Chapter III: Introduction: Theory. Utility. Bibliographical Terms (1)

This lesson is intended to make clear to the student the derivation and meaning of the words bibliography and bibliographer, in their original and present use. The aims of bibliography. What is the ideal in bibliographical work? The different kinds of bibliographies in print. The standards of bibliographical work. The value and uses of bibliography in the library profession. Bibliographical terms. An index of the Latin names of towns in which printing was established during the fifteenth century, with their vernacular equivalents will be found on pp. _43-50_ of Peddie’s “Fifteenth-century books” and on pp. _163-172_ of Brown’s “Manual of practical bibliography.”

_Note._--Such subjects as the histories of printing, paper-making, bookbinding, authorship, etc., do not come within the province of modern practical bibliography.

READING LIST.

Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _pp. 1-20; 157-162._

Brown--Practical bibliography. _L. (New Series). Vol. 4, 1903, pp. 144-151. Reply by A. W. Pollard, pp. 151-162._

Campbell--The bibliography of the future. _1895._

Campbell--Theory of national and international bibliography. _Library Bureau. 1896. 10s. 6d._

Duff--Early printed books. _Books about Books. K. Paul. 1893, pp. 201-205._

Clarke--Some points in practical bibliography. _L.A.R. Vol. 6. 1904, pp. 192-205._

Encyclopædia Britannica.--Articles _Bibliography_; _Book_.

Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _Chap. 10, pp. 125-134._

Feipel--Elements of bibliography. _Chicago, 1916. Passim._

Ferguson--Some aspects of bibliography. _Johnstone: Edinburgh, 1900, pp. 1-52 (Should be read after Mudge’s book)._

Greg--What is bibliography? _Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 12, 1911-13, pp. 39-53._

Guppy--Science of bibliography and what it embraces. _L.A.R. Vol 2, 1900, pp. 171-175._

Horne--An introduction to the study of bibliography. _2 vols. Cadell and Davies, 1814. Early chapters._

Keogh--Practical bibliographies. _A.L.A. Bulletin. Vol. 1, 1907, pp. 35-39._

Jacobi--Some notes on books and printing. _pp. 83-96._

Moth--Technical terms used in bibliographies, and by the book and printing trades. _Boston Book Co._: Boston, _1915. 10s._

Mudge--Bibliography. _(Preprint of Manual of library economy, Chapter 24.) This is a splendid introduction to modern practical bibliography, bringing in the derivation, present meaning, kinds of bibliography, etc._

Murray--Bibliography: its scope and methods. _Maclehose, 1917. pp. 1-20; 51-58._

Parsons--Introduction to elementary bibliography. _London, 1913. Also in L. & B. W. Vol 3, 1912, pp. 43-47._

Peddie--The bases of bibliographical research. _L.W. Vol. 25, 1922-23, pp. 329-331._

Spofford--A book for all readers. _Putnam: New York, 1905. Chap. 27, pp. 459-500._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ What is bibliography? Compare the original meaning of the term with that of to-day.

_2._ There are certain standards by which the reference value of bibliographies is judged: What do these standards relate to?

_3._ Define the following terms:--bibliographer; codex; colophon; edition de luxe; format; grangerizing; index expurgatorius; incunabula; recto; signatures; octavo; cliché; bowdlerize.

_4._ Give an account of the value of bibliography to the library profession.

_5._ Printed bibliographies fall naturally into recognised classes. Name four of these classes.

_6._ Discuss the field of bibliographical work for local bibliographical societies.

_Lesson 2._

IRREGULARITIES IN THE MAKE UP OF BOOKS. COLLATION. PARTS OF A MODERN BOOK. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION.

The student should note carefully the various meanings of the word “collation,” especially in relation to bibliography as distinct from cataloguing. Why early printed books often resembled manuscripts. Early books had no title pages. Irregularities to be found in the make up of early printed books. Bibliographical information usually found in the colophon. Title pages appeared about 1480. For printers’ marks or devices, the student is advised to consult McKerrow’s “Printers’ and publishers’ devices in England and Scotland, _1485-1640_”; Plomer’s “English printers’ ornaments,” or “Printers’ marks,” _1893_, by W. Roberts. Note the importance of the value of date and place of publication. Why early printed books were not paged. How they should be collated by the aid of watermarks, catchwords, signatures, etc. Numbered pages began about 1470. Parts of a modern book: half-title, title page, dedication, preface, table of contents, list of plates or illustrations, errata, text, notes, appendices, index, and printer’s colophon. Sometimes a frontispiece may be found between the half and full title page. Difficulties in ascertaining if a book is perfect. Note the difference between a new issue, a reprint, and a new edition. Why prefatory pages, or introductory matter are separately numbered in Roman numerals. Catchwords were introduced in 1469 as a guide to the binder. Signatures also used as a guide to the binder. How the sizes of books are determined by the number of folds into which certain sheets of paper are divided. It is very important for the student to understand the different forms of bibliographical description and to distinguish the early forms from that applied to present day work. For this reason the entries in the standard bibliographies should be noted and compared.

READING LIST.

Aldis--The printed book. _Cambridge Univ. Press, 1916, pp. 1-27._

Blades--On signatures in old books. _L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 121-131._

Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _pp. 21-58; 87-97._

Clarke--The modern book. _L.A. Vol. 7, 1910, pp. 266-270._

Coupland--Irregularities in the make-up of early printed books. _L.W. Vol. 16, 1913-14, pp. 118-119._

Davenport--The book: its history and development. _pp. 30-33; 64-76._

Duff--Early printed books. _pp. 206-212._

Edmond--Suggestions for the description of books printed between _1501-1640. L.A.R. Vol. 3, 1901, pp. 133-142._

Encyclopædia Britannica. Articles _Bibliography_; _Collation_.

Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _Chap. 3, pp. 25-39._

Garnett--Some colophons of the early printers. _L. Vol. 2, 1890, pp. 125-132._

Jacobi--Some notes on books and printing. _Chap. 6. pp. 62-65._

McKerrow--Printers’ and publishers’ devices in England and Scotland. _1485-1640. (Illus. Monographs No. 16). Bibliographical Society, 1913._

McKerrow--Note on variations in certain copies of the “Return of Pasquil.” _L. (New Series). Vol. 4, 1903, pp. 384-391._

McKerrow--Notes on bibliographical evidence. _Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 12, 1911-13, pp. 237-306._

Madan--Degressive bibliographies. _Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 9, 1906-08, pp. 53-65._

Madan--Method in bibliography. _Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol 1, 1892-3, pp. 91-96._

Parsons--Introduction to elementary bibliography. _Also in L. & B. W. Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 47-50._

Plomer--English printers’ ornaments. _1924. Grafton, £2 2s._

Pollard--Objects and methods of bibliographical collations and descriptions. _L. (New Series). Vol. 8, 1907, pp. 209-217._

Pollard--An essay on colophons. _1905._

Pollard--Last words on the history of the title page, with notes on some colophons and 27 facsimiles of title pages. _1891._

Pollard _and_ Greg--Some points in bibliographical descriptions. _Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 9. 1906-08, pp. 31-52._

Powell--Publishers and publishing. _L.A.R. Vol. 4, 1902, pp. 590-601._

Proctor--Notes on signatures. _L. Vol. 3, 1891, pp. 177-180; 267-269._

Rawlings--The story of books. _Hodder & Stoughton. Chap. 15, pp. 159-164._

Roberts--Printers’ marks. _1893._

Sharp--Practical bibliography. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 298-302._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ The early printers were responsible for many inconsistencies and irregularities in the make-up of their books. Explain, giving examples.

_2._ Why are blank pages often found in the middle of the text in early printed books?

_3._ Sketch the relative positions of watermarks or wire-lines in books of different sizes, and state how a watermark may be used in book collation.

_4._ Make out an entry of a modern book (which may be imaginary) comprising every bibliographical detail necessary to describe it completely, and give reasons for the particular order adopted.

_5._ Give an account of the evolution of the title page.

_Lesson 3._

ESSENTIALS OF GOOD BOOK PRODUCTION.

PRINTING. TYPOGRAPHY. PRESSWORK.

The essentials of good printing include a good, firm, clean and sharp impression with a really good black ink. The student must be able to recognise the difference between good and bad type. The two most important factors of modern book production are the selection of suitable type and the precise format of the page when the size of the volume is given. Note the various founts of type. Classes of type, sizes, and the point system, methods of composition, type-casting and type-setting machines, _e.g._, monotype, linotype, and others. Stereotype work. Methods of mounting plates for printing. Different kinds of stereotype and electrotype plates. Hand-press work. Kinds of presses used. The student should endeavour to examine Stanley Morison’s “Modern fine printing: an exhibit of printing issued in England, the United States of America, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Czecho-Slovakia, Holland and Sweden during the twentieth century and with few exceptions since the outbreak of the war.” _Benn, 1925. £13 2s. 6d._ and _his_ “Four centuries of fine printing: upwards of six hundred examples of the work of presses established during the years _1500-1914_.” _Benn, 1924. £11 0s. 6d._ These two books are beautiful examples of fine printing, and will probably be found in most of our large Public Libraries.

READING LIST.

Aldis--The printed book. _Chaps. 6 and 7, pp. 57-91._

British Museum Guide to the exhibition of printed books.

Davenport--The book: its history and development. _Chap. 4, pp. 85-101._

Encyclopædia Britannica--Articles _Typography_, _Printing_.

Hitchcock, _editor_.--The building of a book. _pp. 25-76; 99-138._

Hodges--The printing press: its place in librarianship. _L.A. Vol. 17, 1924, pp. 68-71; 97-102._

Jacobi--Printing. _Passim, with special attention devoted to Chaps. 1, 16 and 21._

Jacobi--Some notes on books and printing. _Chap. 3, pp. 27-39._

Legros _and_ Grant--Typographical printing surfaces: the technology and mechanism of their production. _Longmans Green, 1916. 42s._ _Passim._

Meynell--Typography. The written word and the printed word. Some tests for types. Concerning printers’ flowers. The pioneer work of the Pelican Press. The points of a well-made book. A glossary of printers’ terms. Type specimens. A display of borders and initials. _The Pelican Press, 1923. 7s 6d._ _Passim._

Morison--On type faces: examples of the use of type for the printing of books. _The Medici Society, 1923. 30s._ _Passim._

Plomer--The history of printing, _1476-1898. The English Bookman’s Library. K. Paul, 1900._ _Passim._

Report of the Committee appointed to select the best faces of type and modes of display for Government printing, _1922. H.M.S.O. 4s. also_ Note on the legibility of printed matter, prepared by M. A. Legros. _1922. H.M.S.O. 1s. 6d._

Sharp--Practical bibliography. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 327-330._

Times Printing Number (The)--Reprinted from the 40,000 issue of _The Times_, Tuesday, September _10_th, _1912. Times Office, 1913. 6s._ Articles _Stereotyping_; _Composition_; _Typography_.

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Name three methods of moulding plates for printing purposes.

_2._ Give six essential features of good type.

_3._ What is the best style of type face for book work? State your reasons for your preference.

_4._ Give an account of the use of the matrix in type-founding.

_5._ Define the following terms:--stereotyping; ligature; sans serif; forme; quoins; shorts; point system; italics; large paper; black letter.

_Lesson 4._

PAPER.

The student should know how to distinguish the difference between papyrus, parchment, vellum and paper. The article “paper” in the Encyclopædia Britannica will be quite sufficient for the history of its use and introduction into Europe. English paper-making dates from the fifteenth century. The manufacture of paper must be closely followed, first, the materials, then, their reduction to the pulp, the conversion of the pulp into paper, and finally the finishing. How to tell the difference between hand-made and machine made paper, by wire marks, deckle edge, colour, tear and rougher side. The effect of the “dandy roll” on “wove” and “laid” paper. Chain lines. Essentials of first class manufacture. The merits and defects of different kinds of paper. Antique, India, art, imitation art, Japanese vellum, super-calendar, etc.

READING LIST.

Blades--Paper and paper marks. _L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 217-223._

Chivers--Paper and binding of lending library books. _L.J. Vol. 34, 1909, pp. 350-354._

Chivers--The paper of lending library books, with some remarks on their bindings. _Illus. Chivers, 1910._ _Passim._

Coutts _and_ Stephen--Library bookbinding. _Grafton, 1911. 7s. 6d. Chaps. 5 and 6, pp. 62-82._

Davenport--The book: its history and development. _Chap. 3, pp. 62-84._

Encyclopædia Britannica--Article _Paper_.

Hitchcock, _editor_.--The building of a book. _pp. 89-98._

Jenkins--Paper making in England (_1495-1714_). _L.A.R. Vol. 2, 1900, pp. 479-488; 577-588. Vol. 3, 1901, pp. 239-251._

Jacobi--Printing. _Chap. 32, pp. 328-339, and samples of paper found at the end of the book._

Jacobi--Some notes on books and printing. _Chap. 5, pp. 56-61 and samples of paper found at the end of the book._

Library Association Book Production Committee--Interim Report, _1913_.

Madan--Books in manuscript, their study and use. _K. Paul, 1893. 6s. pp. 6-12._

Maddox--Paper: its history, sources and manufacture. _Pitman, 1916._ _Passim._

Sindall--Manufacture of paper. _Westminster Series. Constable, 1908._ _Passim._

Sindall--Physical qualities of paper. _L.A.R. Vol. 10. 1908, pp. 24-35; 60-62._

Sindall--Manufacture of wood pulp for paper making. _L.A.R. Vol. 10, 1908, pp. 336-341._

Times Printing Number (The)--Articles _Hand-made paper_; _Modern printing papers_; _Wood pulp._

Williams--_In_ Manual of book selection, _Appendix 2. Notes on paper making, pp. 93-103._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Give the essential and outstanding requirements of a modern book paper.

_2._ The strength of a paper is determined by the constitution and structure of the fibrous elements of which it is composed. Explain.

_3._ What substances are now principally used in paper-making? State the qualities of the different papers.

_4._ What should be the requirements in the paper for a book of reference of over 1,000 pages?

_5._ What is a featherweight paper?

_Lesson 5._

INK.

The process of making printing ink consists of grinding a pigment, black, white, or coloured, into a suitable varnish. Pigment is responsible for making the impression visible. Varnish responsible for the holding together of the pigment during its distribution on the press to the type. The different kinds of ink. The ingredients of good printing inks. Its stages of manufacture. Ink used for book work must be of the best quality. Hand-press requires different kind of ink to that used in machine presses. “Jobbing ink.” “Cut ink.”

READING LIST.

Andes--Oil colours and printers’ inks. _Scott Greenwood, 1918._ _Passim._

Encylopædia Britannica--Article _Ink_.

Hitchcock, _editor_--The building of a book. _pp. 139-143._

Jacobi--Printing. _Chap. 19, pp. 214-217._

Mitchell--Ink. _Pitman._ _Passim._

Seymour--Modern printing inks: a practical handbook for printing-ink manufacturers. _Scott Greenwood, 1910._ _Passim._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Define the difference between printing inks and writing inks.

_2._ Give the ingredients of a good printing ink to be used for book work.

_3._ Explain the following terms:--coloured inks; cut ink; copying inks; sympathetic inks; printers’ inks.

_4._ How is the impression conditioned by the flow of the ink?

_Lesson 6._

BOOK ILLUSTRATION.

The illustration of books began before the invention of printing, and the purpose of illustration is to carry the spirit of action rather than to serve as a basis for deft expression of technical skill. Illustrations are pictorial matter (plates, diagrams, etc.) generally used for the purpose of elucidating the text, the object being to enable the reader to obtain a better grasp and a more realistic view of the subject which the author would seek to present whether in connection with science, travel, or fiction. Illustrations make clearer to the imagination their stories and their songs by reflecting manners of life, interests and pursuits in a way that brightens what would otherwise often be commonplace.

The student will be expected to know the purpose of book illustration. The merits and defects of different methods of illustrations now in use. The hand processes include;--in relief, intaglio, flat surface. Photographic processes:--in relief, intaglio, and flat surface. The colour processes. The need for really good blocks. Students are recommended to purchase the booklet issued by the British Museum at 6d. and entitled “A guide to the processes and schools of engraving.” _2nd edition, 1923._

READING LIST.

Aldis--The printed book. _Chap. 8, pp. 92-113._

Coupland--Methods of book illustration. _L.W. Vol. 15, 1912-13, pp. 356-362._

Davenport--The book: its history and development. _Chap. 5, pp. 102-140._

Crane--Of the decorative illustrations of books. _2nd edition. Bell, 1901. 6s._ _Passim._

Encyclopædia Britannica--Articles _Illustration_; _Process and under the various methods_.

Fay _and_ Eaton--The use of books and libraries. _Chap. 11, pp. 156-162._

Hitchcock, _editor_--The building of a book. _pp. 154-215._

Hardie--English coloured books. _Connoisseurs’ Library. Methuen, 1906. 25s._ _Passim._

Jacobi--Printing. _Chaps. 22-24. pp. 236-253._

Jacobi--Some notes on books and printing. _Chap. 4, pp. 40-55._

Jennings--Early wood-cut initials. _Methuen, 1908. 21s._ _Passim._

Pennell--Modern illustration. _Ex Libris Series. Bell & Sons, 1895. 10s. 6d._ _Passim._

Pennell--The illustration of books. _T. F. Unwin, 1896. 3s. 6d._ _Passim._

Pollard--Early illustrated books. _Books about Books. K. Paul, 1893._ _Passim._

Sharp--Practical bibliography. _L.W. Vol 13, 1910-11, pp. 333-336._

Sketchley--English book illustration of to-day. _K. Paul, 1903. 10s. 6d._ _Passim._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Define the objects of book illustration.

_2._ What in your opinion is the best method of book illustration?

_3._ Name the different methods of book illustration in use at the present day, and draw special attention to their respective merits and defects.

_4._ What has been the effect upon book-papers of the introduction of the “half-tone” method of illustration?

_5._ Give a brief account of the technical development of modern book illustration.

_Lesson 7._

BOOKBINDING.

It is not necessary for the student to devote much time to the historical side of the subject if he intends taking the Library Association Examination. It is to the practical side that most attention must be given. It is essential to possess an elementary knowledge of binding, with special attention given to library bookbinding. The processes, hand and machine bookbinding and their relation to library bookbinding must be noticed. The principal qualities for a library binding are: flexibility, strength and durability, solidity, good materials, neatness, lightness, cheapness, and suitability of style. These qualities should be carefully followed, and the materials must be considered. How the quality of paper affects the binding. The pro and con of home binderies, and finally tenders and specifications.

READING LIST.

Aldis--The printed book. _Chap. 9, pp. 114-135._

American Library Association--Binding for small libraries: suggestions prepared by the A.L.A. Committee on Bookbinding. _1915. 25c._

Bailey--Library bookbinding. _H. W. Wilson Co.: New York. 1916._ _Passim._

Bliss--Better bookbinding for libraries. _L.J. Vol. 30, 1905, pp. 849-857. Also in P.L. Vol. 11, 1906, pp. 294-9._

Chivers--Relative value of leathers and other binding materials. _Illus. Chivers, 1911._ _Passim._ _Also in L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 415-430._

Cochrane--Costing data in bookbinding. _L.W. Vol. 25, 1922-23, pp. 345-347._

Cockerell--Bookbinding, and the care of books. _4th edition. Pitman, 1923. 10s. 6d. First published 1901._ _Passim._

Coutts _and_ Stephen--Manual of library bookbinding. _Passim._ _The best book on the subject for the library assistant._

Dana--Lettering the backs of books when rebound for libraries. _P.L. Vol. 12, 1907, pp. 306-307._

Dana--Notes on bookbinding for libraries. _Latest edition._ _Passim._

Davenport--The book: its history and development. _Chaps. 2, 7, 8 and 9, pp. 26-61, 169-180, 181-204, 205-243._

Encyclopædia Britannica--Article _Bookbinding_.

Hitchcock, _editor_--The building of a book. _pp. 216-256._

Jacobi--Some notes on books and printing. _Chap. 7, pp. 66-69._

Library Association--Interim report on book production.

Library Association. _Sound Leather Committee._--Leather for libraries, by E. W. Hulme and others. _Library Supply Co., 1905._ _Passim._

Society of Arts.--Report of the Committee on leather for bookbinding. _G. Bell & Sons, 1905. First published 1901._ _Passim._

Spofford--A book for all readers. _Chap. 3, pp. 50-87._

Stephen--Edition binding. _L.A. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 326-330._

Stephen--Machine book sewing, with remarks on publishers’ binding. _Library Association, 1908. 6d. Also in L.A.R. Vol. 10, 1908; pp. 261-280._

Stephen--Notes on materials for library bookbinding. _L.A. Vol. 5, 1905-07, pp. 143-146; 162-164._

Stephen--Publishers’ bindings. _L.A.R. Vol. 12, 1910. pp. 9-13._

Stephen--Commercial bookbinding. _Stonehill. 7s. 6d._ _Passim._

Times Printing Number--Article _Bookbinding_.

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Discuss the values and uses of the following binding materials:--pigskin, rexine, cloth, buckram, morocco, calf.

_2._ Discuss the merits or demerits of three leathers suitable for library bookbinding. State which you consider the best.

_3._ Can you name any library which has a binding establishment of its own? Give some idea of the initial cost and upkeep of such an establishment.

_4._ Describe the essential features which you consider necessary for the binding of a book for the public lending library.

_5._ Define the following terms:--re-inforced; tipping; head-band; kettle-stitch; bleed; blind-tooling; marbling; plough; hollow-back; forwarding.

_Lesson 8._

COMPILATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

Principles of arrangement, will differ with each type of bibliography. Six methods of arrangement. An author bibliography best arranged chronologically by dates of publication, supplemented with subject and title indexes. For a subject bibliography the best arrangement may be classified, with an alphabetical index to authors and subjects. The best bibliography is arranged and indexed so that its contents may be found from the point of view of author, title, subject, place, or personal names. The student should examine as many bibliographies as possible, and note their arrangements. He should also possess a thorough knowledge of the practical methods of compiling bibliographies.

READING LIST.

American Library Association and Library Association--Code of cataloguing rules. _Passim._

Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _Chaps. 5 and 6, pp. 45-86; 99-111._

Cole--Compiling a bibliography: practical hints; with illustrative examples. _New York, 1902. 20 pp. Also in L.J. Vol. 26, 1901 pp. 791-795; 859-863._

Coupland--Arrangement and compilation of bibliographies. _L.W. Vol. 15, 1912-13, pp. 180-185._

Guppy--Wigan and county bibliographies. _L.A.R. Vol 3, 1925 (New series), pp. 94-102._

Greg--What is bibliography? _In Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 12, 1911-13, pp. 39-53._

Hysett--County bibliography. _In Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 3, 1895-6, pp. 27-40; 167-170. Parts 1 and 2._

Madan--Method in bibliography. _In Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 1, 1892-3, pp. 91-103._

Murray--Bibliography: its scope and methods. _pp. 78-97._

Parsons--Introduction to elementary bibliography. _L. & B. W. Vol. 3, 1912, pp. 84-88._

Peddie--The bases of bibliographical research. _L.W. Vol. 25, 1922-23, pp. 348-350._

Peplow--Some tentative proposals for the compilation of a catalogue of best books. _L.A.R. Vol. II, 1909, pp. 222-228. Discussion pp. 245-249._

Pollard--Arrangement of bibliographies. _L. (New series.) Vol. 10, 1909, pp. 168-187._

Sharp--Practical bibliography. _L.W. Vol. 13, 1910-11, pp. 377-380._

Sparke--Town bibliographies. _L.A.R. Vol. 15, 1913, pp. 366-371._

Stephen--Norfolk bibliography. _L.A.R. Vol. 22, 1920, pp. 352-364._

Wheatley--The present condition of English bibliography. _In Trans. Bib. Soc. Vol. 1, 1892-3, pp. 61-102. (Model author bibliography is appended)._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ What principles would you consider before setting to work on the compilation of a bibliography?

_2._ State briefly the different methods of compiling bibliographies.

_3._ Arrange the form headings you would use in compiling a bibliography of Shakespeare.

_4._ Discuss the value and method of the preparation of a county bibliography.

_5._ Give three examples (which may be imaginary) of the ideal bibliographical entries for a subject bibliography.

_6._ Describe generally the plan, contents, and aim of the two following books:--

Sparke (Archibald)--Bibliographia Boltoniensis: being a bibliography, with biographical details, of Bolton authors, and the books written by them from 1550-_1912_; books about Bolton; and those printed and published in the town from _1785_ to date. Bolton, _1913_.

_and_

Hawkes (A. J.)--Lancashire printed books: a bibliography of all the books printed in Lancashire down to the year _1800_. Wigan, _1925_.

TEST EXAMINATION.

_Questions to be answered without the aid of text-books, notes, etc._

_1._ Bibliography is now considered from two standpoints: the practical and utilitarian; or, the historical and dilettante. Explain.

_2._ By what means would you check a quarto book printed before 1750 to ascertain if it is complete?

_3._ The _Kelmscott Press_ publications, though beautiful specimens of artistic design applied to typography are at fault from the utility point of view. Explain.

_4._ State the essentials of good press-work.

_5._ What are the chief properties of modern book paper?

_6._ Why is the fibrous direction of paper important to book-work?

_7._ Explain the difference between “edition” and “library” binding.

_8._ What details should be specified in a full bibliographical description of an early printed book?

_9._ What principles should be observed in the annotation of bibliographies?

_10._ How would you proceed in compiling “a bibliography of guides to book selection since 1900?”

FACTORS AND NOTES RELATING TO PRACTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(_1_) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE WORD BIBLIOGRAPHY?

Bibliography derives its name from two Greek words, which translated literally mean “the writing of books.” This meaning was originally adopted in the English language, the first recorded use of which in English is found in Blount’s “Dictionary” (_1656_), but with the growth of literature and consequent output of books, the connotation of the term increased rapidly, and rendered the original definition obsolete.

The number of sciences included in the term “bibliography” probably reached its zenith with Gabriel Peignot, a noted French bibliographer of the last century. In his enthusiasm for the subject he arrogated to bibliography a knowledge of such subjects as philosophy, logic, philology, history, mathematics, geography, etc., in addition to typography, the composition of books, material and literary, and all that appertains to the books themselves. In short, bibliography was to him the _scientia scientiarum_.

Peignot’s English contemporary, Thomas Hartwell Horne, _1780-1862_ gives a more concise definition in his “Study of bibliography” (_1814_) but he errs in the same manner, though in a lesser degree by claiming for bibliography an encyclopædic knowledge of the history, values and contents of books.

The modern tendency for specialisation renders such erroneous conceptions of the subject impossible, for palæography, typography, history, etc., rank as distinct topics, though, of course, they will always be correlated.

Many attempts have been made in recent times to give a concise definition of what is understood by the term “bibliography,” but there is little uniformity of opinion, and much confusion. The confusion is undoubtedly caused by the application of one term to what should remain distinct studies. The subject now resolves itself into two standpoints--the historical-and-dilettante; or, the practical-and-utilitarian.

Historical bibliography to the general public is yet very vague in its limits, it includes the history of printing, book-collecting, study of the rare and curious in books, etc.; but among experts it is slowly and surely being limited to the history of printing, and in the future the historical side of bibliography will be known as the “history of printing.”

When this understanding comes to pass “bibliography” can be applied to what is now known as “practical bibliography,” which is defined by the late J. D. Brown in his “Manual of bibliography” (_1906_) as “the science which treats of the description, cataloguing, and preservation of books.”

The word “bibliography” is also applied to the literature of a subject, but in this sense there is little likelihood of confusion as it is generally used in conjunction with another topic, as, “A Bibliography of Cotton Spinning.”

(_2_) KINDS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY.

There are six recognised classes of bibliographies:--

_1._ General Bibliographies--Books not limited to those of any period, locality, author, or subject, _e.g._ Brunet’s “Manual du Libraire.”

_2._ National Bibliographies--Books printed in a given country or about a given country, _e.g._ “The English Catalogue of Books.”

_3._ Trade Bibliographies--Books in print or on sale by publishers, with full particulars as to size, price, pages, etc., _e.g._ Whitaker’s “Reference Catalogue of Current Literature.”

_4._ Author Bibliographies--Books or articles by, or by and about, a particular author, _e.g._, “Bibliography of the works of Shakespeare,” by W. Jaggard.

_5._ Subject Bibliographies--Books and articles about a special subject, _e.g._, Woodbury’s “Bibliography of Cotton Manufacture.”

_6._ Bio-Bibliographies--a compilation giving the biographies of writers and lists of their writings, _e.g._, Allibone’s “Dictionary of Authors.”

(_3_) WHY PREFATORY PAGES ARE SOMETIMES NUMBERED IN ROMAN FIGURES.

Prefatory pages are numbered in Roman figures because they are usually printed after the body of the book has been “set up.” In many cases the printer has no estimate of prefatory matter and to overcome the difficulty he numbers the text in Arabic and the preliminary pages in Roman figures.

(_4_) “NATURAL HISTORY” BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Panzer has been spoken of as “the one true naturalist among general bibliographers,” and since his day two distinct methods of bibliography have grown up.

One method treats specimens of early printing simply as curiosities, and their value only depending according to their rarity or intrinsic worth, or again to some peculiar characteristic found in them. This method is generally associated with the name of Dibden.

The other method, which is called by Henry Bradshaw the “natural history method of bibliography” is associated with the name of Panzer, who was the first practical exponent. By this method each press must be looked upon as a _genus_, and each book as a _species_, and the more or less close connection of the different members of the family must be traced by the characters which they present to our observation. Bradshaw’s own work is the best example of this method, and the beginner can follow no better model than the papers he wrote on early printing.

(_5_) TYPOGRAPHY. “POINT SYSTEM.”

A unit of measurement has been accepted as a standard for the purpose of enabling the products of different manufacturers to be used together. The unit of measurement adopted in this country and America is the Pica which is approximately one-sixth of an inch in width.

TYPE BODY SIZES.

Eng &
Pts. Amer. Didot. English (Old).
_5_ _.0692_ _.074_ _.066_ Pearl.
_5½_ _.0761_ -- _.0725_ Ruby.
_6_ _.083_ _.0888_ _.0835_ Nonpareil
_7_ _.0969_ _.1036_ _.0987_ Minion.
_8_ _.1107_ _.1184_ _.1083_ Brevier.
_9_ _.1245_ _.1332_ _.118_ Bourgeois.
_10_ _.1384_ _.148_ _.135_ Long Primer.
_11_ _.1522_ _.1628_ _.145_ Small Pica
_12_ _.166_ _.1776_ _.1667_ Pica
_14_ _.1937_ _.2072_ _.188_ English
_16_ _.2214_ _.2368_ -- 2-line Brevier.
_18_ _.2490_ _.2664_ _.235_ Great Primer.
_20_ _.2767_ _.296_ _.2626_ Paragon.
_22_ _.3044_ _.3256_ _.289_ Double Pica.
_24_ _.332_ _.3552_ _.3362_ 2-line Pica
_28_ _.3874_ _.4144_ _.375_ 2-line English
_30_ _.4151_ _.444_ -- --
_32_ _.4428_ _.4736_ _.469_ 2-line Gt. Primer
_36_ _.498_ _.5328_ _.498_ 3-line Pica.

(_6_) PRINCIPAL SIZES OF TYPE NOW USED IN BOOKS.

This line is Pica (12 point) Modern 12345.
This line is Long Primer (10 point) Old Style
This line is Brevier (8 point) Old Style 12345.
This line is Nonpariel (6 point) Modern 12345.

TYPE FACES.

Old Style English Literary History, 1234.
Modern Face Factors and Notes 1234.
Fancy Face Commercial Index 1234.
Text Letter Of German Origin 1234.

(7) SIZES OF BOOKS.

Royal folio 20 × 12½ ins.
Demy folio 17¾ × 11¼ ”
Crown folio 15 × 10 ”
Foolscap folio 13½ × 8½ ”
Royal Quarto 12½ × 10 ”
Demy Quarto 11¼ × 8⅞ ”
Crown Quarto 10 × 7½ ”
Foolscap Quarto 8½ × 6¾ ”
Royal Octavo 10 × 6¼ ”
Demy Octavo 8⅞ × 5⅝ ”
Crown Octavo 7½ × 5 ”
Foolscap Octavo 6¾ × 4¼ ”
Royal 12mo 8¼ × 5 ”
Demy 12mo 7½ × 4⅜ ”
Demy 16mo 5⅜ × 4½ ”
Demy 18mo 6⅛ × 3⅞ ”
Demy 24mo 5½ × 3⅛ ”
Demy 32mo 5⅞ × 3⅛ ”

(8) BOOKS CONTAINING EXCELLENT BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

Aflalo--Natural history of the British Isles (Vertebrates). _1898. 18 pp._

Amherst--History of gardening in England. _1910. 50 pp._

Baldwin--Dictionary of philosophy and psychology. _Vol. 3._

Berg--Vitamins. _Allen & Unwin, 1923._ (_List of 1556 Books_).

Freeman--A portrait of George Moore. _1922. 53 pp._

Handschin--Methods of teaching modern languages. _Harrop, 1923, 65 pp._

Hazen--Europe since 1815. _1910. 36 pp._

Hind--A history of engraving and etching. _Constable, 1923. 26 pp. and 68 pp._

Nicoll--A history of Restoration drama. _1923. 28 pp._

Rees--Libraries for children. _Grafton, 1924. 55 pp._

Schelling--English literature during the life-time of Shakespeare. _1910. 30 pp._

Simpson--The rise of Louis Napoleon. _1909. 18 pp._

Singer & Strang--Etching and other methods of printing pictures. _1897._ (_List of 441 Books_).

Sindall--The manufacture of paper. _1908. 20 pp._

Webb--History of trades unionism. _1894. 44 pp._

_Note particularly_ the very full lists of books and articles appended to the “Cambridge Modern History,” the “Cambridge Medieval History,” and the “Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy” and the “Cambridge History of English and American Literature.”

(9) SOME INTERESTING BOOKS.

In the research work entailed in compiling this course a great number of very beautiful books came under my notice. I made a careful examination of them, and it was with a pang of regret I had to omit them from the Reading Lists. However, I received so much joy in looking through them--the beauty not always being from the physical side--that I decided to make a select list and advise students to be on the _qui vive_ for any of them. All the books mentioned should be in the possession of our large public reference libraries, and students wishing for a little more than the examination side of their studies would do well to avail themselves of any opportunity they may have of examining the books for themselves. If they are anything like true book-lovers they will be delighted with all they see and read.

Briquet (Ch. M.)--Les filigranes: dictionnaire historique des marques du papier dès leur apparition, vers _1282_ jusqu’ en 1600. _4 vols. Leipzig, 1923._

This is the standard work on watermarks and first appeared in _1907_.
There are _39_ illustrations in the text, and _16,112_ facsimilies of
water-marks on _1,500_ plates.

The Fleuron--A journal of typography; _edited by_ Oliver Simon. Issued annually since 1923. Contains many interesting and valuable articles such as, in No. _1_ “A treatise on the development of the title-page,” by the editor. In No. _2_, S. Morison’s article supplies a detailed and documented study of the relation of capitals to lower case letters. In No. _3_, an article on “The development of the book,” by P. Angoulvent. In No. _4_, “Script types,” by S. Morison, and so on.

Fournier--Manuel typographique, utile aux gens de lettres, et à ceux qui exercent les differentes parties de l’imprimerie. _2 vols. Paris, 1764-66. £14 14s. 0d._

A work which every student of French typography should consult.
Contains specimens of type.

Fry (Joseph) _and_ Sons--A specimen of printing types, _by Joseph Fry and Sons, letter-founders, Worship Street, Moorfields, London, 1785_.

Includes specimens of Roman and Italic types. Vignettes of King’s
Arms, ships, etc.

Guigard--Nouvel armorial du bibliophile; guide de l’amateur des livres armoriés. With numerous armorial illustrations. _2 vols, Paris, 1890._

One of the best works on armorial bindings.

Grolier Club--Catalogue of an exhibition of illuminated and painted manuscripts, together with a few early printed books with illuminations; also some examples of Persian manuscripts, with plates in facsimile and an introductory essay. _New York, privately printed, the Grolier Club, 1892._

Humphreys--The illuminated books of the Middle Ages. An account of the development and progress of the art of illumination as a distinct branch of pictorial ornamentation from the _4_th to the _17_th centuries. _London, 1849._

A standard work on the illuminated books of the Middle Ages.

Martin--La miniature Française du _13_th au _15_th siècle. _Paris and Brussels, 1923._

A standard work on French illuminated manuscripts.

Periods of Typography--A series of handbooks to historic style in printing. Under the general editorship of Stanley Morison. The first volumes are now issued and others will follow from time to time. Each volume will contain an essay which will introduce the reader to the principal formative influences and to outstanding examples of the respective periods. The introductions are written from the standpoint of the amateur interested in the part played by the printed book in the society and culture of its period, each by experts.

Plomer (Henry R.)--English printers’ ornaments. _Grafton, London._

The subject of printers’ ornaments can be clearly defined in its stricter meaning as the decoration of books apart from book illustration. Printers’ ornaments include head and tail pieces, initial letters, borders to title pages or text, and decorative blocks such as those which were used freely by the 16th century printer, Henry Bynneman, and others.

Pollard (A. W.)--Fine books. _Illus. 1912._

Silvestre (L. C.)--Marques typographiques on recueil des monogrammes, chiffres, enseignes, emblèmes, devises, rébus et fleurons des libraires et imprimeurs qui ont exercé en France, depuis l’introduction de l’Imprimerie, en _1470_, jusqu’à la fin du seizième siècle; a ces marques sont jointes celles des Libraires et Imprimeurs qui pendant la meme période ont publié, hors de France, des livres en langue française. _2 vols. Paris, 1853-67._ This work contains over thirteen hundred reproductions of printers’ marks and is looked upon as the standard work on printers’ marks.

Sotheby (S. Leigh)--The typography of the Fifteenth Century: being specimens of the productions of the early Continental printers, exemplified in a collection of facsimilies from 100 works, together with their water-marks. _London, 1845._

Contains _26_ plates of water-marks.

Steele (Robert)--The revival of printing. A bibliographical catalogue of works issued by the chief modern English presses, with an introduction by Robert Steele. _London, 1912._

Imprinted in the Riccardi Press Fount, by Charles T. Jacobi, with
facsimiles of the type employed by other presses.

Updike (D. B.)--Printing types, their history, forms, and use, a study in survivals. With _367_ specimens of various famous presses, from the invention of printing until the present day. _2 vols. Cambridge: U.S.A., 1923._

Wardle (B. L.)--Music title pages, _1500-1925_. A selection of examples, with an introduction. _London, 1926._

This work is announced to be ready in the Spring of 1926 and should
be looked for by all students interested in decorative typography.
The special nature of fine music production has called for the most
lavish use of decoration and illustration, and a selection of the
outstanding examples among these titles is therefore of real value to
the designer and student of typography.

COURSE 2: BOOK SELECTION.

TEXT BOOKS REQUIRED.

Brown (J. D.)--Manual of practical bibliography. _The English Library. Routledge, 1906. 3s._

Fay (L. E.) _and_ Eaton (A. T.)--Instruction in the use of books and libraries: a text book for normal schools and colleges. _2nd edition, revised. Faxon & Co., Boston, 1919. 22s. 6d._

Hopkins (F. M.)--Reference guides that should be known, and how to use them. _Willard: Michigan, 1916. $1.50_

Mudge (I. G.)--New guide to reference books: based on the third edition of “Guide to the study and use of reference books,” by Alice B. Kroeger, as revised by I. G. Mudge. _A.L.A. Pub. Board: Chicago, 1923; Grafton. 15s._

Miss Mudge’s great work is a text-book for the student who is
beginning a systematic study of reference books, and is our best
guide for the research worker requiring a guide to the reference
tools available for some particular investigation. Complete with
detailed index of authors, titles, subjects, and analytical
references.

_or_ Kroeger (A. B.)--Guide to the study and use of reference
books. _2nd edition, with supplement, 1908; or, 3rd edition, with
supplement. A.L.A. Pub. Board: Chicago, 1917._

Stewart (J. D.) _and_ Clarke (O. E.)--Book selection. _Grafton, 1909. 1s. Also published in the Library World, May-June, 1909._

Williams (Reginald G.)--A manual of book selection for the librarian and book-lover. _Grafton, 1920. 10s. 6d._

_Note._--Other text-books will be introduced as required.

Take particular note of the factors and notes to be found at the end of each course.

_Lesson 1._

KNOWLEDGE OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

(_a_) Different kinds of bibliographies: universal, national, trade and subject.

The student is advised to read “Bibliography,” by Isadore Gilbert Mudge; preprint of “Manual of library economy,” chapter 24, published by the A.L.A. Publishing Board, Chicago, _1915_. For the derivation and present meaning of the word “bibliography,” and a description of the value of reference books, this chapter forms a splendid introduction.

For the various kinds of bibliographies see Mudge’s “New guide to reference books” (or Kroeger’s “Guide to study and use of reference books”), Stewart _and_ Clarke’s “Book selection,” “List of bibliographical works in the Reading Room of the British Museum,” Brown’s “Manual of practical bibliography,” and Gross’s “List of books and articles chiefly bibliographical, designed to serve as an introduction to the bibliography and methods of English literary history.” The Universal bibliographies by Brunet, British Museum, Burger, Ebert, Graesse, Hain, Maittaire, Panzer, Peddie, Pellechet, Proctor, Watt, etc.

For a comprehensive list of National bibliographies of 49 countries _see_ Peddie’s “National bibliographies: a descriptive catalogue of the works which register the books published in each country.” _London, Grafton, 1912._ _Add the_ United States Catalog: books in print to January, 1912; edited by M. E. Potter and others, and the Cumulative book index. _White Plains, New York, Wilson, 1898-1922. Vols. 1-24._ (These two are not included in Peddie’s work;) also the New York State Library. Selected National bibliographies. _3rd edition. Albany. University of the State of New York, 1915. (Library School Bulletin, No. 38). 10c._

The following trade bibliographies should be noted:--American catalogue of books, Book auction records, Publishers’ trade list annual, United States Catalogue, Livingstone (America). Arber, Book prices current, British Science Guild, English catalogue of books, Growoll, Whitaker, etc. (English); Catalogue Annuel. Lorenz, etc. (France); Heinrich, Heinsius, Kayser, etc. (Germany); For general bibliographies the most important are Sonnenschein’s “Best books,” Nelson’s “Standard books,” Gray’s “Books that count,” Robertson’s “Courses of study”; and for American books, the A.L.A. book list, 1905 to date.

A mere acquaintance with the titles of the bibliographies etc., will be of little service. Students must know the general scope, method of arrangement, standpoint, and comparative usefulness of each. It must be remembered also that many of our best bibliographies and guides appear in the Latin, French, and German languages.

READING LIST.

Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _Chap. 8, pp. 113-135._

Clarke--English publishing trade bibliographies. _L.W. Vol. 13. 1910-11, pp. 197-201._

Courtney--A register of national bibliography. _3 vols., 1905-1912. Passim._

Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _Part I. Chaps. 4, 5 and 10, pp. 40-83; 125-137._

Ferguson--Some aspects of bibliography. _Johnston: Edinburgh, 1900. Passim. A splendid introduction._

Mudge--New guide to reference books. _1923, pp. 207-223._

_or_ Kroeger--Guide to study and use of reference books. _1908
edition, pp. 99-111. Supplement, pp. 16, 20 and 21._

Peddie--National bibliographies. _Grafton, London, 1912. 5s. Passim. Also published in the Library World, Vols. 12, 13, 24 and 26._

Stewart _and_ Clarke--Book selection. _Passim._

_Also in Library World, Vol II. 1908-1909, pp. 409-417; 445-450._

Williams--Manual of book selection. _pp. 8-12; 67-71._

QUESTIONS:--

_1._ Name four universal bibliographies, and state the method of arrangement of two of them.

_2._ Describe the plan and contents, and give an estimate of their value as aids to book selection, of any three of the following works:--

Nelson--Standard books.
Sonnenschein--Best books.
Graesse--Tresor de livres rares et précieux.
Mudge--New guide to reference books.
English Catalogue of books, _1801-1925_.
Brunet--Manuel du libraire.

_3._ Name two author, two subject, and two classified bibliographies. State their approximate prices.

_4._ Name three trade bibliographies, pointing out any differences in their method of arrangement and scope.

_5._ Name the various kinds of bibliographies known to you, giving the special features of each.

_Lesson 2._

KNOWLEDGE OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE--_continued_.

(_b_) Catalogues of libraries.
(_c_) Bibliographies of bibliography.
(_d_) Special bibliographies, and
(_e_) Books containing bibliographies.

Every effort should be made to examine and compare the catalogues of the following libraries:--British Museum; Cambridge University; Chemical Society of London; Dr. Williams’ Library; Glasgow University; John Rylands Library; London Library; Pharmaceutical Society of London; Royal College of Surgeons; Royal Geographical Society; Royal Institute of Great Britain; Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; St. Bride Foundation Library; Society of Writers to H.M. Signet; University of Gottingen, and University of London.

Bibliographies of bibliography by the following authors must be carefully noted:--British Museum; Courtney; Langlois; Peignot; Petzholdt; Stein; Vallée, etc.

For bibliographies of special subjects _see_ Mudge’s “New guide to reference books”; Brown’s “Manual of practical bibliography”; “List of bibliographical works in the Reading Room of the British Museum,” etc.

For short list of books containing bibliographies _see_ pages _25-26_, and make a note of any important bibliography you come across during your studies.

READING LIST.

Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _Chap. 8, pp. 128-142._

Courtney--A register of national bibliography. _3 vols. Passim._

Ferguson--Some aspects of bibliography. _Passim._

Josephson--Bibliographies of bibliography chronologically arranged with occasional notes and index. _2nd edition. Bib. Soc. of America: Chicago, 1913._

Mudge--New guide to reference books. _pp. 229-230; 223-224._

_or_ Kroeger--Guide to reference books, _1908 edition. pp. 7-9;
108-110; 116-117_.

Stewart _and_ Clarke--Book selection. _Passim._

Williams--Manual of book selection. _Note the select bibliographies at the end of each chapter._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Describe briefly six catalogues of libraries specially serviceable as aids to book selection.

_2._ Give a brief account of four bibliographies of bibliography stating the method and arrangement of two of them.

_3._ Give a suggestive list of twelve reference books valuable as aids to book selection.

_4._ Name ten modern books containing valuable bibliographies.

_5._ Name six special bibliographies giving their plan of arrangement.

_Lesson 3._

PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION.

Book knowledge of the ideal selector should be both professional and technical, connoting familiarity with bibliographical aids, ability to compile bibliographical lists, and a thorough understanding of good bookmaking. A knowledge of printing and an acquaintance with the book trade, and a sense of personal intimacy with the books themselves is also necessary. Book selection is the most important part of a librarian’s work.

To be efficient the student must make a study of the many important aids to book selection and bibliographical guides. His general education should include a wide knowledge of literary and general history, with a smattering of the arts and sciences, followed by a close study of the textual characteristics of books in comparison with editions and reprints, in analysis of the many and various translations of standard books and classics. General principles and theory of selection. Remember that public libraries cater for all readers, those who seek instruction, and others seeking recreation. Attempt made to satisfy all classes of readers. Principles governed by the student’s estimation, of the field of choice; the kind of library to be catered for; size of the library; amount of money available for book purchase. Even large libraries can only make a selection; the smaller the library the smaller the selection within a selection. Selection for public libraries differs from that necessary for private libraries, the former selects, the latter collects. Geographical position of the library to other libraries. Social conditions of the population. Proportional representation. Methods of selection. Choice between editions. Withdrawals and replacements. Unfinished publications. Donations. Duplication. Classification as an aid to selection. Second-hand books. Reader’s suggestions. Revision of stock.

READING LIST.

Adams--The problem of the small public library. _L.J. Vol. 29, 1904, pp. 365-367._

Bacon--Principles of book selection. _N.Y. Libraries. Vol. I. 1907, pp. 3-6._

Baker--Book selection for public libraries. _In The Librarian’s Guide, 1923. pp. 13-17._

Baker--Book selection: fundamental principles and some application. _L.A.R. Vol. 13, 1911, pp. 17-29._

Baker--Wanted a guide to books. _L.A.R. Vol. 2, 1900, pp. 89-97._

Barrett--On the selection of books for branch libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 179-191._

Bascom--Book selection. _(A.L.A. Manual of library economy. Chap. 16). Published separately, 1922._

Bostwick--The American public library. _3rd edition. Appleton: New York, 1923. Chaps. 10 and 11, pp. 132-161._

Bostwick--How to raise the standard of book selection. _P.L., Vol. 14, 1909, pp. 163-67._

Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition. Chap. II. Paras. 170-196, pp. 141-160._

_or_ Revised edition by W. C. B. Sayers. _Chap. 13. Paras. 174-206, pp. 167-188._

Brown--The small library. _The English Library. Chap. 9, pp. 109-138._

Brown--Plea for a select list of books. _L. Vol. 7, 1895, pp. 363-366._

Brown--Book selection. _L.W. Vol. 26, 1923-24, pp. 98-104._

Burgoyne--On the choice of books for small libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 3, 1901, pp. 189-197._

Burgoyne--Selection and purchase of books. _L.A.R. Vol. I., 1899, pp. 136-157, also in L.W., Vol. I., 1898, pp. 157-159._

Cutler-Fairchild--Principles of selection of books. _L.J., Vol. 20, 1895, pp. 339-341._

Cutter--Should libraries buy only the best books or the best books that people will read? _L.J., Vol. 26, 1901, pp. 70-72._

Dana--Library primer. _pp. 39-45._

Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _Part 2. Chaps. 13 and 25, pp. 181-192; 392-396._

Foster--Where ought the emphasis to be placed in library purchases? _L.J., Vol. 29, 1904, pp. 229-237._

Harrison--On the choice of books. _Macmillan, 1903. 5s._

Lindsay--Some general principles of book selection. _P.L. Vol. 10, 1905, pp. 267-271._

McColvin--The theory of book selection for public libraries. _Grafton, 1925. 7s. 6d. Passim._

Mudge--New Guide to reference books. _1923. Introduction._

_or_ Kroeger--Guide to ... reference books. _Introduction._

Public Library’s aim in bookbuying. _L. Vol. 6, 1906. Also in L.J., Vol. 31, 1906, pp. 119-123._

Savage--Book selection. _L.A. Vol. 4., 1901, pp. 190._

Savage--A plea for the analytical study of the reading habit. _L.A.R., (New Series), Vol. 2, 1924, pp. 210-225._

Spofford--A book for all readers. _Putnams Sons: New York. Chap. I., pp. 3-32._

Stewart _and_ Clarke--Book selection. _pp. 1-7._

Walker--Practical book selection methods. _L.A.R. (New series). Vol. 2, 1924, pp. 157-164. Also published separately._

Willcock--Proportional representation. _L.A.R., Vol. 6, 1904, pp. 336-344._

Williams--Manual of book selection for the librarian and book lover. _Chap. I., pp. 1-6._

Williams--Some principles of book selection. _L.A., Vol. 13, 1916, pp. 133-136; 140-144._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ You are asked to select books for a public library in a town of 200,000 inhabitants. State what number of volumes you would allocate to the lending and reference departments respectively, and add a table showing the proportional representation of the different main classes in each department.

_2._ State what guides to selection you would consult in selecting an initial stock of 25,000 volumes.

_3._ Do you consider it advisable to draw up a series of principles to be followed in book selection? If so state these principles briefly.

_4._ In forming a collection of 10,000 volumes for a small public library, how would you ensure that no great author or important subject had been missed?

_5._ In forming the initial stock for a public library what class of books would you endeavour to purchase second-hand?

_6._ A public library has an income of £15,000 per annum. State how much should be spent on (_1_) Lending department; new books; old books; replacements, and (_2_) Reference library books?

_Lesson 4._

AIDS AND GUIDES TO BOOK SELECTION.

The number of guides to book selection is very large and the student will find the best selections in Mudge’s “New guide to reference books,” pp. _224-226_; Kroeger’s “Guide ... to reference books”; pp. _111-112_; Williams’s “Manual of book selection”; and Stewart and Clarke’s “Book selection.” The numerous guides named in these books should be carefully noted. If possible try to examine the books themselves and note their scope, standpoint, arrangement, and special features (if any).

READING LIST.

Baker--Book reviews. _L.A.R. Vol. 4, 1902, pp. 28-36._

Bostwick--Librarian as censor. _L.J. Vol. 33, 1908, pp. 237-244; 257-264._

Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _Chap. 7, pp. 115-142._

Fay _and_ Eaton--Instruction in the use of books and libraries. _Part I. Chaps. 4-7, pp. 40-109._

Hulme--Librarian’s aids. _L.A.R. Vol. 5, 1903, pp. 119-132._

Mudge--New guide to reference books. _pp. 224-226._

_or_ Kroeger--Guide to ... reference books, _pp. 111-117_.

Peplow--Some tentative proposals for the compilation of a catalogue of best books. _L.A.R. Vol. II., 1909, pp. 222-228. Discussion, pp. 245-249._

Stewart--How to use a library. _pp. 24-31._

Stewart _and_ Clarke--Book selection. _Chap. 2, pp. 7-16._

Value of reviews: discussion. _L.J. Vol. 33, 1908, pp. 101._

Williams--Manual of book selection. _Chap. 2, pp. 7-16._

Williams--Book selection. _L. & B.W. Vol. 7, 1917, pp. 164-166; 182-5; 202-5._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ Name six guides to book selection in general, and add notes describing the scope and plan of compilation of three of them.

_2._ State how you would ascertain what later editions are available of books mentioned in the standard guides.

_3._ Mention two standard works on each of the following subjects you would select for a lending library:--wireless telegraphy; French Revolution; English literature; modern history; and political economy.

_4._ State what you consider to be the six most important contributions to bibliographical literature during the last ten years.

_5._ What are the principal aids to book selection in the following subjects:--education; music; science; juvenile literature, and philosophy.

_Lesson 5._

PROSE FICTION. YOUNG PEOPLE’S LITERATURE. REFERENCE SECTION.

(_a_) PROSE FICTION:--

The selection of prose fiction is not an easy task. Selection should be made on principles as given in Lesson 3. Consideration must be given to the percentage of fiction in relation to other classes, also the class of fiction in demand. Principal authors of all countries should be represented. Foreign masterpieces should be obtainable in the original. Exclusion of immoral works essential. The librarian or selector will soon realise that he has the most difficult class of reader to satisfy. Selection of novelists will differ with each selector, as in most cases it will be found possible to make only a selection from a selection. About 50 new novels are published weekly, and only the largest libraries are able to purchase most of the suitable fiction. The question of duplication must be carefully considered. The replacement of worn-out and withdrawn books. The second-hand book market. A knowledge of the many guides to fiction necessary, supplemented by periodical literature. Note the literary histories of the various countries, especially the “Cambridge history of English literature” as useful guides to selection. For lists of bibliographies consult Williams’s “Manual of book selection,” pp. _45-47_, and Mudge’s “New guide to reference books,” pp. _141-143_.

READING LIST.

Bacon--What makes a novel immoral? _L.A. Vol. 13, 1910-13, pp. 129. Also in Wisconsin Library Bulletin, Vol. 6, 1910, pp. 83-95._

Baker--French fiction in public libraries. _L.W. Vol. 2, 1899-1900, pp. 68-81._

Baker--Standard of fiction in public libraries. _L.A.R. Vol. 9, 1907, pp. 70-80; 98-103._

Bascom--Selection of fiction. _Wisconsin Lib. Bul. Vol. 9, 1913, pp. 34-40._

Brown--In defence of Emma Jane. _L.W. Vol. II., 1908-09, pp. 161-6._

Brown--Manual of library economy. _1907 edition. Chap. 11, para. 177, pp. 145-6._

_or_ Revised edition by W. C. B. Sayers. _Sect. 181._

Crunden--New novel problem. _L. (New Series). Vol. I., 1899-1900, pp. 92-100._

Guppy--French fiction and French juvenile literature for the public library. _L.A.R. Vol. 2, 1900, pp., 357-371._

Herdman--Place and treatment of fiction in public libraries. L.A. _Vol. 6, 1909, pp. 357-380. Discussion, pp. 381-2._

McIntosh--Fiction selection. _P.L. Vol. 19, 1914, pp. 389-392._

Sawyer--Questionable books. _L.J. Vol. 40, 1915, pp. 691-699._

Shuman--How to judge a novel. _P.L. Vol. 14, 1909, pp. 259-260._

Sinclair--In defence of the novel. _L.A. Vol. 18, 1925, pp. 35-47; 56-57._

Walsh--What our libraries should supply. _L.J. Vol. 40, 1915, pp. 297-298._

QUESTIONS.

_1._ You are called upon to form a collection of 10,000 volumes of prose fiction. State what works you would consult to aid you in your selection?

_2._ Compare the following bibliographies, as aids to the selection of prose fiction:--

Baker--A guide to the best fiction in English.

Bowen--Descriptive catalogue of historical novels and tales.

Nield---Guide to the best historical novels and tales.

_3._ Give your opinion on how far foreign fiction should be represented in a public library. State whether you are in favour of the original works or of translations.

(_b_) YOUNG PEOPLE’S LITERATURE:--