Chapter XII: Foreword: To New Edition 352

Adler's views more fully discussed--The psychological events
of the war force the problems of the unconscious on society--The
psychology of individuals corresponds to the psychology of nations.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES 354

I. THE BEGINNING OF PSYCHOANALYSIS

The evolution of psychology--How little it has had to offer
to the psychiatrist till Freud's discoveries--The origin and
reception of psychoanalysis--The prejudiced attitude of certain
physicians--Freud's view that his best work arouses greatest
resistances--The Nancy School--Breuer's first case--"The talking
cure"--The English "shock theory"--Followed by the trauma
theory--Discussion of predisposition--Author's case of hysteria
following fright from horses--The pathogenic importance of the
hidden erotic conflict.

II. THE SEXUAL THEORY 367

Humanity evolves its own restrictions on sexuality for the
sake of the advance of civilisation--The presence of a grave
sexual problem testifies to the need of more differentiated
conceptions--The erotic conflict largely unconscious--Neurosis
represents the unsuccessful attempt of the individual to solve
the problem in his own case--To understand the idea of the
dream as a wish-fulfilment the manifest and latent content must
be taken in review--The nature of unconscious wishes--Dream
analysis leads to the deepest recesses of the unconscious--The
analyst compared to the accoucheur--The highest development
of the individual is sometimes in complete conflict with the
herd-morality--Psychoanalysis provides the patient with a
philosophy of life founded upon insight--Man has within himself
the essence of morals--Both the moral and immoral man must accept
the corrective of the unconscious--Our sexual morality too
undifferentiated--Freud's sexual theory right to a point but too
one-sided.

III. THE OTHER VIEWPOINT: THE WILL TO POWER 381

The superman--Nietzsche's failure to justify his theories by
his life--His view also too one-sided--Adler's theory of neurosis
founded upon the principle of power--Case of hysteria discussed
from the standpoint of unconscious motivation.

IV. THE TWO TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGY 391

Thinking the natural adaptive function for introvert,
feeling for the extrovert--The sexual theory promulgated from
the standpoint of feeling, the power theory from that of
thought--Criticism of both theories indispensable--Symptoms of
neurosis are aims at a new synthesis of life--Definition of
positive value as energy in a useful form--In neurosis energy
is located in an inferior form--Sublimation a transference of
sexual energy to another sphere--Destiny often frustrates purely
rational sublimations--Rationalism, the world-war an example of
its breakdown--So-called "disposable energy"--Case of American
business-man--The types have different problems--The feelings of
the introvert relatively conventional and undifferentiated--The
thinking of the extrovert colourless and dry--The types apt to
marry, but not to understand one another--The theories of the
types led to a new theory of psychogenic disturbances--Neurosis
postulates the existence of an unconscious conflict--New theory
declares it to lie between the natural conscious function and the
repressed undifferentiated co-function--Repressed feelings of
introvert projected as vague physical symptoms--Repressed thought
of extrovert projected as hysterical symptoms--In analysis the
libido liberated from the unconscious phantasies is projected on
to the physician--It finds its way into the transference, which in
turn is dissolved--The new channel for the libido is already found.

V. THE PERSONAL AND THE IMPERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS 408

Transference a projection of unconscious contents on to
the physician--Contents of the unconscious at first personal,
later impersonal--Primordial images--A differentiation of the
unconscious contents necessary--The deepest layers are now
designated impersonal, absolute, collective, or super-personal--The
libido now liberated in analysis sinks down into the unconscious,
reviving original "thought-feelings"--Example in Mayer's idea of
conservation of energy--The world-wide existence of the primordial
images--The concept of God--Enantiodromia, the world-war an example
of this--In analysis the pairs of opposites are torn asunder--This
necessitates that patients learn to differentiate between the ego
and non-ego.

VI. THE SYNTHETIC OR CONSTRUCTIVE METHOD 417

The transcendental function, a new way of regarding the
psychological materials as a bridge between the two sides of the
psyche--Example of method of synthesis of symbols of absolute
unconscious--Dream of the crab.

VII. ANALYTICAL (CAUSAL-REDUCTIVE) INTERPRETATION 419

The unconscious homosexual tendencies--The causal-reductive
method does not strictly follow the patient's own
associations--It does not interpret the dream as subjective
phenomenon--Interpretation on both objective and subjective planes
necessary.

VIII. THE SYNTHETIC (CONSTRUCTIVE) INTERPRETATION 422

Homosexuality in this case an unconscious defence against
acceptance of "more dangerous" tendencies--Fascination an
unconscious compulsion--"Identifications" have power so long as
they remain unconscious--Union of subjective and objective view of
dream gives its full meaning.

IX. THE DOMINANTS OF THE SUPER-PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS 426

Projection in relation to transference--Projection of certain
attributes not explicable on the ground of personal contents, but
must be referred to the super-personal--Collective unconscious
is sediment of all the experience of the universe throughout
time--Certain features that have become prominent, _e.g._ gods
and demons, are called "dominants" and have a character of
universal psychological truth--These dominants become conscious
as projections, explaining infatuations, incompatibilities,
unconscious conflicts, etc.--The "magical demon" is the most
primitive concept of God--Analysis traces home these projections
to the non-ego--Fear belongs to the dominants of the collective
unconscious--The next step is the detachment of these projections
from the objects of consciousness--This liberates energy for
further progress--The transcendental function--The hero-myth
symbolises this differentiation of ego from non-ego.

X. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TYPES OF INTROVERSION AND EXTROVERSION 437

The types apprehend life by opposite methods--All psychic
images have two sides, one directed towards the object, the
other towards the soul (idea)--The feelings of the introvert
are under repression, the thoughts of the extrovert--Analytical
development of the unconscious brings out the secondary function
in each type--The pairs of opposites being thus demonstrated need
for synthesis arises--This is a compensatory process leading to
enrichment of the individual.

XI. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE THERAPY 441

The unconscious is a source of danger when the individual
is not at one with it--It also creates harmonious prospective
combinations which can be an effective source of wisdom for the
individual--The use of the phantasies in conjunction with conscious
elaboration is the transcendental function--Not every individual
passes through all the stages described--For some the end of
analysis is reached when the cure is achieved--Others are under a
moral necessity to reach a full psychological development.

CONCLUSION 443