Chapter I: Part 1

CURIOUS FACTS
IN THE
HISTORY OF INSECTS;

INCLUDING
SPIDERS AND SCORPIONS.

A COMPLETE COLLECTION OF THE LEGENDS, SUPERSTITIONS, BELIEFS,
AND OMINOUS SIGNS CONNECTED WITH INSECTS; TOGETHER
WITH THEIR USES IN MEDICINE, ART, AND AS FOOD;
AND A SUMMARY OF THEIR REMARKABLE
INJURIES AND APPEARANCES.

BY
FRANK COWAN.

PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.
1865.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865,
by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.,
In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

TO
MISS CATHARINE STOY
THE FOLLOWING PAGES
ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED
BY HER FRIEND,
THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

In the early part of the winter of 1863-4, having the free use of the Congressional Library at Washington, I began the compilation of the present work. It was my prime intent, and one which I have endeavored to follow most carefully, to attach some fact, whatever might be its nature, to as many Insects as possible, to increase the interest, in a commonplace way, of the science of Entomology. I noticed the pleasurable satisfaction I invariably felt when I came accidentally upon any extra-scientific fact, and how the association fixed the particular Insect, to which it related, ineffaceably upon my memory. To collect and group, then, all these facts together, to remember many Insects as easily as one,--was a natural thought; and as this had never been done, but to a very limited extent, I undertook it myself.

The facts contained in this volume are supposed to be purely historical, or rather not to belong to the natural history of Insects, namely, their anatomy, habits, classification, etc. They have been collected mostly from Chronicles, Histories, Books of Travels, and such like works, which, at first view, seem to be totally foreign to Insects: and were only discovered by examination of the indexes and tables of contents.

But are my facts _facts_?--it may be asked. They are; but I do not vouch for each one’s containing more than one truth. It is a fact, or truth if you will, that Pliny, Nat. Hist. xi. 34, says, “Folke use to hang Beetles about the neck of young babes, as present remedies against many maladies;” but that this statement is entitled to credit, and that these Insects, hung about the necks of young babes, _are_ a present remedy against many maladies, are two things which may be very true or far otherwise. I confine myself to the fact that Pliny says so, and only wish to be understood in that sense, unless when otherwise stated.

The classification of Mr. Westwood, in the arrangement of the orders and families, I have followed as closely as was possible, except in one or two instances: and where Insects have common and familiar names, they have been given together with their scientific ones.

To Dr. J. M. Toner, of Washington, for his suggestions and assistance in collecting material, I tender my thanks; the same also to N. Bushnell, Esq., and Hon. O. H. Browning, of Quincy, Ill., for the use of their several libraries.

I am much indebted, too, to Mrs. A. L. Ruter Dufour, of Washington, for many superstitions and two pieces of poetry contained in this volume. I beg her to accept my thanks.

GREENSBURG, PENNA.,
July 10th, 1865.

CONTENTS.

AUTHORS QUOTED 9

COLEOPTERA--BEETLES.

Coccinellidæ--Lady-birds 17

Chrysomelidæ--Gold-beetles 23

Carabidæ 23

Pausidæ 23

Dermestidæ--Leather-beetles 24

Lucanidæ--Stag-beetles 24

Scarabæidæ--Dung-beetles 27

Dynastidæ--Hercules-beetles, etc. 45

Melolonthidæ--Cock-chafers 47

Cetoniidæ--Rose-chafers 49

Buprestidæ--Burn-cows 50

Elateridæ--Fire-flies, Spring-beetles, etc. 51

Lampyridæ--Glow-worms 55

Ptinidæ--Death-watch, etc. 58

Bostrichidæ--Typographer-beetle, etc. 61

Cantharidæ--Blister-flies 62

Tenebrionidæ--Meal-worms 65

Blapsidæ--Church-yard-beetle, etc. 65

Curculionidæ--Weevils 68

Cerambycidæ--Musk-beetles 72

Galerucidæ--Turnip-fly, etc. 74

EUPLEXOPTERA.

Forficulidæ--Ear-wigs 76

ORTHOPTERA.

Blattidæ--Cockroaches 78

Mantidæ--Soothsayers, etc. 82

Achetidæ--Crickets 92

Gryllidæ--Grasshoppers 98

Locustidæ--Locusts 101

NEUROPTERA.

Termitidæ--White-ants 132

Ephemeridæ--Day-flies 138

Libellulidæ--Dragon-flies 138

Myrmeleonidæ--Ant-lions 141

HYMENOPTERA.

Uroceridæ--Sirex 142

Cynipidæ--Gall-flies 143

Formicidæ--Ants 146

Vespidæ--Wasps, Hornets 170

Apidæ--Bees 174

LEPIDOPTERA.

Papilionidæ--Butterflies 216

Sphingidæ--Hawk-moths 232

Bombicidæ--Silkworm-moths 234

Arctiidæ--Woolly-bear-moths 242

Psychidæ--Wood-carrying-moth, etc. 245

Noctuidæ--Antler-moth, Cut-worm, etc. 246

Geometridæ--Span-worms 248

Tineidæ--Clothes’-moths, Bee-moths, etc. 248

HOMOPTERA.

Cicadidæ--Harvest-flies 250

Fulgoridæ--Lantern-flies 255

Aphidæ--Plant-lice 257

Coccidæ--Shield-lice 259

HETEROPTERA.

Cimicidæ--Bed-bugs 265

Notonectidæ--Water-boatmen 275

DIPTERA.

Culicidæ--Gnats 278

Tipulidæ--Crane-flies 286

Muscidæ--Flies 287

Œstridæ--Bot-flies 302

APHANIPTERA.

Pulicidæ--Fleas 305

ANOPLEURA.

Pediculidæ--Lice 316

ARACHNIDÆ.

Acaridæ--Mites 321

Phalangidæ--Daddy-Long-legs 321

Pedipalpi--Scorpions 321

Araneidæ--True-spiders 332

MISCELLANEOUS 363

INDEX 373

AUTHORS QUOTED.

ALEXANDER, SIR JAS. EDW. Exped. of Disc. into Interior of Africa. 2 v. 12mo., London, 1838.

ANDERSON, CHAS. ROSS. Lake Ngami; or, Explor. and Disc. during four years wanderings in S. W. Africa. 8vo., New York, 1856.

ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT. Anecdotes, etc., Ancient and Modern. New edit. 8vo., London, 1790.

ASIATICK MISCELLANY. 2 v. 4to., Calcutta, 1785, 1786.

ASTLEY, THOMAS. New Gen. Collection of Voyages and Travels in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. 4 v. 4to., London, 1745-1747.

AUBREY, JOHN. Miscellanies upon various subjects. 16mo. 4th edit., London, 1857.

BACKHOUSE, JAMES. Narrat. of Visit to Mauritius and S. Africa. 8vo., London, 1844.

BAIRD, WILLIAM. Cyclopædia of Natural Sciences. 8vo., London and Glasgow, 1858.

BANCROFT, EDWARD. Essay on the Nat. Hist. of Guiana, in S. America. 8vo., London, 1769.

BANCROFT, EDWARD. On Permanent Colours. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1813.

BARTER, CHARLES. The Dorp and the Veld. 16mo., London, 1852.

BARTH, HENRY. Travels and Discov. in North and Central Africa, from 1849 to 1855. 5 v. 8vo., London, 1857-1858.

BIOGRAPHIE UNIVERSELLE, ANCIENNE ET MODERNE. 84 v. 8vo., Paris, 1811-1857.

BJÖRNSTJERNA, COUNT M. Theogony of the Hindoos. 8vo., London, 1844.

BOSMAN, WILLIAM. New and Accurate Desc. of Coast of Guinea. 8vo., London, 1705.

BOYLE, ROBERT. Works. New edit. 6 v. royal 4to., London, 1772.

BRANDE, JOHN. Observations on the Popular Antiquities of Great Britain. 3 v. 12mo., London, 1853-5.

BRAY, ANNA ELIZA. Tamar and the Tavy. 3 v. 12mo., London, 1836.

BROWNE, SIR THOMAS. Works; including his life and Correspondence. 4 v. 8vo., London, 1835.

BROWN, THOMAS. Book of Butterflies, Sphinges, and Moths. 2d edit. 3 v. 16mo., London, 1834.

BURMEISTER, HERMANN. Manual of Entomology. Tr. by W. E. Shuckard. 8vo., London, 1836.

BURTON, RICHD. F. The City of the Saints. 8vo., London, 1861.

BUTLER, ALBAN. Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints. 12 v. 8vo., London, 1854.

BUTLER, CHARLES. Feminine Monarchie. 16mo., Oxford, 1609.

CAMPANIUS, THOMAS. Short Desc. of Province of New Sweden; now called by the English Pennsylvania, in America. Tr. by Peter S. Ponceau. 8vo., Philad., 1834.

CAMPBELL, JOHN. Travels in S. Africa, undertaken at the request of the Missionary Society. 3d edit. 8vo., London, 1815.

CARPENTER, WM. BENJ. Zoology. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1847.

CHAMBERS, ROBERT. Book of Days. Royal 8vo., London, 1862-3.

---- ---- Hist. of Scotland. 2 v. 12mo., London, 1830.

---- ---- Domestic Animals of Scotland from the Reformation to the Revolution. 2 v. 8vo., Edinb. and London, 1859.

---- ---- Popular Rhymes of Scotland. 16mo., Edinburgh, 1826.

---- ---- Select Writings; Popular Rhymes of Scotland. 16mo., Edinburgh, 1841.

CHAMBERS, WILLIAM AND ROBERT. Edinburgh Journal, Feb. 1832 to Dec. 1843. 12 v. in 6 v. folio, London, 1833-’44.

---- ---- New Series. Jan. 1844 to Dec. 1853. 20 v. in 10 v. royal 8vo., London, 1844-’54.

---- ---- Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art. 10 v. in 5 v. 8vo., Edinburgh, 1854-’58.

CHURCHILL, AWNSHAM AND JOHN. Collection of Voyages and Travels. 6 v. folio, London, 1732.

COLEMAN, CHARLES. Mythology of the Hindus. 4to., London, 1832.

COLTON, WALTER. Three Years in California. 12mo., New York, 1850.

CURTIS, JOHN. Farm Insects. Royal 8vo., London, 1860.

CUVIER, G. L. C. F. BARON. Animal Kingdom. By Edwd. Griffeth and others. 16 v. royal 8vo., London, 1827-’35.

DARRELL, WILLIAM. History of Dover Castle. 4to., London, 1797.

DARWIN, CHARLES. Journ. of Research into Nat. Hist. and Geol. of Countries visited during Voy. of H. M. S. Beagle, round the world. New edit. 12mo., London, 1852.

DIAZ DEL CASTILLO, BERNAL. Memoirs and Disc. and Conq. of Mexico and New Spain. Tr. by John J. Lockhart. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1844.

DIODORUS THE SICILIAN, Historical Library of, in fifteen books; Fragments, etc. Tr. by G. Booth. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1814.

DONOVAN, EDWARD. Nat. Hist. of Insects of China. 4to., London, 1842.

DRAYSON, ALFRED W. Sporting Scenes in S. Africa. 8vo., London, 1858.

DU HALDE, J. B. General Hist. of China, etc. 4 v. 8vo., London, 1836.

FABYAN, ROBERT. New Chronicles of England and France. 4to., London, 1811.

FLEMING, FRANCIS. Kaffraria. 12mo., London, 1853.

FORBES, JAMES. Oriental Memoirs. 4 v. 4to., London, 1813.

FOSBROKE, THOS. DUDLEY. Encyclopædia of Antiquities. 2 v. 4to., London, 1825.

GASSENDUS, PETRUS. Mirrour of true Nobility and Gentility. Life of Peiresc. Tr. by W. Rand. 8vo., London, 1657.

GENTLEMAN’S MAGAZINE. 202 v. 8vo., London, 1731-1859.

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER. Hist. of the Earth, and Animated Nature. 4 v. 8vo., London, 1826.

GOOD, JOHN MASON. Study of Medicine. 4th edit. 4 v. 8vo., London, 1840.

GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY. Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica. 12mo., London, 1851.

GROSIER, ABBE J. B. G. A. Genl. Desc. of China. 2d edit. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1795.

HARLEIAN MISCELLANY. 12 v. 8vo., London, 1808-1811.

HARRIS, JOHN. Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca; or, a Complete Col. of Voy. and Travels. 2 v. folio, London, 1744, 1748.

HAWKINS, SIR JOHN. General Hist. of the Science and Practice of Music. 5 v. 4to., London, 1776.

HAWKS, FRANCIS L. Monuments of Egypt. 8vo., New York, 1850.

HOLINSHED, RAPHAEL. Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 6 v. 4to., London, 1807-8.

HOLMAN, JAMES. Travels in Brazil, Cape Colony, etc. 2d edit. 8vo., London, 1840.

HONE, WILLIAM. Every-Day Book and Table Book. 3 v. royal 8vo., London, 1838.

HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL. Introd. to the Study of Bibliography. 2 v. in 1, 8vo., London, 1814.

HOUDIN, ROBERT. Autobiograpical Memoirs. 12mo., Philad., 1859.

HUBER, PIERRE. Nat. Hist. of Ants. Tr. by J. R. Johnson. 12mo., London, 1820.

HUGHES, GRIFFITH. Nat. Hist. of Barbados. Folio, London, 1750.

INSECTORUM SIVE MINIMORUM ANIMALIUM THEATRUM. Thos. Moufeti operâ perfectum. Folio, Londoni, 1634.

JACKSON, JAMES GREY. Acct. of Empire of Marocco, and Districts of Suse and Tafilelt. 2d edit. 4to., London, 1811.

JENKINS, JOHN S. Voy. of U. S. Exploring Squadron, commanded by Capt. Chas. Wilkes; from 1838 to 1842. 8vo., Auburn, 1852.

JONES, JOHN MATTHEW. Naturalist in Bermuda. 12mo., London, 1859.

JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS. Genuine Works. Tr. by William Whiston. Folio, London, 1737.

JOSSELYN, JOHN. Acct. of Two Voyages to New England. 16mo., London, 1674.

KALM, PETER. Travels into North America. Tr. by John R. Foster. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1859.

KIDDER, DANL. P., and J. C. FLETCHER. Brazil and the Brazilians. Royal 8vo., Philad., 1857.

KIRBY, R. S. Wonderful and Eccentric Museum; or, Mag. of Remarkable Characters. 6 v. 8vo., London, 1820.

KIRBY, WILLIAM, and WILLIAM SPENCE. Introduction to Entomology. 5th edit. 4 v. 8vo., London, 1829.

KNOX, ROBERT. Hist. Relation of the Island of Ceylon. 4to., London, 1817.

KOLBEN, PETER. Pres. State of Cape of Good Hope. Tr. by Mr. Medley. 2d edit. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1731, 1738.

KORAN, THE: commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammed. Tr. by Geo. Sale. 8vo., Philad., 1850.

LATROBE, CHAS. JOS. Journ. of Visit to S. Africa, in 1815 and 1816. 8vo., New York, 1818.

LANGSTROTH, L. L. Prac. Treatise on the Hive and Honey-Bee. 3d edit. 12mo., New York, 1860.

LAYARD, AUSTEN H. Disc. among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon; with Travels in Armenia, etc. 8vo., New York, 1853.

LEPSIUS, RICHARD. Desc. in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Penins. of Sinai, in 1842-1845. 2d edit. 8vo., London, 1853.

LINNÆUS, CAROLUS. Lachesis Lapponica; or, a Tour in Lapland. Tr. by J. E. Smith. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1811.

LIVINGSTONE, DAVID. Missionary Travels and Researches in S. Africa. 8vo., New York, 1858.

LIVIUS, TITUS. History of Rome. Tr. by George Barker. 2d edit. 6 v. 8vo., London, 1814.

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. Cond. by J. C. Loudon. 9 v. 8vo., London, 1829-1836.

MARTYR, PETER. De Nouo Orbe; or, The Hist. of the West Indies. Tr. by R. Eden and M. Lok. 4to., London, 1612.

MAYHEW, HENRY. London Labor and the London Poor. 4 v. 8vo., London, 1861, 1862.

MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. 40 v. 8vo., London, 1823-1842.

MOFFAT, ROBT. Missionary Labors and Scenes in S. Africa. 8vo., London, 1842.

MONTFAUCON, BERNARD DE. L’Antiquité Expliquée et Représentée en Figures. 2e édition, revue et corrigée. Lat. et Fr. 5 v. en 10, folio, Paris, 1722.

MONTAIGNE, MICHAEL DE. Works. By William Hazlitt. 8vo., Philad., 1850.

MOUFET, THOMAS. Insectorum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum. Londoni, 1634.

---- ---- The same, translated. See Topsel’s Hist. of Beasts, etc.

NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS. Vols. 64 and 65 of John Murray’s Fam. Library. 18mo., London, 1830-1842.

NEWELL, ROBT. HASELL. Zoology of the English Poets. 16mo., London, 1845.

OCKLEY, SIMON. History of the Saracens. 3d ed. 2 v. 8vo., Cambridge, 1757.

OGILBY, JOHN. America. Folio, London, 1671.

OLIN, STEPHEN. Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and the Holy Land. 8th edit. 2 v. 8vo., New York, 1846.

OLIPHANT, LAURENCE. Narrat. of Earl of Elgin’s Mission to China and Japan, in 1857-9. 8vo., New York, 1860.

OWEN, REV. T. Geoponika; or, Agricultural Pursuits. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1805.

PERCY SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS. 30 v. 12mo., London, 1840-’52.

PETTIGREW, THOS. JOS. History of Egyptian Mummies. 4to., London, 1834.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. Royal Society of London. 1665 to 1858. 147 v. 4to., London, 1665-1858.

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. Royal Society of London, abridged. 1665 to 1750. 11 v. 4to., London, 1749-1756.

PIERIUS VALERIANUS, IOANNIS. Hieroglyphica. Folio, Lugduni, 1626.

PINKERTON, JOHN. General Collection of Voyages and Travels in all parts of the World. 17 v. 4to., London, 1808-1814.

PLINY, by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley. 6 v. Bohn’s Classical Library.

PLINIUS SECUNDUS, CAIUS. Historie of the World; commonly called the Nat. Hist. of C. Plinius Secundus. Tr. by Philemon Holland. 2 v. in 1, folio, London, 1657.

PRICHARD, JAMES COWLES. Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology. 8vo., London, 1819.

PRINGLE, THOMAS. Narrat. of Resid. in S. Africa. New edit. 8vo., London, 1851.

PURCHAS, SAMUEL. Hakluytus Posthumus; or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. 5 v. folio, London, 1625, 1626.

RHIND, A. HENRY. Thebes; its Tombs and their Tenants, anct. and modern. 8vo., London, 1862.

RICHARDSON, JAMES. Travels in Great Desert of Sahara, in 1845-6. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1848.

RILEY, JAMES. Authen. Narrat. of Loss of Amer. Brig Commerce, wrecked on western coast of Africa, in 1815. 8vo., Hartford, 1850.

RIVERO, MARIANO EDWARD, and JNO. JAS. VON TSCHUDI. Peruvian Antiquities. Tr. by Francis L. Hawks. 8vo., New York, 1853.

ROBBINS, ARCHIBALD. Journ. of Advent. in Africa, in 1815-’17. 12mo., Hartford, 1851.

SAMOUELLE, GEORGE. Entomological Cabinet. 2d edit. 16mo., London, 1841.

SATURDAY MAGAZINE. Folio. From 1833 to 1844, London.

SCHOMBURGK, SIR ROBERT H. Hist. of Barbados. 8vo., London, 1847.

SHAW, GEORGE. General Zoology; or, Syst. Nat. Hist. 14 v. 8vo., London, 1800-1826.

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN. Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Art. 78 v. 8vo., New York and New Haven, 1819-1859.

SIMMONDS, PETER LUND. Curiosities of Food; or, the Dainties and Delicacies of different nations obtained from the Animal Kingdom. 12mo., London, 1859.

SLOANE, HANS. Voy. to Islands of Madeira, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers, and Jamaica; with the Nat. Hist. of Jamaica. 2 v. folio, London, 1707-1725.

SMITH, THOMAS. Wonders of Nature and Art; or, a Concise Acct. of whatever is most curious and remarkable in the world. 12 v. 16mo., Philad., 1806-1807.

SPARRMAN, ANDERS. Voy. to C. of G. Hope, towards Antarc. Circle, and Round the World. From 1772 to 1776. 2 v. 12mo., Perth, 1789.

SOUTHEY, ROBT. Common-Place Book. 4th series. In 4 v. 8vo., London, 1849-1851.

---- ---- Hist. of Brazil. 3 v. 4to., London, 1817-1822.

STANLEY, THOMAS. History of Philosophy. 3d edit. Folio, London, 1701.

STEDMAN, J. G. Narrat. of five years’ Exped. against revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, in 1772-1777. 2 v. 4to., London, 1796.

STEEDMAN, ANDREW. Wanderings and Advent. in Interior of S. Africa. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1835.

ST. JOHN, JOHN AUG. Hist. of Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece. 3 v. 8vo., London, 1842.

STRABO, by H. C. Hamilton and W. Falconer. 3 v. Bohn’s Classical Library.

STRONG, A. B. Illustr. Nat. Hist. of the Three Kingdoms. New ser. 2 v. 8vo., New York, 1853.

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SWAMMERDAM, JAN. Book of Nature; or, the Hist. of Insects. Tr. by Thos. Floyd. Folio, London, 1758.

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TENNENT, SIR J. EMERSON. Sketches of the Nat. Hist. of Ceylon. 12mo., London, 1861.

THEODORET AND EVAGRIUS. Hist. of the Church, from A.D. 322 to A.D. 594. 12mo., London, 1854.

THEVENOT, MONSIEUR DE. Travels into the Levant. Folio, London, 1687.

THORPE, BENJ. Northern Mythology. 3 v. post 8vo., London, 1851, 1852.

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TREASVRIE OF AVNCIENT AND MODERNE TIMES. Tr. from Pedro Mexia, M. Francesco Sansovino, Anthony du Verdier, etc., by Thomas Milles. Folio, London, 1613.

---- ---- Containing Ten following Bookes to the former. Folio, London, 1619.

TWELVE YEARS IN CHINA. The People, the Rebels, and the Mandarins. By a British Resident. 12mo., Edinburgh, 1860.

UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Ancient Part. 21 v. 8vo., London, 1747-1754.

VOLNEY, COMTE C. F. Chassebœuf de. Travels through Syria and Egypt, in 1783-’85. 2 v. 8vo., London, 1787.

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WILKINSON, SIR J. G. Manners and Customs of the Anct. Egyptians. 6 v. 8vo., London, 1837-1841.

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CURIOUS HISTORY OF INSECTS.

ORDER I.

COLEOPTERA--BEETLES.

Coccinellidæ--Lady-birds.

The Lady-bird, _Coccinella septempunctata_, in Scandinavia was dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and is there to this day called _Nyckelpiga_--Our Lady’s Key-maid,[1] and (in Sweden, more particularly) _Jung-fru Marias Gullhona_--the Virgin Mary’s Golden-hen.[2] A like reverence was paid to this beautiful insect in other countries: in Germany they have been called _Frauen_ or _Marien-käfer_--Lady-beetles of the Virgin Mary; and in France are now known by the names of _Vaches de Dieu_--Cows of the Lord, and _Bêtes de la Vierge_--Animals of the Virgin.[3] The names we know them by, _Lady-bird_, _Lady-bug_, _Lady-fly_, _Lady-cow_,[4] _Lady-clock_, _Lady-couch_ (a Scottish name),[5] etc., have reference also to this same dedication, or, at least, respect.

The Lady-bird in Europe, and particularly in Germany, where it probably is the greatest favorite, and whence most of the superstitions connected with it are supposed to have originated, is always connected with fine weather. At Vienna, the children throw it into the air, crying,--

Käferl’, käferl’, käferl’,
Flieg nach Mariabrunn,
Und bring uns ä schone sun.

Or,--

Little birdie, birdie,
Fly to Marybrunn,
And bring us a fine sun.

Marybrun being a place about twelve English miles from the Austrian capital, with a miracle-working image of the Virgin (still connected with the Virgin), who often sends good weather to the merry Viennese.[6]

And, from the marsh of the Elbe, to this little insect the following words are addressed:

Maikatt,
Flug weg,
Stuff weg,
Bring me morgen goet wedder med.

Or,--

May-cat,
Fly away,
Hasten away,
Bring me good weather with you to-morrow.[7]

In England, the children are wont to be afraid of injuring the Lady-bird lest it should rain.

With the Northmen the Lady-bird--Our Lady’s Key-maid--is believed to foretell to the husbandman whether the year shall be a plentiful one or the contrary: if its spots exceed seven, bread-corn will be dear; if they are fewer than seven, there will be an abundant harvest, and low prices.[8] And, in the following rhyme from Ploen, this insect is invoked to bring food:

Marspäert (Markpäert) fleeg in Himmel!
Bring my’n Sack voll Kringeln, my een, dy een,
Alle lütten Engeln een.

Or,--

Marspäert, fly to heaven!
Bring me a sack full of biscuits, one for me, one for thee,
For all the little angels one.[9]

In the north of Europe it is thought lucky when a young girl in the country sees the Lady-bird in the spring; she then lets it creep about her hand, and says: “She measures me for wedding gloves.” And when it spreads its little wings and flies away, she is particular to notice the direction it takes, for thence her sweetheart shall one day come.[10] The latter part of this notion obtains in England; and it has been embodied by Gay in one of his Pastorals, as follows:

This Lady-fly I take from off the grass,
Whose spotted back might scarlet red surpass.
Fly, Lady-bird, north, south, or east or west,
Fly where the man is found that I love best.
He leaves my hand, see to the west he’s flown,
To call my true-love from the faithless town.[11]

In Norfolk, too, where this insect is called the Bishop Barnabee, the young girls have the following rhyme, which they continue to recite to it placed upon the palm of the hand, till it takes wing and flies away:[12]

Bishop, Bishop Barnabee,
Tell me when my wedding be:
If it be to-morrow day,
Take your wings and fly away!
Fly to the east, fly to the west,
Fly to him that I love best.[13]

Why the Lady-bird is called Bishop Barnabee, or Burnabee, there is great difference of opinion. Some take it to be from St. Barnabas, whose festival falls in the month of June, when this insect first appears; and others deem it but a corruption of the Bishop-that-burneth, in allusion to its fiery color.[14]

The following metrical jargon is repeated by the children in Scotland to this insect under the name of Lady Lanners, or Landers:[15]

Lady, Lady Lanners,
Lady, Lady Lanners,
Tak’ up your clowk about your head,
An’ flee awa’ to Flanners (Flanders).
Flee ower firth, and flee ower fell,
Flee ower pule and rinnan’ well,
Flee ower muir, and flee ower mead,
Flee ower livan, flee ower dead,
Flee ower corn, and flee ower lea,
Flee ower river, flee ower sea,
Flee ye east, or flee ye west,
Flee till him that lo’es me best.

So it seems that also in Scotland, the Lady-bird, which is still a great favorite with the Scottish peasantry, has been used for divining one’s future helpmate. This likewise appears from a rhyme from the north of Scotland, which dignifies the insect with the title of Dr. Ellison:

Dr. Dr. Ellison, where will I be married?
East, or west, or south, or north?
Take ye flight and fly away.

It is sometimes also termed Lady Ellison, or knighted Sir Ellison; while other Scottish names of it are Mearns, Aberd, The King, and King Galowa, or Calowa. Under this last title of dignity there is another Scottish rhyme, which evinces also the general use of this insect for the purpose of divination:

King, King Calowa,
Up your wings and flee awa’
Over land, and over sea;
Tell me where my love can be.[16]

There is a Netherlandish tradition that to see Lady-birds forebodes good luck;[17] and in England it is held extremely unlucky to destroy these insects. Persons killing them, it is thought, will infallibly, within the course of the year, break a bone, or meet with some other dreadful misfortune.[18]

In England, the children are accustomed to throw the Lady-bird into the air, singing at the same time,--

Lady-bird, lady-bird, fly away home;
Your house is on fire, your children’s at home,
All but one that ligs under the stone,--
Ply thee home, lady-bird, ere it be gone.[19]

Or, as in Yorkshire and Lancashire,--

Lady-bird, lady-bird, eigh thy way home;
Thy house is on fire, thy children all roam,
Except little Nan, who sits in her pan,
Weaving gold laces as fast as she can.[20]

Or, as most commonly with us in America,--

Lady-bird, lady-bird, fly away home,
Your house is on fire, and your children all burn.

The meaning of this familiar, though very curious couplet, seems to be this: the larvæ, or young, of the Lady-bird feed principally upon the aphides, or plant-lice, of the vines of the hop; and fire is the usual means employed in destroying the aphides; so that in killing the latter, the former, which had come for the same purpose, are likewise destroyed.

Immense swarms of Lady-birds are sometimes observed in England, especially on the southeastern coast. They have been described as extending in dense masses for miles, and consisting of several species intermixed.[21] In 1807, these flights in Kent and Sussex caused no small alarm to the superstitious, who thought them the forerunners of some direful evil. They were, however, but emigrants from the neighboring hop-grounds, where, in their larva state, they had been feasting upon the aphides.[22]

The Lady-bird was formerly considered an efficacious remedy for the colic and measles;[23] and it has been recommended often as a cure for the toothache: being said, when one or two are mashed and put into the hollow tooth, to immediately relieve the pain. Jaeger says he has tried this application in two instances with success.[24]

In the northern part of South America--the Spanish Main--a species of Lady-bug, Captain Stuart tells me, is extensively worn as jewels and ornaments. He may, however, refer to some species of the Gold-beetles--_Chrysomelidæ_, next mentioned.

Hurdis, who has frequently, in his Poems, availed himself of the modern discoveries in Natural History, has drawn the following accurate and beautiful picture of the Lady-bird in his tragedy of Sir Thomas More:

SIR JOHN.

What d’ye look at?

CECILIA.

A little animal, that round my glove,
And up and down to every finger’s tip,
Has traveled merrily, and travels still,
Tho’ it has wings to fly: what its name is
With learned men I know not; simple folk
Call it the Lady-bird.

SIR JOHN.

Poor harmless thing!
Save it.

CECILIA.

I would not hurt it for the world;
Its prettiness says, Spare me; and it bears
Armor so beautiful upon its back,
I could not injure it to be a queen:
Look, sir, its coat is scarlet dropp’d with jet,
Its eyes pure ivory.

SIR JOHN.

Child, I’m not blind
To objects so minute: I know it well;
’Tis the companion of the waning year,
And lives among the blossoms of the hop;
It has fine silken wings enfolded close
Under that coat of mail.

CECILIA.

I see them, sir,
For it unfurls them now--’tis up and gone.[25]

Southey, also, in his lines addressed to this insect under the name of the Burnie-Bee, has thus elegantly described it:

Back o’er thy shoulders throw thy ruby shards,
With many a tiny coal-black freckle deck’d;
My watchful eye thy loitering saunter guards,
My ready hand thy footsteps shall protect.

So shall the fairy train, by glow-worm light,
With rainbow tints thy folding pennons fret,
Thy scaly breast in deeper azure dight,
Thy burnish’d armor deck’d with glossier jet.[26]

Chrysomelidæ--Gold-beetles.

In Chili and Brazil, the ladies form necklaces of the golden _Chrysomelidæ_ and brilliant Diamond-beetles, with which their countries abound, which are said to be very beautiful.[27] The wing-cases of our common Gilded-Dandy, _Eumolpus auratus_, the metallic colors of which are pre-eminently brilliant and showy, have been recommended as ornaments for fancy boxes, and such like articles.[28] A closely allied species, I have seen upon the finest Parisian artificial flowers.

Carabidæ.

In some parts of Africa, a rather curious benefit is derived from a large beetle belonging to this family, the _Chlænius saponarius_, for it is manufactured by the natives into a soap.[29]

Pausidæ.

The etymology of the word _Pausus_, Dr. Afzelius imagines to be from the Greek παυσις, signifying a pause, cessation, or rest; for Linnæus, now (in 1796) old and infirm, and sinking under the weight of age and labor, saw no probability of continuing any longer his career of glory. He might therefore be supposed to say _hic meta laborum_, as it in reality proved, at least with regard to insects, for Pausus was the last he ever described.[30]

Dermestidæ--Leather-beetles.

In one of the stone coffins exhumed from the tumuli in the links of Skail, were found several small bags, which seemed to have been made of rushes. They all contained bones, with the exception of one, which is said to have been full of beetles belonging to the genus _Dermestes_. Both the bag and beetles were black and rotten.[31]

Four species of _Dermestes_ were found in the head of one of the mummies brought by Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson from Thebes--the _D. vulpinus_ of Fabricius, and the _pollinctus_, _roei_, and _elongatus_ of Hope.[32]

It is a remarkable coincidence that two peoples should bury beetles of the same genus with their dead, and much the more so, when they differ so widely, as did the ancient Britons and Egyptians. Was it for the same reason--the result of any communication?

At one time the ravages of the _Dermestes vulpinus_ were so great in the skin-warehouses of London, that a reward of £20,000 was offered for an available remedy.[33]

Lucanidæ--Stag-beetles.

The etymology of the word Lucanus, as well as its application to a species of insect, it is interesting to notice. The ancients gave the name of _Lucas_, _Lucana_, to the _ox_ and elephant. It is said that Pyrrhus had thus named the elephant the first time that he saw it, because this word signified ox in his own language, and that he thus gave it the name of the largest animal which he had ever before seen. According to Pliny, who employed the word _Lucani_, in speaking of the Horn-beetles, Nigridius was the first who gave the name to these insects; and this he did, most probably, from their large size, and the resemblance of their mandibles to horns. Dalechamp, however, thinks that the name _Lucanus_ was given to the Horn-beetle only because this insect was very common among the Lucanians, a people of Italy. But it is probable, after what has been above said, that the Lucanians themselves were thus named, in consequence of the great numbers of oxen which they reared. The common name, _Flying-bull_, given to this insect in different languages, corresponds very well with that given by Nigridius.[34]

A popular belief in Germany is, that the Stag-beetle, _Lucanus cervus_, carries burning coals into houses by means of its jaws, and that it has thus occasioned many fearful fires.[35]

In the New Forest of England, the Stag-beetle by the rustics is called the _Devil’s Imp_, and is believed to be sent to do some evil to the corn; and woe be to this unfortunate insect when met by these superstitious foresters, for it is immediately stoned to death. A writer, in the Notes and Queries,[36] states that he saw one of these insects actually thus destroyed.

Professor Bradley, of Cambridge, mentions the following remarkable instance of insect strength in a Stag-beetle. He asserts that he saw the beetle carry a wand a foot and a half long, and half an inch thick, and even fly with it to the distance of several yards.[37] Linnæus observes, that if the elephant was as strong in proportion as the Stag-beetle, it would be able to tear up rocks and level mountains.[38]

Bingley has the following marvelous story of the supposed rapacity of the Stag-beetle, which, it has been remarked, if not gravely stated by the reverend editor of the Animal Biography, as related to him by one of his own intimate and intelligent friends, might have been supposed by the general reader to have been borrowed from the Travels of the veracious Munchausen. “An intimate and intelligent friend of the editor informed him that he had often found several heads of these insects together, all perfectly alive, while the abdomens were gone, and the trunks and heads were left together. How this circumstance took place he never could discover with any certainty. He supposes, however, that it must have been in consequence of the severe battles that sometimes take place among the fiercest of the insect tribes; but their mouths not seeming formed for animal food, he is at a loss to guess what becomes of their abdomens. They do not fly till most of the birds have retired to rest, and indeed if we were to suppose that any of them devoured them, it would be difficult to say why the heads or trunks should be rejected.”[39]

Moufet says: “When the head (of the Stag-beetle) is cut off, the other parts of the body live long, but the head (contrary to the usual custom of insects) lives longer. This is said to be dedicated to the moon, and the head and horns of it wax with the moon, and do wane with the moon, but it is the opinion of vain astrologers.”[40]

The mandibles of the Stag-beetle were formerly employed in medicine, under the name of Horns of Scarabæi. This remedy was administered as an absorbent, in case of pains or convulsions supposed to be produced by acidity in the _primæ viæ_.[41] This is the insect most probably alluded to by Pliny, when he says, “Folke use to hang Beetles about the neck of young babes, as present remedies against many maladies.”[42] The _Scarabæus cornutus_ of Schröder (v. 345) is also, perhaps, the _Lucanus cervus_. We learn from this gentleman that it has been recommended to be worn as an amulet for an ague, or pains and contractions of the tendons, if applied to the part affected. He tells us also, that if tied about the necks of children, it enables them to retain their urine. An oil, prepared by infusion of these insects, is recommended by the same author, in pains of the ears, if dropped into them.[43]

The _Cossus_ of the Greeks and Romans, which, at the time of the greatest luxury among the latter, was introduced at the tables of the rich, was the larva, or grub, of a large beetle that lives in the stems of trees, particularly the oak; and was, most probably, the larva of the Stag-beetle, _Lucanus cervus_. On this subject, however, entomologists differ very widely, for it has been supposed the larva of the _Calandra palmarum_ by Geoffroy and Keferotein; of the _Prionus damicornis_ by Drury; but of the _Lucanus cervus_ by Roesel, Scopoli, and most others. The first two, being neither natives of Italy nor inhabiting the oak, are out of the question. But the larva of the _Lucanus cervus_, and perhaps also the _Prionus coriarius_, which are found in the oak as well as in other trees, may each have been eaten under this name, as their difference could not be discernible either to collectors or cooks. Linnæus, following the opinion of Ray, supposed the caterpillar of the great Goat-moth to be the cossus.[44]

Pliny tells us that the epicures, who looked upon these _cossi_ as delicacies, even fed them with meal, in order to fatten them.[45]

Our children, who call the Stag-beetles and the _Passalus cornutus_, oxen, are wont to hitch them with threads to chips and small sticks, and, for their amusement, make them drag the wood along as if they were oxen.

Scarabæidæ--Dung-beetles.

The _Coprion_, _Cantharus_, and _Heliocantharus_ of the ancients were evidently the _Scarabæus (Ateuchus) pilurarius_, or, as it is commonly called, the Tumble-dung, or one nearly related to it, for it is described as rolling backward large masses of dung; and in doing this it attracted such general attention as to give rise to the proverb _Cantharus pipulam_. From the name, derived from a word signifying an ass, it should seem the Grecian beetle made, or was supposed to make, its pills of _asses’_ dung; and this is confirmed by a passage in one of the plays of Aristophanes, the Irene, where a beetle of this kind is introduced, on which one of the characters rides to heaven to petition Jupiter for peace. The play begins with one domestic desiring another to feed the Cantharus with some bread, and afterward orders his companion to give him another kind of bread made of _asses’_ dung.[46]

Illustrative of the great strength of the Tumble-bug, the following anecdote may be related: Dr. Brichell was supping one evening in a planter’s house of North Carolina, when two of these beetles were placed, without his knowledge, under the candlestick. A few blows were struck on the table, when, to his great surprise, the candlestick began to move about, apparently without any agency, except that of a spiritual nature; and his surprise was not lessened when, on taking one of them up, he discovered that it was only a chafer that moved.[47]

In Denmark, the common Dung-beetle, _Geotrupes stercorarius_, is called _Skarnbosse_ or _Tor(Thor)bist_, and an augury as to the harvest is drawn by the peasants from the mites which infest it. The notion is, that if there are many of these mites between the fore feet, there will be an early harvest, but a late one if they abound between the hind feet.[48]

In Gothland, where Thor was worshiped above and more than the other gods, the _Scarabæus (Geotrupes) stercorarius_ was considered sacred to him, and bore the name of Thorbagge--Thor’s-bug. “Relative to this beetle,” says Thorpe, “a superstition still exists, which has been transmitted from father to son, that if any one finds in his path a Thorbagge lying helpless upon its back, and turns it on its feet, he expiates seven sins; because Thor in the time of heathenism was regarded as a mediator with a higher power, or All-father. On the introduction of Christianity, the priests strove to terrify the people from the worship of their old divinities, pronouncing both them and their adherents to be evil spirits, and belonging to hell. On the poor Thorbagge the name was now bestowed of Thordjefvul or Thordyfvel--Thor-devil, by which it is still known in Sweden Proper. No one now thinks of Thor, when he finds the helpless creature lying on its back, but the good-natured countryman seldom passes it without setting it on its feet, and thinking of his sin’s atonement.”[49]

A common symbol of the Creator among the Hindoos (from whom it passed into Egypt, and thence into Scandinavia, says Bjornstjerna) was the _Scarabæus (Ateuchus) sacer_, commonly called the Sacred-beetle of the Egyptians.[50] Of this insect we next treat at length.

Of the many animals worshiped by the ancient Egyptians, one of the most celebrated, perhaps, is the insect commonly known as the Sacred-scarab--_Scarabæus sacer_. This name was given it by Linnæus, but later writers know it as the _Ateuchus sacer_.[51] The insect is found throughout all Egypt, in the southern part of Europe,[52] in China, the East Indies, in Barbary, and at the Cape of Good Hope.[53]

The _Ateuchus sacer_, however, is not the only insect that was regarded as an object of veneration by the Egyptians; but another species of the same genus, lately discovered in the Sennâri by M. Caillaud de Nantes, appears to have first fixed the attention of this people, in consequence of its more brilliant colors, and of the country in which it was found, which, it is supposed, was their first sojourn.[54] This species, which Cuvier has named _Ateuchus Ægyptorum_, is green, with a golden tint, while the first is black.[55] The _Buprestis_ and _Cantharus_, or _Copris_, were also held in high repute by the Egyptians, and used as synonymous emblems of the same deities as the Scarabæus. This is further confirmed by the fact of S. Passalacqua having found a species of Buprestis embalmed in a tomb at Thebes.[56] But the _Scarabæus_, or _Ateuchus sacer_, is the beetle most commonly represented, and the type of the whole class; and the one referred to in this article under the general name of _Scarabæus_, unless when otherwise particularly mentioned.

The Scarabæus, according to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians, was sacred to the Sun and to Pthah, the personification of the creative power of the Deity; and it was adopted as an emblem or symbol of--

1. The World.--According to P. Valerianus, the Scarab was symbolical of the world, on account of the globular form of its pellets of dung, and from an odd notion that they were rolled from sunrise to sunset.[57]

2. The Sun.--P. Valerianus supposes this insect to have been a symbol of the sun, because of the angular projection from its head resembling rays, and from the thirty joints of the six tarsi of its feet answering to the days of an (ordinary) solar month.[58] According to Plutarch, it was because these insects cast the seed of generation into round balls of dung, as a genial nidus, and roll them backward with their feet, while they themselves look directly forward. And as the sun appears to proceed in the heavens in a course contrary to the signs, thus the Scarabæi turn their balls toward the west, while they themselves continue creeping toward the east; by the first of these motions exhibiting the diurnal, and by the second the annual, motion of the earth and the planets.[59] Porphyry gives the same reason as Plutarch why the beetle was considered, as he calls it, “a living image of the sun.”[60] Horapollo assigns two reasons for the Scarab being taken as an emblem of the sun. He tells us there are three species of beetles: one of which has the form of a cat, and is radiated;[61] and this one from a supposed analogy the Egyptians have dedicated to the Sun, because, first, the statue of the Deity of Heliopolis (City of the Sun) has the form of a cat![62] In this, however, Wilkinson asserts, that Horapollo is wrong; for the Deity of Heliopolis, under the form of a cat, was the emblem of Bubastis, and not of Rê, a type of the sun; and the presence of her statue is explained by the custom of each city assigning to the Divinities of neighboring places a conspicuous post in its own temples; and Bubastis was one of the principal contemplar Deities of Heliopolis.[63] The second reason of Horapollo is, that this insect has thirty fingers, which correspond to the thirty days of a solar month.[64]

3. The Moon.--The second of the three species of beetles, described by Horapollo, has, according to this writer, two horns, and the character of a bull; and it was consecrated to the moon; whence the Egyptians say, that the bull in the heavens is the elevation of this Goddess. This statement of beetle “with two horns” (the _Copris Isidis_) consecrated to the moon, Wilkinson says is not confirmed by the sculptures where it is never introduced.[65]

It is said the Egyptians believed that the pellet of the Scarabæus remained in the ground for a period of twenty-eight days. May not this have some connection with their choosing the insect as a symbol of the moon which divides the year into months of twenty-eight days each; or, of the month itself (of which we shall notice it was also a symbol) for the same reason? I have seen, too, a Scarabæus engraved upon a seal, the joints of whose tarsi numbered but twenty-eight.

Conformable to this supposition, the following quotation may be given from that chapter of the Treasvrie of Auncient and Modern Times devoted to the “Many meruailous (marvelous) properties in sundrie things; and to what Stars and Planets they are subjected naturally,” where we find mention of the Scarab as being subject to the moon: “The _Scarabe_, which is otherwise commonly called the Beetle-flye, a little old Creature, is maruelously subject to the Moon, and thereof is found both written, and by experience: That she gathereth or little pellets, or little round bals, and therein encloseth her young Egges, keeping the Pellets hid in the ground eight and twenty daies; during which time the Moone maketh her course, and the nine and twentieth day shee taketh them forth, and then hideth them againe vnder the Earth. Then, at such time as the Moone is conioyned with the Sunne, which wee vsually tearme the New Moone: they all issue forth aliue, and flye about.”[66]

4. Mercury.--The third of the three species of beetles, described by Horapollo, has one horn, and a peculiar form; and it is supposed, like the Ibis, to refer to Mercury.[67]

5. A Courageous Warrior.--As such they forced all the soldiers to wear rings, upon each of which a beetle was engraved, _i.e._ an animal perpetually in armor, who went his rounds in the night.[68] Plutarch thus alludes to this custom: “In the signet or seal-ring of their martial and military men, there was engraven the portraeture of the great Fly called the Beettil;” and assigns this curious and ridiculous reason, “because in that kinde there is no female, but they be all males.”[69] The custom is also mentioned by Ælian;[70] and some Scarabs have been found perfect, set in gold, with the ring attached.[71] The Romans adopted this emblem and made it a part of some legionary standards.

6. Pthah, the Creative Power.--Plutarch says, that in consequence of there being no females of this species, but all males, they were considered fit types of the creative power, self-acting and self-sufficient.[72] Some, too, have supposed that its position upon the female figure of the heavens, which encircles the zodiacs, refers to the same singular idea of its generative influence.[73]

7. Pthah Tore, another character of the creative power.[74]

8. Pthah-Sokari-Osiris.--Of this pigmy Deity of Memphis, it was adopted as a distinctive mark, being placed on his head.[75]

9. Regeneration, or reproduction, from the fact of its being the first living animal observed upon the subsidence of the waters of the Nile.[76]

10. Spring.[77]

11. The Egyptian month anterior to the rising of the Nile, as it appears first in that month.[78] It also may have been a symbol of a lunar month from an above-mentioned belief, namely, that its pellets remain twenty-eight days in the ground. It is sometimes found with the joints of its tarsi numbering but twenty-eight instead of thirty, hence the supposition is that it was held as a symbol of a lunar, as well as a solar, month.

12. Fecundity.--Dr. Clarke informs us that these beetles are even yet eaten by the women to render them prolific.[79]

13. With the eyes pierced by a needle, of a man who died from fever.[80]

14. Surrounded by roses, of a voluptuary, because they thought that the smell of that flower enervated, made lethargic, and killed the beetle.[81]

15. An only son; because, says Fosbroke, they believed that every beetle was “both male and female.”[82] Was it not because they imagined these insects were all males, as above stated upon the authority of Plutarch, and hence the analogy in a family of an only son since it could be but of the masculine gender?

The Scarabæus was also connected with astronomical subjects, occurring in some zodiacs in the place of Cancer; and with funereal rites.[83]

To no place in particular, as the dog at Cynopolis, the ichneumon at Heracleopolis, was the worship of the beetle confined; but traces of it are found throughout the whole of Egypt. It is probable, however, it received the greatest honors at Memphis and Heliopolis, of which cities Pthah and the Sun were the chief Deities.[84] The worship is also of great antiquity, for in many of the above-mentioned characters, the beetle occurs upon the royal sepulchers of Biban-el-Moluc, which are said to be more ancient than the Pyramids.[85] Scarabæi are, in fact, to be retraced in all their monuments and sculptures, and under divers positions, and often depicted of gigantic dimensions. Mr. Hamilton tells us that in the most conspicuous part of the magnificent temple which marks the site of the ancient Ombite nome, priests are represented paying divine honors to this beetle, placed upon an altar; and, that it might have a character of more mysterious sanctity, it was generally figured with two mitered heads--that of the common hawk, and that of the ram with the horn of Ammon.[86] It may be remarked here, that the Scarabæus, when represented with the head of a hawk, or of a ram, is meant to be an emblem of the sun; and as such emblem it is most commonly found. It often occurs in a boat with extended wings, holding the globe of the sun in its claws, or elevated in the firmament as a type of that luminary in the meridian. Figures too of other Deities are often seen praying to it when in this character.[87]

In the cabinet of Montfaucon, there is a Scarabæus in the middle of a large stone, with outspread feet; and two men, or women, who are perhaps priests, or priestesses, stand before it with clasped hands as if in adoration.[88] This gentleman also has remarked that on the Isiac table, there is the figure of a man in a sitting posture, who holds his hands toward a beetle which has the head of a man with a crescent upon it.[89] On this table there is another Scarab with the head of Isis.[90] Besides these Scarabæi with the heads of hawks, rams, men, and the goddess Isis, Mr. Hertz has in his possession a small Scarabæus in stone with the head of a cow.[91]

The mode of representing the Scarabæi on the monuments was frequently very arbitrary. Some are figured with, and some without the scutellum; and others are sometimes introduced with two scutella, one on either clypeus. An instance of this mode of representation, of which no example is to be found in nature, occurs in a large Scarabæus in the British museum.[92]

Among the ideographics of the hieroglyphic writing, the Scarabæus is found under several forms: seated with closed and spread wings upon the head of a god, it signifies the name of a god--a Creator;[93] and with the head and legs of a man, it is emblematic of the same creative power, or of Pthah. Another emblem of Pthah is supported by the arms of a man kneeling on the heavens, and surmounted by a winged Scarab supporting a globe or sun.[94]

The Scarabæus likewise belongs to the hieroglyphic signs as a syllabic phonetic; and with complement a mouth, signifies type, form, and transformation: flying, to mount--a phonetic of the later alphabet, with sound of H in the name of Pthah. Another phonetic of the later alphabet, belonging to the XXVI. dynasty, of the time of Domitianus and Trajanus, was a Scarabæus in repose.[95]

The Scarabæus entered also into the royal scutcheons. It first appeared in the XI. dynasty, and is found afterward in the XII., XIII., XIV., XVIII., XIX., XX., XXI., XXII., XXIII., and XXX.[96]

The most important monuments of the great edifice of Amenophis--the so-called Palace of Luxon,--in an historical sense, are said to be four great Scarabæi. They contain statements as to the frontier of the Egyptian empire under Amenophis at the time of his marriage with Taja. Rosellini has given copies and explanations of two of them. A third, now in the Louvre, states that the King, conqueror of the Lybian Shepherds, husband of Taja, made the foreign country of the Karai his southern frontier, the foreign land of Nharina (Mesopotamia) his northern. The inscription of the other Scarabæus, now in the Vatican, states that in the eleventh year and third month of his reign, King Amenhept made a great tank or lake to celebrate the festival of the waters; on which occasion he entered it in a barge of “the most gracious Disc of the Sun.” This substitution, by the King, of the barge of the Disc of the Sun for the usual barge of Amun-Ra, is the _first_ indication of an heretical sun-worship.[97]

Such historical Scarabæi, Champollion and Rosellini have happily compared to commemorative coins; and, in fact, those which record the names of the kings might perhaps be considered as small Egyptian coins.[98]

Besides being ensculped upon monuments and tablets, Scarabæi, as images in baked earth, are found in great numbers with the mummies of Egypt. These little figures also present an intermingling of several animal forms; for some are found with the heads of men, others with those of dogs, lions, and cats, and others are figures entirely fantastical. Father Kirker says, they were interred with the dead to drive away evil spirits; and there is much probability, he continues, that these were put here for no other purpose than to protect their relatives.[99] The largest of these rude images of Scarabæi, thus used for funereal purposes, frequently had a prayer, or legend connected with the dead, engraved upon them; and a winged Scarabæus was generally placed on those bodies which were embalmed according to the most extensive process.[100] These latter are found in various positions, but generally upon the eye and breast of the body.[101] Placed over the stomach, it was deemed a never-failing talisman to shield the “soul” of its wearer against the terrific genii of Amenthi.[102]

A small, closely cut, glazed limestone Scarabæus has been found tied like a ring by a twist of plain cord on the fourth finger of the left hand. This has occurred twice. Another has been found fastened around the left wrist.[103]

It has been remarked before that the Scarabæus was connected with astronomical subjects. Donovan tells us that “when sculptured on astronomical tables, or on columns, it expressed the divine wisdom which regulated the universe and enlightened man.”[104]