Chapter XXVI: Appendix: IX (1)

THE FATED COMPANY: A DISCUSSION OF THE NAMES AND FATE OF THE WHITES INVOLVED IN THE FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE

No comprehensive record of the names and fate of those who composed the company which marched out of Fort Dearborn under Captain Heald on the morning of August 15, 1812, has ever been made. Here for the first time, a hundred years after the massacre, an effort is made to supply such a record. Such success as has been achieved is due to a study, in addition to the sources of information which have been used by previous workers in the local historical field, of several new sources unknown to or unused by students hitherto. The most important of these is the Fort Dearborn muster-roll for May 31, 1812. This, together with the list of survivors given by Lieutenant Helm, the data left by Captain Heald,[969] and the letter of Judge Woodward to Colonel Proctor constitutes the basis of the present study.

[Footnote 969: Aside from the Fort Dearborn muster-roll for May 31, 1812, the papers left by Heald which are of chief importance for our subject are the following: the official report of the evacuation (Appendix IV); Heald's Journal (Appendix III); the Fort Dearborn quarterly returns for the quarter ending June 30, 1812; the monthly return for June, 1812; a tabular statement concerning the troops engaged in the massacre and their fate; a summary statement concerning the women, and concerning the men who perished in captivity. With the exception of the official report all of these papers are in the Draper Collection.]

At the outset of the effort to name and account for the members of the fatal company, a difficulty is encountered concerning the precise number of regular soldiers in Heald's company. In his official Report, Heald stated that his force of regulars numbered fifty-four. Whether he intended to include himself in this number is not clear. The tabular statement, preserved among his papers, of the composition of his force and its fate, which gives the total strength of his company as fifty-four, exactly one-half of whom were slain, would seem to indicate that he did. Yet the latter document disagrees with the Report in the number of slain, which the Report gives as twenty-six. Turning to Heald's Journal we find the number of soldiers slain in the battle placed at twenty-six, and the number of survivors at twenty-seven, which would give a total strength of fifty-three. There is reason for believing that the number of regulars slain in the battle was in fact twenty-six, but it is manifestly impracticable to determine certainly, from the accounts left by Heald, the exact strength of his company on the morning of the massacre. Heald had, to the end of his life, the garrison muster-roll for May 31, 1812, and other contemporary records, and these are still preserved. An examination of them suggests an explanation of the reason for his conflicting statements. The garrison muster-roll for May 31 and the monthly return for June each show a strength of fifty-five men, while the quarterly return of June 30 and the inspection return of the same date show a strength of fifty-four. The first two agree in showing four officers and fifty-one non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates present; the third shows three officers and fifty-one of lesser rank present, and the fourth four officers and fifty of lesser rank. There is disagreement, then, between the contemporary returns over the number of the garrison at the end of June; yet it is evident that its nominal strength at that time was four officers and fifty-one men of lesser rank, although one of the fifty-five may possibly have been absent. There is no reason to suppose that there was any alteration in this number between the end of June and the fifteenth of August. Without venturing to say that there is any unquestionable preponderance of evidence that the strength of Heald's company, including himself, on the latter date was fifty-five rather than fifty-four, from a consideration of all the factors involved I incline to believe that it was. In the calculations and statements that follow, therefore, it is to be understood that the total number of regular soldiers involved in the massacre is reckoned as fifty-five.

Including the commander, then, ninety-six persons comprised the doomed company which evacuated the fort on the morning of the fifteenth of August. These fall logically into several groups, varying greatly as to size: John Kinzie, a neutral and non-combatant; Wells, the leader of the Miamis; the nine women and eighteen children of the company; the twelve Chicago residents composing Heald's "militia" company; and finally the fifty-five regulars. The first two of these require but little consideration here, as the fortune of each has been discussed elsewhere. Wells was slain, while Kinzie passed unscathed even through the carnage around the wagons where not another white man escaped with his life.

There is no uncertainty respecting the fate of the women of the company. The subject has already been discussed at length and only a brief recapitulation need be given here.

No. Name Fate

1 Cicely, Mrs. Heald's negro slave Killed in battle

2 Mrs. Fielding Corbin Killed in battle

3 Mrs. Heald Returned to civilization

4 Mrs. Helm Returned to civilization

5 Mrs. Lee Returned to civilization
(Ransomed by Depain and
Buisson at Chicago)

6 Mrs. Holt Returned to civilization
(Possibly the woman ransomed
along with Mrs. Lee)

7 Mrs. Burns Returned to civilization

8 Mrs. Simmons Returned to civilization

9 Mrs. Needs Died in captivity of exposure
and hardship

Of the eighteen children in the massacre only a very incomplete record can be made from the sources that have come to light thus far. Neither Mrs. Heald nor Mrs. Helm had children; each of the remaining seven women, with the possible exception of Mrs. Corbin, had one or more. Mrs. Burns had several, some of whom bore her former name of Cooper; probably several belonged to Mrs. Lee. Black Cicely had one child, and Mrs. Simmons two. One child each at least, and perhaps more, belonged to Mrs. Needs and Mrs. Holt. Twelve of the children perished in the massacre, most of them in one wagon at the hands of a single fiend, and six survived it. One of these, the Needs child, met perhaps the saddest fate of all the company, being tied to a tree by the savages and left behind to die. The other five returned with their mothers to civilization. Two of them belonged to Mrs. Burns, and one each to Mrs. Simmons, Mrs. Holt, and Mrs. Lee.

Unless additional sources of information shall come to light, the names of most of the members of the Chicago "militia" will forever remain unknown. All of the twelve men were killed in the combat except the leader, Thomas Burns, who, badly wounded, was killed a short time later by a squaw. One of his followers was his stepson. Joseph, or James, Cooper; Lee, the farmer, must have been another although there is no positive record to this effect. Of the others the names of but one or two can be conjectured even. If the boy who escaped from the April massacre was the son of Lee, he doubtless was one of the militiamen. Probably Louis Fettle, who lived at Chicago from 1803 to 1812 and then disappeared from recorded history, was still another. In this connection the conjecture may be hazarded that Pierre LeClaire, the half-breed interpreter, was one of the twelve. Griffith represents that he deserted at the beginning of the fight, for which Griffith at first intended to kill him, but relented when LeClaire pleaded that it was the only way to save his life. If the suggestion that LeClaire was one of the militiamen be accepted, the statements of Heald and others that all of them perished must be regarded as erroneous. This view, however, would explain Heald's statement in his Journal, otherwise erroneous, that twelve militia, including Wells perished.

I have reserved for consideration last the most perplexing problem, that concerning the regulars of the Fort Dearborn garrison. The names of the fifty-five men are preserved in the muster-roll of May 31, 1812. The only man who attempted to record the names of those who survived the battle was Helm, and his list, while incomplete, and inaccurate in various respects, furnishes the most convenient starting-point for determining the names of those slain in the battle, and the subsequent fate of the survivors. Excluding Burns, the militiaman. Helm lists the following twenty-seven survivors:

1. Captain Nathan Heald
2. Lieutenant Lina T. Helm
3. Sergeant John Crozier
4. Sergeant Wm. Griffith
5. Corporal Joseph Bowen
6. John Smith, fifer
7. Private Prestly Andrews
8. Private Fielding Corbin
9. Private James Corbin
10. Private Daniel Daugherty
11. Private Dyson Dyer
12. Private Nathan Edson
13. Private John Fury
14. Private Richard Garner
15. Private Paul Grummo
16. Private Wm. N. Hunt
17. Private James Latta
18. Private Michael Lynch
19. Private Elias Mills
20. Private August Mortt
21. Private John Needs
22. Private Joseph Noles
23. Private Thomas Poindexter
24. Private John Smith
25. Private James Starr
26. Private John Suttenfield
27. Private James Van Horn

As far as it goes the accuracy of this list is confirmed by other sources of information, except for Andrews and Starr, concerning whose fate there is no mention elsewhere. On the other hand Woodward, whose information was obtained from Heald and Griffith, names Denison and McCarty, the former badly wounded, among the survivors; the report of the nine survivors who arrived at Plattsburg, New York, in 1814, adds the name of Hugh Logan; while David Kennison, who was buried at Chicago with great civic pomp forty years later, evidently survived the massacre despite the fact that his name does not appear in any of the sources. We have, therefore, the names of thirty-one survivors, three more than there actually were. Probably two of the names in error are those of Andrews and Starr, mentioned above; possibly the third is that of Logan, although obviously there can be certainty respecting none of the three. A comparison of this list with the complete garrison roll discloses the names of those certainly slain in the battle, twenty-four in number, as follows:

1. Surgeon Isaac Van Voorhis
2. Ensign George Ronan
3. Sergeant Isaac Holt
4. Sergeant Otho Hays
5. Corporal Thomas Forth
6. George Burnett, fifer
7. John Hamilton, drummer
8. Hugh McPherson, drummer
9. Private John Allin
10. Private George Adams
11. Private Asa Campbell
12. Private Stephen Draper
13. Private Nathan A. Hurtt
14. Private Rhodias Jones
15. Private Samuel Kilpatrick
16. Private John Kelso
17. Private Jacob Landon
18. Private Frederick Locker
19. Private Peter Miller
20. Private Wm. Moffett
21. Private Wm. Prickett
22. Private Frederick Peterson
23. Private David Sherror
24. Private John Simmons

There were twenty-six slain, however, according to Heald's Report and Journal. The two names needed to complete the list are probably those of Prestly Andrews and James Starr.

We have thus reached, although not with absolute certainty in every case, the names of twenty-nine survivors and the twenty-six who lost their lives in the battle. It remains to follow the fortunes of the former and trace out those who perished in captivity and those who finally returned to their countrymen. Helm's list is of little assistance here, for his account of the fate of the survivors is both incomplete and inaccurate. The fate of twelve of the twenty-seven on his list is left a blank; opposite the names of five stands the word "released," and opposite two "deserted." In fact, eleven perished in captivity and eighteen returned to civilization. It is evident that Helm was ignorant of the arrival of the nine Fort Dearborn soldiers at Plattsburg in the spring of 1814, and of the news they brought of their comrades who had perished in the wilderness. One of the nine he records as killed, one as released, and leaves the fate of the others blank. Why Hunt and Crozier should have been set down as deserters is not apparent. In fact, the former froze to death in captivity, while the latter effected his release through the agency of a friendly Indian.

The most practicable starting-point for determining the names of those who perished in captivity and those who escaped from it is afforded by Heald's tabular statement. This indicates that twenty-seven survived the battle, nine of whom died in captivity, and eighteen returned to civilization. Our study, however, has already established the names of twenty-nine survivors of the battle. On the assumption, which there are strong reasons for making, that the two not included in Heald's statement perished in captivity, the names of all belonging to the latter class, and of all who were restored to freedom, can be determined. Elsewhere Heald gives the names of nine who died in captivity. They were:

1. Richard Garner
2. Wm. N. Hunt
3. James Latta
4. Michael Lynch
5. August Mortt
6. Hugh Logan
7. John Needs
8. Thomas Poindexter
9. John Suttenfield

The accuracy of this list is confirmed by other sources with respect to all except Poindexter, concerning whose fate there is no mention elsewhere. The two names wanting to complete the list of those who perished in captivity are Micajah Denison and John Fury, who according to Woodward were so badly wounded in the battle that but little hope was entertained of their recovery.

With this list of eleven as our basis it is possible to determine with reasonable assurance the names of the men who were tortured to death the night following the massacre. Forsyth's letter shows that Lynch and Suttenfield, badly wounded, were killed by the Indians, while en route to the Illinois River. The report of the Plattsburg group of survivors accounts for the death of four others. Hunt froze to death; Needs died about the middle of January, 1813, probably from the hardships of his captivity; Logan and Mortt were tomahawked because of their inability to keep up with their captors. The five remaining, Garner, Latta, Denison, Fury, and Poindexter, are evidently the men who were tortured to death at Chicago. Concerning the first two we have the positive statement of Woodward in his letter to Proctor. The belief that this was the fate of the others rests, obviously, on inference and deduction.

To determine the names of the eighteen who returned to civilization it is now necessary only to eliminate these eleven names from the list of the twenty-nine survivors already given. Concerning the return of twelve of the eighteen there are positive records, while that of Kennison may safely be inferred from our knowledge of his later life and death at Chicago. Of the other five no mention or record has been found, and their names are obtained only by the process of analysis which has already been gone through. In the list that follows these five are given last:

1. Captain Nathan Heald
2. Lieutenant Lina T. Helm
3. Sergeant Wm. Griffith
4. Corporal Joseph Bowen
5. Private James Corbin
6. Private Fielding Corbin
7. Private Dyson Dyer
8. Private Nathan Edson
9. Private Paul Grummo
10. Private Elias Mills
11. Private Joseph Noles
12. Private James Van Horn
13. Private David Kennison
14. Sergeant John Crozier
15. Private Daniel Daugherty
16. Private Duncan McCarty
17. John Smith, fifer
18. Private John Smith (father of the preceding)

Although some doubt necessarily attends the conclusions which have been reached concerning the fate of some of the members of the Fort Dearborn garrison, practical certainty attaches to the conclusion reached concerning the great majority, and it is believed that the present study is as accurate and complete as can be made with the sources of information at present available. The study may properly conclude with a tabular recapitulation, embodying the conclusions reached as to the names and fate of the regular soldiers of the Fort Dearborn garrison on the morning of August 15, 1812.

1. Nathan Heald Capt. Returned to civilization
2. Lina T. Helm 2nd Lieut. Returned to civilization
3. George Ronan Ensign Killed in battle near the baggage wagons
4. Isaac Van Voorhis Surgeon's mate Killed in battle near the baggage wagons

1. Isaac Holt Sergeant Killed in battle
2. Otho Hays Sergeant Killed in battle in individual duel with an Indian
3. John Crozier Sergeant Returned to civilization
4. Wm. Griffith Sergeant Returned to civilization

1. Thomas Forth Corporal Killed in battle
2. Joseph Bowen Corporal Returned to civilization

1. George Burnett Fifer Killed in battle
2. John Smith Fifer Returned to civilization
3. Hugh McPherson Drummer Killed in battle
4. John Hamilton Drummer Killed in battle

1. John Allin Private Killed in battle
2. George Adams Private Killed in battle
3. Prestly Andrews Private Killed in battle
4. James Corbin Private Returned to civilization
5. Fielding Corbin Private Returned to civilization
6. Asa Campbell Private Killed in battle
7. Dyson Dyer Private Returned to civilization
8. Stephen Draper Private Killed in battle
9. Daniel Daugherty Private Returned to civilization
10. Micajah Denison Private Badly wounded in battle; tortured to
death the ensuing night
11. Nathan Edson Private Returned to civilization
12. John Fury Private Badly wounded in battle; tortured to
death the ensuing night
13. Paul Grummo Private Returned to civilization
14. Richard Garner Private Tortured to death the night after the
massacre
15. Wm. N. Hunt Private Frozen to death in captivity
16. Nathan A. Hurtt Private Killed in battle
17. Rhodias Jones Private Killed in battle
18. David Kennison Private Returned to civilization; died at
Chicago in 1852
19. Samuel Kilpatrick Private Killed in battle
20. John Kelso Private Killed in battle
21. Jacob Landon Private Killed in battle
22. James Latta Private Tortured to death the night after the
massacre
23. Michael Lynch Private Badly wounded; killed by the Indians
en route to the Illinois River
24. Hugh Logan Private Tomahawked in captivity because unable to
walk from fatigue
25. Frederick Locker Private Killed in battle
26. August Mortt Private Tomahawked in captivity
27. Peter Miller Private Killed in battle
28. Duncan McCarty Private Returned to civilization
29. Wm. Moffett Private Killed in battle
30. Elias Mills Private Returned to civilization
31. John Needs Private Died in captivity
32. Joseph Noles Private Returned to civilization
33. Thos. Poindexter Private Tortured to death the night after the
massacre
34. Wm. Prickett Private Killed in battle
35. Frederick Peterson Private Killed in battle
36. David Sherror Private Killed in battle
37. John Suttenfield Private Badly wounded; killed by the Indians
while en route to the Illinois River
38. John Smith Private Returned to civilization
39. James Starr Private Killed in battle
40. John Simmons Private Killed in battle
41. James Van Horn Private Returned to civilization

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This volume contains the documents printed in Appendices VI and
VII of the present work, chaps, xviii, xix, and xxii of Kinzie's
_Wau Bun_, and a reprint of the author's sketch of her grandfather,
John Kinzie, noted in the reference immediately above. The text of
Helm's massacre narrative, the document of chief importance in the
collection, has been freely emended without giving any notice to
the reader of the fact. In similar fashion the composition of the
chapters from _Wau Bun_ has been liberally emended, and in at least
one instance an important interpolation has been made, without
warning to the reader.

Grover, Frank R. "Some Indian Landmarks of the North Shore"
(Chicago, n.d.). Pamphlet.

An address read before the Chicago Historical Society, February 21, 1905.

----. "Father Francois Pinet S.J., and his Mission of the Guardian
Angel of Chicago (L'Ange Gardien) A.D. 1696-1699" (Chicago,
1907).

A paper read before a joint meeting of the Chicago and Evanston Historical Societies, November 27, 1906. The author is uncritical and his works should be used with caution. In the present work he contends that "there is not the slightest doubt" that Pinet's Mission stood on the site of the present Skokie March within the limits of the village of Gross Point.

[Hay, Henry]. Journal from Detroit to the Miami River (MS).

This manuscript in the Detroit Public Library is the journal of a Detroit trader who spent the winter of 1789-90 at the French settlement near the Rapids of the Maumee. It gives an interesting and graphic picture of the life of this pro-British settlement during the winter. The chief importance of the journal to the present work consists in the information it gives about John Kinzie, whose convivial companion throughout the winter the journalist became. The journal does not contain the author's name; I have accepted tentatively the ascription of it by Mr. Clarence M. Burton to Henry Hay.

Head, Wm. R. Papers (MS).

Head was a Chicago antiquarian who for many years industriously
collected data pertaining to the early history of Chicago and
Illinois. Most of his papers were destroyed, following his death in
1910. A few of them are in the possession of the Chicago Historical
Society, however, and a somewhat larger number were until recently
retained by his widow. For an estimate of their character, and
their value to the present work see Appendix II.

Heald, Nathan. Papers (MS).

These papers, of prime importance for the reconstruction of
the story of the Fort Dearborn massacre, and the fortunes of the
Healds, are now widely scattered. Much the more important of
those still in existence are in the Draper Collection, for which
they were procured, apparently, at the time of Lyman C. Draper's
interview with Darius Heald in 1868. Those which remained in the
possession of the family were exposed to the vicissitudes of
chance and the weather until a few years since, when an awakening
realization of their historical importance led to a division of
such as still remained among the various representatives of the
family, the grandchildren of Nathan Heald, by whom they are now
carefully preserved. Such as could be assembled were collected for
the use of the writer in preparing the present work by Mr. Wright
Johnson of Rutherford. New Jersey, a son-in-law of Darius Heald.
There are a few Heald papers, also, among the Kingsbury Papers in
the Chicago Historical Society library.

Hebberd, S. S. _History of Wisconsin under the Dominion of France_
(Madison, 1890).

Important chiefly for its treatment of the long wars of the
Fox Indians with the French. The author takes issue with the
conclusions of Park man in certain important respects.

Heitman, Francis B. _Historical Register and Dictionary of the
United States Army, from Its Organization, September 29, 1789,
to March 2, 1903_ (Washington, 1903). 2 vols.

Hennepin, Father Louis. _Nouvelle découverte d'un tres grand
pays situé dans l'Amérique entre le Noveau Mexique et le Mer
Glaciate ..._ (Utrecht, 1697-98). 2 vols.

Vol. II bears the title "Noveau voyage d'un pais plus grand que
L'Europe ..."

----. _A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America._ Reprinted
from the second London Edition of 1698 ... by Reuben Gold
Thwaites (Chicago, 1903). 2 vols.

Heward, Hugh. Journal (MS).

This is the journal of a trader who made a trip from Michigan by
way of the Chicago Portage to lower Illinois in 1790. The original
manuscript is owned by Mr. Clarence M. Burton of Detroit. There is
a verbatim copy of it in the Chicago Historical Society library.

[Hoffman, Charles Fenno]. _A Winter in the West._ By a New Yorker
(New York, 1835). 2d ed., 2 vols.

Contains a graphic description of the village of Chicago at the
time of the author's visit in the winter of 1834.

Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall. Autobiographical Sketch (MS).

Hubbard first visited Chicago as an employee of the American Fur
Company in 1818. With the development of the modern city in the
early thirties he became, and remained for half a century, one of
its prominent citizens. This manuscript deals with his early career
in the fur trade. It forms the basis of the published Life of
Hubbard.

----. _Incidents and Events in the Life of; Collected from Personal
Narratives and Other Sources and Arranged by His Nephew, Henry
E. Hamilton_ ([Chicago,] 1888).

This work, while written in the first person and largely drawn
from the Hubbard manuscript cited above, is not strictly an
autobiography, a fact sufficiently indicated by the title. Taken
as a whole it constitutes a valuable and graphic picture of the
methods of conducting the fur trade in the halcyon days of the
American Fur Company, and of the manner of life incident thereto.
It is of chief value to the present work for its account of the
passing of the Chicago Portage. A new edition of the work was
issued in Chicago in 1911 with the title _The Autobiography of
Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard: Pa-pa-ma-ta-be, "The Swift Walker."_

Hulbert, Archer Butler. _Portage Paths: the Keys of the Continent_
(Cleveland, 1903).

This work constitutes Vol. VII of the series "Historic Highways
of America."

Hull, William. _Memoirs of the Campaign of the Northwestern Army of
the United States, A.D. 1812._ In a series of letters addressed
to the citizens of the United States. With an appendix
containing a brief sketch of the Revolutionary services of the
author (Boston, 1824).

This work contains Hull's own exculpation to his countrymen for
his course in the campaign of 1812.

Hurlbut, Henry H. _Chicago Antiquities._ Comprising original items
and relations, letters, extracts, and notes pertaining to early
Chicago (Chicago, 1881).

A useful collection of source material, arranged in discursive
fashion, and of very uneven value.

----. _Father Marquette at Mackinaw and Chicago_.

Hutchins, Thomas. _A Topographical Description of Virginia,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina._ Reprinted from the
original edition of 1778; edited by Frederick Charles Hicks
(Cleveland, 1904).

Hyde, James Nevins. _Early Medical Chicago._ An historical sketch
of the first practitioners of medicine, with the present
faculties, and graduates since their organization, of the
medical colleges of Chicago (Chicago, 1879). Pamphlet.

This is No. 11 in the Fergus historical series. Of value for
its account of the cholera outbreak and the methods of treatment
employed at Chicago in 1832. Contains the only defense I have seen
of Surgeon Van Voorhis against the charge of cowardice made in
Kinzie's _Wau Bun_.

Illinois State Historical Library Collections (Springfield,
1903-11).

Illinois State Historical Society. _Transactions_ (Springfield,
1901-1911). Nos. 1-15.

Indian Office. Letter books and other documents (MS).

These comprise a great mass of manuscripts and records pertaining to the relations between the United States and the various Indian tribes preserved in the Pension Building at Washington. For the most part they have been used but little, if at all, by historical workers. Those which have proved of chief assistance in the preparation of the present work are the letter books and other records of the Department of Indian Trade. Among these are the daybook kept by Matthew Irwin as factor at Chicago, his petty ledger, the Chicago order book, and other volumes relating to the operations of the Chicago factory and of the government trading-house system in general.

Indiana Historical Society. _Publications_ (Indianapolis,
1895-1905), Vols. I-III.

James, James Alton. "Indian Diplomacy and Opening of the Revolution
in the West," in _Wisconsin State Historical Society,
Proceedings_, 1909, 125 ff.

----. "Some Problems of the Northwest in 1779," in Essays in
_American History, Dedicated to Frederick Jackson Turner_, Guy
Stanton Ford, editor (New York, 1910).

----. "The Significance of the Attack on St. Louis, 1780," in
_Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings_ for
1908-9, 199 ff.

----. "George Rogers Clark and Detroit 1780-1781," in Mississippi
Valley Historical Association Proceedings for 1910-11, 291 ff.

_Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_; Travels and Explorations
of the Jesuit missionaries in New France 1610-1791, Reuben Gold
Thwaites, editor (Cleveland, 1896-1901). 73 vols.

Valuable for the movements of the early missionary explorers and
their work among the Indians of the Northwest in the early French
period.

Johnston, William. "Notes of a Tour from Fort Wayne to Chicago,
1809." MS in Chicago Historical Society library.

A detailed description of the route between Fort Wayne and
Chicago, together with brief observations on Fort Dearborn and the
Chicago Portage. The MS is a copy, approximately contemporary, of
the original.

_Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789._ Edited from the
original records in the Library of Congress by Worthington
Chauncey Ford, Chief, Division of Manuscripts (Washington,
1904-10). 18 vols.

Keating, William H. _Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of
St. Peter's River, Lake Winnipeek, Lake of the Woods, etc,
etc._ Performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. John
C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command of Stephen H.
Long, Major, U.S. T.E. (Philadelphia, 1824). 2 vols.

The explorers passed through Chicago and the historian of the
expedition has left an unusually doleful description of the place
and of its prospects.

Kingsbury, Jacob. Papers (MS).

Kingsbury was an officer in the army in command of Detroit and
other northwestern posts at various times from 1804 to 1812,
and the officer first selected by the government to lead the
northwestern army in the campaign of 1812. His papers, in the
possession of the Chicago Historical Society, consist of letter
books, original letters, and other documents, and shed much light
upon conditions in the Northwest, particularly in the army, in this
period. The Library of Congress possesses three bound volumes of
Kingsbury's correspondence, but their contents are of comparatively
slight importance for the present work.

Kinzie, John. Genealogy of the Descendants of (MS).

This is a typewritten manuscript in the Chicago Historical
Society library, compiled by Mrs. Gordon, the granddaughter of
Kinzie. It deals only with the descendants of the trader's second,
or legitimate, family.

----. Family Genealogy (MS).

This is a portion of a lengthy typewritten genealogical record
of the Kinzie, Lytle, and other families of early Detroit owned by
Clarence M. Burton of Detroit. It was compiled by an advocate of
the claims to legitimacy of the offspring of Kinzie's first family,
and later submitted to the criticism of Mrs. Gordon, who believes
that her grandfather's first family was an illegitimate one.

[Kinzie, Mrs. John H.] _Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago,
August 15, 1812, and of Some Preceding Events_ (Chicago, 1844).
Pamphlet.

Aside from some scattered source material, this is the first
printed account of the massacre, and it constitutes the basis
of almost all the later accounts that have been written to the
present time. The author was a daughter-in-law of John Kinzie,
and her information was obtained chiefly from his wife and his
stepdaughter, the wife of Lieutenant Helm. The narrative is
fanciful and unreliable, yet because of the use made of it by later
writers a knowledge of it is now necessary to any understanding of
the literature pertaining to the Fort Dearborn massacre.

----. _Wau Bun, the "Early Day" of the Northwest._ New edition,
with an introduction by Reuben Gold Thwaites (Chicago, the
Caxton Club, 1901).

The first edition of this work appeared in 1856. The author
incorporated in it her earlier narrative of the Fort Dearborn
massacre. For the rest the work deals with her experience in
the West from 1830 to 1834, and with the early history of her
husband's family. Although from some points of view the work
possesses historical value, from the viewpoint of the present work
the judgment of a recent correspondent of the writer that it "is
interesting as fiction very slightly founded on fact, but worthless
as a work of history" is scarcely too severe.

Kirkland, Joseph. "The Chicago Massacre in 1812," in _Magazine of
American History_, XXVIII, 111 ff.

Kirkland interviewed Darius Heald in 1892, and this is his report
of the latter's narrative of the Chicago massacre as told by his
mother, Mrs. Rebekah Heald.

----. _The Chicago Massacre of 1812._ A historical and biographical
narrative of Fort Dearborn (now Chicago). How the fort and city
were begun, and who were the beginners (Chicago, 1893).

This little work was inspired by the author's rediscovery of the
Darius Heald-Rebekah Heald narrative of the massacre. In it he
strives to reconcile this narrative with that of Mrs. Kinzie in
_Wau Bun_.

Lahontan, Baron de. _New Voyages to North America_, Reuben Gold
Thwaites, editor (Chicago, 1905). 2 vols.

Latrobe, Charles Joseph. _The Rambler in North America, 1832-1833_
(London, 1835). 2 vols.

One of the best of the series of descriptions by foreigners of
their travels in the United States of which the first half of the
nineteenth century was so prolific. Contains a graphic description
of the scenes attending the negotiation of the Chicago Treaty of
1833, of which the author was an eye-witness.

Legler, Henry E. "Chevalier Henry de Tonty," in Parkman Club
Publications, No. 3. (Milwaukee, 1896).

A sympathetic and scholarly summary of Tonty's career in America.

McAfee, Robert B. _History of the Late War in the Western Country._
Comprising a full account of all the transactions in that
quarter, from the commencement of hostilities at Tippecanoe, to
the termination of the contest at New Orleans on the return of
peace (Lexington, Ky., 1816).

One of the best of the contemporary narratives of the War of
1812. Contains an account of the Fort Dearborn massacre drawn from
Sergeant Griffith, a participant.

McCoy, Isaac. _History of Baptist Indian Missions._ Embracing
remarks on the former and present condition of the aboriginal
Indian tribes; their settlement within the Indian Territory,
and their future prospects (Washington, 1840).

An account of the courageous and self-sacrificing labors of the
founder of Carey's Mission among the St. Joseph Pottawatomies.
Sheds some light on the Chicago Treaty of 1821.

McCulloch, David. _Early Days of Peoria and Chicago._ An address
read before the Chicago Historical Society at a quarterly
meeting held January 19, 1904 ([Chicago], n.d.). Pamphlet.

----. "Old Peoria," in _Illinois State Historical Society
Transactions_, 1901.

McLaughlin, Andrew C. "The Western Posts and the British Debts,"
in _American Historical Association, Annual Report for 1894_,
413-44 (Washington, 1895).

The standard study of this subject.

McMaster, John Bach. _A History of the People of the United States
from the Revolution to the Civil War_ (New York, 1891-1906).
Vols. I-VI.

Map: Bellin, M. _Carte de l'Amérique Septentrionale depuis le 28
degré de latitude jusqu'au 72._ Par M. Bellin, Ingénieur de la
marine et du depost des plans, ... (1755).

Shows an abandoned French post at Chicago.

Map: Homann, Johannes Baptista. _Totius Americae Septentrionalis
et Meridionalis, novissima representatio quam ex singulis
recentium geographorum tabulis collecta luci publicae
accommodavit_ (Nuremberg, [1700?]).

Shows La Salle's Fort Miami at Chicago.

Map: Moll, Herman. _Atlas Minor: or a New and Curious Set of
Sixty-two Maps, in Which Are Shown All the Empires, Kingdoms,
Countries, States in All the Known Parts of the Earth ..._
(London, n.d.).

Map: Popple, Henry. _A Map of the British Empire in America with
the French and Spanish Settlements Adjacent Thereto_ (London,
1733).

Map: Rocque, John. _A General Map of North America: in Which Is
Expressed the Several New Roads, Forts, Engagements, &c. Taken
from Actual Surveys and Observations Made in the Army Employed
There, from the Year 1754 to 1761;_ drawn by the late John
Rocque, topographer to his Majesty.

Margry, Pierre. _Découvertes et établissements des Français
dans l'ouest et dans le sud de l'Amérique Septentrionale
(1614-1754);_ mémoires et documents orignaux (Paris,
1876-1886). 6 vols.

The early volumes contain a mass of source material pertaining to
the work of La Salle in North America.

Martin. _Report of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court
of the State of Louisiana_, comprising Louisiana Term Reports
IV and V (New Orleans, 1852).

Contains the decision of the court in the case of _Kinzie and
Forsyth_ vs. _Jeffrey Nash_.

Mason, Edward G. _Chapters from Illinois History_ (Chicago, 1901).

Contains several charmingly written chapters on Illinois in the
early French period, based to a large extent on a study of the
original sources; a study of the Spanish expedition against St.
Joseph in 1781, which has until recently been regarded as the
standard treatment of the subject; and the address of Mason on the
occasion of the unveiling of the Fort Dearborn massacre monument.
The historical value of the latter study is much inferior to that
of the preceding ones.

----. "Early Visitors to Chicago," in _New England Magazine_
(Boston), new ser., VI, 188 ff.

Matson, N. _French and Indians of Illinois River_. 2d ed.
(Princeton, Ill., 1874).

----. _Memories of Shaubena with Incidents Relating to Indian Wars
and the Early Settlement of the West_ (Chicago, 1890).

----. _Pioneers of Illinois_. Containing a series of sketches
relating to events that occurred previous to 1813, ... drawn
from history, tradition, and personal reminiscences (Chicago,
1882).

The author of these three works was an Illinois pioneer possessed
of more zeal for preserving the history of early Illinois than
he was of critical insight. Despite the advantage he enjoyed of
personal acquaintance and contact with many of the characters
treated in his works, but little confidence can be had in the
accuracy of his statements, while it is often obvious that they
have no tangible basis in fact.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. _Collections and
Researches_ (Lansing, 1887-1910). Vols. I-XXXVIII.

This series contains a vast number of documents, indifferently
edited for the most part, bearing on the history of the Northwest.

_Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceeding_s (Cedar
Rapids, 1909-12). Vols. I-IV.

The volumes in this new series are ably edited and their
contents, relating to the history of the Mississippi Valley region,
are in general of a high order of excellence.

_Missouri Historical Review_ (Columbia, 1907-12). Vols. I-VI.

Moses, John. _Illinois, Historical and Statistical._ Comprising
the essential facts of its planting and growth as a province,
county, territory, and state ... (Chicago, 1889). 2 vols.

Neville, Ella Hoes, Sarah Greene Martin, and Deborah Beaumont
Martin. _Historic Green Bay, 1634-1840_ (Green Bay, Wis., 1893).

_Niles' Register ..._ (Baltimore), 1811-49. 76 vols.

O'Callaghan, E. B. (editor). _Documents Relative to the Colonial
History of the State of New York_ (Albany. 1853-58). 10 vols.

Parkman, Francis. _A Half-Century of Conflict_ (Boston, 1897). 2
vols.

This covers the first half of the eighteenth century, and
includes an extensive account of the Fox wars. The series to
which the work belongs has long ranked as a classic in American
historical literature, yet the account of the Fox wars is now
obsolete in many respects, and requires rewriting in the light of
the mass of documents brought to light since Parkman's work was
done.

----. _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_ (Boston,
1897). 2 vols.

This work still remains the standard authority on the subject
treated.

----. _The Conspiracy of Pontiac_ (Boston, 1897).

Some of the conclusions expressed in this work have been
challenged by Hebberd (Wisconsin under the Dominion of France), and
other writers.

Peyster, Arent Schuyler de. _Miscellanies by an Officer_ (Dumfries,
1813).

A reprint of the original edition of this work has been issued
under the editorship of J. Watts de Peyster (New York, 1888).

Polk, James K. _The Diary of James K. Polk during His Presidency,
1845 to 1849_ ... Edited and Annotated by Milo Milton Quaife
... (Chicago, 1910). 4 vols.

This constitutes Vols. VI to IX inclusive of the Chicago
Historical Society Collections.

Porter, Rev. Jeremiah. _The Earliest Religious History of Chicago_.
An address before the Chicago Historical Society in 1859
(Chicago, 1881). Pamphlet.

This work is No. 14 in the Fergus Historical Series.

Porter, Mary H. _Eliza Chappell Porter_. A Memoir (Chicago, 1892).

Quaife, Milo Milton. "Some Notes on the Fort Dearborn Massacre,"
in _Mississippi Valley Historical Association Proceedings_ for
1910-11, 112 ff.

A critical estimate of the printed accounts of the Fort Dearborn
massacre, more particularly of Mrs. Kinzie's _Wau Bun_.

Reynolds, John. _The Pioneer History of Illinois_. Containing the
discovery in 1673, and the history of the country to the year
1818, when the state government was organized. 2d ed., with
portraits, notes, and a complete index (Chicago, 1887).

Roosevelt, Theodore. _The Winning of the West_ (New York, 1889-96).
4 vols.

Vols. Ill and IV of this work contain a good account of the Indian
troubles in the Northwest and the campaigns of Harmar, St.
Clair, and Wayne in the opening years of the new national
government.

Schoolcraft, Henry R. _Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit
Northwest through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the
Sources of the Mississippi River in the Year 1820_ (Albany,
1821).

This volume has a second title-page with a somewhat longer title.
The author was an observer of more than usual intelligence and zeal
who spent a great many years in the Northwest as Indian agent at
Sault Ste. Marie and Mackinac. The expedition described in this
volume was sent out by the government under the leadership of Lewis
Cass. The Journal contains a description of Chicago in 1820 and an
account of the massacre based in part on information obtained from
John Kinzie.

----. _Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the
Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820: Resumed and Completed
by the Discovery of Its Origin in Itasca Lake, in 1832 ..._
(Philadelphia, 1855).