Chapter XVI: Part 16

[350] _Orient. Mem._, ii. 273.

[351] _Ibid._, iii. 338.

[352] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, viii. 595.

[353] _Ibid._, viii. 613.

[354] _Penny Mag._, 1843, p. 231.

[355] _Narrative_, p. 234, and p. 238.

[356] _Trav. in Morocco_, p. 105.

[357] Jaeg. _on Ins._, p. 103.

[358] Pringle’s _S. Africa_, p. 54. The Missionary Moffat has written the history of the scourge of 1826.--_Miss. Lab._, p. 447-9.

[359] _Ibid._

[360] _Chinese Repository._

[361] Churchill’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 317.

[362] _Penny Mag._ 1843.

[363] Backhouse, p. 264.

[364] _Kaffraria_, p. 79.

[365] Remy & Brenchley’s _Voy. to G. Salt Lake City_, iv. 440, note; Burton’s _City of the Saints_, p. 345.

[366] Quot. by Burton, _City of the Saints_, p. 86. Cf. Long’s _Exped._, ii. 31.

[367] Remy and Brenchley’s _Voy. to G. S. Lake City_, i. 440, note; Burton’s _City of the Saints_, p. 345.

[368] Lepsius, _Disc. in Egypt_, p. 50.

[369] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 29; Holland, Pt. I. p. 327, F-H.

[370] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 137-8.

[371] _Ibid._, 138.

[372] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 257.

[373] Volney’s _Trav._, i. 387.

[374] Riley’s _Narrative_, p. 236-7.

[375] Richardson’s _Sahara_, i. 338.

[376] _The Mirror_, xv. 429.

[377] _Pilgr._, ii. 1047.

[378] _Ibid._, ii. 1186.

[379] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[380] _Gent. Mag._, lxxxi. (Pt. II.) 273.

[381] Vide Bochart, _Hierozoic_, L. IV. c. 5, 474-5.

[382] Volney, _Trav._, i. 304.

[383] Robbins’ _Journal_, p. 228.

[384] Southey’s _Thalaba_, i. 171.

[385] Clarke’s _Travels_, i. 348.

[386] _Harleian Miscel._, ii. 523.

[387] _Nature and Art_, vi. 109.

[388] Bochart, _Hierozoic_, Pt. II. L. iv. c. 5, 475.--Much of this description is quite oriental, but such is the general resemblance to some of the animals mentioned, that in Italy it still bears the name of “Cavalletta.” A German name for this Locust, as well as the Grasshopper (before mentioned), is the “Hay-horse.” About the Locust’s neck, too, the integuments have some resemblance to the trappings of a horse; some species, however, have the appearance of being hooded. In the Bible, Locusts are compared to horses.--Joel, ii. 4; Rev. ix. 7. Ray says, “_Caput oblongum, equi instar prona spectans_.”

[389] Riley’s _Narrative_, p. 234.

[390] _Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 186.

[391] _Ibid._, 187.

[392] _Ibid._

[393] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 125. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 988.

[394] St. John’s _Man. and Cust. of Anct. Greeks_, iii. 95.

[395] Diod. Sic. _Hist._, L. III. c. 2. Booth’s Trans., 170-1.

[396] Strabo. _Geog._, L. XVI. c. 4, § 13.

[397] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 26. Holl. Pt. I. p. 325. E. Cf. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xi. 29.

[398] Rob. _Journal_, p. 172.

[399] _Ibid._, p. 228.

[400] Jackson’s _Morocco_, p. 104.

[401] _Ibid._, p. 106.

[402] _Wand. and Adv. in S. Afr._, i. 137.

[403] Riley’s _Narrat._, p. 237.

[404] _Exped. to Africa_, p. 107.

[405] _Cent. Africa_, ii. 30.

[406] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xvi. 634.

[407] _Travels to C. of Good Hope_, i. 263.

[408] _Ibid._

[409] _Revel._ ix. 2, 3.

[410] Fleming’s _Kaffraria_, p. 80.

[411] Holman’s _Travels_, p. 487.

[412] _Miss. Lab._, p. 448-9.

[413] Quot. in Anderson’s _L. Ngami_, p. 284.

[414] _Ibid._, p. 283.

[415] _Trav. and Res. in S. Africa_, p. 48.

[416] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, x. 189.

[417] Hasselq. _Trav._, p. 419.

[418] _Orient. Mem._, i. 46.

[419] Layard’s _Nin. and Bab._, p. 289.

[420] _Chinese Repository._

[421] _Lord Elgin’s Miss. to China and Japan_, p. 273.

[422] _Middle Kingdom_, ii. 50.

[423] _Voy._, i. 430. Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xi. 49.

[424] _Ibid._, xiv. 128.

[425] Vol. ii. p. 525.

[426] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 205.

[427] Jackson’s _Morocco_, p. 103.

[428] _Ibid._, p. 106.

[429] _Narrative_, p. 235.

[430] _Chinese Repository._

[431] _Phil. Trans._ for 1698.

[432] _Prov._ xxx. 27.

[433] _Genes._ xvi. 12.

[434] Jackson’s _Travels in Morocco_, p. 105-6.

[435] _Hist. of Greece_, b. i. c. 24.

[436] _Hist. Acct. of China_, b. ii. c. 15, and Church _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, i. 95.

[437] _Naturalist in Bermuda_, p. 112.

[438] _S. African Sport._, p. 220.

[439] Darwin’s _Res._, p. 159.

[440] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 261.

[441] Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

[442] _Ibid._

[443] _Travels_, i. 71.

[444] _Egypt and China_, ii. 106.

[445] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 105.

[446] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._ The species here referred to was the _Termes lucifuga_.

[447] _Orient. Mem._, i. 363-4.

[448] Kempf. _Japan_, ii. 127; also Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 701.

[449] _Orient. Mem._, i. 362.

[450] _Introd._, i. 247.

[451] _Autobiog._, Lond., 1858, p. 222-3.

[452] _Latr. S. Africa_, p. 315.

[453] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 319.

[454] Kid. and Fletch., _Brazil_, p. 443.

[455] _S. Africa_, p. 315.

[456] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 319.

[457] Kidder and Fletcher, _Brazil_, p. 442.

[458] Barter’s _Dorp and Veld_, p. 81.

[459] Burton’s _Central Africa_, i. 202.

[460] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 412.

[461] Knox, _Ceylon_, Pt. I. ch. vi. p. 24.

[462] _Phil. Trans._, lxxi. 167-8, note.

[463] _Ibid._

[464] _Voy. to Cape of Good Hope_, i. 261; Cf. Alexander’s _Exped. into Africa_, i. 52.

[465] _Trav. in S. Africa_, p. 501.

[466] Burton’s _Cent. Africa_, i. 202.

[467] Buchanan, i. 7; Forbes, _Orient. Mem._, i. 305.

[468] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 308, note.

[469] _Letters written in a Mahratta Camp in 1809._

[470] Backhouse, p. 584.

[471] _Phil. Trans._, lxxi. 167-8, note.

[472] _Memoirs_, vi. 485. Quot. by K. and S. _Introd._, i. 284. Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 315. _Ins. Trans._, p. 373.

[473] Quot. by Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 250.

[474] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, iii. 516-8.

[475] Gosse’s _Jamaica_, p. 251.

[476] _Gram. and Dict. of the Yoruba Language._ Smithson. Public., p. xiii.

[477] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 404.

[478] They were produced by that species of Gall-fly, _Cynips_, delineated by Reaumur in his _Hist. of Ins._, vol. iii. tabl. 40. _The Mirror_, xxx. 234.

[479] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 33.

[480] Browne’s _Works_, ii. 376.

[481] _Theatr. Ins._, 252. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1085.

[482] Hasselquist’s _Travels_, p. 253.

[483] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 424.

[484] _Ibid._, p. 427.

[485] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._ Cf. Cuv.--_Ins._, ii. 428; K. and S. _Introd._, i. 318. Medict. Virt. Cf. Geoffroy’s _Treatise on Subs. used in Physic_, p. 369.

[486] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 428. Cf. Geoffroy’s _Subs. used in Phys._, p. 369.

[487] Reaum. iii. 416. Cf. Cuv. _Ibid._ ii. 429. K. and S. _Introd._, i. 310.

[488] Smith’s _Introd. to Bot._, p. 346. Olivier’s _Trav._, i. 139. Cf. _Ibid._

[489] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[490] Herod., B. 3, 102-5. Cary’s _Trans._, p. 214.

[491] Strabo, _Geog._, B. xv. c. 1, § 44. Hamilton’s _Trans._, iii. 101. Cf. Arrian’s _Ind. Hist._, c. 15. Rooke’s _Trans._, ii. 211.

[492] _Ibid._

[493] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, B. xi. c. 31. Bost. and Riley’s _Trans._, iii. 39.

[494] _Ubi supra_, and Strabo, B. xv. c. 1, § 37.

[495] Pomp., _Vita Apollon. Tyan._, B. vi. c. 1.

[496] Bostick and Riley’s _Trans. of Pliny_, iii. 39, note.

[497] Prov. vi. 6. Cf. Prov. xxx. 23.

[498] Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

[499] Holland’s _Trans._, p. 787.

[500] _Guardian_, No. 156-7.

[501] _Nat. Displ._, i. 128.

[502] _Namahl a Namal Circumcidit._--Browne’s _Pseud. Epid.--Works_, ii. 531.

[503] _Poems: Solomon._

[504] _Hymns: The Emmet._

[505] _On the Omnis. of God._

[506] _Par. Lost_, B. vii. l. 484.

[507] _Saturday Mag._, xix. 190.

[508] Lawson’s _Bible Cyclop._, ii. 505.

[509] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 245-6. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1078. Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 73-6.

[510] Mouf. _Theatr. Ins._, p. 242.

[511] Quot. in Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 224.

[512] Harwood’s Grec. _Antiq._, p. 200.

[513] Stosch. Cl., ii. 227-8. Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[514] Quot. in Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 134.

[515] _The Mirror_, xxx. 216.

[516] _Pilgrims_, v. 542.

[517] _Theatr. Ins._, 246. Topsel’s _Hist of Beasts_, p. 1079.

[518] The valley seems to be so called from the great number of Ants which are found there. Some place it in Syria, and others in Tayeb.--_Al Beidawi, Jallalo’ddin._

[519] _The Koran_, p. 310. Translated by Geo. Sale.

[520] _Trav. in the Levant_, Pt. I. p. 41.

[521] _Land and Water Creatures Compared_, Holland, p. 787.

[522] B. 7, c. 16, p. 665; printed 1613.

[523] Strong’s _Nat. Hist._, iii. 163.

[524] Holland’s _Trans._, p. 787.

[525] Chamb. _Misc._, x. 17.

[526] Kalm in Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xiii. 474.

[527] Chamb. _Misc._, x. 22.

[528] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xvi. 174.

[529] _Guinea_, p. 276; Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 727.

[530] Du Chaillu, p. 312 and 108.

[531] Allied to the Stinger (_ota_) of Yoruba, and _Idzalco_, “the fighter which makes one go.”--_T. J. Bowen._

[532] Livingstone’s _Travels_, p. 468.

[533] St. Clair’s _W. Indies_, i. 167-8.

[534] Stedm. _Surinam_, ii. 94.

[535] Of similar size and ferocity as the great Red-ant of Ceylon, the _Dimiya_, _Formica smaragdina_.--Tennent, _N. H. of Ceyl._, p. 424.

[536] The Cobra de Capello, _Naja tripudians_, Merr.

[537] Knox, _Hist. Rel. of Ceylon_, Pt. I. ch. vi. p. 24.

[538] Stedm. _Surinam_, ii. 142.

[539] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 123.

[540] Smith’s _Nature and Art_, xii. 195. Clavigero supposes that all the attachment which the snake shows to the Ant-hills proceeds from its living on the Ants themselves.

[541] _Du Chaillu_, p. 312.

[542] The Swiss farmers, in order to rid their trees of caterpillars, allure the Ants to climb the trees, where, being confined by a circle of pitch round the holes, hunger soon causes them to attack the noxious larvæ.

[543] _Penny Encycl._, _sub._ Ant.

[544] _Hakluyt Society_, ii. 13.

[545] _The Mirror_, xxxi. 342.

[546] Smith’s _Nature and Art_, xii. 197.

[547] _Hist. Nat._, i. 9, and v. 291. Cf. Sloane, _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 221.

[548] _Amer. Utriusq. Desc._, p. 333.

[549] _Ibid._, p. 379.

[550] Southey’s _Com. Place Book_, 3d S. p. 346-7.

[551] Herrera, vi. 5, 6.

[552] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 221.

[553] Quoted, _Ibid._

[554] _Journ. of Geog. Soc._, 1841, x. 175.

[555] Quot. by K. and S. _Introd._, i. 309.

[556] _Trav. in Swed._, p. 118, Lond. 1789, 4to.

[557] _Ibid._

[558] Jenkin’s _Voy. of U. S. Explor. Exped. Com. by Wilkes_, 8vo. Auburn, 1852, p. 319.

[559] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Insects_, ii. 489.

[560] _Ibid._

[561] _Pilgrims_, iii. 996.

[562] James’s _Med. Dict._

[563] _Hist. of Jam._, ii. 221.

[564] Brande’s _Encycl. of Sci. Lit., etc._

[565] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7 (23).

[566] Southey’s _Com. Place Book_, 3d S. p. 419.

[567] _Gent. Mag._, Pt. II. lxxiii. 704-5, and Kirby’s _Wond. Museum_, i. 353-5.

[568] _Land and Water Creatures Compared_, Holl. _Trans._, p. 793.

[569] B. 7, c. xv. p. 664. Printed 1613.

[570] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 472.

[571] _Mem. Berlin Acad._ for 1749.

[572] _Penny Encycl._, _sub._ Ant.

[573] K. and S. _Introd._, ii. 54.

[574] _Pilgrimage_, p. 1090.

[575] K. and S. _Intro._, ii. 54.

[576] Joss. _Voy._, p. 118.

[577] Baird’s _Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[578] Purchas’s _Pilgrims_, iii. 998.

[579] Schomburgk’s _Hist. of Barbados_, 640-3; and Coke’s _West Indies_, ii. 313.

[580] Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 471.

[581] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, xiv. 716.

[582] Southey’s _Hist. of Brazil_, iii. 334, note.

[583] Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 507.

[584] Thom Browne’s _Works_, ii. 337, note.

[585] Martial, B. iv. 15.

[586] Southey, _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 645.

[587] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 148-9.

[588] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 29.

[589] Wanley’s _Wonders_, i. 378.

[590] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 40-50. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 921-7. Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 267-8; Pernicies summota; Pugnacitas; Imperfecti mores civiles; Perturbator.

[591] _Josh._ xxiv. 12; _Deut._ vii. 20.

[592] Kirby’s _Bridgewater Treatise.--Saturday Mag._, ix. 239.

[593] _Phil. Trans._, i. 201.

[594] _Med. Dict._

[595] _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 660.

[596] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 49. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 657, 927.

[597] _Notes and Queries_, ii. 165.

[598] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 211.

[599] Backhouse’s _Mauritius_, p. 32.

[600] Moufet, _Theatr. Insect._, p. 47. Topsel’s _Hist. of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents_, p. 925, 655.

[601] William’s _Middle Kingdom_; or _Chinese Empire_, i. 274.

[602] Thom. Bozius _de signis Eccles._, B. 14, c. iii. Quot. by Butler, _Fem. Monarchie_, c. i. 48.

[603] Quot. in _Notes and Queries_, ix. 167.

[604] _Parley of Beasts_, p. 144. London, 1660.

[605] Bozius, _ubi supra_. Butler, _ubi supra_.

[606] Vicentius in _Spec. Moral._, B. 2, D. 21, p. 3. _N. and Q._, x. 499.

[607] Pet. Cluniac, B. 1, c. i. _N. and Q._, x. 499.

[608] Quot. in _Notes and Queries_, x. 499.

[609] Harwood, _Grec. Antiq._, p. 200.

[610] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, ix. 18

[611] _Ibid._

[612] Paus. _Hist. of Greece_, B. ix. c. xxiii. 3.

[613] Stanley’s _Hist. of Philos._, Pt. V. c. ii. p. 157, Lond. 1701. Cf. Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xi. 18.

Vide Pierius, _Hieroglyph._, p. 261-5. Populus regi suo obseques; Rex; Regnum; Grata eloquentia; Poeticæ amœnitas; Futuri seculi beatitudo; Dulcium appetitus; Diuturnæ valetudinis prosperitas; Meretrix; Exoticæ disciplinæ; Prophetarum oracula, etc.

[614] _Lives of the Saints_, xii. 106.

[615] Quot. in _N. and Q._, x. 500. This story is not in the _Fem. Monarchie_ of 1609, printed for Jos. Barnes.

[616] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 21-2. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 645, 905.

[617] _N. and Q._, vi. 480.

[618] Gay’s _Pastorals_, v. 107-8.

[619] Chambers’ _Book of Days_, i. 752.

[620] Plutarch, _Nat. Quest._, 36. Holl. Trans., p. 831.

[621] _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7. Holl. Trans., p. 308.

[622] Plutarch, _Land and Water Creatures Compared_. Holl. Trans., p. 786.

[623] _Georg._ iv. 283-7. Dryden’s Trans.

[624] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 226.

[625] Martin’s _Georg. of Virgil_, iv. 295, note.

[626] Dryden’s _Virgil, Georg._ iv. 417-442. Democritus, said to have been contemporary with Socrates and Hippocrates, the learned Varro, Columella, and Plorentinus, have severally given this same receipt. Vide Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 199.

[627] Hollings. _Chron._, i. 384.

[628] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 228.

[629] _N. and Q._, ii. 356.

[630] _Nat. Hist._, xix. 7. Holl. _Trans._, p. 23. E.

[631] _N. and Q._, ii. 165. Chamb. _Bk. of Days_, i. 752.

[632] _N. & Q._, xii. 200.

[633] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, ii. 405.

[634] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 419.

[635] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[636] _Ibid._

[637] _Ibid._

[638] Thorpe’s _North. Mythol._, iii. 161.

[639] Vide _N. and Q._ in Devon, v. 148; Essex, v. 437; Lincolnshire, iv. 270; Surrey, iv. 291; a Cornish superstition, too, xii. 38; in Buckinghamshire, Sussex, Lithuania, and France, iv. 308.

[640] Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[641] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 413, note.

[642] _N. and Q._, iv. 309.

[643] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[644] Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[645] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 300.

[646] Langstroth _on Honey-Bee_, p. 80.

[647] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, iii. 211, note.

[648] _Ibid._, i. 303. London, 1829.

[649] Peter Rotharmel had three specialties: Bees, Wheat, and Bonaparte. Concerning Bees, he had many strange notions, but the above recorded is the only one of which I have any positive information. Concerning wheat, at one time in his life he purchased an almanac, which indicated, among other things, the high and low tides, and, from studying this, he got it into his head that the fluctuations in the price of wheat were intimately connected with the rise and fall of the tides. So impressed was he with this idea, that he ever afterward yearly bought that particular almanac, and prophesied from it to his neighbors the probable value of their coming crops of wheat. On Sunday, he would walk fifteen and twenty miles through the country, to examine the different wheat-fields, and to afford him a topic of conversation for the ensuing week. But Napoleon was his principal study and his greatest mania. On him he would talk for hours, on the slightest provocation. The history of Bonaparte and his campaigns, which he only read, was an old German one.

[650] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, ii. 209.

[651] _Geog._, Dryden’s _Trans._, iv. 82-9.

[652] _On the Honey-Bee_, p. 113.

[653] _N. and Q._, 2d Ser., ix. 443.

[654] _Nat. Hist._, xxi. 20, Holl. _Trans._, p. 106. K.

[655] Quot. in Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 225.

[656] Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 132.

[657] Quot. by Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 231.

[658] Campbell’s _Travels in S. Africa_, p. 339.

[659] _Percy Soc. Public._, iv. 99.

[660] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 109-10.

[661] _Nat. Hist._, xx. 13. Holl., p. 56. M.

[662] _Ibid._, Holl., p. 95. A.

[663] _Ibid._, xxi. 20. Holl., p. 106. K.

[664] _Ibid._, xxiii. 18. Holl., p. 173. A.

[665] _Ibid._, xxix. 4. Holl., p. 361. D.

[666] _Ibid._, xxx. 16. Holl., p. 399. F.

[667] Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 316, note.

[668] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 225.

[669] _Georg._, iv. 280-4; Dryden’s _Trans._

[670] Fosb. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[671] _Judg._ xiv. 8.

[672] Cf. Swammerdam, _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 227, and Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_.

[673] Herod., v. 114-5.

[674] _Excursions_, i. 127.

[675] _Fem. Monarchie_, c. vi. 49.

[676] Williams’ _Chinese Empire_, i. 275.

[677] Chiflet, 164-181; Montf. _Monarch. Franc._, i. 12; Gough’s _Sepul. Mon._, vol. i. p. lxii.

[678] Cf. _N. & Q._, vii. 478, 553; viii. 30.

[679] Harper’s _New Monthly Mag._, xxvi. 441.

[680] _Il._ β. 87; μ. 67; _Odyss._, ν. 106.

[681] Hesiod, Theog., 594, seq.

[682] Bucke _on Nature_, ii. 75.

[683] Cf. Kalm, ii. 427; Schneider, Observ. sur Ulloa, ii. 198.

[684] _Ibid._

[685] _Tour in the Prairies_, ch. ix.

[686] Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 236.

[687] _Letters._

[688] _Voyages dans les Alpes._ _Ins. Misc._, p. 262.

[689] Brookes mentions the Duchy of Juliers, a district of Westphalia, Germany.--_Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 160.

[690] Columella says the Greeks were accustomed, every year, to remove the hives from Achaia into Attica.--_Ibid._

[691] One person in particular, in the territory called Gatonois, has been at the pains of removing his hives, after the harvest of Sainfoin, into the plains of Beauce, where the melilot abounds, and thence into Sologne, where it is well known the Bees may enjoy the advantage of buckwheat, till toward the end of September, for so long that plant retains its flowers.--_Ibid._

[692] _Ins. Misc._, p. 262.

[693] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, iii. 652.

[694] Wood’s _Zoog._, ii. 429.

[695] _Ins. Misc._, p. 263.

[696] Quot. by Langstroth--_On Honey-Bee_, p. 305, note.

[697] _Nat. Hist._, x. 9.

[698] _Journ. of Geog. Soc._, 1843, xiii. 40.

[699] Murray’s _Africa_, i. 168.

[700] Scot’s _Mag._, Nov. 1766. Chamb. _Journ._, 1st S. xi. 184.

[701] _The Bees._

[702] _Treatise on Bees_, 1769. _Ins. Misc._, p. 320-1.

[703] _Fem. Monarchie_, ch. i. 39.

[704] _Travels_, p. 178, Harper’s ed.

[705] B. VII. c. xvi. p. 667. Printed, 1613.

[706] Montaigne’s _Works_, p. 243.

[707] Lesser, ii. 171. K. & S. _Introd._, ii. 247.

[708] Knox, Pt. I. c. vi. p. 48.

[709] Martyr, p. 274.

[710] Banc. _Guiana_, p. 230.

[711] _Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, p. 293.

[712] _Trav._, i. 9.

[713] _Med. Dict._

[714] Langstroth _on Honey-Bee_, p. 315, note.

[715] _Med. Dict._

[716] _Fem. Monarchie_, c. x. 1.

[717] B. 3, c. xv. xvi. p. 274-9. See also extract from Works of Sir J. More, London, 1707, given by Langstroth--_on the Honey-Bee_, p. 287, note.

[718] _The Koran_, p. 219, note, Sale’s.

[719] _Ibid._, p. 219.

[720] Athen. _Deipn._, B. 2, c. 26.

[721] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 29. Topsel’s _Trans._, p. 911.

[722] Brooke’s _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 168.

[723] Quot. by Langstroth _on the Honey-Bee_, p. 78-9.

[724] _Anab._, B. 4.

[725] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxi. 13. Tournefort, _Letters_, 17.

[726] _Mission. Lab._, p. 121.

[727] Hollingsh. _Chron._, i. 384.

[728] Hawk’s _Peruvian Antiq._, p. 198.

[729] _Voyage to C. of G. Hope_, i. 255.

[730] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._

[731] Wright’s _Prov. Dict._

[732] _Epigrams_, B. iv. epigr. 32.

[733] Smith’s _Dict. of the Bible_.

[734] Osbeck’s _Travels_, i. 32-3.

[735] Josselyn’s _Voy._, p. 121.

[736] Chambers’ _Pop. Rhymes of Scot._, p. 292. Edit. of 1841, p. 172.

[737] Dalyell’s _Superst. of Scotland_, p. 563.

[738] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 346-7. Wood’s _Zoog._, ii. 436-7.

[739] Kirby’s _Wonderful Museum_, v. 390-1, given at length.

[740] Kirby’s _Wond. Museum_, vi. 260-2, at length.

[741] Livy, B. 34, c. 10.

[742] _Ibid._, B. 40, c. 19.

[743] _Ibid._, B. 43, c. 13.

[744] Brown’s _Book of Butterflies_, i. 126.

[745] _Annales_, p. 15.

[746] _Ibid._

[747] Holling., i. 449. Graft., i. 37. Fabyan, p. 17.

[748] Howitt’s _North. Literat._, i. 187.

[749] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 277.

[750] Moufet, p. 107.

[751] Hone’s _Ev. Day Book_, p. 1127.

[752] Chambers’ _Domest. Annals of Scotland_, ii. 489.

[753] Gassendi’s _Life of Peireskius_, p. 123-5; and Reaumur, i. 638, 667.

[754] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 206.

[755] The origin of red snow has likewise been a puzzle and query for ages, and many theories have been advanced by philosophers and naturalists to account for it. To those interested in the solution of this phenomenon, the following extract from the _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, vol. ii. p. 322, may be curious, if not satisfactory. Mr. Thomas Nicholson, accompanied with two other gentlemen, made an excursion the 24th July, 1821, to Sowallick Point, near Bushman’s Island, in Prince Regent’s Bay, in quest of meteoric iron. “The summit of the hill,” he says, “forming the point, is covered with huge masses of granite, whilst the side, which forms a gentle declivity to the bay, was covered with crimson snow. It was evident, at first view, that this colour was imparted to the snow by a substance lying on the surface. This substance lay scattered here and there in small masses, bearing some resemblance to powdered cochineal, surrounded by a lighter shade, which was produced by the colouring matter being partly dissolved and diffused by the deliquescent snow. During this examination our hats and upper garments were observed to be daubed with a substance of a similar red colour, and a moment’s reflection convinced us that this was the excrement of the little Auk (_Uria alle_, Temmink), myriads of which were continually flying over our heads, having their nests among the loose masses of granite. A ready explanation of the origin of the red snow was now presented to us, and not a doubt remained in the mind of any that this was the correct one. The snow on the mountains of higher elevation than the nests of these birds was perfectly white, and a ravine at a short distance, which was filled with snow from top to bottom, but which afforded no hiding-place for these birds to form their nests, presented an appearance uniformly white.”

This testimony seems to be as clear and indisputable as the explanation given by Peiresc of the ejecta of the Butterflies at Aix. But though it will account, perhaps, for the red snow of the polar regions, it will not explain that of the Alps, the Apennines, and the Pyrenees, which are not, so far as is known, visited by the little Auk.--Vide _Ins. Transf._, p. 352-5.

[756] Chamb. _Domes. Annals of Scotl._, ii. 199.

[757] Chamb. _Domes. Annals of Scotl._, ii. 447-8.

[758] _Gent. Mag._, xxxiv. 496.

[759] _Ibid._, xxxiv. 542.

[760] Bucke _on Nature_, i. 277.

[761] Brown’s _Bk. of Butterflies_, i. 129.

[762] Chamb. _Domes. Annals of Scotl._, ii. 448.

[763] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 40.

[764] Cf. the following verses from Ex. vii. 19: “And the LORD spake unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand upon the waters of Egypt, upon their streams, upon their rivers, and upon their ponds, and upon all their pools of water, that they may become blood; and that there may be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, both in vessels of wood and in vessels of stone.

“20. And Moses and Aaron did so, as the LORD commanded; and he lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river in the sight of Pharaoh, and in the sight of his servants; and all the waters that were in the river were turned to blood.”

[765] Swam. _Hist. of Ins._, Pt. I. p. 40.

[766] Chamb. _Journ._, 2d S. xvii. 231.

[767] _Sil. Journ._, xli. 403-4, and xliv. 216.

[768] _Naturforsch_, xi. 94.

[769] _Travels_, i. 13.

[770] _Royal Milit. Chron._ for March, 1815, p. 452. K. and S. _Introd._, ii. 11.

[771] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, i. 387, and _Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. et d’Hist. Nat. de Genève_.

[772] _Penny Mag._, 1844, p. 3.

[773] _Gent. Mag._, liv. 744.

[774] _Researches_, ch. viii. p. 158.

[775] Brown’s _Bk. of Butterf._, p. 101.

[776] _Lake Ngami_, p. 267.

[777] _Naturalist in Bermuda_, p. 120.

[778] Tennent’s _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, ch. xii. p. 407.

[779] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 107. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 974.

[780] Bryant’s _Anct. Mythol._, ii. 386.

[781] Fosbroke, _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[782] _Travels._ He doubtless refers to an Indian _totem_.

[783] _N. and Q._, iii. 4.

[784] Du Halde, _China_, p. 21-2; Grosier’s _China_, i. 570; Williams’ _Mid. Kingd._, i. 273; Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iv. 512.

[785] Harris’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 987.

[786] Osbeck, _Travels_, i. 331.

[787] _Ibid._, i. 324.

[788] Stedman, _Surinam_, i. 279. Cf. Bancroft, _Guiana_, p. 229.

[789] _Anat. of Melanch._, 1651, p. 268.

[790] _Life of Lord Herbert of Cherbury_, p. 134.

[791] _The Mirror_, xxv. 160.

[792] Harris’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, i. 790.

[793] _Egypt. and Chinese_, ii. 106.

[794] Simmond’s _Curios. of Food_, p. 312.

[795] _Gatherings of a Nat. in Austral._, p. 288.

[796] _Hist. of Ins._, p. 3.

[797] Reaumur considers this cry to be produced by the friction of the palpi against the proboscis (_Memoires_, ii. 293). Huber, but without mentioning the particulars, says he has ascertained that Reaumur was quite mistaken (_On Bees_, p. 313, note). Schroeter ascribes the sound to the rubbing of the tongue against the head; and Rösel to the friction of the chest upon the abdomen. M. de Johet thinks it is produced by the air being suddenly propelled against these scales by the action of the wings. M. Lorry states that the sound arises from the air escaping rapidly through peculiar cavities communicating with the spiracles, and furnished with a fine tuft of hairs on the sides of the abdomen (Cuv. _An. Kingd.--Ins._, ii. 678). Mr. E. L. Layard seems to be of the same opinion (Tennent’s _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 427). But M. Passerini, curator of the Museum of Nat. Hist. at Florence, has lately investigated the subject more minutely. He traced the origin of the sound to the interior of the head, in which he discovered a cavity at the passage where muscles are placed for impelling and expelling the air. M. Dumeril has since discovered a sort of membrane stretched over this cavity, like, as he says, to the head of a drum. M. Duponchel has also confirmed by experiment the opinions of Passerini and Dumeril, and confutes Lorry, whose notion was generally adopted, by stating that the noise is produced from the head when the body of the insect is removed (_Annales des Sci. Nat._, Mars., 1828).

[798] Cf. _Penny Encycl._, _sub._ Sphinx, and _The Mirror_, xix. 212.

[799] _Hist. of Ins._, p. 191.

[800] Reaumur, ii. 289. Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 217.

[801] _Saturday Mag._, xix. 102.

[802] _Notes and Queries_, xii. 200.

[803] Bonnet, _Œvres_, ii. 124.

[804] _China_, p. 253. Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iv. 138.

[805] Williams’ _Middle Kingdom_, ii. 121-2.

[806] Colebrook, _Asiat. Research._, v. 61.

[807] Aristotle, v. 17-9. Pliny, ix. 20.

[808] Paus. _Hist. of Greece_, B. 6, c. 26.

[809] Aristot. _Hist. An._, v. 19.

[810] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xi. 23.

[811] _Ibid._, xi. 22.

[812] Tacitus, _Ann._, B. 2, c. 33.

[813] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 22.

[814] Cf. Gibbon’s _Decl. and Fall of Rom. Em._, c. 40.

[815] Some authors, however, assert that the name was suggested by the resemblance of the Morea to the shape of the mulberry-leaf, a less plausible opinion by far than the former.

[816] Thuanus, in contradiction to most other writers, makes the manufacture of silk to be introduced into Sicily two hundred years later, by Robert the Wise, King of Sicily and Count of Provence.

[817] Burgon’s _Life of Sir Thomas Gresham_, 1839, i. 110, 302.

[818] Stow’s _Chronicle_, edit. 1631, p. 887.

[819] Keysler, _Trav._, i. 289.

[820] Olin, _Travels_.

[821] _Polit. Essay on N. Spain_, iii. 59.

[822] Skinner’s _Pres. State of Peru_, p. 346, note. Southey’s _Hist. of Brazil_, iii. 644. Calancha’s _Augustine Hist. of Peru_, i. 66.

[823] Cuvier, _An. King.--Ins._, ii. 634.

[824] _Pilgrims_, iii. 442.

[825] Darwin, _Phytolog._, p. 364. Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 6.

[826] Hollman, _Travels_, p. 473.

[827] Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 6.

[828] _Med. Dict._

[829] Geoffroy, _Treat. on Subst. used in Physic_, p. 383.

[830] _Twelve Years in China_, p. 14.

[831] _Twelve Years in China_, p. 14.

[832] _Ibid._

[833] _Ibid._, p. 194.

[834] _Memoires of Robt. Houdin_, p. 161.

[835] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, vi. 9.

[836] Baird’s _Encycl. of Nat. Sci._ Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 229.

[837] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 705.

[838] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 88. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 958.

[839] Moufet, p. 108. Topsel, p. 975.

[840] _Monthly Mag._, 7 (Pt. I.) xxxix. 1799.

[841] _Pilgrims_, ii. 1034.

[842] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 99.

[843] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7 (23).

[844] Col. B. x.

[845] Ælian, B. xi. c. 3.

[846] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 7 (23).

[847] Vide Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 99.

[848] Col. _In Hort._, v. 357.

[849] Pallad. B. i. c. 35.

[850] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 193. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1041 and 670.

[851] _Hist. of Indians of U. S._, v. p. 70.

[852] _Hist, of Beasts_, p. 30.

[853] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 194. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, pp. 670, 1041.

[854] _Med. Dict._

[855] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 431.

[856] Köllar’s _Treat. on Ins._, Lond. Trans., p. 105-36. Curtis’s _Farm Insects_, p. 507.

[857] Lilly’s _Prophetical Merlin_, pub. in 1644.

[858] Josselyn’s _Voy._, p. 116.

[859] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._, ii. 144.

[860] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, i. 66.

[861] Harper’s _New Monthly Mag._, xxii. 41.

[862] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 274. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1100.

[863] _On the Honey-Bee_, p. 248.

[864] _Ibid._, p. 238, note.

[865] It is a philosophical fact that the female Cicadas are not capable of making any noise--the above distich evinces its early discovery.

[866] _Symposiaques._ B. 8. Holl. _Trans._, p. 630.

[867] Thuc. B. 1, vi. (Bohn’s ed.).

[868] On Aristoph., _Vesp._ 230.

[869] Cited by Athen., 525.

[870] Cicada-combs are alluded to in Aristoph., Eq. 1331. Cf. also Philostr. _Imag._, p. 837. Heracl. Pont., cited by Athen., p. 512. Bloomfield’s _Thucid._, i. 14.

[871] Cited by Athen., p. 842 (Bohn’s ed.).

[872] Strabo, _Geog._ B. 6.

[873] _Iliad_, iii. 152. Buckley’s translation, p. 53.

[874] _Georg._ iii. 328. Cf. Bucol. ii. Sir J. E. Smith, Tour., iii. 95, says also that the common Italian species makes a most disagreeable and dull chirping. The Cicadas of Africa, it is said, may be heard half a mile off; and the sound of one in a room will put a whole company to silence. Thunberg asserts that those of Java utter a sound as shrill and piercing as that of a trumpet. Captain Hancock informed Messrs. Kirby and Spence that the Brazilian Cicadas sing as loud as to be heard at the distance of a mile. _Introd._, ii. 400. The sound of our American species, _C. septemdecim_, has been compared to the ringing of horse-bells. The tettix of the Greeks, says Dr. Shaw, _Travels_, 2d edit., p. 186, must have had quite a different voice, more soft surely and more melodious; otherwise the fine orators of Homer, who are compared to it, can be looked upon as no better than loud, loquacious scolds.

[875] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 134. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 994. Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 270-1. Initiatus sacris; Dicacitatis castigatio; Vana garrulitas; Nobilitas generis; Musica.

[876] V. 2, c. 4, Donovan’s _Ins. of China_, p. 32.

[877] _Middle Kingd._

[878] _Surinam_, 49.

[879] Tennent, _Nat. Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 432.

[880] _Desc. of China_, i. 442.

[881] Oliphant’s _Lord Elgin’s Miss. to China_, p. 565.

[882] _Hist. An._, B. 5, c. 24, § 3, 4. Bohn’s edit.

[883] Cf. Bochart, _Hieroz._, ii. 491.

[884] _Phil. Trans._, 1763, n. 10.

[885] _Travels_, i. 331.

Baird says, but on what authority he does not state, that Cicadas are frequently to be seen represented on the Egyptian monuments, and are said to be emblems of the ministers of religion.--_Encycl. of Nat. Sci._

[886] _Insects of Surinam_, p. 49.

[887] Jaeger, _Life of N. A. Ins._, p. 73.

[888] _Ins. of China_, p. 30. That the Lantern-fly emits no light, see _Dict. d’Hist. Nat._; M. Richards’ statement in _Encyclop._, art. _Fulgora_; _Berlin Mag._, i. 153; Kirby and Spence, _Introd._, ii. 414, note; Jaeger, _qua supra_.

[889] Stedman, _Surinam_, ii. 37.

[890] _Hist. of Barbados_, p. 65.

[891] Nat. Hist., xi. 12. Holl. _Trans._, i. 315. E.

[892] Theoph. _Hist. Plant._, iii. 7, 6. Cf. Hes. _Opp. et Dies_, 232, seq. and Bacon, _Syl. Sylvarum_, 496.

[893] St. John’s _Anct. Greeks_, ii. 299.

[894] B. 3, c. xvi. p. 278. Printed 1613.

[895] _Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, p. 366.

[896] K. and S. _Introd._, ii. 9.

[897] Reaumur, iii. xxxi. Pref.

[898] Isaiah, ch. i. v. 18.

[899] Ex. ch. xxvi. xxviii. xxix.

[900] Diosc. iv. 48, p. 260. Pausan. B. x. p. 890.

[901] Beckman’s _Hist. of Inventions_, ii. 163-195. Bancroft _on Perm. Colors_, i. 393-408.

[902] _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 77.

[903] Bancroft _on Permanent Colors_, i. 408-9.

[904] _Hist. of Inventions_, ii. 184.

[905] _Ibid._, 192.

[906] Shaw’s _Zool._, vi. 192.

[907] _Subst. used in Physic_, p. 370.

[908] _Phil. Trans._ for 1791.

[909] Bancroft _on Permanent Colors_, ii. 1-59.

[910] _Baird’s Cyclop. of Nat. Sci._

[911] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 270.

[912] Ray, _Hist. Ins._, 7.

[913] Hence the English word _Bug-bear_. In Matthew’s Bible, the passage of the Psalms (xci. 5), “Thou shalt not be afraid of _the terror_ by night,” is rendered, “Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of any _bugs_ by night.” _Bug_ in this sense often occurs in Shakspeare. _Winter’s Tale_, A. iii. Sc. 2, 3; _Henry VI._, A. v. Sc. 2; _Hamlet_, A. v. Sc. 2.

[914] _Journal_, xvii. 40.

[915] Churchill’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iv. 190.

[916] _Oriental Memoirs_, i. 256.

[917] Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iv. 513. Churchill’s _same_, i. 34.

[918] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 160.

[919] Dr. James says: “Given to the number of seven, as food with beans, they help those who are afflicted with a quartan ague, if they be eaten before the accession of the fit.”--_Med. Dict._

[920] An excellent method, Ajasson remarks, of adding to the tortures of the patient.

[921] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 17. Bostock and Riley’s _Trans._, v. 393.

[922] _Med. Dict._

[923] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 270-1. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1098.

[924] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 157.

[925] _London Labor and the London Poor_, iii. 36-9.

[926] _Annals of Nat. Hist._ Simmond’s _Curiosities of Food_, p. 308-311.

[927] _Nature and Art_, xii. 198.

[928] The numerous family of _Culicidæ_ are confounded under the common names of Gnat and Mosquito; hence many mistakes will necessarily arise.

[929] _Theat. Ins._, p. 81. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 952.

[930] Quot. in N. & Q., ix. 303.

[931] _Phil. Trans._, lvii. 113; Bingley’s _Anim. Biog._, iv. 205.

[932] Germar’s _Mag. der Entomol._, i. 137.

[933] K. & S. _Introd._, i. 114.

[934] _Phil. Trans._, lvii. 112-3.

[935] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, vi. 545.

[936] _Hist. of Barbados_, p. 63.

[937] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 86. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 956.

[938] Silliman’s _Journal_, xxii. 375.

[939] _Personal Narrative_, E. T. v. 87. Humboldt has given a detailed account of these insect plagues, by which it appears that among them there are diurnal and crepuscular, as well as nocturnal species, or genera: the Mosquitoes, signifying _little flies_ (_Simulia_), flying in the day; the _Temporaneros_, flying during twilight; and the Zancudos, meaning _long-legs_ (_Culices_), in the night.

[940] Stedm. _Surinam_, ii. 93.

[941] _Ins. Theatr._, p. 82.

[942] _Travels_, 8vo. edit. p. 205.

[943] _Ins. Theatr._, p. 81.

[944] _View of Jamaica_, p. 91.

[945] Herod. Taylor’s _Trans._, p. 141.

[946] Nat. _Hist. of Ceylon_, p. 435.

[947] Jackson’s _Morocco_, p. 57.

[948] _Travels_, i. 388.

[949] _Ins. Theatr._, p. 85.

[950] Theod. _Eccles. Hist._, B. ii. ch. xxx.

[951] _N. A. Ins._, p. 317.

[952] _Roman History_, B. xviii. c. 7, § 5.

[953] _Three Years in California_, p. 250.

[954] _Introd._, i. 119.

[955] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 150.

[956] _Lives of the Saints_, i. 50.

[957] Lawson’s _Bible Cyclop._, ii. 558, 3 v. 8vo.

[958] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, ii. 8.

[959] _Gent. Mag._, 1738, viii. 577.

[960] _Ibid._, xxiv. 274.

[961] _Travels_, ii. 5; 34-5; 51. Lond. 1802. 4to.

[962] _Lach. Lapp._, ii. 108. _Flor. Lapp._, 380.

[963] V. vi. p. 603-4.

[964] V. ix. p. 573.

[965] Lyell’s _Princ. of Geol._, p. 656.

[966] Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 1st S. p. 567.

[967] _Mag. of Nat. Hist._, v. 302.

[968] _The Mirror_, xxvii. 68.

[969] Damp. _Voy._ O (vol. i.), 464.

[970] _Travels_, i. 211.

[971] Moufet’s _Theat. Ins._, p. 78.

[972] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 152.

[973] _Nat. Hist._, x. 29. Holland, p. 285. D.

[974] Holl. _Trans._, p. 631.

Vide Pierius’ _Hieroglyph._, p. 268-9. Importunitas ac impudentia; Pertinacia; Res gesta cominus; Indocilitas; Cynici.

[975] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 70. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 945.

[976] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 134.

[977] _Chron. of Eng._, iii. 1002.

[978] _N. and Q._, xii. 488.

[979] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 70. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 944.

[980] _Ibid._, p. 55. Topsel, p. 933.

[981] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 191.

[982] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, i. 84.

[983] Holl. _Trans._, p. 76. There was one time a law at Athens, which a good deal nonplussed these sponging gentlemen so appropriately called Flies. “It was decreed that not more than thirty persons should meet at a marriage feast; and a wealthy citizen, desirous of going as far as the law would allow him, had invited the full complement. An honest Fly, however, who respected no law that interfered with his stomach; contrived to introduce himself, and took his station at the lower end of the table. Presently the magistrate appointed for the purpose entered, and espying his man at a glance, began counting the guests, commencing on the other side and ending with the parasite. ‘Friend,’ said he, ‘you must retire. I find there is one more than the law allows.’ ‘It is quite a mistake, sir,’ replied the Fly, ‘as you will find if you will have the goodness to count again, beginning _on this side_.’”--St. John’s _Man. and Cust. of Anct. Grec._, ii. 172.

[984] Vide _Mercator_, A. ii. Sc. 4, and the _Young Carthag._, A. iii. Sc. 3.

[985] _Harleian Miscel._, viii. 423.

[986] Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[987] _Ibid._

[988] Wilkinson’s _Anct. Egypt._, 2d S. ii. 126, 260.

[989] Hawk’s _Peruvian Antiq._, p. 197.

[990] Jamieson’s _Scottish Dict._

[991] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 6. Holl. _Trans._, p. 364. K.

[992] _Antiq. of the Jews_, B. ix. c. 2. Whiston’s _Trans._, p. 274.

[993] _Pilg._, v. 81. Fol. 1626.

[994] Whiston’s _Trans. of Josephus_, p. 274, note.

[995] _Dict. of Bible._

[996] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 79. Topsel’s _Transl._, p. 951.

[997] Dalyell’s _Darker Superst. of Scotland_, p. 562. Edinbgh. 1834.

[998] _Ibid._

[999] _St. John’s Man. and Cust. of Anct. Grec._, i. 150.

[1000] Wanley’s _Wonders_, i. 377.

[1001] _Mem. of Robt. Houdin_, p. 156. Philad. 1859.

[1002] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 6. Holland’s _Trans._, p. 364. I.

[1003] _Ibid._, xxviii. 2 (5).

[1004] _Voy._, C. 56, p. 222. Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 373.

[1005] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 79. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 951.

[1006] _London Lab. and London Poor_, iii. 28-33.

[1007] Kirb. and Sp. _Introd._, i. 158.

[1008] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 284. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1107, 1122.

[1009] Kirby and Spence, _Introd._, i. 158.

[1010] _Gasterophilus equi._

[1011] Reg. Scot’s _Disc. of Witchcraft_, p. 179.

[1012] Henry IV., Pt. I. Act ii. Sc. 1.

[1013] Newell’s _Zool. of the Poets_, p. 29.

[1014] Dalyell’s _Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 564.

[1015] _Saturday Mag._, xviii. 153.

[1016] _Hist. of Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 313.

[1017] Henry IV. Pt. I., Act ii. Sc. 1.

[1018] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 276. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1102.

[1019] _Hist. of Ins._ (Murray, 1838), ii. 312.

[1020] Jenkin’s _Voy. of the U. S. Explor. Exped._, p. 385.

[1021] _Introd._, i. 100.

[1022] _Ibid._

[1023] Ray, _Hist. of Ins._, p. 8.

[1024] _Pilgr._, iii. 997.

Myas, a principal city of Ionia, was abandoned on account of Fleas.--_Wanley’s Wonders_, ii. 507.

[1025] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 100.

[1026] _Travels_, vol. ii.

[1027] _Nat. Hist._, xxx. 10. Holl. _Trans._, p. 387.

[1028] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, ii. 198.

[1029] K. and S. _Introd._, i. 101.

[1030] _Lach. Lapp._, ii. 32, note.

[1031] _Hist. of Ins._, iii. 319, Murray, 1838.

[1032] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 155-6.

[1033] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 277. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts_, p. 1103.

[1034] _Hist. of Ins._, ii. 318. Murray, 1838.

[1035] _Theatr. Ins._, p. 102.

[1036] Ramsay’s _Poems_, ii. 143.

[1037] _Theatre of Insects_, p. 102.

[1038] Brookes’ _Nat. Hist. of Ins._, p. 284.

[1039] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 204.

[1040] Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 2d S. p. 406.

[1041] Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._, ii. 539.

[1042] Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 4th S. p. 470.

[1043] _Pilgr._, x. 192.

[1044] Aristoph. _Clouds_, A. i. Sc. 2.

[1045] _Pilg._, ii. 840, note.

[1046] _Ins. Theatr._, p. 275.

[1047] _Anim. Biog._, iii. 462.

The hand-bill, published by Mr. Boverick, in the Strand, in the year 1745, and another nearly of the same date, ran thus: “To be seen at MR. BOVERICK’S, Watchmaker, at the DIAL, facing Old Round Court, near the New Exchange, in the Strand, at One Shilling each person.” Then follows a descriptive list of the articles to be seen, among which are mentioned the above.--Kirby’s _Wonderful Museum_, i. 101.

[1048] _Ins. Misc._, p. 188.

[1049] _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._, xxviii. 249.

[1050] _Pilg._, ii. 840.

[1051] 1 Saml. xxiv. 14; xxvi. 20.

[1052] _Hist. of Ins._, p. 310.

[1053] Wright’s _Provincial Dict._

[1054] Jamieson’s _Scottish Dict._

[1055] D’Israeli, _Curios, of Lit._, i. 339.

[1056] _Gent. Mag._, xxxii. 208.

[1057] Stedman’s _Surinam_.

[1058] _Hist. of Barbados_, p. 65.

[1059] _Hist. of Brazil_, i. 326.

[1060] Vol. i. p. 128.

[1061] _Pers. Narrative_, E. T. v. 101.

[1062] Bayle, iii. 484. Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 4th S. p. 439.

[1063] Bernal Diaz’ _Conquest of Mexico_, i. 394, note 54. This story, no doubt, is founded on something like truth, and most probably these bags were filled with the _Coccus cacti_, the Cochineal insect, then unknown to the Spaniards, who might have easily mistaken them in a dried state for Lice.

[1064] _Pilg._, iii. 975.

[1065] Cuv. _An. King.--Ins._, i. 163.

[1066] _Pilg._, v. 542.

[1067] _Wand. and Adv. in S. Africa_, i. 266.

[1068] Kolb. _Trav._, ii. 179. Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, iii. 352.

[1069] _Pilg._, iii. 1133.

[1070] _Ibid._, iii. 975.

[1071] Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 373.

[1072] Dampier’s _Voy._, iii. 331. Lond. 1729.

[1073] Dobriz., ii. 396. Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 2d S. p. 527.

[1074] Cuvier, _An. Kingd.--Ins._, i. 163.

[1075] Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 4th S. p. 439.

[1076] _Thierry and Theod._, A. v. Sc. 1.

[1077] James’s _Med. Dict._

[1078] _Gent. Mag._, xvi. 534.

[1079] _Harleian Miscel._, vii. 435.

[1080] Shaw, _Zool._, vi. 454.

[1081] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 6 (75).

[1082] Chambers’ _Pop. Rhymes of Scotl._, p. 282-3. Edit. of 1841, p. 243.

[1083] Properly the second _Class_ of the sub-kingdom _Articulata_.

[1084] Chambers’ _Book of Days_, i. 687.

[1085] _Nat. Hist._, xx. 12.

[1086] Cf. Pliny, x. 12; and Moufet’s _Theatr. Ins._, p. 205.

[1087] B. i. ch. 1.

[1088] _Hist. of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents_, p. 753.--Scorpions are bred “from the carkass of the crocodile, as Antigonus affirms, _lib. de mirab. hist. cong._ 24. For in Archelaus there is an epigram of a certain Egyptian in these words:

In vos dissolvit morte, et redigit crocodilum,
Natura extinctum (Scorpioli) omniparens.

In English:

The carkass of dead crocodiles is made the feed,
By common nature, whence Scorpions breed.”

Moufet’s _Theatr. Ins._, p. 208. Topsel’s _Trans._, p. 1052.

[1089] _Qua supra_, p. 685.

[1090] _Qua supra_, p. 689.

[1091] _Ibid._, p. 207. Topsel’s _Trans._, p. 1051.

[1092] _Ibid._, p. 754.

[1093] Andrew’s _Anecdotes_, p. 427.

[1094] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 25. Pliny here probably alludes to the Panorpis, or Scorpion-fly, the abdomen of which terminates in a forceps, which resembles the tail of the Scorpion.

[1095] _Nat. Hist._, xi. 25.

[1096] “Scorpion’s tail.” Dioscorides gives this name to the Helioscopium, or great Heliotropium.

[1097] _Nat. Hist._, xxii. 29.

[1098] “Two.”

[1099] _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 5.

[1100] The red arsenic of the Greeks was called by this name.--_Matthiol_, vi. 81.

[1101] This prescription is given at the present day in Italy and the Levant.

[1102] Zoroaster also mentions this. Vide Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 194.

[1103] Pliny relates the same story, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 10 (42); also Zoroaster, _qua supra_.

[1104] Owen’s _Geoponika_, ii. 146-8.

[1105] Moufet’s _Theatr. Ins._, 210-215. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 1053-7.

[1106] Campbell’s _Travels in S. Africa_, p. 325.

[1107] _Nat. Hist._, viii. 29 (43).

[1108] Churchill’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, i. 212.

[1109] _Ibid._

[1110] _Ibid._, v. 221.

[1111] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ix. 261.

[1112] _Ibid._, vii. 298.

[1113] _Ibid._, xiv. 348.

[1114] Churchill’s _Coll. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 316.

[1115] Wilkinson’s _Anct. Egypt._, v. 52, 254.

[1116] Ælian, xvi. 41, and xii. 38. Wilkinson’s _Anct. Egypt._, v. 254.

[1117] Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 459.

[1118] _Autobiog._, Lond. 1858, p. 304-5.

[1119] Prescribed by Galen, Pliny, Lanfrankus, etc.

[1120] _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 757.

[1121] So also Manardus.--Moufet, p. 210. Topsel’s _Trans._, p. 1053.

[1122] _Ibid._

[1123] _Asiatic Miscellany_, ii. 451.

[1124] Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 755-6.

[1125] Topsel’s _Trans.--Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 1058.

[1126] _Chronicles_, i. 385.

[1127] Keddie’s _Cyclop. of Anecd._, p. 288.

[1128] _Chamb. Misc._, vol. xi. No. 100. Compare this story with that of Timour and the Ant.

[1129] Ockley’s _Hist. of the Saracens_, i. 36.

[1130] _Lives of the Saints_, i. 177-8. Cf. Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 402.

[1131] Bucke _on Nature_, ii. 103.

[1132] _Hist. de la Mus._, i. 321. Hawkins’ _Hist. of Music_, iii. 117, note.

[1133] _Biogr. Univers._, tome xxxiii. See also Arvine’s _Anecdotes_, p. 402.

To this account, in the Hist. of Insects printed by John Murray, 1830, i. 269, is added: “The governor of the Bastile hearing that this unfortunate prisoner had found a solace in the society of a Spider, paid Pelisson a visit, desiring to see the manœuvres of the insect. The Basque struck up his notes, the Spider instantly came to be fed by his friend; but the moment it appeared on the floor of the cell, the governor placed his foot on its body, and crushed it to death.”

[1134] _The Mirror_, xxvii. 69.

[1135] Hone’s _Ev. Day Book_, i. 334.

[1136] _Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature._

[1137] _Quart. Rev._ for Jan. 1844.

[1138] This passage from Pliny is thus translated by Bostock and Riley: “Presages are also drawn from the Spider, for when a river is about to swell, it will suspend its web higher than usual. In calm weather these insects do not spin, but when it is cloudy they do, and hence it is, that a great number of cobwebs is a sure sign of showery weather.”--_Nat. Hist._, xi. 24 (28). _Trans._, iii. 28.

[1139] Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 223.

[1140] _Ev. Day Bk._, i. 931. Quot. also in Chamb. _Journ._, 1st Ser., vi. 95.

[1141] Paus. _Hist. of Greece_, B. 9, c. 6.

[1142] Fosbr. _Encycl. of Antiq._

[1143] Jamieson’s _Scottish Dict._

[1144] Brande’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 223.

[1145] _N. and Q._, iii. 3.

[1146] _Worthies_, p. 58. Pt. II. Ed. 1662.

[1147] _N. and Q._, ii. 165.

[1148] _Aulul._, A. i. Sc. 3.

[1149] Thorpe’s _North. Antiq._, iii. 329.

[1150] _N. and Q._, 2d ed. iv. 298.

[1151] _Ibid._, iv. 377.

[1152] _Gent. Mag._, June, 1771, xli. 251.

[1153] _N. and Q._, 2d ed. iv. 523.

[1154] _Ibid._, iv. 421.

[1155] _Ibid._, iv. 298.

[1156] _Vulg. Err._, B. iii. c. 277. _Works_, ii. 527.

[1157] Pliny says the Spider, poised in its web, will throw itself upon the head of a serpent as it lies stretched beneath the shade of the tree where it has built, and with its bite pierce its brain; such is the shock, he continues, that the creature will hiss from time to time, and then, seized with vertigo, coil round and round, while it finds itself unable to take to flight, or so much as to break the web of the Spider, as it hangs suspended above; this scene, he concludes, only ends with its death.--_Nat. Hist._, x. 95.

[1158] Browne’s _Works_, ii. 524, note.

[1159] _Med. Dict._, sub _Araneus_.

[1160] _Univers. Hist._, i. 48, also _Gent. Mag._, xli. 400.

[1161] _Trav._, p. 322, and Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 726. Bosman says this “was the greatest piece of ignorance and stupidity he observed in the negroes.”

[1162] Churchill’s _Col. of V. and T._, v. 222.

[1163] _N. and Q._, vii. 431.

[1164] Chamb. _Misc._, vol. xi. No. 100.

[1165] _Ibid._

[1166] _The Mirror_, xxvii. 69.

[1167] B. 7, c. xv. p. 665. Printed 1613.

[1168] Eliz. Cook’s _Journ._, vii. 378.

[1169] Wanley’s _Wonders_, i. 20.

[1170] Silliman’s _Journal_, xxvii. 307-10.

[1171] _Annual of Sci. Disc._, 1862, p. 335.

[1172] _Nat. Hist. of Selborne_, p. 285.

[1173] Hone’s _Ev. Day Bk._, p. 1332.

[1174] _Nat. Hist._, ii. 54. Holl. _Trans._, p. 27. F.

[1175] _Faerie Queene_, B. 2, c. xii. s. 77.

[1176] _Seasons: Summer_, 1. 1209.

[1177] _Emblems_, p. 375.

[1178] Blackmore, _Prince Arthur_.

[1179] Quot. in the _Athenæum_, v. 126.

[1180] Jamieson’s _Scot. Dict._, iv. 138.

[1181] Keightley’s _Fairy Mythol._, p. 514.

[1182] _Microgr._, p. 202. It has been objected, say Kirby and Spence, to the excellent primitive writer, Clemens Romanus, that he believed the absurd fable of the phœnix. But surely this may be allowed for in him, who was no naturalist, when a scientific natural philosopher could believe that the clouds are made of Spiders’ web!--_Introd._, ii. 331, note.

[1183] James’s _Med. Dict._

[1184] _Ibid._

[1185] James’s _Med. Dict._

[1186] Harris’s _Coll. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 586-7.

[1187] _Ibid._

[1188] _Treasvrie of Anct. and Mod. Times_, p. 393.

[1189] Boyle’s _Works_, ii. 181-2.

[1190] Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vi. 607.

[1191] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vii. 299.

[1192] Astley’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, vi. 656.

[1193] B. 7, c. 15, p. 664. Printed 1613.

[1194] Diod., B. 3, c. 2.

[1195] Strabo, B. 16, c. 6, § 13.

[1196] Fosbr. _Encyc. of Antiq._, ii. 738.

[1197] Sloane’s _Hist. of Jamaica_, ii. 195.

[1198] Damp. _Voy._ Camp., p. 64.

[1199] Harris’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ii. 242. Cf. Smith’s _Nature and Art_, x. 257.

[1200] _Travels_, i. 201.

[1201] _Voyage à la recherche de la Perouse_, ii. 240. K. & S. _Introd._, i. 311.

[1202] _New Amer. Cyclop._

[1203] _Trav. in Africa._ Bucke _on Nature_, ii. 297.

[1204] Pinkerton’s _Col. of Voy. and Trav._, ix. 612.

[1205] _Hist. of West Indies_, p. 301.

[1206] Reaum., ii. 342. K. & S. _Introd._, i. 311.

[1207] _Phil. Trans._ Southey’s _Com. Place Bk._, 3d S. p. 731. Shaw, _Nat. Misc._

[1208] Moufet, _Theatr. Ins._, p. 220. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 789, 1067. Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 459.

[1209] _Biogr. Univers._, tome xxiii. p. 230, note.

[1210] Rösel, iv. 257. K. & S. _Introd._, i. 311.

[1211] Wanley’s _Wonders_, ii. 459.

[1212] Andrew’s _Anecd.,_ p. 37. App.

[1213] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 27. Bost. & Riley.

[1214] _Ibid._

[1215] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 38.

[1216] _Ibid._, xxix. 39.

[1217] _Ibid._, xxix. 36.

[1218] _Staple of News_, A. ii. Sc. 1, vol. v. p. 219. Lond. 1816. “A Spider is usually given to monkeys, and is esteemed a sovereign remedy for the disorders those animals are principally subject to.”--_James’s Med. Dict._ Spiders are also fed to mocking-birds, not only as food, but also as an aperient.

[1219] _Mid. Night’s Dream_, Act iii. Sc. 1.

[1220] Vide _Eventful Life of a Soldier_. Edinbg. 1852.

[1221] _N. and Q._, 2d ed. x. 138.

[1222] _Elements of Mat. Med. and Therap._, Philad. 1825.

[1223] Chamb. _Bk. of Days_, i. 732.

[1224] Grah. _Domest. Med._

[1225] Thorpe’s _North. Mythol._, iii. 329.

[1226] Brand’s _Pop. Antiq._, iii. 287.

[1227] James’s _Med. Dict._

[1228] Geoffroy’s _Substances used in Med._, p. 383.

[1229] Moufet, _Theatr. Insect._, p. 237. Topsel’s _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 1073.

[1230] _Nat. Hist._, xxix. 27.

[1231] _Miscellanies_, p. 138.

[1232] Vide _Hist. and Mem. de l’Acad. Royale des Sciences_, ann. 1710; Dissert. by M. Bon, _Sur l’utilité de la soye des Arraignées_, 8vo. Also, Bancroft _on Permanent Colors_, i. 101; and Shaw’s _Nat. Hist._, vi. 481.

[1233] _New Amer. Cyclop._

[1234] _Voy. dans l’Amer. Merid._, i. 212. K. and S. _Introd._, i. 337.

[1235] _Naturalist in Bermuda_, p. 126.

[1236] _Atlantic Monthly_, June, 1858, p. 92.

[1237] _Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat._, ii. 280. K. and S. _Introd._, i. 337, note.

[1238] _Hist. of Beasts and Serpents_, p. 778.