Chapter XVIII: Front Matter (18)

"The Great Auk inhabits the Arctic seas, but is so diminishing in numbers as now to be rarely seen. It extends from the Arctic Regions to the Orkneys, in which islands, however, only three of four specimens (a bird of this species, according to Mr. Bullock, was killed in Bucks) have been seen in the memory of the oldest inhabitant. Two individuals are recorded as having been taken at St. Kilda in 1822 and 1829; one in Buckinghamshire; another found dead at Lundy Island, 1829; another taken alive in 1834, off the coast of Waterford."

Attempts have been made to impose on collectors by the manufacture of spurious Auks' eggs. They are considered as copies of the true egg, very cleverly done.

"The natives of the Orkneys," says Montagu, "informed Mr. Bullock, on his tour through those islands several years ago, that only one male had made its appearance for a long time, which had regularly visited Papa Westra for several seasons. The female, which the natives call the Queen of the Auks, was killed just before Mr. Bullock's arrival. The king, or male, Mr. Bullock had the pleasure of chasing for several hours in a six-oared boat, but without being able to kill him, though he frequently got near him, so expert was the bird in its natural element, that it appeared impossible to shoot him. The rapidity with which he pursued his course under water was quite incredible." This bird was sent to Mr. Bullock about a fortnight after his departure, and at the sale of his collection became the property of the British Museum, which possesses in all two birds and two eggs.

Mr. Champley, who has lately made a tour through Europe and collected evidence of every bird and egg known to exist, computes the whole at thirty-four birds and forty-two eggs, of which England has fourteen birds and twenty-four eggs. Audubon tells us that "Mr. Henry Havell, the brother of his engraver, when on his passage from New York to England hooked a Great Auk on the banks of Newfoundland in extremely boisterous weather. On being hauled on board it was left at liberty on deck. It walked very awkwardly, often tumbling over, bit every one within reach of its powerful bill, and refused food of all kinds. After continuing some days on board, it was restored to its proper element."

In a letter from Hakluyt, written so far back as 1578, we learn the reason of the rapid extinction of these strange birds; this writer states that in a locality known as "Penguin Island" they were so numerous and so tame that flocks of them were driven over a plank into a boat until the boat was full. "The French," he adds, "are in the habit of salting the flesh of these birds." We learn from various sources that these birds swam well, with head erect, and neck thrown back; if alarmed, they immediately dived. When upon land they sat bolt upright, and running held themselves erect, walking with short steps; if alarmed, they at once throw themselves into the sea. The voice is described as a feeble croak. These birds were never known to defend their eggs, but when laid hold of would bite severely. Their adroitness in the water was such that Mr. Bullock, as related by Montagu, followed one of them about for hours in a six-oared boat without being able to get near it. The food of the Great Auk consisted entirely of fishes. The single egg laid by the female was deposited in June; in size, this egg exceeded that of any other European species, being upwards of five inches long; the shell was thick, lustreless, coarse, and of a dirty white, variously marked with brown and black. The male and female, we are told, sat alternately upon their eggs: the young were at first covered with dark grey down, and soon found their way into the water.

THE COULTERNEB, OR ARCTIC PUFFIN.

The COULTERNEB, or ARCTIC PUFFIN (_Mormon fratercula_), one of the most remarkable birds we have yet described, although an inhabitant of northern regions, is a regular summer visitant to our own, where it is known by a great variety of names all indicative of the strangeness of its appearance, such as the "Pope," "Mullet," "Sea Parrot," "Jammie," and the "Norrie." The Coulterneb is at once recognisable from all its brethren by the peculiar structure of its beak, the shortness of its neck, and the shape of its head. Its bill, when seen in profile, has a somewhat triangular shape, being high at the base, and remarkably compressed at its sides; at its origin it is covered with a thick fold of skin which is prolonged around the corner of the mouth; its anterior is deeply furrowed, rather obtuse at its tip, and very sharply edged. In this last respect the beak cannot be compared with that of any other bird. The feet are three-toed, strongly webbed, and provided with sharp claws, the points of which are turned sideways; the small feeble wing is rounded at its extremity, and the short tail composed of sixteen feathers. The plumage on the upper parts of the body is short, thick, compact, and smooth, whilst underneath it is somewhat longer, and more fur-like in appearance. The top of the head, a band around the neck, and the entire mantle are black; the cheeks and throat ash-grey. The under parts of the body are white shading to grey or black at the sides. The eye is dark brown, eye-ring coral-red, beak pale red at its tip, lighter in the furrows, and blueish grey towards the base; the corner of the mouth is orange-yellow, and the foot vermilion-red. The young birds are distinguishable by the comparative shallowness of their beaks, and the inferior brilliancy of their colours. This strange bird is twelve inches long, and twenty-three to twenty-three and a half broad; the wing measures six inches and a half to six and three-quarters, and the tail two inches and three-quarters.

The Coulternebs inhabit the northern seas as far as 82° north latitude, and are met with equally upon the northern coasts of Europe, Asia, and America; a few pairs are known to breed in Heligoland; further north they become more abundant, and in the Frozen Ocean they swim in countless multitudes; indeed, millions of them may be seen in the summer-time crowding the vicinity of their breeding-places. In Great Britain they appear on the coast about April, and betake themselves to various stations for the purpose of breeding, frequenting for this purpose the cliffs or turfy ground above them, and occasionally making use of rabbit-burrows. The Isles of Man, Anglesea, and Wight, are all frequented by them, and also the Scilly Isles, which in the fourteenth century were held under the king for the annual payment of six shillings and eightpence or 300 Puffins. The Yorkshire coast, the Fern Islands, and the coasts and islands of Scotland are also frequented by them.

"On the coast of Labrador," says Audubon, "is Perroquet Island, known to all the cod-fishers, and celebrated for the number of Puffins that annually breed there. As we rowed towards it, although we found the water literally covered with thousands of these birds, the number that flew over and around the green island seemed much greater, insomuch that one might have imagined half the Puffins in the world had assembled there. This far-famed isle is of considerable extent; its shores are guarded by numberless blocks of rock, and within a few yards of it the water is several fathoms in depth. The ground rises in the form of an amphitheatre to the height of about seventy feet, the greatest being from north to south, and its southern extremity fronting the Strait of Belleisle. For every burrow in the island previously visited by us, there seemed to be a hundred here; on every crag and stone stood a Puffin, at the entrance of every hole another, and yet the sea was covered and the air filled by them. * * * The burrows were all inhabited by young birds, of different ages and sizes, and clouds of Puffins flew over our heads each holding a fish by the head. * * * While flying the Puffins emitted a deep croaking noise, but they never dropped the fish, and many of them, when brought down by a shot, still held their prey fast. I beheld with concern the extraordinary affection manifested by these birds towards each other, for whenever one fell dead or wounded on the water its mate or a stranger immediately alighted by its side, swam around it, pushed it with its bill, as if to urge it either to fly or dive, and seldom would leave it until an oar was raised to knock it on the head, when, at last aware of the danger, it would plunge below in an instant. Those which fell wounded immediately ran with speed to some hole and dived into it, on which no further effort was made to secure them. Those which happened to be caught alive in the hand bit most severely, and scratched with their claws at such a rate, that we were glad to let them escape. The burrows here communicated in various ways with each other, so that the whole island was perforated as if by a multitude of subterranean labyrinths, over which one could not run without danger of falling at almost every step. The voices of the young sounded beneath our feet like voices from the grave, and the stench was extremely disagreeable, so that as soon as our boats were filled with birds we were glad to get away. During the whole of our visit the birds never left the place, but constantly attended to their avocations. Here one would rise from beneath, there within a few yards of us another would alight with a fish and dive into its burrow, or feed the young that stood waiting at the entrance. The young birds were far from being friendly with each other, and those we carried with us kept continually fighting so long as we kept them alive. They used their yet extremely small and slender bills with great courage and pertinacity, and their cries resembled the wailings of young whelps. The smaller individuals were fed by the parents by regurgitation, or received little pieces of fish which were placed in their mouths; the larger picked up the fish that were dropped before them, but almost all of them seemed to crawl to the entrance of the hole for the purpose of being fed. In all the burrows that communicated with others, a round place was scooped out on one side of the avenue, in the form of an oven, whilst in those that were single this oven-like place was found at the end, and was larger than the corridor. All the passages were flattish above and rounded beneath as well as on the sides. In many instances we found two birds sitting each on its egg in the same hole."

Their brood consists of but a single egg, about the size of that of a Duck; of this the shell is coarse and uneven, and the colour pure white, at least until they become soiled and dirty. Both sexes sit upon the eggs by turns, but how long the process of incubation lasts we are unable to state; some observers say five weeks. The dress of the newly-hatched young is composed of a thick down, of a light grey colour, spotted with coal-black. During the first day or two of its life, its cry is piping and very sad; but the note soon gets stronger, yet it is not till they are fledged that they learn to utter the shrill peculiar cry of the old birds. The young grow slowly, and after the lapse of a month are able to leave their holes, and, under the guidance of their parents, plunge into the sea.

Both parents evince the greatest affection for their young one; they go miles away in order to procure it food, and will face any danger in its defence. Sometimes, if the female is lost, the male will take upon himself the entire charge of his nestling, defending it with really serious bites of his formidable beak, and indefatigably providing for it the means of subsistence. Should their first egg be taken away, the mother lays a second, and, if deprived of that, a third, generally in the same hole. If both parents are destroyed, other birds will supply their places, and voluntarily devote themselves both to the incubation of the egg and the rearing of the young. The owners of the localities where these birds build make them a source of considerable profit; they always rob the birds of their first egg, but generally leave the second to be hatched and reared; as soon as it is nearly fledged, however, it likewise is taken possession of, and thousands upon thousands are thus killed and salted for winter food.

In the Fern Islands, there being no rabbit-holes, these Puffins are obliged to dig their own burrows. According to Mr. Selby, this operation is commenced in May, a hole being generally excavated to a depth of three feet, often in a curving direction, and occasionally with two entrances. So intent are the birds upon their work of digging, which is generally performed by the males, that they will sometimes allow themselves to be captured by the hand; the same authority states that a similar indifference to what is passing around them is noticeable during the business of incubation. In St. Kilda, where their return is hailed with joy as affording an abundant supply of food, they are taken both by hand and by means of a horsehair noose, attached to the end of a rod. The Coulternebs can scarcely be called birds of passage, although during the winter season many of them journey far south; strictly speaking, they only migrate from their breeding-places to the open sea, and hence back again to the cliffs and islands, where they rear their young. Their life, indeed, may be considered as consisting of two epochs, viz., their summer residence upon the rocks, and their winter life upon the ocean; of this latter part of their existence we have still much to learn. Our first acquaintance with the Coulternebs began in the vicinity of Loffoden, and the first circumstance which arrested our attention was the manner of their flight over the sea, keeping so close to the waves that they had rather the appearance of skating over the surface than of flying through the air. The bird, in fact, in these peregrinations avails itself both of its feet and wings, sliding as it were quickly from wave to wave, half flying and half swimming, striking the air with its wings and the water with its feet, and advancing by a sort of undulating course that exactly follows the contour of the rising and sinking waves. During this remarkable kind of progression the beak seems to be employed in cleaving the water, reminding the spectator of the Scissor-bill (_Rhynchops_). When it rises from the waves, however, it flies straight on with untiring wings, and moves so rapidly that the sportsman who first tries his hand at shooting them generally fails to hit the mark. In its mode of swimming, the Coulterneb differs altogether from any other bird of its race; it rides lighter upon the wave, or sinks at will to any required depth, dives without the slightest apparent exertion, and without even disturbing the water around it, It will remain submerged for upwards of three minutes, and, if we believe the statements of some observers, will plunge to a depth of thirty fathoms. Upon dry land it walks well, but with a hopping vacillating step; rises at once from its seat into the air, and alights from its flight without difficulty. When at rest it usually sits upright upon the soles of its feet and tail, or else it lies flat on its belly upon the surface of the rock. When sitting erect, its head and neck are in constant motion, as though it were perpetually looking for something that it had lost, giving it a most comical appearance. Its voice is a sort of deep scream at times it resembles the sound made by a man when yawning, or by a discontented dog. The food of the Coulternebs consists of crustaceans and small fishes; but it is principally with the latter that they feed their young. What may be the special use of the curiously-constructed beak it is not easy to say; all that we know upon the subject is that they are able to use it with great adroitness, both while procuring their usual food, and when lopping the green herbage, which in summer scantily clothes the rocky fastnesses where they rear their young. As a weapon of defence, both from the sharpness of its edges and the strength of its muscles, it is really formidable.

FRATERCULA ARCTICA ____ PUFFIN

(_about ½ Nat. size_)]

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The PENGUINS (_Aptenodytes_) have their wings completely converted into fins, and only available as instruments of natation. In their appearance they present but a distant relationship with the Auks and Divers, and form a distinct family, recognisable by well-marked characters. The general shape of their bodies may almost be called conical, as it seems gradually to taper off from the tail upwards, the middle of the trunk presenting scarcely any perceptible enlargement. Their neck is of moderate length, but extremely thick, the head small, and the beak, which is nearly of the same length as the head, straight, strong, hard, and somewhat compressed at the sides; frequently it is marked externally with transverse furrows. Its cutting edges are sharp, but it is somewhat blunted at its apex. The structure of the foot is quite peculiar, seeing that the four toes with which it is provided, three of which are joined together by a broad web, are all directed forwards. The wings are so short that they might almost be called fins, moreover the feathers that cover them rather resemble scales than ordinary quills. Even the plumage reminds us of the closely-imbricated scales of fishes; in short, from their whole formation they are evidently inhabitants of the water rather than of the air. Their internal structure corresponds with their external appearance; all their bones are hard, thick, and heavy, they present no openings or cavities for the reception of air, and even the humerus and femur are filled with oily matter.

Birds belonging to this remarkable family are inhabitants of the southern hemisphere, and there occupy a zone extending from 30° to 75° south latitude, living entirely upon the surface of the ocean, and only visiting the land during the period of incubation. All the various species of Penguins are utterly incapable of flight, but their powers of progression in their proper element are truly astonishing. They bound through the sea like porpoises, using their short fin-like wings to assist their progress; by the aid of these they stem the most turbulent waves with the greatest facility, and during the severest gale descend to the bottom, where they paddle about in search of crustaceans, small fish, and marine vegetables. Owing to the thickness and weight of their plumage they swim very deep in the water, so that very little is to be seen except their head and neck. Upon dry land they also exhibit considerable agility. The position of their legs compels them to keep their bodies perfectly erect, and they thus walk, putting one foot before another almost like human beings; their gait, however, is waddling, and they get along but slowly; when alarmed, therefore, they throw themselves down upon their breasts and push themselves along both with feet and wings, and that so rapidly, that a man has some difficulty in overtaking them. In this manner they throw themselves from the rocks or roll down some deep declivity into the sea, apparently knowing full well that as soon as they reach the water they are safe from pursuit. Sometimes large parties may be seen from a ship, going in a given direction as though on a journey, cutting through the waves with a celerity far surpassing that of the swiftest vessel. During a considerable portion of the year these birds are employed in providing for their young, as it is necessary that their progeny should acquire sufficient vigour to resist the raging element on which they are destined to dwell, and which they most probably will never leave, except when in their turn they seek land for the purpose of reproduction.

Of the enormous numbers in which the Penguins are seen upon their breeding-places in Arctic Regions, Sir J. C. Ross writes thus:--"In Possession Island, situated in latitude 71° 56´ north, and longitude 71° 7´ east, and composed entirely of igneous rocks, we saw not the smallest appearance of vegetation, but inconceivable myriads of Penguins completely and densely covered the whole surface of the island, along the ledges of the precipices, and even to the summits of the hills, attacking us vigorously as we waded through their ranks, and pecking at us with their sharp beaks, disputing possession; this, together with their loud coarse notes, and the insupportable stench from the deep bed of guano which had been forming for ages, and which may at some period be valuable to the agriculturists of our Australian colonies, made us glad to get away again, after having loaded our boats with geological specimens and Penguins." Bennett gives similar testimony as to the hosts of these birds occupying the north end of Macquarie Island in the South Pacific Ocean, where we are told they occupy a space of about thirty or forty acres. "The number of Penguins collected together in this spot is immense, but it would be impossible to guess at it with any near approach to truth, as during the whole day and night 30,000 or 40,000 of them are continually landing, and an equal number going to sea. They are arranged when on shore in as compact a manner and in as regular ranks as a regiment of soldiers, and are classed with the greatest order, the young birds being in one situation, the moulting birds in another, the sitting hens in a third, the clean birds in a fourth, &c., and so strictly do birds in a similar condition congregate, that should a bird that is moulting intrude itself upon those that are clean, it is immediately ejected from among them." The females hatch the eggs by keeping them close between their thighs, and if approached during the time of incubation, move away, carrying the eggs with them. At this time the male bird goes to sea and collects food for the female, which becomes very fat. After the egg is hatched, both parents go to sea and bring home food for it; it soon becomes so fat as to be scarcely able to walk, the old birds getting very thin. The young, until nearly full grown, are covered with a coat of long down.

THE KING PENGUIN.

The KING PENGUIN (_Aptenodytes Patagonica_, and _A. Pennantii_) is the representative of a group conspicuous for their size, and distinguishable by the following characters:--Their beak is longer than the head, thin, straight, but bent downwards at its apex. The upper mandible is furrowed along its whole length, while the lower one is covered with a smooth bare skin. The legs, which are short, thick, and placed quite at the hinder part of the body, are covered with feathers almost to the toes, three of which are united by a broad web. The short compact plumage is black upon the head and throat, and bright dark greyish blue on the back and hinder part of the neck; the belly is white, and breast yellow. A bright lemon-yellow stripe commences behind the eyes, and passes along the side of the neck under the chin, where it unites; the scale-like wings are dark grey; the beak is black at its base, but towards its apex and on the lower mandible yellow; the scaly foot is dark brown. This species is above three feet long, and weighs above thirty pounds. The King Penguin inhabits the seas in the vicinity of Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and New Georgia, and during the breeding season is very common on the coasts of Patagonia, but it is probable that all the species migrate to considerable distances.

On the coasts of Patagonia, according to Gray, two very similar species have been confounded under the name of _A. Patachonica_, the "Emperor" and the "King," he has therefore called the Emperor Penguin _A. Faceteri_ and the King _A. Pennantii_. The following graphic account of the manners of _A. Faceteri_ observed by Weddell in the Island of South Georgia is given by him in his "Voyage to the South Pole." "In pride these birds are not surpassed even by the Peacock, to which, in beauty of plumage, they are indeed very little inferior. During the time of moulting, they seem to repel each other with disgust, on account of the ragged state of their coats, but as they arrive at the maximum of splendour they re-assemble, and no one who has not completed his plumage is allowed to enter the community. Their habit of frequently looking down their front and sides, in order to contemplate the perfection of their superior brilliancy, and to remove any speck that might sully it, is truly amusing to an observer. During the time of hatching, the male is remarkably assiduous, so that when the hen has occasion to go off to feed or wash, the egg is transported to him, which is done by placing their toes together, and rolling it from one to the other, using their beaks to place it properly. The hen keeps charge of her young nearly a year, and in teaching them to swim has frequently to use some artifice, for when the young one refuses to take to the water, she entices it to the side of a rock and pushes it in, and this is repeated until it takes to the sea of its own accord." Captain Fitzroy tells us that in the breeding-places of the King Penguins he has been much amused to see the old bird get on a little eminence and make a great noise between quacking and braying, holding its head up in the air as if it were haranguing the penguinnery, while the young one stands close to it, but a little lower, the old bird having continued its chatter for about a minute, puts its head down, and opens its mouth widely, into which the young one thrusts its head, and then appears to suck from the throat of the mother for a minute or two, after which the chatter is again repeated, and the young one again fed. This performance continues for about ten minutes.

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The TRUE PENGUINS (_Spheniscus_) constitute a section of the above birds distinguishable by having the beak shorter than the head, straight, compressed, thick, hard, and irregularly furrowed; the margins are drawn in, and the base of the lower mandible feathered.

THE SPECTACLED OR CAPE PENGUIN.

The SPECTACLED or CAPE PENGUIN (_Spheniscus demersus_, or _Aptenodytes demersus_), the best-known member of this group, is about twenty inches long. In this species the upper parts of the body, the throat and cheeks and a horse-shoe band upon the breast and sides are blackish grey; a stripe over the eyes and the under side are white, the latter often marked with round brownish spots. The beak is black, banded with white, and foot brown. The Spectacled Penguin is met with in all seas between the Cape and South Polar Circle in countless numbers: it is also common near the Falkland Islands and Macquarie Land, and from Cape Horn northwards to Valparaiso and La Plata. The Cape Penguin swims and dives excellently, but moves awkwardly and stumbles frequently if it attempts to hurry. According to Latham, it will frequently run for some time like a quadruped, making use of its fin-like wings instead of legs till it can recover the upright posture which it usually maintains. It is said to clamber some way up the rocks to make a nest, in doing which it has been seen to assist itself with the bill. It lays two eggs of the size of those of the Duck, which are thought to be delicious, and are obtained in great numbers for the table. These birds are frequently kept tame, but do not live in confinement many months.

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The LEAPING PENGUINS (_Eudypetes_) constitute a section having the beak closely compressed at the base, obliquely furrowed, and sharp pointed; the extremity of the upper mandible is slightly hooked and incised; above each eyebrow moreover the feathers are prolonged into conspicuous tufts.

THE GOLDEN OR CRESTED PENGUIN.

The GOLDEN or CRESTED PENGUIN (_Chrysocome catarractes_) has the head, neck, and sides black and over each eye a stripe of pale yellow feathers, which are lengthened into a crest behind, wings black on the outside, their hinder edge and under surface white, breast and under surface silvery white, bill reddish brown, feet greyish white. The female is said to have the yellow feathers over the eyes shorter, or not prolonged into a crest.

The Golden Penguin is found in many parts of the Southern Ocean, on the coast of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and Tristan d'Acunha; it is also occasionally seen on the shores of Tasmania and the coast of Australia, but is most numerous in the Islands of St. Paul's and Amsterdam; in the latter, where it is met with in great abundance, it may be seen sitting erect, or basking on the rocks in company with the seals.

CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS,

ACCORDING TO DR. BREHM.

_ORDER I._

CRACKERS (ENUCLEATORES).

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_SUB-ORDER I._

THE PARROTS (PSITTACINI).

_FAMILY I._--THE TRUE PARROTS (PSITTACINÆ), i., 34.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Grey Parrots (Psittacus), i., 34;
Jako (P. erithacus), i., 35.
" " 2.--The Green Parrots (Chrysotis), i., 39;
Amazon Parrot (C. Amazonica), i., 39.
" " 3.--The Blunt-tailed Parrots (Pionus), i.,40;
the Maitakka (P. menstruus), i., 41.
" " 4.--The Crested Hawk Parrots (Deroptyus), i., 42;
the Crested Hawk Parrot (D. accipitrinus), i., 42.
" " 5.--The Dwarf Parrots (Agapornis), i., 43;
Swinder's Love Bird (A. Swinderiana), i., 43.
" " 6.--The Sparrow Parrots (Psittacula), i., 44;
the Sparrow Parrot (P. passerina), i., 44.
" " 7.--The Siskin Parrots (Nasiterna), i., 45;
the Siskin Parrot (N. pygmæa), i., 45.

_FAMILY II._--THE COCKATOOS (PLYCTOLOPHI), i., 45.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Cockatoos Proper (Cacatua), i., 42;
the Lemon-crested Cockatoo (C. galerita), i., 47.
" " 2.--The Helmet Cockatoos (Callicephalus), i., 47;
the Helmet Cockatoo (C. galeatus), i., 47.
" " 3.--The Nose Cockatoos (Licmetis), i., 48;
the Nose Cockatoo (L. nasicus), i., 48.
" " 4.--The Nestor Cockatoos (Nestor), i., 50;
the Nestor Cockatoo (N. productus), i., 50.
" " 5.--The Eagle Cockatoos (Dasyptilus), i., 51;
the Eagle Cockatoo (D. Pequetii), i., 51.
" " 6.--The Long-billed Cockatoos (Microglossus), i., 51;
the Casmalos (M. aterrimus), i., 52.
" " 7.--The Raven Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus), i., 54;
the Raven Cockatoo (C. Banksii), i., 54.

_FAMILY III._--THE NIGHT PARROTS (STRIGOPES), i., 55.

_Sub Family_ 1.--The Night Parrots (Strigops), i., 55;
the Kakapo (S. habroptilus), i., 55.

_FAMILY IV._--THE ARARAS (ARÆ), i., 58.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Araras (Ara), i., 58;
the Scarlet Macaw (A. Macao), i., 58;
the Soldier Arara (A. militaris), i., 60;
the Anakan (A. severa), i., 60;
the Ararauna (A. Sittace Ararauna), i., 62.
" " 2.--The Blue Macaws (Anodorhynchus), i., 62;
the Hyacinth-coloured Arara (A. hyacinthinus), i., 62.
" " 3.--The Wedge-tailed Parrots (Conurus), i., 63;
the Garuba (C. luteus), i., 64; the Tiriba
(C. leucotis), i., 63;
the Carolina Parrakeet (C. Carolinensis), i., 64.
" " 4.--The Long-nosed Parrakeets (Enicognathis), i., 66;
the Choroy (E. leptorhynchus), i., 66.

_FAMILY V._--THE PARRAKEETS (PALÆORNITHES), i., 66.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Noble Parrakeets (Palæornis), i., 67;
the Collared or Rose-ringed Parrot
(P. torquata), i., 67;
the Bettet (P. pondiceriana), i., 68.
" " 2.--The Superb Parrots (Polytelis), i., 69;
the Scarlet-crested Superb Parrot (P. Barrabandi),
i., 69.
" " 3.--The Grass Parrots (Platycercus), i., 70;
the Rosella (P. eximius), i., 70.
" " 4.--The Variegated Parrots (Psephotus), i., 71;
the Variegated Parrot (P. multicolor), i., 71.
" " 5.--The Ornamented Parrots (Melopsittacus), i., 72;
the Waved Parrot (M. undulatus), i., 72.
" " 6.--The Gay Parrots (Nymphicus), i., 77;
the Corella (N. Novæ-Hollandiæ), i., 77.
" " 7.--The Ground Parrakeets (Pezoporus), i., 78;
the Ground Parrakeets (P. formosus), i.,78.

_FAMILY VI._--THE LORIES (LORII), i., 79.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Lories Proper (Lorius), i., 79;
the Purple-capped Lory (L. domicella), i., 79.
" " 2.--The Lorikeets (Psitteuteles), i., 79;
the Dappled Lorikeet (P. versicolor), i., 79.
" " 3.--The Purple Lories (Coryphilus), i., 81;
the Maiden Lorikeet (C. Tahitianus), i., 81.
" " 4.--The Long-tailed Lories (Pyrrhodes), i., 82;
the Rasmalas (P. Papuensis), i., 82.

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_SUB-ORDER II._

PASSERINE BIRDS (PASSERES).

_FAMILY I._--THE CROSS-BILLS (LOXIÆ), i., 85.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Cross-bills (Loxia), i., 85;
the Large-beaked Cross-bill (L. pityopsittacus),
i., 86;
the Pine-tree Cross-bill (L. curvirostra),
i., 86;
the Banded Cross-bill (L. tænioptera), i., 86.
" " 2.--The Parrot Greenfinches (Psittirostra), i., 91;
the Parrot Greenfinch (P. psittacea), i., 91.

_FAMILY II._--THE BULLFINCHES (PYRRHULÆ), i., 92.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Parrot Bullfinches (Paradoxornis), i., 92;
the Parrot Bullfinch (P. flavirostris), i., 92.
" " 2.--The Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola), i., 93;
the Pine Grosbeak (P. enucleator), i., 93.
" " 3.--The Carmine Grosbeaks (Erythrothorax), i., 95;
the Rose Bullfinch (E. roseus), i., 95;
the Carmine Bullfinch, (E. erythrinus), i., 95.
" " 4.--The Long-tailed Bullfinches (Uragus), i., 97;
the Siberian Bullfinch (U. Sibericus), i. 97.
" " 5.--The Desert Bullfinches (Bucanetes), i., 98;
the Vinous Grosbeak (B. githagineus), i., 98.
" " 6.--The True Bullfinches (Pyrrhula), i., 102;
the Bullfinch (P. vulgaris), i., 102.
" " 7.--The Garden Bullfinches (Serinus), i., 106;
the Girlitz (S. hortulanus), i., 106.
" " 8.--The Tree Bullfinches (Dryospiza), i., 108;
the Canary-bird (D. Canaria), i., 108.

_FAMILY III._--THE FINCHES (FRINGILLÆ), i., 114.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Finches (Fringilla), i., 114;
the Chaffinch (F. cœlebs), i., 115;
the Mountain Finch (F. montifringilla), i., 118.
" " 2.--The Mountain Finches (Montifringilla), i., 119;
the Snow Finch (M. nivalis), i., 119.
" " 3.--The Winter Finches (Nyphæa), i., 119;
the Winter Finch (N. hyemalis), i., 119.
" " 4.--The Linnets (Cannabinæ), i., 122;
the Brown Linnet (C. linota), i., 122;
the Mountain or Grey Linnet (C. montium), i, 124.
" " 5.--The Birch Siskins (Linaria), i., 124;
the Birch-tree Siskin (L. rubra), i., 124.
" " 6.--The True Siskins (Spinus), i., 127;
the Common Siskin (S. viridis), i., 127.
" " 7.--The Thistle Finches (Carduelis), i., 129;
the Goldfinch (C. elegans), i., 129.
" " 8.--The Golden Thistle Finches (Astragalinus), i.. 130;
the Golden Thistle Finch (A. tristis), i., 130.

_FAMILY IV._--THE SPARROWS PROPER (PASSERES), i., 131.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Sparrows (Passer), i., 131;
the Common Sparrow (P. domesticus), i., 131;
the Spanish Sparrow (P. Hispanicus), i., 135;
the Field or Tree Sparrow (P. montanus), i., 136.
" " 2.--The Plain Sparrows (Pyrgitopsis), i., 137;
the Plain Sparrow (P. simplex), i., 137.
" " 3.--The Golden Sparrows (Chrysospiza), i., 137;
the Golden Sparrow (C. lutea), i., 137.
" " 4.--The Mountain Sparrows (Petronia), i., 138;
the Rock Sparrow (P. rupestris), i., 138.

_FAMILY V._--THE HAWFINCHES (COCCOTHRAUSTÆ), i., 139.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Greenfinches (Chloris), i., 139;
the Green Grosbeak, or Greenfinch (C.
hortensis), i., 139.
" " 2.--The True Hawfinches (Coccothraustes), i., 141;
the Hawfinch (C. vulgaris), i., 141.
" " 3.--The Evening Hawfinches (Hesperiphona), i., 142;
the Evening Cherry Hawfinch (H. vespertina), i., 142.
" " 4.--The Large-beaked Hawfinches (Geospiza), i., 143;
the Large-beaked Hawfinch (G. magnirostris), i., 143.

_FAMILY VI._--THE PARROT FINCHES (PITYLI), i., 143.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Rose-breasted Grosbeaks (Coccoborus), i., 143;
the Rose-breasted Hawfinch (C. Ludovicianus),
i., 143.
" " 2.--The Tufted Grosbeaks (Cardinalis), i., 145;
the Cardinal Grosbeak (C. Virginianus), i., 145.
" " 3.--The Grey Finches (Paroaria), i., 146;
the Dominican Finch (P. dominicana), i., 146.
" " 4.--The Bullfinch Finches (Sporophila), i., 146;
the Tiny Finch (S. minuta), i., 146.
" " 5.--The Diadem Grosbeaks (Catamblyrhynchus), i., 147;
the Diadem Grosbeak (C. diadematus), i., 147.
" " 6.--The True Parrot Finches (Pitylus), i., 147;
the Ashy-blue Parrot Finch (P. cœrulescens), i., 147.
" " 7.--The Masked Parrot Finches (Caryothraustes), i., 147;
the Masked Parrot Finch (C. Brasiliensis), i., 147.
" " 8.--The Habias (Saltator), i., 148;
the Capi (S. cœrulescens), i., 148.
" " 9.--The Plant Cutters (Phytotoma), i., 149;
the Rarita, or Rara (P. rara), i., 150.

_FAMILY VII._--THE TANGARAS (TANAGRÆ), i., 150.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Tangaras Proper (Tanagra), i., 151; the Ornate
Tangara (T. ornata), i., 151.
" " 2.--The Fire Tangaras (Pyranga), i., 151; the Flax Bird
(P. rubra), i., 151; the Summer Red Bird (P.
æstiva), i., 152.
" " 3.--The Callistes (Calliste), i., 153; the Red-necked
Calliste (C. festiva), i., 153.
" " 4.--The Callous-beaked Tangaras (Ramphocelus), i.,
153; the Tapiranga (R. Brasiliensis), i., 154.
" " 5.--The Butcher-Bird Tangaras (Lanio), i., 154; the
Black-headed Butcher-Bird Tangara (L.
atricapillus), i., 154.
" " 6.--The Organist Tangaras (Euphone), i., 154; the
Violet Organist, or Guttarama (E. violacea),
i., 155.

_FAMILY VIII._--THE BRIGHT-COATED FINCHES (AMADINÆ), i., 155.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Band-Birds, or Collared Finches (Amadina),
i., 156; the Collared Finch (A. fasciata),
i., 156.
" " 2.--The Hooded Finches (Spermestes), i., 157; the
Magpie Finch (S. cucullata), i., 158.
" " 3.--The Reed Finches (Donacula), i., 158; the Chestnut
Reed Finch (D. castaneothorax), i., 158;
the Double-banded Reed Finch (D. bivittata),
i., 158.
" " 4.--The Grass Finches (Poëphila), i., 159; the Admirable
Chaff-finch (Chloëbia mirabilis), i., 159.
" " 5.--The Rice Finches (Padda), i., 160; The Rice Bird
(P. oryzivora), i., 160.
" " 6.--The Striped Finches (Pytelia), i., 161; the Little
Gold-breast (P. subflava), i., 161.
" " 7.--The Speckled Finches (Lagonosticta), i., 162; the
Blood Finch (L. minima), i., 162.
" " 8.--The Variegated Finches (Emblema), i., 162; the
Variegated Finch (E. picta), i., 162.
" " 9.--The Bright Finches (Hypochera), i., 163; the Steel
Finch (H. ultramarina), i., 163.
" " 10.--The Butterfly Finches (Mariposa), i., 163; the
Butterfly Finch (M. phœnicotis), i., 163.
" " 11.--Astrilds (Astrilda), i., 164; the Pheasant Finch
(A. undulata), i., 164.

_FAMILY IX._--THE WEAVER BIRDS (PLOCEI), i., 166.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Social Weaver Birds (Philetaërus), i., 167;
the Social Weaver Bird (P. socius), i., 167.
" " 2.--The Yellow Weaver Birds (Ploceus), i., 168; the
Golden Weaver Bird (P. galbula), i., 168.
" " 3.--The Bayas, or Bunting Weaver Birds (Nelicurvius),
i., 170; the Baya (N. Baya), i., 170.
" " 4.--The Crimson-beaked Weaver Birds (Quelea), i., 171;
the Crimson-beaked Weaver Bird, or Diock
(Q. sanguinirostris), i., 171.
" " 5.--The Tahas (Taha), i., 174; the Taha (T. dubia),
i., 174.
" " 6.--The Fire-finches (Euplectes), i., 174; the
Flame-coloured Fire-finch (E. ignicolor), i., 175.
" " 7.--The Buffalo Weaver Birds (Textor), i., 176;
the Alecto Buffalo Weaver Bird (T. Alecto), i., 177.

_FAMILY X._--THE WHYDAH OR WIDOW BIRDS (VIDUÆ), i., 178.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Mourning Widows (Coliuspasser), i., 179; the
Yellow-shouldered Mourning Widow (C.
flaviscapulatus), i., 179.
" " 2.--The Long-tailed Widow Birds (Chera), i., 179;
the Long-tailed Widow Bird (C. caffra), i., 179.
" " 3.--The Cock-tailed Widow Birds (Steganura), i., 180;
the Paradise Widow Bird (S. paradisea), i., 180.

_FAMILY XI._--THE BUNTING FINCHES (PASSERELLÆ), i., 181.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Morning Finches (Zonotrichia), i., 181; the
White-throated Sparrow (Z. albicollis), i., 182;
the Morning Finch (Z. matutina), i., 182.
" " 2.--The Bunting Finches Proper (Spizella), i., 183;
the Tree Bunting Finch (S. Canadensis), i., 183.
" " 3.--The Prairie Bunting Finches (Passerculus), i., 184;
the Prairie Bunting Finch (P. savannus), i., 184.
" " 4.--The Shore Finches (Ammodromus), i., 184; the Sea
Bunting Finch (A. maritimus), i., 184.

_FAMILY XII._--_The Buntings_ (EMBERIZÆ), i., 185.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Crested Buntings (Gubernatrix), i., 185; the
Crested Bunting (G. cristatella), i., 185.
" " 2.--The Grey Buntings (Miliaria), i., 186; the Grey
Bunting (M. valida), i., 186.
" " 3.--The True Buntings (Emberiza), i., 187; the Golden
or Yellow Bunting (E. citrinella), i., 187;
the Ortolan (E. or Glycyspina hortulana), i., 188;
the Red Bunting (E. or Glycyspina cia), i., 190.
" " 4.--The Ornate Buntings (Euspiza), i., 190; the
Black-headed Bunting (E. melanocephala), i., 190.
" " 5.--The Reed Buntings (Cynchramus), i., 191; the Reed
Bunting (C. Schœniclus), i., 191.
" " 6.--The Spurred Buntings (Centrophanes), i., 191; the
Lark Bunting (C. Lapponicus), i., 192.
" " 7.--The Winter Buntings (Plectrophanes), i., 194; the
Snow Bunting (P. nivalis), i., 194.

_FAMILY XIII._--THE LARKS (ALAUDÆ), i., 195.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Calandra Larks (Melanocorypha), i., 196; the
Calandra Lark (M. calandra), i., 197; the Short-toed
Lark, or Calandrelle (M. or Calandritis
brachydactyla), i., 198.
" " 2.--The Black Larks (Saxilauda), i., 199; the Black
or Moor Lark (S. Tatarica), i., 199.
" " 3.--The Sand Larks (Ammomanes), i., 199; the Desert
Lark (A. deserti), i., 199.
" " 4.--The Bunting Larks (Pyrrhulauda), i., 200; the
Black-headed Bunting Lark (P. leucotis), i., 201.
" " 5.--The Mountain Larks (Phileremos), i., 201; the
Alpine Lark (P. alpestris), i., 201.
" " 6.--The Tufted Larks (Galerita), i., 203; the Tufted
Lark (G. cristata), i., 203.
" " 7.--The Wood Larks (Corys), i., 204; the Wood Lark
(Corys or Alauda arborea), i., 204.
" " 8.--The Larks Proper (Alauda), i., 206; the Skylark
(Alauda arvensis), i., 206.
" " 9.--The Spur Larks (Macronyx), i., 208; the Sentry
Lark (M. capensis), i., 208.
" " 10.--The Courser Larks (Alæmon), i., 209; the Desert
Courser Lark (A. desertorum), i., 209.

* * * * *

_SUB-ORDER III._

RAVENS (CORACIROSTRES).

_FAMILY I._--THE YELLOW STARLINGS (ICTERI), i., 211.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Rice-eaters (Dolichonyx), i., 212; the Boblink,
or Rice-bird (D. oryzivorus), i., 212.
" " 2.--The Marsh Troopials (Agelaius), i., 214; the
Red-winged Troopial (A. Phœniceus), i., 214.
" " 3.--The Cow-Birds (Molothrus), i., 215; the Cow-Starling
(M. pecoris), i., 215.
" " 4.--The Yellow or Golden Starlings (Icterus), i., 215;
the Jamaica Yellow Bird (I. Jamaicaii), i., 216.
" " 5.--The Hang-nests (Hyphantes), i., 218; the Baltimore
Golden Starling (H. Baltimori), i., 218.
" " 6.--The Cassicans (Cassicus), i., 218; the Japu, or
Tufted Cassican (C. cristatus), i., 219.
" " 7.--The Boat-tails (Quiscalus), i., 222; the Great
Boat-tail (Q. major), i., 222.

_FAMILY II._--THE STARLINGS (STURNI), i., 223.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Starlings Proper (Sturni), i., 223; the Common
Starling (S. vulgaris), i., 223; the Sardinian
Starling (S. unicolor), i., 227.
" " 2.--The Blackbird Starlings (Pastor), i. 227; the Rose
Starling (P. roseus), i., 227.
" " 3.--The Mina Birds (Acridotheres), i., 228; the Mina
Bird (A. tristis), i., 228.
" " 4.--The Grakles (Gracula), i., 230; the Musical Grakle
(G. musica or religiosa), i., 230.
" " 5.--The Ox-biters (Buphaga), i., 231; the African
Ox-biter (B. Africanus), i., 231; the Red-beaked
Ox-biter (B. erythrorhyncha), i., 231.

_FAMILY III._--THE GLOSSY STARLINGS (LAMPROTORNITHES), i., 232.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Glossy Starlings (Lamprocolius), i., 234;
the Bronze-coloured Glossy Starling (L. chalybeus),
i., 234.
" " 2.--The Glossy Thrush-Starlings (Notauges), i., 234;
the Golden-breasted Glossy Starling (N. chrysogaster),
i., 234; the Superb Glossy Starling (N. superbus),
i., 234.
" " 3.--The Scaly Glossy Starlings (Pholidauges), i., 235;
the Scaly Glossy Starling (P. leucogaster), i., 235.
" " 4.--The Glossy Magpies (Lamprotornis), i., 236; the
Brazen Glossy Magpie (L. aënea), i., 236.
" " 5.--The Rock Glossy Starlings (Ptilorhinus), i., 237;
the White-beaked Rock Glossy Starling
(P. albirostris), i., 237.
" " 6.--The Mountain Glossy Starlings (Amydrus), i., 238;
the Naburup (A. Naburup), i., 238.

_FAMILY IV._--THE ORIOLES (ORIOLI), i., 238.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Satin Birds (Ptilonorhynchus), i., 239; the
Satin Bower Bird (P. holosericus), i., 239.
" " 2.--The Collar Birds (Chlamydera), i., 240; the
Spotted Collar Bird (C. maculata), i., 240.
" " 3.--The Orioles Proper (Oriolus), i., 242; the
Golden Oriole (O. galbula), i., 242.
" " 4.--The Silky Orioles (Sericulus), i., 243; the
Golden-crested Oriole (S. chrysocephalus), i., 243.

_FAMILY V._--THE BIRDS OF PARADISE (PARADISEÆ), i., 245.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Birds of Paradise (Paradisea), i., 245;
the Footless Bird of Paradise (P. apoda), i., 246;
the Wumbi (P. Papuana), i., 246; the Ruby or Red
Bird of Paradise (P. rubra), i., 247.
" " 2.--The Spiral-tailed Birds of Paradise (Cincinnurus), i.,
250; the King of the Birds of Paradise (C. regius),
i., 250.
" " 3.--The Collared Birds of Paradise (Lophorina), i., 251;
the Collared Bird of Paradise (L. superba), i., 251.
" " 4.--The Ornate Birds of Paradise (Parotia), i., 251; the
Six-feathered Birds of Paradise (P. sex-pennis),
i., 251.
" " 5.--The Resplendent Epimachi (Seleucides), i., 251; the
Resplendent Epimachus (S. resplendens), i., 251.
" " 6.--The Epimachi Proper (Epimachus), i., 252; the Collared
Epimachus (E. magnus), i., 252.
" " 7.--The Magpie Birds of Paradise (Astrapiæ), i., 253; the
Magpie Bird of Paradise (A. gularis), i., 253.

_FAMILY VI._--THE RAVENS (CORACES), i., 254.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Choughs (Fregilus), i., 254; the Chough (F.
graculus), i., 254.
" " 2.--The Alpine Choughs (Pyrrhocorax), i., 255; the
Alpine Chough (P. alpinus), i., 255.
" " 3.--The Ravens Proper (Corax), i., 257; the Raven
(C. nobilis), i., 257.
" " 4.--The Vulture Ravens (Corvultur), i., 259; the
White-necked Vulture Raven (C. albicollis), i., 259;
the Thick-billed Vulture Raven (C. crassirostris),
i., 259.
" " 5.--The Ornamented Ravens (Pterocorax), i., 260; the
Scapulated Raven (P. scapulatus), i., 260.
" " 6.--The Crows (Corvus), i., 262; the Carrion Crow
(C. corona), i., 262; the Hooded Crow (C. cornix),
i., 262.
" " 7.--The Rooks (Frugilegus) i., 264; the Rook (F. segetum),
i., 264.
" " 8.--The Jackdaws (Monedula), i., 266; the Jackdaw (M.
turrium), i., 266.
" " 9.--The Glossy Crows (Anomalocorax), i., 267; the
Glossy Crow (A. splendens), i., 267.
" " 10.--The Nutcrackers (Nucifraga), i., 269; the Nutcracker
(N. caryocatactes), i., 269.
" " 11.--The Piping Crows (Gymnorhina), i., 270; the Flute
Bird (G. tibicen), i., 270.
" " 12.--The Bell Magpies (Strepera), i., 271; the Bell Bird
(S. graculina), i., 271.
" " 13.--The Bald-headed Crows (Picathartes), i., 271; the
Bald-headed Crow (P. gymnocephalus), i., 271.

_FAMILY VII._--THE JAYS (GARRULI), i., 272.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Magpies (Pica), i., 272; the Magpie (P. caudata),
i., 272.
" " 2.--The Blue Magpies (Cyanopica), i., 274; the Blue Magpie
(C. Cookii), i., 274.
" " 3.--The Blue Ravens (Cyanocorax), i., 275; the Hooded Blue
Raven (C. pileatus), i., 275.
" " 4.--The Blue Jackdaws (Cyanocitta), i., 275; the Crested
Blue Jackdaw (C. cristata), i., 275.
" " 5.--The Jays Proper (Garrulus), i., 278; the Common Jay
(G. glandarius), i., 278.
" " 6.--The Unlucky Jays (Perisoreus), i., 279; the Unlucky
Jay (P. infaustus), i., 279.
" " 7.--The Tree Magpies (Dendrocitta), i., 280; the
Wandering Magpie (D. vagabunda), i., 280.
" " 8.--The Benteots (Crypsirhina), i., 281; the Benteot
(C. varians), i., 281.
" " 9.--The Stump Jays (Temnurus), i., 282; the Saw-tail
(T. truncatus), i., 282.
" " 10.--The Long-tailed Kittas (Urocissa), i., 282; the
Long-tailed Kitta (U. Sinensis), i., 282.
" " 11.--The Feather-Beaks (Cissa), i., 283; the Sirgang
(C. Sinensis), i., 283.

_FAMILY VIII._--THE PLANTAIN EATERS (AMPHIBOLÆ), i., 283.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Plantain Eaters (Musophagæ), i., 283; the
Banana Eater (M. violacea), i., 284.
" " 2.--The Helmet Birds (Corythaix), i., 285; the
White-cheeked Helmet Bird (C. leucotis), i., 285.
" " 3.--The Turakos (Corythacola), i., 286; the Crested
Turako (C. cristata), i., 286.
" " 4.--The Split-beaks (Schizorhis), i., 287; the Alarm Bird
(S. zonurus), i., 287.
" " 5.--The Mouse Birds (Colii), i., 288; the Wiriwa, or
White-cheeked Mouse Bird (C. leucotis), i., 289.

_ORDER II._

THE CATCHERS (CAPTANTES).

* * * * *

_SUB-ORDER IV._

BIRDS OF PREY (RAPTORES).

_FAMILY I._--THE FALCONS (FALCONES), i., 293.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Hunting Falcons (Hierofalco), i., 299; the
Hunting Falcon (H. candicans), i., 299; the Polar
Falcon (H. arcticus), i., 299; the Gier Falcon
(H. gyrfalco), i., 299.
" " 2.--The Wandering Falcons (Falco), i., 300; the Peregrine
Falcon (F. peregrinus), i., 301; the Red-necked Falcon
(F. ruficollis), i., 303; the Turumdi (F. Chiquera),
i., 303.
" " 3.--The Tree Falcons (Hypotriorchis), 306; the Tree Falcon
(H. subbuteo), i., 306.
" " 4.--The Bush Falcons (Hieracidea), i., 307; the Berigora
(H. Berigora), i., 307.
" " 5.--The Kestrels (Tinnunculus), i., 307; the Lark Kestrel
(T. alaudarius), i., 308; the Kestrel (T. cenchris),
i., 308.
" " 6.--The Red-footed Falcons (Erythropus), i., 310; the
Evening Falcon (E. vespertinus), i., 310.
" " 7.--The Sparrow Falcons (Rhynchodon), i., 311; the Sparrow
Falcon (R. sparverius), i., 311.
" " 8.--The Dwarf Falcons (Hierax), i., 312; the Muti
(H. cœrulescens), i., 312.

_FAMILY II._--THE HAWKS (ACCIPITRES), ii., 1.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Laughing Hawks (Herpetotheres), ii., 1; the
Laughing Hawk (H. cachinnans), ii., 1.
" " 2.--The Toothed Hawks (Harpagus), ii., 2; the
Double-toothed Hawk (H. bidentatus), ii., 2.
" " 3.--The Sparrow Hawks (Nisus), ii., 2; the Sparrow
Hawk (N. communis), ii., 2.
" " 4.--The Hawks Proper (Astur), ii., 4; the Gos Hawk
(A. palumbarius), ii, 4.
" " 5.--The Singing Hawks (Mclierax), ii., 6; the Singing
Hawk (M. musicus and M. polyzonus), ii, 6.
" " 6.--The Serpent Hawks (Polyboroides), ii., 7; the
Serpent Hawk (P. typicus), ii., 7.

_FAMILY III._--THE EAGLES (AQUILÆ), ii., 8.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The True Eagles (Aquila), ii., 10; the Tawny Eagle
(A. fulva), ii., 11; the Golden Eagle (A. chrysaëtos),
ii., 10; the Imperial Eagle (A. imperialis), ii., 10;
the Spotted Eagle (A. nævia) ii., 13; the Dwarf Eagles
(Hieraëtos), ii., 13; the Booted Eagle (H. pennata),
ii., 14; the Dwarf Eagle (H. minuta), ii., 15.
" " 2.--The Wedge-tailed Eagles (Uroaëtos), ii., 15; the Bold
Wedge-tailed Eagle (U. audax), ii., 17.
" " 3.--The Hawk Eagles (Pseudaëtos Eudolmaëtos, or
Asturaëtos), ii., 17; the Hawk Eagle (P. Bonellii),
ii., 17.
" " 4.--The Hooded Eagles (Spizaëtos), ii., 18; the Martial
Hooded Eagle (S. bellicosus), ii., 18.
" " 5.--The Tufted Eagles (Lophaëtos), ii., 19; the Tufted
Eagle (L. occipitalis), ii., 19.
" " 6.--The Destroying Eagles (Pternura), ii., 19; the
Urutaurana (P. tyrannus), ii., 20; Isidore's
Destroying Eagle (P. Isidori), ii., 21.
" " 7.--The Brazilian Eagles (Morphnus), ii., 21; the
Crested Brazilian Eagle (M. Guianensis), ii., 21.
" " 8.--The Harpy Eagles (Harpyia), ii., 22; the Harpy Eagle
(H. destructor), ii., 22.
" " 9.--The Sea Eagles (Haliaëtos), ii., 23; the Sea Eagle
(H. albicilla), ii., 23; the White-headed Sea Eagle
(H. leucocephalus), ii., 23; the African Screaming Sea
Eagle (H. vocifer), ii., 27.
" " 10.--The River Eagles, or Fish Hawks (Pandion), ii., 30;
the Osprey (P. Haliaëtos), ii., 30.

_FAMILY IV._--THE KITES (MILVI), ii., 31.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Short-tailed Kites (Helotarsus), ii., 32; the
Short-tailed Kite (H. ecaudatus), ii., 32.
" " 2.--The Gliding Kites (Elanus), ii., 34; the True
Gliding Kite (E. melanopterus), ii., 34.
" " 3.--The Hovering Kites (Ictinia), ii., 35; the
Mississippi Kite (I. Mississippiensis), ii., 35.
" " 4.--The Crooked-billed Kites (Cymindis), ii., 36; the
Buzzard Kite (C. uncinatus), ii., 36.
" " 5.--The Hooded Kites (Baza), ii., 37; the Syama (B.
lophotes), ii., 37.
" " 6.--The Water Kites (Hydroictinia), ii., 37; the Black
Kite (H. atra), ii., 37; the Govinda (H. Govinda),
ii., 39; the Parasite Kite (H. parasitica), ii., 39.
" " 7.--The True Kites (Milvus), ii., 40; the Red or Royal
Kite (M. regalis), ii., 40.
" " 8.--The Swallow-tailed Kites (Nauclerus), ii., 41; the
Swallow-tailed Kite (N. furcatus), ii., 41.
" " 9.--The Dwarf Swallow-tailed Kites (Chelidopterix), ii.,
42; the Dwarf Swallow-tailed Kite (C. Riocouri), ii.,
43.
" " 10.--The Meadow Kites (Strigiceps), ii., 43; the Blue
Kite, or Hen Harrier (S. cyaneus), ii., 43; the
Pallid Harrier (S. pallidus), ii., 43; the
Ash-coloured Harrier (S. cineraceus), ii., 44.
" " 11.--The Marsh Kites (Circus), ii., 45; the Reed Kite,
or Marsh Harrier (C. rufus), ii., 45.
" " 12.--The Spotted Kites (Spilocircus), ii., 46; Jardine's
Spotted Kite (S. Jardinii), ii., 46.

_FAMILY V._--THE BUZZARDS (BUTEONES), ii., 47.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Eagle Buzzards (Circaëtos), ii., 47; the Snake
Buzzard (C. brachydactylus), ii., 48.
" " 2.--The Crested Buzzards (Spilornis), ii., 50; the Bacha
(S. Bacha), ii., 50.
" " 3.--The Honey Buzzards (Pernis), ii., 50; the Wasp Kite
(P. apivorus), ii., 50; the Crested Honey Buzzard (P.
cristatus), ii., 52.
" " 4.--The Rough-legged Buzzards (Archibuteo), ii., 52; the
Winter Buzzard (A. Lagopus), ii., 52.
" " 5.--The True Buzzards (Buteo), ii., 52; the Common or
Mouse Buzzard (B. vulgaris), ii., 52.
" " 6.--The Grasshopper Buzzards (Poliornis), ii., 54; the
Red-winged Buzzard (P. rufipennis), ii., 54; the Tesa
(P. tesa), ii., 54.
" " 7.--The Hook-beaked Buzzards (Rostrhamus), ii., 55; the
Caracolero (R. hamatus), ii., 55.
" " 8.--The Urubitingas (Hypomorphnus), ii., 55; the
Urubitinga (H. Urubitinga), ii., 55.

_FAMILY VI._--THE VULTURE FALCONS (POLYBORI), ii., 56.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Vulture Buzzards (Milvago), ii., 57; the Chimango
(M. Chimachima), ii., 57; the Vulture Buzzard (M.
Australis), ii., 58.
" " 2.--The Vulture Falcons (Polyborus), ii., 58; the Carancho
(P. Brasiliensis), ii., 58.
" " 3.--The Screaming Buzzards (Ibicter), ii., 60; the Ganga
(I. Americanus), ii., 60.

_FAMILY VII._--THE CRANE VULTURES (GYPOGERANI), ii., 62.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Secretary or Crane Vulture (Gypogeranus
serpentarius), ii., 62.

_FAMILY VIII._--THE VULTURE EAGLES (GYPAËTI), ii., 67.

_Sub-Family_ 1.--The Lämmergeier (Gypaëtos), ii., 67; the Bearded
Vulture (G. barbatus), ii., 67.

_FAMILY IX._--THE VULTURES PROPER (VULTURES), ii., 69.