 6, 284

Lake Timpanogos, or Utah Lake, 124

La Lande, goes to Santa Fé, 1804, 176;
Morrison's claim against him, 190;
Pike meets him on the way to Santa Fé, 191

Lamanite, the Mormon name for the Amerind, 317

Land grant, specified, 329;
aggregate to Pacific railways, 330

Languages, Amerind, number of, in North America, 61

Lapage, 164

La Paz, missionaries go from there to San Diego, 122

La Perouse, explorer, 148

La Purisima Concepcion, Mission of, when founded, 122

L'Archeveque, the decoy in the assassination of La Salle, 134

La Reine, Fort de, of Verendrye, 139

_Lark_, the Astoria supply-ship, wrecked, 218

Laroche, British trader, 162;
same as La Roque, 162;
planned expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 163

La Salle, to the mouth of the Mississippi, 133;
his dream of colonisation, 134;
murdered, 134;
expedition, remnant of, found by Leon, 134

Lasso, throwing the, in New Mexico, 267

Last spike on the trans-continental railway, driving the, 333;
last tie, 336

Latrobe, Charles, companion of Washington Irving, 287

Laut, Miss A. C., Preface, vii.

Lawlessness at the terminals of the trans-continental railway, 332

Law's Mississippi Company, 138

Le Clerc, Francis, 216

Ledyard, John, suggests trans-continental exploration, 153

Lee Ferry, first crossing there by white men, 318;
map showing location of, 326

Lee, Jason and Daniel, 283, 308

Lee, John D., leader of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, 312;
hides at the mouth of the Paria, 318;
begins Lee's Ferry, 318

Leithead, Mormon bishop, brings supplies for Powell, 325

Lemhi Pass, 168

Leon, Alonzo de, finds remnant of La Salle party, 134

Leon, Ponce de, 103

Lewis and Clark, antedated on the Missouri, 139;
Dorion with, 151;
their expedition, 158;
ready to start, 160;
start for winter quarters, 161;
men and boats, 161, 162, 163;
first sight of Rocky Mountains, 164;
in the untrodden Wilderness, 166;
pass over the Great Divide, 168;
down Snake River and the Columbia, 170;
at Fort Clatsop, 171;
leave Fort Clatsop, 172;
reach St. Louis, 174

Lewis, clerk of the _Tonquin_, blows up the ship, 202

Lewis, Meriwether, desires to explore to the Pacific with
Michaux, 156;
secretary to Jefferson, 156;
character and age of, 157;
leaves for La Charette, 161;
writes to Chaboillez, 162;
accidentally shot, 163;
on the Divide, 168;
shoots a Blackfoot, 172

Linguistic map of the Amerinds, 62

Linn, _Story of the Mormons_, 306

Lisa, Fort, 222

Lisa, Manuel, 151;
character and age of, 194;
opposes Hunt, 203;
goes up the Missouri, 203;
quarrels with Hunt, 206;
activity of, 221;
made sub-agent for the tribes of the Missouri, 221;
last voyage and death of, 221;
closes an epoch, 232

Little Colorado River, 116

Little Gun, Crow chief, 293

Locations of early Pueblo villages, 115

Lodges, construction of beaver, 21

Lodore, canyon of Green River, 240;
described, 294;
descent of river in, 295;
trappers wrecked in, 295;
Powell wrecked in, 322

Lolo Creek, 169;
Pass, 169

Lonely Dell, 318

Long, expedition of, 221;
outfit, 222;
steamboat of, 222;
takes to horses, 222;
route, 223;
reaches the Arkansas, 226;
party divides, 226;
searches for Red River, 226;
pessimistic on the value of the Wilderness, 304

Longfellow's _Evangeline_, 130

Long's Peak, Pattie goes there, 249

Lopez enters New Mexico, 114

Loreto, Mission of, 120

Los Angeles, Spanish trail to, 270

Louisiana, 219;
La Salle's claim to, 133;
becomes a French province, 138;
ceded by France to Spain, 141;
undefined area of, 145;
transferred by Spain to France, 152;
bought by the United States, 152;
transferred to the United States, 152;
undefined, 153;
map of, 154;
western limit claimed by the United States, 155;
defined by Spain, 161;
purchase ratified by Congress, 161;
cession consummated to United States, 161;
bounds of, 181;
claims as to boundaries, 181;
boundary between it and British territory, 219;
bearing of Pacific Fur Company on boundary of, 219;
boundary, 220;
Purchase limits, 220

Lussat, 152

M

McClellan, 174, 205, 216

McCracken, 162

McDougall, next in command to Hunt, 199;
in charge of Fort George, Astoria, 218;
denounced, 219

McKay goes on the _Tonquin_, 200

Mackenzie, Alexander, 146, 163;
to the Arctic, 147;
Mackenzie River, 147;
to the Pacific, 148;
reaches tidewater at King Island, 160

McKenzie, Donald, 202;
Kenneth, 284

McKnight, Chambers, and Baird imprisoned, 257;
meet Glenn and Fowler, 257

McLoughlin, Hudson Bay Company governor, 290

McTavish reaches Astoria, 218

Mad River, 208

Madison River, 168

Maize, a staple before the whites arrived, 76, 77

Maldonado, Alonso del Castillo, companion of Cabeza de Vaca, 106

Malgares, character of, 182;
expedition of, 182;
Robinson's opinion of, 192;
escorts Pike and Robinson to Chihuahua, 192

Malhado Island, 104

Mallet brothers, 176

Mandan, tribe, where classed, 61;
house, 68;
country, 158;
go every spring to Rocky Mountains, 158;
Lewis and Clark leave Fort, and start west, 163;
burned, 174

Map of Louisiana and of the Wilderness, 154

Maple sugar, 72

Marble Canyon, 324

Marble-Grand Canyon, length of, 324

Marcos of Niza, Friar, 108;
sees the Seven Cities, 109;
sent back, 110;
repeats his story, 110

Maria's River, 166

Marquette, 132;
down the Mississippi, 133

Mary's River, 277

Massacre, of Villazur's party, 119;
of the Whitman family, 290;
at Mountain Meadows, by Mormons, 310;
at Plum Creek, Union Pacific Railway, 330

Mastodon bones beneath those of buffalo, 35

Maxent (or Maxan), La Clede and Company, 194

Maximilian, Prince of Wied, goes up the Missouri, 284

_Mayflower_, the, 132

Meadows, beaver, 24

Meares fails to find the Rio de San Roque, 148

Meek, Joe, appears in the Wilderness, 278;
shoots a Digger, 278;
in Oregon, 290;
quoted, 292;
at Fort Davy Crockett, 294;
goes through the canyon of Lodore on the ice, 294

Mendoza, Viceroy of Mexico, sends Marcos of Niza to the
north country, 108;
sends Coronado to search for the Seven Cities, 110;
his attitude toward Coronado on the latter's return, 113

Mesquite tree, 10

Metate, 267

Methodist missionaries into the Wilderness, 308

Mexican, natives with Coronado remain behind, 113;
found at Zuñi, 116;
mountains seen by Pike, 185;
independence, 228;
permission for trapping, 253;
Gregg's opinion of people and government, 264, 268;
not respected by trappers, 264;
amusements, 265;
trade with Apaches, 265;
agriculture, etc., 267;
irrigation, 267;
tariff on American goods, 268;
belief that the Neuces bounded Texas, 298;
companions of Walker lasso Amerinds, 280;
war with the United States, 300;
cession of 1848, 300

Michaux, Andre, 156

Middle Park, Denver, to Salt Lake, road through, 315

Minitarees, country of, 166

Mission of San Fernando, discovery of gold there, 308

Missionaries, at San Francisco Bay, 122;
from La Paz to San Diego, 122;
go to Oregon, 287;
looked upon with suspicion by natives, 290;
Protestant, hold themselves above the trappers, 290;
Catholic, try to descend Colorado, 295

Missions, in New Mexico, 117;
in Lower California, 120;
arrangement of, 122;
list of California missions and dates of founding, 122

Mississippi, Radisson's discovery, Preface, vii.;
Soto's crossing, 127;
upper, discovered, 132

Missouri, River, main highway to the Wilderness, 4;
Todd goes up it, 151;
Falls of, 166;
Fur Company founded, 197

Mohaves buy Oatman girls, 309

Moki, tribe, where classed, 63;
villages, 67;
corn planting, 70;
Towns, Hamblin goes there, 317;
Ives goes there, 317

Montagne à la Basse, British trading post, 158, 163

Monterey Bay, missionaries fail to reach it, 122

Monterey, Walker passes the winter there, 280

Montreal, former native name for its site, 130

Monts, Sieur de, founds Port Royal, 130

Monument built by Verendrye, 139

More, one of Wyeth's men, killed in Jackson's Hole, 274

_Mormon, Book of_, 304

_Mormons_, The _Story of the_, Linn cited, 306

Mormons, 304;
origin of, 304;
opposition to, 304;
books of the, 305;
migrations, 305;
arrive at Salt Lake, 305;
privations of, 306;
order, 307;
claim to be invincible, 310;
condemn the Mountain Meadows Massacre, 312;
settle on the Santa Clara, 313;
desirous of opening road across the Colorado for the benefit
of the Lamanites, 317

Morrison's claim against La Lande, 190

Mosca Pass, Pike goes through it, 189

Moscoso de Alvarado, 127

Mother of Floods, the, 181

Mountain Meadows, trail through, 270, 309;
Massacre, 310

Mountain, Wilderness, character of, 6;
of the Holy Cross, 8

Mount Dellenbaugh, Powell's three men killed near it, 324

Mules, cars cut off to obtain blood for drinking, 257;
on the Santa Fé Trail, 258;
detect approach of natives, 260

Mush, 79

Muskbogs, 27

N

Nachitoches, 182

Napoleon plans for Louisiana, 152;
sells it, 152

Narrow Canyon, 324

Narvaez, Panfilo de, 2, 103, 104

Natchezan stock, location of, 67

National Yellowstone Park, 8

Nauvoo, Illinois, Mormon town of, 305

Navajo, tribe, where classed, 61, 66;
Puebloan mixture with, 66;
house, 93

Navigation on Colorado, Johnson first to reach head of, 317

Nephi, Mormon town, 309

Nevada, first trapper to traverse, 269

New Archangel, or Sitka, 215

New Jerusalem of the Mormons, 305

New Mexico, trapping in, 253;
gold mines of, 267;
ceded to the United States, 300

New Orleans, a port of deposit for the United States, 152;
privilege revoked by Spain, 152

Nez Perces, one hung by Clark, 243;
friendly to Bonneville, 274

Nidiver, shoots two natives on suspicion, 278

Night attacks seldom made, 72

Nixon, O. W., his book cited, 289

Niza. _See_ Marcos of Niza.

Nonsense, Fort, 272

North America divided between three Powers, 141

Northern Mystery, 104, 108

North Platte, Browne killed near, 330

North-west Company, formed, 146;
acquires Astoria, 218;
active, 221;
fights the Hudson Bay Company, 240;
merged into Hudson Bay Company, 240

North-west Passage disproved, 147

Nova Scotia, Acadia, 130

Nueces River, considered by Mexico the boundary of Texas, 298;
General Taylor ordered to occupy territory west of, 300

Nuttall, Thomas, 204, 206;
leaves Hunt party, 207;
with Wyeth, 283

O

Oatman, massacre, 309;
girl rescued by Henry Grinnell, 310

Ogden, Peter Skeen, meets Ashley, 240

Ogden, River, 227

Oldest town in the United States, 116

Old Jacob, 313

Old Spanish Trail, route of, 270, 309

Oñate, Juan de, reaches New Mexico, 116;
crosses New Mexico and Arizona _via_ Zuñi, 116;
first settlement, 116;
goes eastward on the Plains, 117;
goes to the mouth of the Colorado, 117

_Ontario_, United States ship of war, at Astoria, 219

Ordway brings down boats, 172

Oregon, region, 8;
first mention of river, 140;
river, 151;
agreement between United States and Great Britain as to
temporary joint occupation of, 219;
left free to British and Americans for ten years, 219;
rights of Spain in, ceded to the United States, 220;
United States claims to, 221;
agreement renewed for a second term of ten years, 253;
Saviour of, 289;
not free to Americans, 289;
boundary settled, 290

Oregon Trail, beginnings of, 214, 281;
becomes popular, 283;
Parker and Whitman travel it, 287;
start at Westport, 309

Orleans, Fort, established, 138

Ortiz, Juan, interpreter to Soto, 127

Overland stage company, road from Salt Lake to Denver explored
for, 315

Oviedo, Lope de, 106

Oxen on the Santa Fé Trail, 258

P

Pacific, Fur Company, organised, 198;
voyageurs, for 198;
ended, 218;
bearing on boundary questions, 219;
railways, right of way, 328;
land grant to, 329;
cash bonus to, 329;
aggregate land grant to, 330;
miles built per day, 330;
supply train wrecked, by Amerinds, 331;
railway completed, 336

Padilla, Friar Juan de, 113

Pai Utes begin to cultivate maize, 76

Palmyra, New York, Mormonism originates near, 304

Pambrune, Hudson Bay Company agent, refuses to sell food to
Bonneville, 281

Paria River, 314;
Hamblin crosses Colorado at mouth of, 318;
John D. Lee settles at mouth of, 318

Parker, Samuel, missionary of the Presbyterian Church, goes
to Oregon, 287;
his opinion of the trappers, 288;
description of a trapper duel, 288

Parkman, Francis, description of Beckwourth, 238;
goes to the Wilderness, 287

Parks of the Rocky Mountains, 6;
location of, 6;
names of, 6;
San Luis, 235

Pathfinder, the, 298, 303

Pattie, James O., encounter with a buffalo calf, 52;
explores the valley of the Colorado, 248;
crosses the Continental Divide, 249;
book by, 249;
returns east, 249

Pattie, Sylvester, 246-248

Pawnee house, 151

Pawnee tribe, where classed, 64

Peace River, 148

_Pearl of Great Price_, Mormon book, 305

Pecos River, natives hunted buffalo there in 1540, 34;
Espejo follows it down on his exit from New Mexico, 116

Pemmican, how made, 40;
accumulated, 80

Penn, William, 132

Piccolo, Friar, 120

Pierre, town of, how named, 285

Pierre's Hole, Smith meets Sublette's party there, 252;
battle of, 273

Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 178;
his Mississippi expedition, 178, 179;
returns to St. Louis from the north, 180;
goes west, 180;
escorts natives to their home, 181;
watched by Spaniards, 181;
comes to trail left by Malgares, 183;
and the Pawnee war party, 185;
sees the Rocky Mountains, 185;
lack of foresight, 186;
reaches foot of Rocky Mountains, 186;
his Grand Peak, 186;
sufferings of his men, 186;
his wanderings, 188;
builds fort on Rio Conejos, 189;
trapped by the Spaniards, 190;
discovers he is not on Red River, 190;
meets La Lande, 191;
before Governor Allencaster, 191;
treatment at Santa Fé, 192;
meets Pursley (Purcell), 192;
taken to General Salcedo, 192;
sent back to the United States, 192;
his opinion of the Plains region, 221;
pessimistic on the value of the Wilderness, 304

Pike's Peak, Long sees it, 224;
James first man to climb to its summit, 225

Pilot Knobs, name Hunt gave the Three Tetons, 208

Pima ruins called Casa Grande, 120

Piman stock, range of, 66

Pineda, discovers the mouth of the Mississippi, 104

Piñon tree, and nut, 10

Pitahaya, 10

Plains, extent of, 5;
character of, 5;
rivers of, 6

Platte River, 6

Plum Creek massacre, 330

Plymouth Rock, 132

Poala, one of the Tiguex villages, 114

Point George, 200

Polk, on Rio Grande boundary, 300

Ponce de Leon, 103

Pone, cornbread, 79

Population, 99;
estimate of Amerindian, 95

Porcupine Bear's protest against whiskey, 94

Portneuf River, 281;
Wyeth builds his Fort Hall there, 283

Potts, trapper, 194

Powell, John Wesley, Major, the only explorer who went where
modern Amerinds did not go, 90;
conceives the idea of exploring the canyons of the Colorado, 320;
expedition, 320;
loses a boat in Lodore, 322;
has a difference with the wrecked men, 322;
three of his men leave the canyon and are killed, 324;
emerges from the Grand Canyon, 324;
leaves the Colorado, 325;
helped by Brigham Young, 325;
thought to be dead, 325;
at St. George tries to get his mail, 325

Powell, Walter, 325

Prairie buffalo, 38

Prairies, extent of, 5

Presidio of Tubac, 124

Presidios, 122

Presbyterians in Oregon, 308

Promontory Point, Utah, 336

Provost, Etienne, famous trapper, 233;
in Brown's Park, 1825, 240

Pueblo, Pike at site of, 185;
Pike's structure near, 225;
first house built there by Americans, 235

Pueblo, villages, character of, for defence, 76;
storerooms, 80

Puebloan, explanation of term, 66;
Navajos mixed with, 66;
location of, 66;
provision against famine, 80;
rebellion of, 117

Purchase, Gadsden, 325;
Louisiana, 152-155, 161, 181, 219, 220

Purgatoire River, Long follows it, 226

Pursley (or Purcell), James, 176;
goes to Santa Fé, 177;
at Santa Fé, 178;
makes gunpowder, 178;
finds gold on head of Platte River, 192;
meets Pike, 192

Q

Quires, Pueblo village, 114

Quivira, 112, 113, 126

R

_Raccoon_, British man-of-war, arrives at Astoria and renames
it Fort George, 218

Race variation, 54

Radisson, first discoverer of the Mississippi, Preface, vi., 132.

Railway, transcontinental, 327;
military importance of, 328;
Union and Central Pacific companies formed, 328;
Amerind titles extinguished, 329;
cash bonus, 329;
amount built per day, 330

Railways, Government practically paid for them, 330

Raleigh in North Carolina, 131

Ratafia, 268

Rebellion of the Puebloans, 117

Red Canyon of Green River, 238;
Ashley's name in, 240

Red River, 6, 181;
Pike's plan concerning, 184;
not on it, 190;
boundary of Louisiana, 221;
Long searches for it, 226;
elusive, 227;
Sparks attempts to explore it, 227

Redwood forests, 8

Ree, tribe, where classed, 64

Reid, halberd found on his farm in Missouri, 126

Rendezvous in Green River Valley, described, 234, 256

Ribera, Don Juan Maria de, 139

Rigdon, Sidney, real founder of Mormonism, 305

Rio, Colorado Grande, same as Seedskedee, 4;
Grande del Norte, 5;
Grande, head of, 6;
de Espiritu Santo, 104;
de Buena Guia, the Colorado, 111;
de Tiguex, 112;
del Norte, 114;
Grande Towns, map of, 115;
de las Vacas, 116;
de Esperanza, 117;
de San Roque, 142;
Grande Settlements, 175;
Conejos, 189;
Grande, Pike on, 189;
Grande, trapping on, 269

River of Palms, the Rio Grande, 127

River of the West, 4, 140, 151;
rumors of, 138;
discovery of mouth by Heceta, 142

Rivers of the Plains, 6

Rivers, of the Wilderness, 4, 327;
of the Rocky Mountains, character of, 204

Rizner, trapper, 206

Robideau, 255

Robinson, Doctor, with Pike, 132, 190;
escorted to Chihuahua, 192

Robinson, trapper, 206, 208

Roche Jaune River, 160, 164

Rock picture of buffalo in southern Utah, 36

Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 244;
rendezvous in Green River Valley, 275;
repudiates contract with Wyeth, 283

Rocky Mountains, first view of, in the north, 139;
Long's first view of, 223;
Bijeau often there before, 1820, 226;
amount of Government aid to railways through the, 329

Rodgers, Captain, 317

Rodriguez enters New Mexico, 114

Rose, Edward, 237, 263;
with Hunt, 207

Ross's Hole, 169

Route of Lewis and Clark, 173

Routes to California, 309

Ruddock, Samuel Adams, 233

Ruins, 68;
of Casa Grande, 68

Ruiz, 114

Russia agrees on boundary, 254

Russian explorations, 140;
claims, 220

Ruxton quoted, 296;
cited, 296

S

Sabine River, boundary of Louisiana, 221

Sacajawea, Chaboneau's wife, goes with Lewis and Clark
expedition, 163;
ill, 166;
discovers a brother, chief of the Shoshones, 168

Sachem, office of, 85

Sacramento, trapping on the, 255;
city, aid to Pacific Railway, 330

Sacred tent of the Dakotas, 51

St. Augustine, date of founding, 116;
first settlement by Europeans within the borders of the
United States, 130

St. Charles, 161

St. George, 317;
Lamanites to be endowed there, 317

St. Louis, founded, 141;
developing, 151;
point of departure for the Wilderness, 143;
in 1830, 244;
intercourse with Santa Fé, 257

Salcedo, General, 192

Salishan stock, range of, 68

Salleto, Don Ignacio, captures Pike, 190

Salt, lagoons of New Mexico, 8;
in California, 8;
where obtained by the Amerinds, 72

Salt Lake, early visitors, 233;
Ashley meets Ogden there, 240;
Bridger visits it, 242;
Ashley's men circumnavigate it, 242;
Provost there before Bridger, 243;
Bonneville's desire to explore it, 276;
Frémont sees it, 300;
Mormons attracted, 304-305;
American acquisition of, 308;
road to Denver from, explored by Berthoud and Bridger, 315;
wrecked trappers go there, 322

Salt Lake City, 306

Salt Lake Valley, visited 1776 by Escalante, 124

Salvatierra, Friar, 120

San Antonio de Padua, Mission, when founded, 122

San Antonio, settlement of, 134;
Texas, population of, in 1805, 176

San Carlos de Monterey, when founded, 122

San Diego, harbour, visited by Vizcaino and Cabrillo, 119;
Mission, when founded, 122

San Fernando Mission, when founded, 122;
gold found there, 308

San Francisco, Bay, missionaries go there, 122;
Anza founds mission there, 124;
aid to railway, 330

San Francisco de Solano de Sonoma Mission, when founded, 122

San Francisco mountains, 116

San Gabriel, settlement of, 116;
Mission, when founded, 122

Sangre de Cristo Pass, 189;
crossed by Fowler and Glenn, 235

San Jacinto, battle of, won by Texans, 298

San Joaquin Valley, Walker goes up it, 280

San José Mission, when founded, 122

San Juan, New Mexico, 130;
village of, Oñate's first settlement at, 116;
Bautista Mission, when founded, 122;
Capistrano Mission, when founded, 122

San Luis Obispo Mission, when founded, 122

San Luis Park, or Valley, 235

San Luis Rey de Francia Mission, when founded, 122

San Miguel Mission, when founded, 122

San Rafael Mission, when founded, 122

San Roque, Rio de, same as the Columbia, 142

San Xavier del Bac Mission, often called Bac, 124

Santa Aña, General, 228

Santa Barbara Mission, when founded, 122

Santa Clara, Mission, when founded, 122;
River, Mormons settle on the, 313

Santa Cruz Mission, when founded, 122

Santa Fé, error of date of founding sometimes given, 116;
founded by Oñate, 117;
population of, in 1805, 175;
routes to, 176;
Long crosses trails to, 226;
the Patties go there, 246, 248;
first waggons to, 272;
Walker and Cerré go there, 272;
Whitman goes there, 290;
captured by Americans, 300

Santa Fé Trail, 257, 309

Santa Inez Mission, when founded, 122

Santa Maria enters New Mexico, 114

Say, T., with Long, 223

Scalp, Thompson's, preserved, 332

Scalped alive, 330

Scalping by white men, 243, 296

Sciatoga tribe, or Tushepaws, 214

Scott, General, sent to Mexico, 300

Secret Town Trestle, 329

Seedskedee, same as Green River and Colorado, 4, 234, 250

Selkirk, Lord, Red River Colony of, 242

Sensitive rose, 10

Sequoia trees, 8

Seton, Alfred, 272

Settlements, in New Mexico, 117;
first, in California, 120;
first European, in the United States, 130

Seven Cities of Cibola, 108, 109;
identified with Zuñi, 113;
map showing probable direction of, from Tiguex, 115

Sevier, River, 6;
trapping on, 269

Sevier Lake, 6

Sherman, General, 328

Shiam Shaspusia, name given by Crows to Meek, 294

Shinumo group, 67

Shoshokoes, 277

Shoshone, stock, range of, 63, 64;
house, 68;
Lewis meets some, 168;
Falls, 205, 207, 209

Sierra Blanca, 189;
_see_ also frontispiece.

Sierra Nevada range, 6;
Government aid to Pacific railways through, 329

Sign language of the Amerinds, 62

Sihasapa, Dakota sub-tribe, 63

Silver mines in New Mexico, early, 267

Simpson, Captain, location of Tiguex by, 113

Simpson, Sir George, in charge of Hudson Bay Company in
Oregon, 252

Siouan stock, how title is formed, 61;
range of, 63

Sioux, hostility of, 243

Sitgreaves reconnoitres Arizona, 316

Sitka, 215

Smallpox, ravages of, and other diseases, 97;
among the Plains tribes, 99

Smith, Fort, Long arrives there, 227

Smith, George A., Jr., killed by Navajos, 317